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Impact Behavior of Laminated Composites Built with Fique Fibers and Epoxy Resin: a Mechanical Analysis Using Impact and Flexural Behavior Missouri University of Science and Technology Scholars' Mine Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works Materials Science and Engineering 01 Sep 2021 Impact Behavior of Laminated Composites Built with Fique Fibers and Epoxy Resin: A Mechanical Analysis using Impact and Flexural Behavior Julian Rua Mario F. Buchely Missouri University of Science and Technology, [email protected] Sergio Neves Monteiro Gloria I. Echeverri et. al. For a complete list of authors, see https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/matsci_eng_facwork/2772 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/matsci_eng_facwork Part of the Materials Science and Engineering Commons Recommended Citation J. Rua et al., "Impact Behavior of Laminated Composites Built with Fique Fibers and Epoxy Resin: A Mechanical Analysis using Impact and Flexural Behavior," Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 14, pp. 428-438, Elsevier, Sep 2021. The definitive version is available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.06.068 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This Article - Journal is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. journalofmaterialsresearchandtechnology2021;14:428e438 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jmrt Original Article Impact behavior of laminated composites built with fique fibers and epoxy resin: a mechanical analysis using impact and flexural behavior Julian Rua a, Mario F. Buchely b, Sergio Neves Monteiro c, * Gloria I. Echeverri d, Henry A. Colorado e, a CCComposites Laboratory, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 N. 52-21, Medellı´n, Colombia b Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA c Military Institute of Engineering, IME, Prac¸a General Tibu´rcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil d Grupo Pluriverso, Universidad Autonoma Latinoamericana Unaula, Medellı´n, Colombia e Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad de Antioquia, Bloque 20, Calle 67 No. 53-108, Medellin, Colombia article info abstract Article history: This research analyzes the behavior of natural fiber reinforced laminated polymer com- Received 19 April 2021 posites (NFRPC) under mechanical solicitations. Samples were fabricated with epoxy resin Accepted 22 June 2021 matrix reinforced with a multilayer natural fique fiber in a bi-directional commercial fabric Available online 30 June 2021 configuration. Different reinforcement contents without additives were prepared taking in the account the simplicity in processing, fabrication cost, and applications in which this Keywords: material might be used with high performance standards. Charpy notched impact and 3- Natural fiber point bending test were carried out to evaluate the mechanical behavior and the work of Composite materials fracture, which was improved significatively with the fibers, showing an increase from 5 to Fique fibers 30 kJ/m2, a very significant improvement for ballistic applications. These results are Epoxy resin compared with the Split-Hopkinson pressure bar tests conducted in previous analysis Split-Hopkinson pressure bar test (SHPB) for the same material. The microstructure was investigated using scanning electron Impact Charpy notched test microscopy. Results reveal the formulation support this material as a high-performance solution for impact applications and it is suitable for substitute traditional expensive materials. © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). with synthetic fillers or fibers known as FRPs (Fiber Reinforced 1. Introduction Plastics). These materials have a significant impact in a lot of engineering sectors, with applications including aerospace, Over the last fifty years the plastic manufacturing sector has automobiles, and construction industry [1]. The use of synthetic growth exponentially, particularly due to the use of composites fibers confers to the material greater specific properties such as * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (H.A. Colorado). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.06.068 2238-7854/© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). journal of materials research and technology 2021;14:428e438 429 light weight and higher strength compared with the plastic by interestusingitasreinforcementforpolymercompositesinhigh- itself. However, the main challenge in the use of those materials performance applications [15,17e19]. In the military industry, over the past years, does not concern to the improvement of these composites are being used as a proposition for bullet proof their properties but the environmental threat that represents. panels[20e22],partsinvolvinghighimpactrequirements[18,23], FRPs with synthetic fibers are very difficult to decompose due to fillersinbuildingandstructuralmaterials[24e27],incomposites their components and the process to manufacture Glass fiber for the automotive industry with Eco-Design, and sustainable and Carbon fiber, as a waste, can be treated as hazardous and materials applications using concepts of circular economy: light could be threatening the human life [2e4]. In order to solve this weight strategies directly related to fuel economy that leads to problem the use of plant based fibers from natural sources has pollutionreduction[25,28e30].Additionally,thesefibersareused been widely studied to work as a sustainable and eco-friendly innon-conventionalfieldslikearts[31,32].Thus,thisnaturalfiber replacement for the synthetic fibers [5]. In addition, an eco- couldenableanewsustainablemanufacturingrace,considering nomic assessment of both, synthetic and natural fibers, probe itsperformanceinspecificproperties,anditsfeasibilityfordiverse that the differences in cost make the natural fibers a most manufacturingtechniques. attractive choice [6] (natural fibers: 200e1000 US/Ton, carbon Regarding the composites manufacturing with natural fi- fiber: 12,500 US/Ton). Currently, natural fibers can be used in bers, there is abundant information that summarizes their both thermoset or thermoplastic matrixes, a thermoset poly- advantages in impact applications. Vijayakumar et al. [33] mers are the most popular choice due to the adhesion qualities affirm that the incorporation coconut spathe in a thermoset exhibited and the wide field of applications [7e9]. Regarding the matrix of epoxy resin, increase the energy absorption of the fiber selection, there are several options to be considered that material. Shalwan and Yousif [6] performed a complete depends on variables such as: The application to be used, the research in which the mechanical and tribological behavior desired properties to achieve (weight, strength), the form of added by the natural fibers improve the general behavior of the application of the fiber (chopped, uni-directional, bi-directional, matrix materials. Other authors like Muneer et al. [34]highlight woven mat, aligned, or randomly oriented), and finally, the the performance of the natural fibers in military applications availability of the fiber depending on the region of use [10,11]. due to the ability to absorb impacts, however, also remarks the Some of the most used natural fibers in FRPs are flax, hemp, coir, importance of the improvement of manufacturing technologies bamboo, bagasse, kenaf, piassava, sidal, agave, and fique [12,13]. that overcome natural fiber problems such as the moisture Fique fibers are extracted fromthe Fique plant,alsoknown as content and the chemical composition of the different types of FurcraeaAndina,isanativeplantcommonlyfoundinregionsnear plant based fibers. themountainchainoftheAndes,andduetotheadaptabilityofthis Nowadays in the automotive industry, big car manufac- crop it was easily spread to other regions in South America, see turers replaced successfully parts of the car interior and under Fig.1.TheFiqueleavesareharvestedinordertoseparatethefibers, the hood parts such as panels and insulators for NFCs (Natural which are refinedpassing through a dryingprocess,thenspunto Fiber Composites) [35,36]. This approach to the change tradi- yarn, and threaded to manufacture typically fabrics, ropes, and tional materials in the automobile sector goes hand to hand to other handy crafts used in agriculture mainly [14,15]. Colombia the need of sustainable and recyclable materials and also with particularly,isthemajorfiquefiberproducerglobally,withalmost the need of high performances materials with better specific 30,000Tonsperyear[16].Moreover,thepotentialofthesefibersand properties, ergo, and light weight. This feature can lead to a fabrics exceeds the previous mentioned applications gaining reduction in the fuel consumption. importanceinthefieldofthecompositematerials,showingalotof Fig. 1 e Fique plant and detail of the fiber structure using SEM. 430 journalofmaterialsresearchandtechnology2021;14:428e438 Fig. 2 e Sample manufacturing for Charpy and compression tests: a) mold, b) demolding process, c) final product,
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