Bas.J.Vet.Res.Vol.16, No.1, 2017. ISI Impact Factor:3.461
CHLORAL HYDRATE FOR CONTROL THE DOGS
Abdullah. M. Al-Saiegh*, May Thanon** , Muneer S. Al-Badrany**
*Department of Community Health, Technical College of Health Sheikhan, Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq
**Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogeniology, College of Veterinary medicine, University of MosuL, Iraq
(Received 7 November 2016 ,Accepted 22 January 2017)
Keywords: Narcosis, Chloral hydrate, Dogs . ABSTRACT
Chloral Hydrate is one of the deep narcotic organic compounds that used in veterinary medicine, it has no color with strong pungent odor, and therefore it is stored in closed containers. The present study was conducted on 6 street dogs of both sexes ranged from ages (6months - 3 years) and weighing (10-20 kg). Chloral hydrate powder was put in a capsule weighing (0.5 g) each, the dose uses is (0.5g / kg) of body weight and given orally. Induction time, narcotic time , recovery time, degree of analgesia as well as the physical signs was recorded, during this time any complications also was also recoded. The result shows that Chlorhydrate can be used for dogs by mouth for calming and control dogs especially those vicious dogs. Induction time was (89 ± 2 min), narcosis was (60 ± 5 min) while recovery time tail the animal stand on his feet without staggering was (70 ± 19 min), it has been shown there are no any serious complications during or after recovery .
INTRODUCTION
The Chloral Hydrate is one of the oldest hypnotic compounds which is used in veterinary medicine (1). This compound consider to be one of the organic compounds which has a crystalline form, colorless and a pungent odor, and reacts volatilization when exposed to air. For this reason, it is placed in closed containers (2) . In 1970, the Chloral Hydrate was used for the first time mainly as a treatment for insomnia, calm, and induce sedation or sleep postoperatively (2) . For many years, the Chloral Hydrate was used for children anesthesia as it is considered to be the safer and highly effective compound. Chloral Hydrate is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and reaches peak concentration within 30-60 minutes (3). The level of metabolism is different among animals, and it has a high and quick effect in mammals (4). In the body, the Chloral Hydrate is converted quickly into active form of Trichloroethanol (TCE) which is responsible for claiming properties of the body (5). In veterinary medicine, the Chloral Hydrate is used as analgesic and nervous system inhibitor which calms the animals in the general anesthesia for cows and horses (6), and mixed with other compounds such as (magnesium sulfate and / or pentobarbital) (7). In addition, The Chloral Hydrate is used as a hypnotic for laboratory animals (8). The hypnotic dose of Chloral Hydrate in adults human is estimated to be about (0.5-2 g / kg body weight) while the calming dose is estimated to be about (0.25 g / kg body weight) three times a day. The calming dose in 451
Bas.J.Vet.Res.Vol.16, No.1, 2017. ISI Impact Factor:3.461 cows and horses are (0.025-0.05ml / kg IV, 10%) while the narcotic dose (0.025-0.1ml / kg IV) (9). The Chloral Hydrate crystals dissolve in (1g Chloral Hydrate) for every (0.25 ml water) or (1-2 ml fat solvent) (9). Whereas, the Chloral Hydrate in dogs has a weak influence on the inhibition of the brain which it is the part responsible for controlling the breathing in the animal, and the time it takes for the animals in losing consciousness is very long (10 and 11). Furthermore, the Chloral Hydrate substance has no anesthetic properties and the ability to relieve pain in dogs and cats (10 and 12). The anesthetic effect of Chloral Hydrate substance in dogs and cats appears by giving it intravenously, and the time of anesthesia is estimated to be about 5-10 hours, but these animals need to have a required respiratory support (13). The side effect of the Chloral Hydrate substance in dogs occur by giving solution of the Chloral Hydrate via the mouth which it causes irritation of the stomach lining (13).
For these causes and the importance of the Chloral Hydrate substance, we have decided to conduct this research to reach the following objectives:
1. Possibility of using the Chloral Hydrate to control dogs mainly vicious dogs .
2. Assessing the level of sedation in animals and time period takes to do it .
MATERIALS AND METHODES
The study includes the use of (6) animals from domestic dogs ranged in age between (6 months -3 years) and weights between 10-20 kg. All dogs were in good health and free from diseases as well as the injection ivermectin drug to eliminate the external and internal parasites of experimental animals. The Chloral Hydrate powder was put into capsules weighing (0.5g). The animal weight was calculated estimation , and the amount that given for animal was (0.5g/kg) by the mouth. Then, the time was recorded for intakes and install as well as recording the time duration for the start a of sedation period. In addition, recording the vital signs for each animal during the sedation period until return the animal to normal period was conducted.
RESULTS
The results obtained show the possibility of giving the Chloral Hydrate leads to calm and control dogs. The anesthesia was gone smoothly without any obstacles or complications appeared on experimented animals.
Table 1, it shows the necessary timetable to start the analgesia and considering the time of induction (Induction time) which it was an average of 60-70 minutes after administration. While the time of analgesia was -6 minutes, the animals were lying on the side, and the level of sedation +1 with the existence of pain sense which makes twinge on foot area. All activities remained the natural reflexes throughout the period, and the natural indicators such as pulse, heart rate, and normal body temperature also remained normal. No complications were recorded on the experimental animals. The sedation was smooth, and the animals started to wake up and sit on the abdomen then stood on her feet with little ataxia.
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Bas.J.Vet.Res.Vol.16, No.1, 2017. ISI Impact Factor:3.461
Fig 1: The stages of analgesia
Table 1 shows the results of given Chloral Hydrate oral for dogs.
The Time It Time Of Stage Of Time Sedation Notes Takes To Start Analgesia Analgesia Analgesia
(Minute)
2 ±89 5±60 +1 10±70 The analgesia and sedation were smooth and without any complications
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Bas.J.Vet.Res.Vol.16, No.1, 2017. ISI Impact Factor:3.461
DISCUSSION
The recorded results show the possibility of using Chloral Hydrate substance to control dogs especially vicious dogs, and this was confirmed by the researcher (13). I have overcome the complications caused by alkaline Chloral Hydrate on the digestive system as a substance that put in capsules in order to protect the mucous membrane of the digestive system which it was obvious when the side effects decreased down. The impact of Chloral Hydrate went very slow, and it took nearly 60 minutes to make analgesia because of the route of administration by mouth, and it needs longer time to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The work of Chloral Hydrate in the inhibition of the brain was slow and required time period, and this was confirmed by researchers (11 and 12). The results that have been recorded the sedation is few because of the presence of sense pain in the foot area of animals. It is known that the substance of Chloral Hydrate is hypnotic not anesthetic and that goes with what was confirmed by researchers (10 and 12). The goal behind using the Chloral Hydrate substance is to calm and control animals. The results demonstrated that when we use the Chloral Hydrate substance with a little concentration and suitable quantity give asleep and calming to animals with stability in the number of heartbeat and breathing, and this was confirmed by the researcher (7). The high dose of Chloral Hydrate substance claim to poisoning and irregular heartbeat and sometimes heart stop. The highly toxic of Chloral Hydrate effects on the central nervous system which leads to inhibition and to a deep coma. In addition, the high toxicity causes damages to the tissues of skin and mucous membranes in which was confirmed by the researcher (14) .
اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﻠﻮھﯿﺪرﯾﺖ ﻟﻠﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻼب
ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﻣﺰاﺣﻢ اﻟﺼﺎﺋﻎ* ﻣﻲ ذﻧﻮن** ، ﻣﻨﯿﺮ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺒﺪراﻧﻲ**
*ﻗﺴﻢ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ، اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺷﻴﺨﺎن، ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ دﻫﻮك اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ، دﻫﻮك، ﻛﺮدﺳﺘﺎن اﻟﻌﺮاق
**ﻓﺮع اﻟﺠﺮاﺣﺔ وﻋﻠﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻞ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان، ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺒﻴﻄﺮي، ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻞ، ﻣﻮﺻﻞ، اﻟﻌﺮاق
اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ
ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺎدة اﻟﻜﻠﻮھﯿﺪرﯾﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻮﻣﺔ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺒﯿﻄﺮي ، ﻣﺎدة اﻟﻜﻠﻮھﯿﺪرﯾﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﺪﯾﻤﺔ اﻟﻠﻮن وذو راﺋﺤﺔ ﻧﻔﺎذة ﻗﻮﯾﺔ وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﻈﮫ ﻓﻲ اوﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ اﻟﻐﻠﻖ . اﺟﺮﯾﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 6 ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻼب اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ وﻣﻦ ﻛﻼ اﻟﺠﻨﺴﯿﻦ ﺗﺮاوﺣﺖ اﻋﻤﺎرھﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ (6 اﺷﮭﺮ–3 ﺳﻨﻮات ) واوزاﻧﮭﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ (10 -20 ﻛﻐﻢ ) ، ﺗﻢ وﺿﻊ ﻣﺴﺤﻮق اﻟﻜﻠﻮھﯿﺪرﯾﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺒﺴﻮﻻت وﺑﻮاﻗﻊ (g 0.5) وﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﺎة ﻟﻠﺤﯿﻮان (0.5g/kg) ﻣﻦ وزن اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ وﺿﻌﺖ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ داﺧﻞ اﻻﺣﺸﺎء اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ اﻋﻄﺎءھﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻔﻢ . ﺗﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ وﻗﺖ اﻻﻋﻄﺎء وﺗﺜﺒﯿﺘﮫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت وﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺤﯿﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺣﯿﻮان ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺘﺴﻜﯿﻦ وﺗﺴﺠﻞ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺰﻣﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﻐﺮﻗﮭﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺣﯿﻮان ﺧﻼل ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻜﯿﻦ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ وﻗﺖ اﻧﺘﮭﺎء اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ورﺟﻮع اﻟﺤﯿﻮان اﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ . ﻟﻘﺪ اظﮭﺮت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ان اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﺮق ﻟﺒﺪء اﻟﺘﺴﻜﯿﻦ ﻛﺎن (٨٩± ٢دﻗﯿﻘﺔ ) ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ اﺳﺘﻐﺮق اﻟﺘﺴﺪﯾﺮ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﺎرب (٦٠± ٥ دﻗﯿﻘﺔ ) ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ ﻛﺎن زﻣﻦ اﻻﻓﺎﻗﺔ وﺣﺘﻰ وﻗﻮف اﻟﺤﯿﻮان ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﻣﯿﮫ ﺑﺪون ﺗﺮﻧﺢ (٧٠±١٠ دﻗﯿﻘﺔ) . ﻟﻘﺪ أظﮭﺮت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺸﺠﯿﻠﮭﺎ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻋﻄﺎء ﻣﺎدة اﻟﻜﻠﻮراﻟﮭﯿﺪرات ﻟﻠﻜﻼب ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻔﻢ واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﮭﺪﺋﺔ واﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﺣﯿﺚ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﺴﺪﯾﺮ ﺳﻠﺲ دون اي ﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎت او ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎت ظﮭﺮت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ.
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