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An Analysis of Male-Male Aggression in Guanaco Male Groups Paul E
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1-1-1982 An analysis of male-male aggression in guanaco male groups Paul E. Wilson Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons Recommended Citation Wilson, Paul E., "An analysis of male-male aggression in guanaco male groups" (1982). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 17460. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/17460 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An analysis of male-male aggression in guanaco mal~ groups by Paul E. Wilson, Jr. A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Animal Ecology Signatures have been redacted for privacy Signatures have been redacted for privacy Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1982 1 417353 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 METHODS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 Study Area • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 Male Identification and Age Classes • • • • • • • • • 8 Male Group Dynamics • • -
Bison Literature Review Biology
Bison Literature Review Ben Baldwin and Kody Menghini The purpose of this document is to compare the biology, ecology and basic behavior of cattle and bison for a management context. The literature related to bison is extensive and broad in scope covering the full continuum of domestication. The information incorporated in this review is focused on bison in more or less “wild” or free-ranging situations i.e.., not bison in close confinement or commercial production. While the scientific literature provides a solid basis for much of the basic biology and ecology, there is a wealth of information related to management implications and guidelines that is not captured. Much of the current information related to bison management, behavior (especially social organization) and practical knowledge is available through local experts, current research that has yet to be published, or popular literature. These sources, while harder to find and usually more localized in scope, provide crucial information pertaining to bison management. Biology Diet Composition Bison evolutional history provides the basis for many of the differences between bison and cattle. Bison due to their evolution in North America ecosystems are better adapted than introduced cattle, especially in grass dominated systems such as prairies. Many of these areas historically had relatively low quality forage. Bison are capable of more efficient digestion of low-quality forage then cattle (Peden et al. 1973; Plumb and Dodd 1993). Peden et al. (1973) also found that bison could consume greater quantities of low protein and poor quality forage then cattle. Bison and cattle have significant dietary overlap, but there are slight differences as well. -
Investigation of Mechanical Behaviour of Sisal Bamboo and Epoxy Reinforced Natural Composite
International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2021 Vol. 5, Issue 12, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 307-310 Published Online April 2021 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com) INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SISAL BAMBOO AND EPOXY REINFORCED NATURAL COMPOSITE Gobi K Kaleeswaran M Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering P.A. College of Engineering and Technology, P.A. College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, Coimbatore, India. Pollachi, Coimbatore, India. Amaresh D Dhanush R Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering P.A. College of Engineering and Technology, P.A. College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, Coimbatore, India. Pollachi, Coimbatore, India. Abstract - Now-a-days, The natural sisal/bamboos from serve the desirable properties. Further, though composite types renewable natural resources offer the potential to act as a are often distinguishable from one another, no clear reinforcing material for polymer composites alternative to determination can be really made. The demands on matrices are the use of glass, carbon and wood. Among various natural many. They may need to temperature variations, be conductors fibers, sisal or bamboo is most widely used natural fiber due or resistors of electricity, have moisture sensitivity etc. This to its advantages like easy availability, low density, low may offer weight advantages, ease of handling and other merits production cost and satisfactory mechanical properties. For which may also become applicable depending on the purpose a composite material, its mechanical behavior depends on for which matrices are chosen. Solids that accommodate stress many factors such as fiber content, orientation, types, to incorporate other constituents provide strong bonds for the length etc. -
Mechanical Behaviour of Hybrid Composites Prepared Using Sisal-Pineapple-Kenaf Fibre
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-5, January 2020 Mechanical Behaviour of Hybrid Composites Prepared using Sisal-Pineapple-Kenaf Fibre D Tamilvendan, G Mari Prabu, S Sivaraman, A. R. Ravikumar durability, tensile strength, impact strength, rupture strengths, Abstract: Variety of application use fibre reinforced composites stiffness and fatigue characteristics. Due to these numerous because of their intrinsic properties in mechanical strength, superior properties, they are extensively used in the machine renewability and low production cost compared to conventional parts like drive shafts, tanks, pressure vessels , automotive, materials. Natural fibres are environmentally friendly their use will not break the budget when used as an alternative to the combustion engines, thermal management, railway coaches regular materials. Reinforcement used in polymer is either and aircraft structures and power plant structures. man-made or natural. Man-made synthetic, metallic, Composites are made up of chemically distinct multiphase semi-synthetic, polymer fibres have superior specific strength but materials separated by distinct interface that exhibit better their high cost of production limits its application and feasibility to combination of properties compared to the constituent make composites. Recently there is a rise in use of natural fibres materials. Composite material is a combination of robust from various natural resources which are available abundantly. Composites based on natural fibres have their advantages of cost load-carrying material (known as reinforcement) imbedded in making the fibres from different vegetables, wood, animals and with weaker materials (known as matrix) differing in minerals. In this work a thorough and systematic inquiry composition on a macro scale. -
Raffia Palm Fibre, Composite, Ortho Unsaturated Polyester, Alkali Treatment
American Journal of Polymer Science 2014, 4(4): 117-121 DOI: 10.5923/j.ajps.20140404.03 The Effect of Alkali Treatment on the Tensile Behaviour and Hardness of Raffia Palm Fibre Reinforced Composites D. C. Anike1,*, T. U. Onuegbu1, I. M. Ogbu2, I. O. Alaekwe1 1Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria 2Department of Chemistry Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo Ebonyi State, Nigeria Abstract The effects of alkali treatment and fibre loads on the properties of raffia palm fibre polyester composite were studied. Some clean raffia palm fibres were treated with 10% NaOH, and ground. The ground treated and untreated fibres were incorporated into the ortho unsaturated polyester resin. The treated and the untreated fibre composites samples were subjected to tensile tests according to ASTM D638 using instron model 3369. The microhardness test was done by forcing a diamond cone indenter into the surface of the hard specimen, to create an indentation. The significant findings of the results showed that alkali treatment improved the microhardness and extension at break at all fibre loads, better than the untreated fibre composites, with the highest values at 20% (14.40 and 3.47mm for microhardness and extension at break respectively). Tensile strength, tensile strain and modulus of elasticity also improved for alkali treated fibre composites, except in 5% and 20% for tensile strength, 15% for tensile strain, and 15% and 20% for modulus of elasticity, compared to the corresponding fibre loads of untreated fibre composites. Keywords Raffia palm fibre, Composite, Ortho unsaturated polyester, Alkali treatment The main drawbacks of such composites are their water 1. -
The Friday Edition September 29 2017 Home Advantage
PROPERTYINSIDE: 34-PAGESPECIAL HOME ADVANTAGE THE FRIDAY EDITION SEPTEMBER 29 2017 FE80_Cover_PRESS.indd 1 11/09/2017 16:53 THE SHARPENER alpaca punch Strong yet soft, smart yet relaxed – it’s no wonder alpaca is leading the pack this season, says Tom Stubbs fabric that’s extra light, versatile, strong yet utterly luxurious: it sounds like a menswear designer’s fantasy. But alpaca has, of course, been around for ages – it’s just that its superlative qualities have not beenA fully appreciated until this season. The springy, ultra-soft fibres from the underbellies and necks of a species of camelid living in the Andes make for some very special fabrics. When woven, alpaca takes on various textures, from soft and voluminous to coarse and cropped. And as lightweight fabrications and distinctive textures become defining characteristics of contemporary men’s style, it’s not surprising that alpaca is now being shepherded into a lead role. Brunello Cucinelli, who built his empire on cashmere, has also put alpaca to work beautifully in his signature unstructured tailored outerwear, such as a glen-check short coat (£3,760) and roomy one-and-a-half breasted camel- (£1,390) and bomber jackets (£1,060, colour coat (£3,890). Likewise at Canali, pictured below) in wool/alpaca/mohair/ where deconstructed drapey overcoats silk bouclé take inspiration from 1960s silhouettes, as does a single-breasted overcoat (£1,470) in a wool/alpaca blend. They pass muster at smart occasions, yet their subtle texture and soft construction mean they also work as weekend throw- ons. The highlight at Chester Barrie is a Change coat (£2,950, pictured below right), its navy cashmere contrasting Alpaca is ideal cable-knit turtleneck (£395) have with a lush black alpaca lapel (made by for upgrading a 1940s quality about them. -
South American Camelids – Origin of the Species
SOUTH AMERICAN CAMELIDS – ORIGIN OF THE SPECIES PLEISTOCENE ANCESTOR Old World Camels VicunaLLAMA Guanaco Alpaca Hybrids Lama Dromedary Bactrian LAMA Llamas were not always confined to South America; abundant llama-like remains were found in Pleistocene deposits in the Rocky Mountains and in Central America. Some of the fossil llamas were much larger than current forms. Some species remained in North America during the last ice ages. Llama-like animals would have been a common sight in 25,000 years ago, in modern-day USA. The camelid lineage has a good fossil record indicating that North America was the original home of camelids, and that Old World camels crossed over via the Bering land bridge & after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama three million years ago; it allowed camelids to spread to South America as part of the Great American Interchange, where they evolved further. Meanwhile, North American camelids died out about 40 million years ago. Alpacas and vicuñas are in genus Vicugna. The genera Lama and Vicugna are, with the two species of true camels. Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) is a domesticated species of South American camelid. It resembles a small llama in superficial appearance. Alpacas and llamas differ in that alpacas have straight ears and llamas have banana-shaped ears. Aside from these differences, llamas are on average 30 to 60 centimeters (1 to 2 ft) taller and proportionally bigger than alpacas. Alpacas are kept in herds that graze on the level heights of the Andes of Ecuador, southern Peru, northern Bolivia, and northern Chile at an altitude of 3,500 m (11,000 ft) to 5,000 m (16,000 ft) above sea-level, throughout the year. -
Installation Guidelines for Livos Wallcovering
Cu& sisalcarperrant.com INSTALLATION GUIDELINES FOR LIVOS WALLCOVERING RECOMMENDED ADHESIVE Use Sisal #1-422 Adhesive (available in 3.5 gallon pail and covers 23 sq/yds). • Sisal is a natural fiber that reacts to excess moisture in other types of wallcovering and multi-purpose adhesive by shrinking before the adhesive dries and sets, which is normally during the first 24 hours after the wallcovering has been applied to the wall. • Sisal #1-422 Adhesive contains fire retardant for passage of the NFPA test method, which is used by national commercial fire codes such as the Uniform Building Code. HUMIDITY LEVELS EFFECT THE DRYING TIME OF THE ADHESIVE Airborne moisture causes the adhesive to dry slowly and may cause the sisal wallcovering to shrink at the seams and edges. Avoid this condition by installing sisal wallcovering in climate control buildings or use mechanical fans at the point of installation to provide air movement. Keeping all doorways to the outside of the building closed is also recommended. ADHESIVE APPLICATION 1. For ease of troweling the low water content #1-422 Sisal Adhesive, apply adhesive to primed new walls or previously painted walls. On walls that have been stripped of old wallcovering, priming the old adhesive is not necessary. 2. Use a 3/16th x 5/32nd V-notched trowel. Check previously used trowels since the notch depth can be scraped flat with use. 3. Spread adhesive over the entire surface. Seal the edges with a clear latex seam sealer. Spots left uncovered with adhesive cause air pockets. 4. A good bond with the wallcovering can only occur when the wallcovering is pressed into the adhesive. -
Bison, Water Buffalo, &
February 2021 - cdfa' Bison, Water Buffalo, & Yak (or Crossbreeds) Entry Requirements ~ EPAlTMENT OF CALI FORNI \1c U LTU RE FOOD & AC Interstate Livestock Entry Permit California requires an Interstate Livestock Entry Permit for all bison, water buffalo, and/or yaks. To obtain an Interstate Livestock Entry Permit, please call the CDFA Animal Health Branch (AHB) permit line at (916) 900-5052. Permits are valid for 15 days after being issued. Certificate of Veterinary Inspection California requires a Certificate of Veterinary Inspection (CVI) for bison, water buffalo, and/or yaks within 30 days before movement into the state. Official Identification (ID) Bison, water buffalo, and/or yaks of any age and sex require official identification. Brucellosis Brucellosis vaccination is not required for bison, ------1Animal Health Branch Permit Line: water buffalo, and/or yaks to enter California. (916) 900-5052 A negative brucellosis test within 30 days prior to entry is required for all bison, water buffalo, and/ If you are transporting livestock into California or yaks 6 months of age and over with the with an electronic CVI, please print and present following exceptions: a hard copy to the Inspector at the Border • Steers or identified spayed heifers, and Protection Station. • Any Bovidae from a Certified Free Herd with the herd number and date of current Animal Health and Food Safety Services test recorded on the CVI. Animal Health Branch Headquarters - (916) 900-5002 Tuberculosis (TB) Redding District - (530) 225-2140 Modesto District - (209) 491-9350 A negative TB test is Tulare District - (559) 685-3500 required for all bison, Ontario District - (909) 947-4462 water buffalo, and/or yaks 6 months of age and over within For California entry requirements of other live- www.cdfa.ca.gov stock and animals, please visit the following: 60 days prior to Information About Livestock and Pet Movement movement. -
Guanaco Lama Guanicoe
Guanaco Lama guanicoe Class: Mammalia Order: Cetartiodactyla Family: Camelidae Characteristics: The guanaco is the largest wild member of the camelid family in South America. Guanacos have a long slender neck, and thin long legs. Their thick wool coat is light brown or tan on top of the body, and white on the underbelly and legs. The head is a grey of black color but the lips and ears are white. Guanacos, like other camelids have large pads on the soles of their hooves. The pads help the guanaco to maneuver on rocky terrain. Guanacos measure in at 43-45 inches tall at the shoulders, or less than 4 feet. (Arkive) This camelid can weigh up to 265 pounds. (San Diego Zoo) Behavior: Guanacos tend to live in herds or social groups throughout the Range & Habitat: year. During the breeding season the groups are broken up into family groups, Found in desert grassland, pampas, male groups, and small solitary male groups. The family groups consist of one shrubland, and forest, the guanaco male with several females and young. In winter, females may leave to form can be found at elevations up to female herds or they may remain in large mixed-sex herds of 500 individuals. 13,000 feet. They have a large range Guanacos communicate visually and through vocalizations, especially alarm from north of Peru to southern calls to warn of danger. Odor is also important for the males to mark their Chile, including Argentina, Bolivia territory with dung piles. The males use their enlarged canines to chase, bite, and Paraguay. -
An Analysis of the Abaca Natural Fiber in Reinforcing Concrete Composites As a Construction Material in Developing Countries
University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Dissertations and Theses @ UNI Student Work 1988 An analysis of the abaca natural fiber in einforr cing concrete composites as a construction material in developing countries Rolando V. Magdamo University of Northern Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©1988 Rolando V. Magdamo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd Part of the Construction Engineering and Management Commons, and the Materials Science and Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Magdamo, Rolando V., "An analysis of the abaca natural fiber in einforr cing concrete composites as a construction material in developing countries" (1988). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 865. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/865 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses @ UNI by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. -
A. Answer the Questions. 1. Do People Live in the Desert?
K110a Reading 1-5 Exercise A. Answer the questions. 1. Do people live in the desert? Yes, they do. No, they don’t. 2. Is a desert hot at night? Yes, it’s hot at night. No, it’s cold at night. 3. Where do people sleep in a desert?(choose 2 answers) a. In a house. b. In a cactus. c. On a camel. d. In a tent. e. Next to a kangaroo. 4. Can you ride a camel? Yes, you can ride a camel. No, you can’t ride a camel. 5. What do goats have? a. They have milk, and meat. b. They have juice, and candy. c. They have a hump. 6. What do sheep have? a. They have milk, and meat. b. They have wool, and meat, c. They have wool, and milk. 7. What is a yak? a. A yak is a small desert plant. b. A yak is a tiny desert animal. c. A yak is a big desert animal. 8. Do you want to live in a desert? Why, or why not? K110a Reading 1-5 Exercise B. Choose the correct word to complete the story. house ride tent sleep goats sheep yaks carry In a desert some people live in a ________. In a desert some people live in a _____________ in a desert. Some people move around and __________ everywhere. They have camels. They use the camels to help them. The camels _______ things. They sometimes ______ the camel! They have _________ and ________, too. In a cold desert they have ________.