CHAPTER 9 Therapeutic Agents

KEATH L. MARX, DVM

Editors’ Disclaimer:

Every attempt has been made to ensure accurate citation of dosages and references. However, the reader must assume ultimate responsibility for the use of any medica- tion. Indications and usage listed are as per the refer- ence(s) cited, and may not bear pharmacodynamic data verifying efficacy or safety.

Dosages that vary significantly (by a factor of 50x or greater) from other empirical or pharmacokinetic stud- ies may be omitted from the table, but may be found in the references.

No claims to efficacy or safety are intended or implied.

See abbreviations key at the end. 242 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I For nematodes and Capillaria duration, precautions and contraindications) For nematodes and Capillaria For nematodes and Capillaria For nematodes and Capillaria blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for B 447 Add etorphine 447 Add B INTERVAL PO Once E 1503 PO Once E PO BID G 94 Juvenile dosage 94 PO BID G Juvenile IV PRN G 418 IV PRN G PO QD E 1503 PO QD E ROUTE DOSAGE IM QD E 53, 704 Add ketamine PO Once E 1526 Give after first dose of fluids for oiled birds Gavage BID 1352 G NL PRN D 1401 Add ketamine 1401 NL PRN Add D Nebulize QD G 700 concentration 10% IM PRN G 447 Add etorphine 447 IM PRN Add G IM PRN 418 G PO Once E 1526 E Once PO NL PRN D 1401 Add ketamine 1401 Add D PRN NL IM PRN E 1386 Add ketamine 1386 Add E PRN IM PO TID E 1365 For Pacheco's virus IM TID A 1060 A TID IM PO TID G TID PO IM QD B 435 B QD IM PO TID A 435 A TID PO PO TID E 1470, 1473 For herpesvirus, (also ref # 1560, 1650) IM NL G 435 G NL IM IM TID G 1306 For Pacheco's disease PO TID G 1306 For Pacheco's disease PO QD E 1526 E QD PO IM PRN

mg/ml mg/ml unless otherwise stated) 50 Avian 100 Avian 52 Amazon, Red Lored 22 Avian 1 g/L water Drink NL A 435 Avian 0.5-1 Acyclovir Raptor Albendazole 333 Albendazole Bird, Aquatic Aquatic 100 Albendazole Bird, Albendazole Bird, Acepromazine Maleate Acepromazine Maleate Ostrich Acepromazine Maleate Owl Acepromazine Maleate Raptor Ratite Activated Charcoal 25 MG TD 2.0 2.2 0.25-0.5 NL PRN D 1401 Add etorphine + xylazine Acyclovir Raptor (Peregrine falcon) 80 Albendazole Avian 50 Acepromazine Maleate Ostrich Acepromazine Maleate Ratite Acetylcysteine 0.16-0.19 Activated Charcoal Activated CharcoalActivated Charcoal Avian Acyclovir PsittacineAcyclovir 0.1-0.2 RaptorAcyclovir Avian Acyclovir Avian Acyclovir Avian 80 25 Avian 40 2-8 g/kg 2-8 g/kg 2-10 g/kgAcyclovirAcyclovir PO Acyclovir Psittacine PO PO 80 NL 400 mg/kg food PRN Parakeet, Quaker PRN Psittacine Feed E E Once E 1554, 1745 1240 1 g/L feed 1400 A 435 Absorb ingested toxins 0.4 g/L water Feed Antidiarrheal, absorbs toxins Drink QD NL A 1060 E 763 Change feed BID Acyclovir Parakeet, Quaker 40 Quaker Acyclovir Parakeet, Acepromazine Maleate Acepromazine Maleate Acepromazine Maleate Cassowary, Double-wattled Hawk 0.63 2.0 DRUG NAME SPECIES DOSAGE (mg/kg Acyclovir Avian 80 Acyclovir Macaw 80 Acyclovir Avian 0.4 g/L Drink QD G 1352 G QD Drink g/L Acyclovir Avian Acyclovir Avian Acyclovir Chicken 330 0.4 10 **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 243 for 8 to 10 min

duration, precautions and contraindications) blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL PO BID E 1240 Repeat in 2 weeks, antiprotozoal ROUTE DOSAGE IM-IV-SC PRN E 704 IV PRN E 1181 Short duration, may be apnea IV PRN E 1240 E PRN IV IV PRN E 1240 May cause transient apnea, surgical anesthesia PO Once E 1478 For nematodes and flukes IV PRN B 1610 B PRN IV IV PRN B 1610 B PRN IV IM-IP PRN E 1181 Short duration 1181 Short E PRN IM-IP PO QD E 1478 For nematodes and flukes IV PRN B 1610 B PRN IV NL NL G 1471 For fascioliasis 1471 For G NL NL PO QW E 1361 For trematodes 1361 For E QW PO 1610 B PRN IV

10 unless otherwise stated) and Falcons AvianAvian 10-15Avian IM, PO 16 ml/L QD 0.001 g/L G Drink 58, 704 QD Drink NL G 1682 E 1650 For orthomyxoviruses Avian 10-36 Alfaxalone + Alfadolone Eagle (African Fish, Hawk, Tawny) Alfaxalone + Alfadolone Alfaxalone + Alfadolone Flamingo Alfaxalone + Alfadolone Goshawk, African Alfaxalone + Alfadolone Owl, Great-hornedAlfaxalone + Alfadolone PelicanAlfaxalone + Alfadolone PigeonAlfaxalone + Alfadolone Psittacine Raptor 10 6-12Allopurinol 4-8 AllopurinolAllopurinolAllopurinolAllopurinol 5.4Allopurinol 5-7 IV 5-10 BudgerigarAloe Vera Budgerigar 10Aloe Vera Psittacine PRN PsittacineAmantadine HCl Psittacine IVAmantadine HCl IM-IV IM-IVAmantadine HCl BAmantadine HCl Avian PRN IV PRN PRN 0.33 g/L 1174 Avian 0.67 g/L Poultry Turkey 10 E PRN G G 0.33 g/L 10-30 Drink 1240 232 595 Drink B NL Drink NL 1568 PO 30 ml/L 25 PO 2 NL G 10 E QD 111 For wild injured raptors anesthesia induction BID Drink 763 E B QD PO 1240 E PO PO 1035 For gout 1756 NL G NL To treat gout QD 111 For hyperuricemia E G G 1650 435 435 For orthomyxoviruses Alfaxalone + Alfadolone Crane 4-8 Alfaxalone + Alfadolone Chicken 10 Albendazole Penguin Albendazole Ratite Alfaxalone + Alfadolone 100 Alfaxalone + Alfadolone 0.264 Alfaxalone + Alfadolone Avian Avian 5-10 36 Alfaxalone + Alfadolone Buzzard (Augur, Lizzard) 10 Albendazole Emu Albendazole Penguin 10 50 DRUG NAMEAlbendazole Crane SPECIES 20 DOSAGE (mg/kg **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 244 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I , 5 ml NaCl antibiotic duration, precautions and contraindications) control skin pruritis blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Avian 0.5 Nebulize BID-TID G 1199 Add acetylcysteine, Add Amazon, Blue-fronted1199 10-15G IM BID-TIDBID-TID A 697 RaptorRaptorNebulize AvianAvian 0.5 0.25-0.75 20-40 0.05 IM PO q2w IM-SC NL E BID 111 E E 1463 111, 1240. 1473 Induce molting Control vomition For trichomoniasis AvianPigeonPsittacineAvian 6.75 5 ml/L 1-5 IM 10 ml/L Drink PO QD NL Topical B-QID PRN E F 1240 D 1209 G 1446, 111, 1240 111 For behavioral feather picking Add aloe vera + 4 drops sulfonate detergent, Anseriformes 2 PO PRN G 4 Soak food in solution DRUG NAMEAmikacin Sulfate SPECIES DOSAGE (mg/kg Amikacin SulfateAmikacin SulfateAmikacin SulfateAmikacin Sulfate Amazon, Orange-wingedAmikacin Sulfate AvianAmikacin Sulfate Bird, AquaticAmikacin Sulfate ChickenAmikacin Sulfate 13-20 CockatielAmikacin Sulfate Cockatoo, GoffinAmikacin Sulfate CraneAmikacin Sulfate Fowl, DomesticAmikacin Sulfate GullAmikacin Sulfate Ostrich IM/IVAmikacin Sulfate 18-20 Parrot, GreyAmikacin Sulfate 10-15 15-20 Penguin, AfricanAmikacin Sulfate BID 20 PigeonAmikacin Sulfate 15-20 Psittacine 10-20 RaptorAminoloid IM A Ratite 10 IM-IV-SC Stork, Saddle-billedAminonitrothiazole IM 736 15 BID-TID 10-20 15 IM 7.6 BIDAminopentamide Sulfate IM IM A BID-TIDAminophylline 15-20 1473, 111 BID-TID 15-40 10 TID E A IM-SC QD-TID IM 15-20 A IM 1478, 1559 697 BID IM IM A 7.6-11 A 32, 697, 879 BID-TID 1631 IM-IV IM BID 1058 TID BID E IM A IM BID IM 629 QD-BID 112, 692 G For salmonellosis BID A E For hens QD E 1353 G BID 747 1357 565 590 G G 1645 G Monitor hydration 1314 1308 AminophyllineAminopromazine Aminothiazole AvianAmitriptyline HCl Ammonia Solution 10 IV-PO q3h E 1151 Amobarbital Sodium Amobarbital Sodium Duck, Mallard 3.6 g/L feed Feed Once G 1398 **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 245 s Streptococcus bovi Streptococcus bovis duration, precautions and contraindications) blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Avian 150-175 PO QD-BID E 111 AmoxicillinAmoxicillinAmoxicillinAmoxicillinAmoxicillinAmoxicillin PigeonAmoxicillin PigeonAmoxicillin PigeonAmoxicillin PigeonAmoxicillin PigeonAmoxicillin PoultryAmoxicillin PoultryAmoxicillin Psittacine Psittacine Psittacine 150 Raptor 0.2 g/L Raptor 75-100 Ratite 20 25-50 15-20 55-110 Drink IV-PO 150-175 PO 250 100 NL NL Drink PO 150 BID Drink PO 50 PO QD A 15-22 A QD QD IM A QD-BID BID-TID SC 800 993 C 1066 IM-PO G E G QD C IM NL PO 704 BID 585 565 47 705 For E BID BID G E 1140 1613 1400 E G 1612 1308 Bacterial infections DRUG NAME SPECIESAmoxicillin DOSAGE (mg/kg AmoxicillinAmoxicillinAmoxicillinAmoxicillinAmoxicillinAmoxicillin AvianAmoxicillin AvianAmoxicillin AvianAmoxicillin AvianAmoxicillin AvianAmoxicillin AvianAmoxicillin AvianAmoxicillin AvianAmoxicillin BustardAmoxicillin Canary 250Amoxicillin Canary 0.2-0.4 g/LAmoxicillin Chicken 167Amoxicillin Currawong, Pied 150Amoxicillin Duck 100Amoxicillin Falcon Drink 150-175Amoxicillin Galliformes 100-150Amoxicillin IM Goshawk 100-150Amoxicillin QD 100 GullAmoxicillin PO Penguin, African 0.3 g/L 25-50 IM-PO QD Pigeon 0.5 g/kg feed PO PO 16 Pigeon SC E NL QD-BID Pigeon IM Pigeon Feed QD-BID 20 704 0.17 g/L E BID Pigeon E IM-SC Drink 100 QD PO 200 10 NL E E 704 741 Once BID NL PO E 924 1473 BID 100 Drink Soft feed E 20-90 A 1431 G E Drink 100 Parenteral QD A 1526 Long-lasting preparation QD 50 PO 1139 1618 q2d G PO 1240 18-91 Broad spectrum QD 1139 1.5 g/L 1609 PO B TID E PO Broad spectrum BID G For open fractures PO C 1006 704 QD-BID 1128 IM PO QD-BID Post-surgical Drink G 705 G E QD-BID A 1353 NL 127 QD-BID QD-BID 1357 A 493 A A 565 A 733 565 Precede with ticarcillin 800 Use capsules Gram negative bacteria Use high dosage for Enterobacteriaceae Gram positive bacteria For **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 246 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) mycoplasmal infections blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Avian 10 g/L Drink QD E 1492 For flock treatment of bacterial and BustardAmazon ParrotAvianAvian 100-250Avian 125Avian IM-SCBird, Aquatic 125 q3-7dCanary NL 100Chicken A 50 TIDHawk, Red-tailed 1127, 1240 125-150 150-175 POOwl, Great-horned A PO, IMPasserine QID 125 BID 1491 IM IM, PO 50Pigeon IM-PO 0.5 g/L 125 BIDPsittacine BID E E BID-QIDRaptor 704 1431 E Gavage E Drink ERaptor 200 PO BID 1470 PO 1478 1474 NL Dosage based on amoxicillin 125 Useful in young birds BID 100 BID G For bacterial infection with liver disease Pre- and post-operative A For neonatal septicemia NL 1139 150 G 801 G 125 Gavage 1626 TID 173 PO For GI infection BID PO, IM G BID Post-operative B BID PO 1489 751 D BID E 1446 For frostbite associated skin infection 1400, 1433 For localized gut infection G Can be nephrotoxic For staphylococcal dermatitis 234 DRUG NAMEAmoxicillin + Tylosin SPECIES DOSAGE (mg/kg Amoxicillin + TylosinAmoxicillin + TylosinAmoxicillin + Tylosin Avian AvianAmoxicillin Depot AvianAmoxicillin DepotAmoxicillin DepotAmoxicillin Sodium + PigeonClavulanate Potassium PigeonAmoxicillin Sodium + Clavulanate Potassium 3000Amoxicillin Sodium + 10 g/LClavulanate Potassium 3000Amoxicillin Sodium + Clavulanate Potassium Amoxicillin Sodium + Clavulanate Potassium 150 PO DrinkAmoxicillin Sodium + 150-200Clavulanate Potassium POAmoxicillin Sodium + QD QDClavulanate Potassium Amoxicillin Sodium + QDClavulanate Potassium SC IMAmoxicillin Sodium + E EClavulanate Potassium Amoxicillin Sodium + 1650 E 1492 QDClavulanate Potassium q2dAmoxicillin Sodium + 1650 Clavulanate Potassium Amoxicillin Sodium + A AClavulanate Potassium Amoxicillin Sodium + 991 493Clavulanate Potassium Amoxicillin Sodium + Clavulanate Potassium Amoxicillin Sodium + Clavulanate Potassium Long-lasting oil based susp. Long-lasting formulation **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 247 duration, precautions and contraindications) aspergillosis therapy or avian gastric yeast) water - NaCl inactivates Amphotericin or avian gastric yeast) rifampin for aspergillosis parenteral parenteral See above blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Amazon Parrot 150-200 PO BID-TID A 567 May give combination of both oral and RatiteAmazon, Yellow-naped 50-75 mg TD 11-15 IT QD IV-PO TID G 740 G 1308 Amphotericin B Amphotericin BAmphotericin B Avian AvianAmphotericin BAmphotericin B AvianAmphotericin BAmphotericin B AvianAmphotericin B Bird, AquaticAmphotericin B Bird, AquaticAmphotericin B Budgerigar 1.5 Amphotericin B 100Amphotericin B CraneAmphotericin B Gull 0.83gL Gull Psittacine 100-200Ampicillin Psittacine IV 1.5 1 Raptor PO 109 Nebulize TID PO BID BID 0.33-0.67 g/L IV-SC 1 E TID-QID IP 1.5 E 1.5 PO 1 E Nebulize 625, 674 QD E 1526 TID 1.5 1492 QD 1503 BID E IV G IT IV For aspergillosis therapy. Must use sterile G 1503 For macrorhabdosis (formerly megabacteria B IT For GI candidiasis 1361 IV 861 589 BID-TID BID TID BID-TID For aspergillosis therapy E TID E E 111, 745 E For macrorhabdosis (formerly megabacteria 111, 741, 1309 1357 1357 B 1178 Add IT amphotericin B + flucytosine DRUG NAMEAmoxicillin Sodium + Clavulanate Potassium SPECIES DOSAGE (mg/kg Amphotericin B Amphotericin B Avian 1 IT TID E 625 Add flucytosine + IV amphotericin B, AmpicillinAmpicillinAmpicillinAmpicillinAmpicillinAmpicillin AnseriformesAmpicillin AvianAmpicillin AvianAmpicillin CanaryAmpicillin Canary CraneAmpicillin Crane, Greater Sand HillAmpicillin Emu 100 Falcon Parrot, Blue-naped 20 0.25g/kg Pigeon 1.041 g/L Pigeon 1-2 g/L 2-3 g/kg food IM 150-200 15-20 Feed Drink Feed IM q4h 20 Drink 100 QD QD PO QD QD BID IM-SC 25-120 E 100 E BID-TID E BID 1318, 1358 G IM A G IM-PO 741 A 741 49 49 847 PO BID A 567 BID IM 596 QD-BID E In soft food A q2d A May give combination of both oral and 1027 847 493 A 493 Use capsules Long-lasting formulation **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 248 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I Enterobacteriaceae duration, precautions and contraindications) parenteral administration of vitamin B complex chelation therapy blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Amazon Parrot 50-100 IM q4-8h A 567 May give combination of both oral and Avian 20-40 IM QD-QW E 1473 AvianE QD-QW 0.048-0.096g/LChicken DrinkPelican, BrownIM QDPoultryAvian 20-40 E 1-1.6 0.5 g/L 111 Drink 0.1 g/kg food POAvian QD Feed QH QD B B 881 1089 E 0.4 KIU/kg 564 For colibacillosis Give thiabendazole previous day IM Nutritional use, 5-day slaughter withdrawal QW E 1470 DRUG NAMEAmpicillin SPECIESAmpicillinAmpicillinAmpicillinAmpicillin Sodium Poultry Psittacine Psittacine Raptor DOSAGE (mg/kg 55-110 100 100-200 100-250 Parenteral PO BID-TID IM IM G QID q4h 585 NL E E 1240 E 111 1463 Poorly absorbed Ampicillin SodiumAmpicillin SodiumAmpicillin SodiumAmpicillin Sodium Pigeon PigeonAmprolium PigeonAmprolium RatiteAmproliumAmproliumAmproliumAmprolium Avian Amprolium 150 773 Chicken 155 CraneApramycin Pigeon 0.1 - 0.2 g/L PoultryArecoline Hydrobromide Psittacine IM Drink IMArsanilic Acid 0.08 g/L IM NL QD-BID 40-250 mg/kg food QD-BIDAscorbic Acid Feed 0.06 g/L QD-BID A 0.2 g/L Drink Ascorbic Acid A 1.25 cc/L G 0.25 g/LAscorbic Acid A 493 QDAscorbic Acid QD 733 418Ascorbic Acid 733 Drink Drink Avian Drink E Drink Avian E QDAsparaginase Ostrich For Asparaginase QD 564 QD Clostridial treatment 1492 Raptor QD E G G E 1361 Coccidiostatic, overdose reversed by No slaughter withdrawal Owl, Great-horned 232 585 1365 20-50 20-40 20-50 mg TD For coccidiosis 250 1.7 KIU/kg Use 20% powder formulation For sarcocystosis IM IM-PO IM SC NL q2d PO QD-QW Once E G QD E 924 F 401 1473 125 E 1359 For viral infection, liver disease, stress For chicks Antioxidant therapy, administer during lead **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 249 duration, precautions and contraindications) use until renal histology normalizes for disease medetomidine + midazolam medetomidine organophosphate toxicity airway obstruction - KLM] blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL PO TID E 1205 Chronic GI problems and infections ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) 10 drops/kg Amazon, Red Lored 0.5-1 PO QD-BID G 1756 Add fatty acid omega 6:omega 3 < 6:1 ratio, Avian Anseriformes 0.1 IM-IV q3-4hPoultry D 1150 5-20 g/L For anticholinesterase poisoning Topical NL E 1479 Apply to animal facilities, insect spray DRUG NAME SPECIESAspirin DOSAGE (mg/kg AspirinAspirinAspirinAspirinAspirinAspirin Amazon, Yellow-napedAstragalus AvianAstragalus Avian AvianAtipamezole Psittacine 0.5-1Atipamezole Stork, Saddle-billedAtipamezole AvianAtipamezoleAtipamezole Anseriformes POAtipamezole 1 5 Avian 1.2 g/LAtropine 0.5-1 5 BIDAtropine Duck, MallardAtropine PigeonAtropine PsittacineAtropine Drink 0.25 33-66 drops/kg GAtropine PO PO POAtropine 1033 QD PO PO AvianAtropine 0.25 mg TD QD Avian TID-QID 0.25-0.38Atropine QD-BID AvianAtropine QD D IV Avian TID EAtropine E Avian 0.5 0.25-0.38 IV G 1533 Canary 1650 Atropine IM 1756 PRN EAtropine G 1645 Pigeon PRN Psittacine 1435 1341, 1671 IMAzamethiphos Psittacine PRN 0.04-0.1 D Raptor IM 0.1-0.2 B 0.2-0.5 1503 Raptor PRN 0.01-0.02 E Immune stimulant Raptor 764 0.1-0.2 PRN 0.2 IM-SC 1181 E IM-SC 0.27 Add flumazenil to reverse ketamine + 0.05 Once IV Parenteral B 0.5 1240 q4h q3-4h Add flumazenil IM-SC Reverse ketamine + xylazine or 0.5 1588 G q3-4h Parenteral PRN 0.1 E q4h E 1309 Reverse xylazine or medetomidine IM-IV 0.02-0.05 IM-SC E 1650 IM-SC Reverse medetomidine 1151 G q4-8h QH 1554 IM-IV G NL Preanesthetic 1309 IM-IV IM-IV 1714 G PRN For organophosphate toxicity For cholinergic toxin E PRN 590 q3-4h For anticholinesterase toxicity E 1240 For organophosphate poisoning G For convulsions possibly caused by 1688 E E 61 1359 For acetylcholinesterase poisoning 1240, 1400 For acetylcholinesterase poisoning [May thicken secretions and increase risk of For organophosphate toxicity **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 250 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I Knemidocoptes duration, precautions and contraindications) minutes, sedation mycobacteriosis spray contrast rads See above 201, 1533, 1573 blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for G INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) AvianAvian 50-80 1 drop PO QD Drink G QID 702 G 912 For chlamydophilosis For calming effect, also apply topically as Ostrich 4-6 IM PRN B 522 Add metomidate, chick dosage PoultryChickenAvian 110-220 mg/kg feed FeedPigeon 3.3 mg/kg feed QDAvian Feed 50 ml/kg E Once 564 25% solution PO B Topical 0.1 Nutritional use, no slaughter withdrawal 400 NL PRN E E IM 1151 704 NL G.I. protectant and antiinflammatory Apply to lesion D, E, RaptorAvian 0.025 35 PO QD PO E BID 1068 E 1240 During regrowth of claw May help remove ingested toxins Azithromycin AzithromycinAzithromycinBach flower Avian Falcon 43 40 PO PO QD QW G F 1154 1157 Add ethambutol + rifabutin for For chlamydophilosis DRUG NAME SPECIESAzaperone DOSAGE (mg/kg AzaperoneAzaperone Ostrich Ratite 3.3-6.6 0.5-2 IM IM PRN Once G G 283 1226 Add metomidate Add ketamine + diazepam after 10 to 15 Bach flower Avian 45-75 drops/L PO QID G 912 Bacitracin BacitracinBambermycin BambermycinBarium Sulfate Barium Sulfate Ratite OstrichBenzyl Benzoate Benzyl Benzoate AvianBetamethasone Raptor 0.4 g/L 0.07 mg/kg feed Feed 10-20 ml/kg Drink Once NL 10% solution PO C Topical NL G 283 QD 418 E Growth promotant E 1482 Clostridial therapy 1612 Mix 50:50 with hand-feeding formula for GI For BetamethasoneBetamethasoneBiotin Biotin Bird, Aquatic PigeonBismuth Subsalicylate Bismuth Subsalicylate Avian Raptor 0.1 1 IM 35-88 0.05 NL IM PO Once E PO 1503 Once E QD 704 E 1526 E Anaphylaxis 1240 Enteric coating for oiled birds Aid in beak and claw growth **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 251 duration, precautions and contraindications) weakness, poor growth hours 2 mg/kg hypocalcaemia oxytocin blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Anseriformes 75 g/kg feed Feed QD E 1358 For niacin deficiency with leg deformities, AvianRaptorParrot, Grey 3-6 25 2 IM NL PO IM NL E PRN 704, 1434 E A 1463 1339 Anthelmintic Maintain plasma concentration for less than 2 AvianAmazon, Hispaniolan 1-3 0.01-0.05 IM IM-IV-SCAvian BID NL E 1167 A 1339 0.000025 (0.025ug/kg) Gavage QD G 1183 Add calcium source to gavage for Avian 200 IM-IV QD E 1431 Used during egg laying problems, often with DRUG NAMEBrewers yeast SPECIES DOSAGE (mg/kg Bromhexine HCl Bromhexine HClBromhexine HClBunamidine HCl Avian RaptorBupivacaine HCl 1.5 1.5 IM IM QD-BID QD E 1526, 1617 E 1612 Liquefy respiratory mucus Mucolytic Buprenorphine HCl Buprenorphine HClButorphanol Tartrate PigeonButorphanol TartrateButorphanol Tartrate CockatooButorphanol Tartrate Parrot, GreyButorphanol TartrateButorphanol Tartrate Parrot, GreyButorphanol Tartrate PigeonButorphanol Tartrate PsittacineButorphanol Tartrate PsittacineButorphanol Tartrate 0.5 Raptor Rhea 1Calcitriol 1-2 Toucan, Toco 1 IM 4 3-4 3-4 IM NL 2 2-4 q5h IM 0.7 NL PRN IV-PO IM B IV-PO NL NL B A 1656 IM-SC TID IM q3h 1678 IM 1339 QD B E Once E 586, 1339 B PRN 111, 1249 Isoflurane sparing Plasma levels maintained less than 2 hours at E 1240 1656 G 1359 G 1379 1628 Also analgesic Post-surgical pain Add ketamine + medetomidine Calcium Borogluconate Calcium Borogluconate AvianCalcium BorogluconateCalcium Borogluconate Goshawk PigeonCalcium BorogluconateCalcium Borogluconate Psittacine Raptor 100-500 300 100-500 100-200 IM-SC 100-500 NL IV IM-SC IM-IV NL IV-SC NL NL E Once 1434 E G E 1432 E 234 1240 For egg binding and hypocalcemic tetany 1240 For egg binding and hypocalcemic tetany **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 252 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) slowly dinoprostone for egg binding, may add vitamin E + selenium blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) RaptorAvianAvianAvian 10 g/kg food 0.44 g/L Feed 363 Once Drink 100-300Avian NL D 1612 POAvian IM-SC E QDLory, Red NL 1492 For osteodystrophy Parrot, Grey 5-10 E E For egg binding and calcium deficiencies 1617 0.5-1 1480Avian 7 IM-SCAvian 5-10 Add phytonadione for bleeding syndrome NLAvian IM IM QW E IM-SC 60-100 1570 NL BID G 270 54 N/A PO For egg binding G G 88 1621 QD PO Topical G Add oxytocin for egg binding NL NL Acute therapy 57 E E 111 111 Avoid during breeding season Adjunct to aspergillosis therapy 5% mixture, powder formulation Calcium Carbonate Calcium Glubionate Calcium GlubionateCalcium Glubionate + AvianCalcium Lactobionate Calcium Gluconate Calcium GluconateCalcium GluconateCalcium GluconateCalcium Gluconate Avian Avian Avian 150Calcium Gluconate AvianCalcium Glycerophosphate + AvianCalcium Lactate Calcium Glycerophosphate PO+ Calcium Lactate 5-10 50-100Calcium Glycerophosphate 5-10 BID+ Calcium Lactate 50-100Calcium Glycerophosphate + Calcium Lactate G IM-SC 100-300 IV 54 IM BID IVCambendazole Cambendazole NL SC NLCaprylic Acid NL ECarbaryl E 1473 Pigeon NL E E 1473 1474 1474 E Slowly to effect 1481 Give slowly, follow with oxytocin or 75 PO QD E 1051 For ascarids and capillaria DRUG NAMECalcium Borogluconate SPECIES Raptor DOSAGE (mg/kg 10-50 IV-SC Once E 1400 For egg binding or hypocalcaemia, give IV **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 253 Pseudomonas dd amphotericin B, mix fresh daily, allow to stand overnight, dissolve drug in the AM duration, precautions and contraindications) ectoparasites w/aminoglycosides A before treatment plus no water 2 to 3 hours after treatment multiday dimetridazole blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE IV q2-3w G 1033 Dilute with 5% dextrose

3 mg/m

unless otherwise stated) 125 OstrichAvian 3 mg TD 33 IM PRN PO B Once 521 E Add xylazine 1526 For trichomoniasis, no food/water night Avian 150AvianAmazon, Yellow-naped IM-PO NL E N/A 924 IH Gram negative, NL E 1564 Euthanasia Avian 0.1% solution Drink QD G 1457 Carfentanil Citrate Carfentanil CitrateCarnidazole Ostrich 0.024 NL PRN G 465 Carbenicillin Disodium Carbenicillin DisodiumCarbenicillin Disodium AvianCarbenicillin Disodium AvianCarbenicillin Disodium CraneCarbenicillin Disodium Owl, Great-hornedCarbenicillin Disodium PigeonCarbenicillin Disodium PsittacineCarbenicillin Disodium PsittacineCarbenicillin Disodium Raptor RaptorCarbenicillin Disodium 150 100 RaptorCarbon Dioxide Gas 100-200 100Carboplatin 100 100-200 100 PO IM IM 100-200 100 IM-IV BID IM BID TID 100-200 IM BID-TID IM IM G TID-QID E G G BID-TID IT 173 E BID IM 629, 1361 861 TID 55 G 565 260 QD TID E E Freeze small portions indefinitely 763 1240 E E 1240 1400 For Gram negative bacteria, synergistic DRUG NAMECarbaryl SPECIES Avian DOSAGE (mg/kg N/A Topical NL E 1240 5% mixture, lightly dust feathers for Carboplatin Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium Budgerigar 5 IV QM G 1259 Dilute 1:10 with sterile water CarnidazoleCarnidazoleCarnidazoleCarnidazoleCarnidazole AvianCarnidazole Bird, AquaticCarnidazole BustardCarnidazole Dove Falcon Finch Pigeon Pigeon 33 20-30 20-25 30 25 PO PO 20-30 20-30 PO 200 Once Once PO Once PO PO E E PO NL Once E PO 1503 1554 Once Once 1240 G B Once E For trichomoniasis and giardiasis 61 D 1420 1572 E 1221 111, 1473 For Ttichomoniasis, less effective than For trichomoniasis **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 254 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) histomoniasis, use lower dosage for juveniles post-operative freezer, 10 days in refrigerator post-operative blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Amazon, Orange-winged 4 IMPigeon BIDCrane GAmazon Parrot 1377 100 25-30 Post-surgical 75-100 PO IM-IV IM BID TID q4-8h G E 260 A 629 697 CarnidazoleCarprofen CarprofenCarprofenCarprofen RaptorCarprofenCarprofenCarprofen AnseriformesCarprofen AnseriformesCarprofen AvianCarprofen AvianCarprofen Avian Bird, AquaticCefadroxil 30 Pigeon PsittacineCefazolin Sodium 4 RaptorCefazolin Sodium 5-10 RaptorCefazolin SodiumCefotaxime Sodium 1-2 PoultryCefotaxime Sodium PO 1-2 4 RaptorCefotaxime Sodium 5-10 SC IMCefotaxime SodiumCefotaxime Sodium Amazon, Blue-fronted 5-10 2-10 QDCefotaxime Sodium AvianCefotaxime Sodium Bird, Aquatic 1-2 NL QD IM-POCefotaxime Sodium Crane 2-10 IM-POCefotaxime Sodium Hawk, Red-tailed G IM-IV-PO IM 100 BIDCefotaxime Sodium Pigeon NL BID 11-55 IM Psittacine 61 IM-IV-SC E G 100Cefotaxime Sodium Psittacine QD QD Psittacine 1190 1345 IM-IV-PO D IM-IV-SCCefotaxime Sodium E E 100 NL BID 100 Raptor QD 1533 75-100 IM E 1503 NL 1167 E Ratite 50-100 IM D 1240 G 1431 TID E 100 50-100 BID-TID 1400 1345 IM 50-100 IM-IV 1240 IM Once 100 G A Post-surgical pain IM-SC Pre-operative painkiller TID-QID 585 TID-QID 100 IM NL 748 E A TID IM Post-surgical pain SC E 25 1359 1473 IM 1478 TID G E BID-TID TID IM-IV 1626 629 G BID Perioperative, use amoxicillin/clavulanate E For hock joint pressure sore infections E Once 260 IM 565 E 632 Intra-operative E TID 763 1359 Neonate dosage G Frozen reconstituted drugs lasts 12 weeks in 1308 Perioperative, use amoxicillin/clavulanate For young birds DRUG NAMECarnidazole SPECIESCarnidazoleCarnidazole Pigeon Pigeon Psittacine DOSAGE (mg/kg 12.5-25 20-30 20-30 PO PO PO Once QW-q2w Once E E E 1240 1364 1240 Use lower dosage for juveniles For trichomoniasis, hexamitiasis, **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 255 Proteus Proteus and and E. coli E. coli duration, precautions and contraindications) symptoms blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) PsittacineAmazon, Orange-winged 10 75-200Amazon ParrotAvian (Macaw) IM IM-IV BID-TID 75-100 BID-QID A E 10 788 1756 IM q4-8h For bacterial nephritis PO A QD 697 G 1750 For proventricular dilatation disease Avian 35-50 PO q4-6h E 111 CephalexinCephalexinCephalexinCephalexinCephalexinCephalexin CraneCephalexin CraneCephalexin CraneCephalexin CraneCephalexin DuckCephalexin DuckCephalexin DuckCephalexin EmuCephalexin EmuCephalexin PigeonCephalexin 35-50 PigeonCephalexin 100 PoultryCephalexin 100 PsittacineCephalexin 35-50 Psittacine 35-50 Quail 100 PO Quail, Bobwhite 35-50 Quail, Japanese IM 35-50 Raptor PO 100 PO Raptor 35-50 QID PO 100 QID 55-110 35-50 IM q4-6h PO QID 35-50 100 A PO q2-3h 35-50 A 100 PO 596 IM BID-TID E QID A NL PO QID 697 A PO A 111 40-100 457, 847 PO QID 50-100 QID PO 457 A PO 697 BID BID-TID A QID IM 847 q2-3h A G TID A 418, 457, 847 IM-PO QID G IM-PO 847 260 E 697 BID-TID A TID-QID 585 TID G 763 A A E 457 697 847 697 1240 E 1400 DRUG NAMECeftazidime SPECIES DOSAGE (mg/kg Ceftiofur Sodium Ceftiofur SodiumCeftiofur SodiumCeftiofur SodiumCeftiofur Sodium AvianCeftiofur Sodium Chicken CockatielCeftriaxone Sodium PsittacineCeftriaxone Sodium RatiteCelecoxib Avian 50-100 0.16 mg TD 10 100 IM 10-20 IM 75-100 QD IM IM QID IM q4h A TID IM-IV E BID 788 TID-QID 1240 A E E G 788 1756 111 1308 For bacterial nephritis CephalexinCephalexinCephalexinCephalexin Avian Avian Bird, Aquatic Bustard 35-50 35-50 35-50 40-100 PO PO PO IM-PO QID q4-6h TID-QID QID E E E E 1240 1473 1503 1492 For Cephalexin Cephalexin Avian 40-100 IM-PO TID-QID E 1240 For **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 256 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) or pack suppurating wound, promote wound healing sodium, reduce dose 15 to 20% in debilitated birds blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) 106.5 IM PRN B 1084 Add magnesium sulfate + pentobarbital 106.5 IM PRN B 1084 64-68 IM PRN B 1086 Saw-whet 106.5 IM PRN B 1084 , AvianAvian 100Avian 35-50 IM-IV QID < 50 PO A 1473 q4-6h Topical q3d-q2w E 111, 1473 B 1633 Rinse and apply sparingly to wound surface Avian (budgerigar, canary, chicken, crow, crane) Herring) Swainson's) Anseriformes 0.4-0.48g/L bait Feed Once G 1230 Add diazepam for anesthesia DRUG NAMECephalexin SPECIESCephalexinCephalothin Sodium Raptor Ratite DOSAGE (mg/kg 50 15-22 PO PO QID TID G G 234 1308 Cephalothin SodiumCephalothin SodiumCephalothin Sodium AvianCephalothin Sodium Avian AvianCephradine RatiteCephradineCephradineChitosan Crane 100 Emu, pigeon 100 100 30-40 IM-IV IM 100 IM QID IM-IV 100 q2-6h QID QID E E PO 111 G PO E 565 1308 q4-6h 741 q4-6h E E No gastrointestinal absorption 1473 111 Chloral Hydrate Chloral HydrateChloral HydrateChloral Hydrate Eagle, Golden Falcon, Prairie Gull (California, Laughing, 80.9 64 IM IM PRN PRN B B 1086 1086 Chloral Hydrate Hawk (Marsh, Red-tailed, Chloral Hydrate Chloral HydrateChloral HydrateChloral Hydrate Owl Chloralose Pea Fowl, pheasantChloralose Pigeon, sparrow, toucanetChloralose Rail, WoodChloraloseChloralose 106.5Chloralose 106.5Chloralose Bird, Seed-eaterChloralose Blackbird, Red-winged Crane Duck 106.5 IM Duck, Mallard IM Duck, Mallard 0.02-0.025 mg TD Turkey 2 g/kg grain PRN Feed PRN IM Once Feed B 15 B 1.54-1.79 g/L corn 40 PRN 1084 0.4-0.5 g/L bait Once Feed G 1084 Feed 1230 8 g/L corn B Once E Feed 1084 Once 4 PO Feed G Add secobarbital Once 1361 G PRN Once 1386 B D E 1095 1401 1386 Add diazepam Sedation in 40-60 min, 9% mortality **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 257 duration, precautions and contraindications) blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL TID G 1308 Not for food animals ROUTE DOSAGE SC unless otherwise stated) 50 IM QID 394 A

Avian 80-100Cowbird, quail Gavage BID 150 g/kg food E Feed 741 Once B 1094 Anesthesia Avian 50-100 PO QD E 704 Chloramphenicol Palmitate Chloramphenicol Palmitate AvianChloramphenicol Palmitate AvianChloramphenicol Palmitate PsittacineChloramphenicol Palmitate TurkeyChlordiazepoxide HCl 50 150-200 100 50 PO PO PO TID TID-QID G PO BID-QID G 739 E 55 QID 741 For large birds E 741 ChloramphenicolChloramphenicolChloramphenicolChloramphenicol CraneChloramphenicol Duck, ChineseChloramphenicol Duck, ChineseChloramphenicol Duck, ChineseChloramphenicol Duck, MuscovyChloramphenicol EagleChloramphenicol Goose, EgyptianChloramphenicol HawkChloramphenicol 100 MacawChloramphenicol 25 OstrichChloramphenicol 100 240 Owl, BarredChloramphenicol 50 Pea FowlChloramphenicol Pigeon 50Chloramphenicol PigeonChloramphenicol IM-IV PigeonChloramphenicol 50 Pigeon IM-IV SC IM-IV Psittacine QID 50 IM Raptor 50 50 q3h 10 Ratite TID IM TID 50 A BID IM 95 A 508 A BID 50 A IM 30 508 IM 508 A IM 80 50 QD IM 596 A IM 394 50 BID QID BID 35-50 PO 394 BID A PO QD PO A 394 A IM IM-IV QID A G TID 394 394 IM QID IM-IV-PO- 394 A TID-QID 401 BID E E 394 E TID E 111 111 704 E Double dosage for birds below 5 kg 1473 E 1650 With grit in diet 1240 Without grit in diet For salmonellosis DRUG NAMEChloramphenicol SPECIES DOSAGE (mg/kg ChloramphenicolChloramphenicolChloramphenicolChloramphenicol AvianChloramphenicol AvianChloramphenicol Budgerigar Canary Chicken Conure (Nanday, Sun) 200 mg 50 50-100 0.1-0.15 g/L 50 Nebulize Feed Parenteral TD IM QD QD IM BID E E 704 E BID 704 A 695 394 A Dilute in 15 ml 0.9% saline solution 394 In soft food **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 258 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I Plasmodium Leucocytozoon and Chlamydophila Chlamydophila duration, precautions and contraindications) mg/kg at hours 6,18 and 24 Plasmodium blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE Drink NL E 1240 Prevent or treat mild intestinal candidiasis Drink NL E 741 For candidiasis or antimicrobial prophylaxis Feed Once A 802 Add chlortetracycline drinking water also g/kg food g/kg food 5 . unless otherwise stated) solution/L solution/L AvianAmazon, Blue-fronted 2.5 g/kg corn 0.0125 g/L Feed QD Drink NL A 230 E 1492, 1650 For therapy less than 2 weeks duration For feather picking and anxiety Avian 2.5 ml/L of 2% Avian 0.4 g/L Drink QD E 1180 For blood parasites Chlortetracycline HClChlortetracycline HCl Chicken Chicken 20-60 220 mg/kg food Feed PO QD NL E 564 C 705 No slaughter withdrawal ChloroquineChlorpromazine Chlortetracycline HCl Chlortetracycline HCl RaptorChlortetracycline HClChlortetracycline HCl Amazon, Green-cheekedChlortetracycline HCl AmazonsChlortetracycline HCl AvianChlortetracycline HCl AvianChlortetracycline HCl 2.5 - 5.0 g/kg food AvianChlortetracycline HCl Avian FeedChlortetracycline HCl AvianChlortetracycline HCl 10 AvianChlortetracycline HCl Once BudgerigarChlortetracycline HCl Budgerigar 5 g/kg foodChlortetracycline HCl Canary Chicken B 1 g/L Chicken 5 g/L Feed 1062 100 PO 0.5 g/L 100 QD 5 g/kg seed 34 QD Drink 500 mg/kg food For Drink 1.5 g/kg food Feed Drink QD B PO Feed 2.5 g/L 2 QD G IM-PO 1079 QD QD Feed QD 61, 94 QID IV E NL E Drink QD 704 E E For A 704 E NL Add primaquine phosphate NL E 741 565 731 704 E 924 Prophylactic dosage F 695 Therapeutic dosage A For chlamydophilosis initial therapy 1209 Antichlamydophilial Hulled medicated millet 802 Add chlortetracycline feed also DRUG NAME SPECIES Chlorhexidine Gluconate DOSAGE (mg/kg Chlorhexidine GluconateChlorhexidine Gluconate Avian AvianChloroquine ChloroquineChloroquineChloroquine Avian Avian 0.5% solution Falcon 0.005 g/L Flush Drink NL QD 10 10 E 10 E 1240 1492 PO PO Wound flush PO TID For candidiasis QD Once G G B 57 61 1177 Usually in combination with primaquine Add primaquine, follow 1st dose with 5 Add primaquine phosphate ChloroquineChloroquineChloroquineChloroquineChloroquine Passerine, Small Penguin Penguin, African Raptor Raptor 2.1 g/L 5 5 Drink 5 NL 25 PO PO E QD 1187 NL IM QID B NL QD Therapeutic but not curative for E 262 111, 1240 D E 1612 Loading dosage 10 mg/kg 1400 Chlorhexidine Gluconate Avian 2.5-7.5 ml of 2% **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 259 30 days for chlamydophilosis 30 days for chlamydophilosis duration, precautions and contraindications) diabetes For chlamydophilosis For chlamydophilosis blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE 2.4 g/kg food Feed QD A 738 Hulled millet + oats for chlamydophilosis 2.4 g/kg food Feed QD A 738 Hulled millet + oats for chlamydophilosis unless otherwise stated) 0.5g/kg liquid food Feed Once A 1077 ) ) ) ) s, red-front, ring- ' Bourke ( Maroon-bellied, Nanday ( ) Ornate, purple-naped ( necked AvianAvian 500-1300 10 drops/kg Feed PO QD QD E E 1470 1435 For hepatic lipidosis Stock solution 1 pill per 30 ml lactulose for Penguin, African 35 PO QD G 128 Chlortetracycline HCl Chlortetracycline HClChlortetracycline HCl Lovebird, Abyssinian Macaw, Buffon's Parakeet Chlortetracycline HCl 2.4 g/kg food Chlortetracycline HCl Passerine Chlortetracycline HCl 10-15 g/kg Feed Chlortetracycline HCl PigeonChlortetracycline HCl PigeonChlortetracycline HCl QD PigeonChlortetracycline HCl Feed Pigeon PoultryChlortetracycline HCl Poultry A Chlortetracycline HCl Once 1.0 - 1.5 g/L Chlortetracycline HCl Psittacine 738 Chlortetracycline HCl RaptorChlortetracycline HCl Ratite A 40-50 Drink Turkey 100Choline Turkey 50 781 QD 0.5 g/LChromium Picolinate 0.106-0.264 g/L 110-550 mg/kg feed PO Feed E Feed 2.5-10 g/kg food IM 1437 Drink 33 Feed PO QD B-TID QD 15-20 2.5 g/L QD QD 10-30 QD A TID-QID Add drug to food at the same time, use for C C G 565 G G PO 564 A PO 564 Drink 260 590 232 PO 693 NL TID TID Without grit in diet Prophylactic NL With or without tylosin Change daily A E Dosage based on weight of food G 802 1612 C 1308 705 For chlamydophilosis Add chlortetracycline feed also Chlortetracycline HCl Passerine 1.5 g/kg soft food Feed QD E 1437 Add drug to drink at the same time, use for DRUG NAMEChlortetracycline HCl SPECIESChlortetracycline HCl CockatielChlortetracycline HCl Cockatoo, G Sulfur-crested Conure 4.4 g/kg food DOSAGE (mg/kg Feed 2.4 g/kg food QD Feed B QD 1079 A For chlamydophilosis 738 Hulled millet + oats for chlamydophilosis Chlortetracycline HClChlortetracycline HClChlortetracycline HCl FinchChlortetracycline HCl FinchChlortetracycline HCl GalliformesChlortetracycline HCl Lorikeet Lorikeet Lory 1 - 1.5 g/L 30 1.5 g/kg food 0.5 g/kg fruit 0.5 g/L liquid food Drink Feed Feed Feed QD Once Drink QD QD QD A E E A 1077 1572 1572 1077 E 704 For chlamydophilosis Chromium PicolinateCimetidine Avian 0.1 PO BID E 1205 **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 260 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) allometrically for mycobacteriosis mycobacteriosis for avian mycobacteriosis blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL Parenteral QW G 1369 Intralesional-fibrosarcoma ROUTE DOSAGE

3 unless otherwise stated) 0.3 mg/cm AvianPsittacineAvian 0.5 g/L 0.2 Drink 85 QD PO E QD PO 704 QD G 1722 Add oxytetracycline G 1154 Liver support Add ethambutol + rifabutin, dose Avian 80 PO QD D 1470, 1571 Add ethambutol + rifampin for liver Anseriformes 5-10Avian PO q3d 100 D 1150 PO For coccidiosis QD D 1221 For clostridiosis AvianMacaw, Blue and Gold 0.5-1 PO TID E 1151 To improve GI motility Citric Acid Citric AcidClanobutin Clarithromycin Passerine, Small 1.0 g/L Drink NL E 1187 DRUG NAMECiprofloxacin HCl SPECIES DOSAGE (mg/kg Clazuril ClazurilClazurilClazurilClazurilClazurilClazuril PigeonClindamycin HCl PigeonClindamycin HCl Pigeon Poultry Psittacine Raptor Avian 5-10 6.5 5 5-10 7 5-10 150 PO PO PO PO QD PO Once PO PO QD NL G QD G q3d QD 57 G 109 G E 57 E 109 E 1240 Repeat after 2 days 1240 1431 Repeat after 2 days Wait 2 days then repeat for coccidiosis For coccidiosis For osteomyelitis Ciprofloxacin HClCiprofloxacin HClCiprofloxacin HCl AvianCiprofloxacin HClCiprofloxacin HCl AvianCiprofloxacin HCl CanaryCiprofloxacin HCl ChickenCiprofloxacin HCl CockatielCiprofloxacin HCl GullCiprofloxacin HCl Hawk, Red-tailedCiprofloxacin HCl OstrichCiprofloxacin HCl Pigeon 20 PigeonCisapride Psittacine 10-15Cisapride Toucan, Toco 20Cisapride 5 50 30Cisplatin 20 PO 20 PO Psittacine 0.25 g/L PO Raptor 10 5-20 BID 20-40 PO PO PO BID BID PO Drink BID D NL BID NL G 1571 PO PO QD PO G QD 1319 1 A BID G A 48 0.25 BID BID 168 BID 44 797 G Add clofazimine + cycloserine ethambutol E E 590 1357 E G G 628 NL 111 590 PO 1379 Change daily BID TID For oviduct infection G E 1263 1400 For ileus Increase gut motility **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 261 duration, precautions and contraindications) infections mycobacteriosis blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Avian 6 PO QD D 1470 Add ethambutol + rifampin for liver AvianChickenAnseriformes 0.5-1 125-250 mg/kg foodCrane Feed NL 20Avian QD QD-BID D E 1475 PO 564 10 g/L q2w 100-200 Control of self-mutilation, mixed results 5-day slaughter withdrawal, prophylactic Nebulize D TID IM 1150 E QD 1361 For cestodes and nematodes E Antifungal 565 Clindamycin HClClindamycin HClClindamycin HCl PsittacineClofazimine Psittacine Raptor 50 25 30-40 NL NL PO BID TID BID F F B 1170 1170 1568 Used to treat anaerobic osteomyelitis DRUG NAMEClindamycin HCl SPECIESClindamycin HClClindamycin HClClindamycin HCl Eagle, LittleClindamycin HCl Goshawk, BrownClindamycin HCl GullClindamycin HCl Owl, BarnClindamycin HCl Owl, Great-horned Pigeon DOSAGE (mg/kg Pigeon 40 Psittacine 40 12.5 40 100-150 PO PO 100 100 100 PO BID PO BID PO BID QD PO G BID G PO PO G 1568 1568 QD E 173 G QD QD 1357 1568 A For post-operative orthopedic surgery E E Add enrofloxacin 1473 111 1240 For osteomyelitis and tendon sheath ClofazimineClofazimineClofazimineClomipramine HCl Clomipramine HCl AvianClomipramine HCl PsittacineClomipramine HCl Raptor CockatooClopidol Psittacine PsittacineClopidolClorsulon Clorsulon 1.5 1.5ClorsulonClorsulon 1-5 3 Poultry 0.5-1Clotrimazole 0.5-1Clotrimazole AvianCloxacillin Sodium PO Psittacine POCloxacillin Sodium Raptor POCloxacillin Sodium PO POCloxacillin Sodium Raptor PO QD QD Avian QD Avian 0.25 g/kg food BID BID Raptor QD-BID E D Feed 20 20 E E 1240 B 1571 G 20 111 1240, 1154 QD 43 1278 70-100 g/L For mycobacteriosis 250 C 100 PO PO 250 Gradually increase dose over 4 to 5 days Cloacal prolapse Nebulize PO 564 BID q2w q2w PO q2w PO E Prophylactic PO E G BID 1359 E 111 818 QD BID 1240 E E E For tapeworms 1234 1470 For trematodes and cestodes 1240 For bumblefoot **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 262 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I , avoid contact Dermanyssus Mycoplasma gallisepticum duration, precautions and contraindications) clofazimine + ethambutol for avian mycobacteriosis deficient birds **Check current literature prior to use with skin blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL IO QW E 1470 Lymphosarcoma IO QW E ROUTE DOSAGE

2 unless otherwise stated) 200 mg/m Avian 5 PO BID D 1571 Add ciprofloxacin or enrofloxacin + Avian 1 PO QD-BID E 1205, 1435 For heart, geriatric, diabetic, immune Duck, PekinPigeon 60 0.05% solution IV Topical QD QD E A 704 835 Apply as spray AvianAvianPsittacineAvian 0.04Avian 16 IU TD 10% PO 51% powder IM QD Topical Topical Once D NL 0.25-0.5 PRN 1470 B E E 88, 532 IM For hepatic fibrosis 1240 1240 QWChicken For knemidocoptic mites For ulcerative dermatitis E 111 0.05 g/L Drink NL A 837 For Cycloserine DRUG NAMECloxacillin Sodium SPECIESCoenzyme Q10 Raptor DOSAGE (mg/kg 100-250 IM NL E 1463 For bacterial infections CycloserineCyclosporine CyclosporineCypermethrin RaptorCypermethrin Duck, Pekin Psittacine 5 10 2.0% solution PO IV NL BID NL TID-QID A E E 835 1240, 1154 1240 Spray premises for Colchicine ColchicineColchicineColchicineCorticotropin MacawCrotamiton Psittacine PsittacineCupric Sulfate Cupric SulfateCupric Sulfate Cyanocobalamin Ostrich 0.01Cyclophosphamide 0.2 Psittacine Cyclophosphamide 0.04Cyclophosphamide Owl, Great-horned Psittacine PO PO PO 0.5 g/L 1:2000 dilution BID 25 BID QD-BID Topical E Drink G q2w E 1756 45 QDCypermethrin 111, 1473 PO D Danofloxacin Mesylate 1446 G Once Raptor 1254, 283 For dermatomycosis F For candidiasis, use acidified copper sulfate 125 2% solution Maximum dosage listed NL NL E 1240 Danofloxacin Mesylate Chicken 5 PO QD B 893, 990 For colisepticemia **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 263 duration, precautions and contraindications) supplementation may be required prolapse inflammatory response and shock blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) ChickenToucan 30 mg/kg food Feed 50 QD E PO 564 BID No slaughter withdrawal, prophylactic G 1280 For iron storage disease, zinc AvianAvian 100AvianAvian SC 1 QD 0.3 D IM 1-2 1470 IM NLAmazon, Yellow-naped NL To reduce liver iron levels IM EAnseriformes 1434 NL 1 G 1320 D 2 1533 IM q3-7d IM G QD 1033 E 1240 DRUG NAME SPECIESDecoquinate DOSAGE (mg/kg DecoquinateDeferiprone Pheasant, Ring-necked 0.03 g/kg food Feed QD B 895 For coccidiosis Deferoxamine Mesylate Deferoxamine MesylateDeferoxamine Mesylate AvianDeferoxamine Mesylate MynahDeferoxamine Mesylate Toucan ToucanDelmadinone Acetate Delmadinone AcetateDetomidine HCl PigeonDetomidine HClDetomidine HCl 20 40Dexamethasone 100 ChickenDexamethasone 1.28 mg/kcal OstrichDexamethasoneDexamethasone IMDexamethasone Avian 6.67 PODexamethasone Avian IM SCDexamethasoneDexamethasone Crane, Sarus QDDexamethasone Once Falcon 0.3 QDDexamethasone Heron, Great Blue QD 0.3Dexamethasone Pigeon IMDexamethasone Pigeon E G Psittacine G G Psittacine 1180 87 2-4 NLDexamethasone Sodium Raptor N/A 0.5 340 0.5Phosphate IM 1280 RaptorDexamethasone Sodium IMPhosphate 2 Iron chelation E PRN Continue IM q4h as needed 0.15-1.5 Repeat qow for series of 10 treatments For iron storage disease PRN IM 1432 Topical 0.3-3 2-4 IV IV 4 E NL E QD 2-4 1573 IM-IV IM-IV 0.3-3 Once Once 1573 IM-IV E BID Once IM E G G Sedation BID 1151 IM-SC 1431 Sedation IM 1087 1087 E IM E QD-BID NL 1027 E 1432 E Add dimethyl sulfoxide for cloacal or uterine QD q2d Use sparingly 1432 1240 G For shock, trauma, toxic conditions 632 E E For shock 1433 1240 Neonate dosage, shock or sepsis Use with great care Long-lasting formulation, reduce **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 264 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) IV slowly deleted bolus blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL IP NL G 95 Goiter therapy 95 IP NL Goiter G ROUTE DOSAGE

TD

unless otherwise stated) Budgerigar 0.2 ml Budgerigar 0.2 Amazon, Double Yellow-head 400Anseriformes IV 1 Once D 1756 NL PRN For IV excretory urography D 1403 Add ketamine AvianBustardPsittacineRaptorAvian 2 2 2-4 2 IM-IV IM N/A IM-IV Once NL QD E IM 1151 Topical E E QD PRN 1688 1240 E E 1240 1151 For flushing wounds DextroseDextroseDextroseDextroseDextrose AvianDextrose Avian AvianDiatrizoate Meglumine AvianDiatrizoate Meglumine + PsittacineDiatrizoate Sodium RaptorDiazepam Diazepam 50-100Diazepam 50Diazepam 50-100Diazepam 1Diazepam 2 ml/kg IV AnseriformesDiazepam AnseriformesDiazepam 500-1000 IV AvianDiazepam IV-PO-SC Bird, AquaticDiazepam NL NL IV Bird, AquaticDiazepam IVDiazepam NL IV CraneDiazepam NL Crane 1.2-1.6 g/L bait E E Duck NL 0.5-1 Emu 1240 E Once 111 Feed Emu 0.6 G Falcon 0.5-1 1473 0.5-1 Hawk, Rough-legged G Once E 632 IM-IV 1311 Give slowly 1400 0.5-1 G Give slowly BID-TID 0.2-0.5 IM-IV 1-1.5 IM-IV IM Neonate dosage, use 50% solution, slow 1.3-1.7 g/kg bait 1230 E For hypoglycemia, 50% solution, may be 0.6 PRN Give slowly for hypoglycemia PRN Feed 5 1.2 1240 NL NL NL Add chloralose E Once IV E 1503 PRN E Control seizures 1559 PRN IV G PRN IV 1120, 1492 IV 1386 E E PRN For seizures related to lead toxicoses For lead poisoning to control convulsions G 1189 PRN NL 1189 1092 G Add chloralose D 283 E For tranquilization 4 to 6 hours Add ketamine for anesthesia 1401 Combine with ketamine 4 Add pentobarbital after 1 hour Add ketamine Sedation DRUG NAMEDexamethasone Sodium Phosphate SPECIES DOSAGE (mg/kg Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Dextrose Dextrose Avian 50 IV-PO-SC NL E 1240 Isotonic for hypoglycemia and dehydration, **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 265 Eimeria Eimeria Knemidocoptes duration, precautions and contraindications) tiletamine/zolazepam species sedation recovery toxoplasmosis blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) ChickenPigeonAvianChicken 200 mg/kg food Feed 100 mg/TD QD N/A PO 0.5-1.0 mg/kg food E Feed q10d 564 IH QD G QD 232 10 day slaughter withdrawal G 564 E 704 Impregnated strip, 30 m³ minimum DiazepamDiazepamDiazepamDiazepam OwlDiazepam PasserineDiazepamDiazepam PigeonDiazepamDiazepam PigeonDiazepam PsittacineDiazepam PsittacineDiazepam PsittacineDiazepam Raptor 0.5 1 RaptorDiazepam RatiteDiazepam Ratite 2.5 RatiteDibutyltin Dilaurate RatiteDibutyltin Dilaurate 0.5-1 2.5-4 0.5-1 PO RheaDichlorophen 1-1.5 IV Poultry SwanDichlorvos 1 IM NLDichlorvos Strip 1-1.5 IM-IV PO PRN 1Diclazuril IM-IO-IV 0.1 PRNDiclazuril IM-IV PRN PRN 0.2-0.3 E Kakariki PRN 0.3 DDiclazuril PRN IV 1439 IMDiclazuril E G E 1401 5 374 mg/kg foodDiclazuril 1.3-1.7 g/kg bait EDiclazuril NL 1432 590 IV 1688 IM G Crow Feed PRN PRN 1473 Feed Anxiolytic and hyperphagic for wild fractious 824 IV Add ketamine Partridge, European grey PRN QD PRN Passerine PRN Once N/A Add ketamine, 20 to 30 minutes deep D D Pheasant, Ring-necked Add ketamine IV Quail, Japanese PRN 1533 0.366 1401 D E E C G 1403 NL 0.369 243 4 G 564 1386 IH 10 Add ketamine Add ketamine 418 Feed 10 0.29-0.56 E Add ketamine QD Add chloralose Add ketamine Feed 4 QD Add ketamine Tranquilization particularly during anesthesia Feed PO G QD B PO 1609 QD QD Sedation 891 B QD B 891 For D For 891 G 1438 1334 For Dose on days 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 for Give on days 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 DRUG NAMEDiazepam SPECIESDiazepamDiazepamDiazepam Kestrel Ostrich Ostrich Ostrich DOSAGE (mg/kg 2.2 1 5 1-2 IV IV PO IV PRN PRN PRN PRN D D 1401 E G 1401 4 481 Add ketamine Smooth anesthesia recovery Give just prior to recovery from Standing sedation **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 266 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) needed) for lead toxicoses parenteral therapy for air sacculitis through skin particularly on legs histomoniasis blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE Drink NL E 741 For trichomoniasis, giardiasis and PO QD A 882 PO QD A lllllllll powder/L l ml l

.02 unless otherwise stated) 1.25 0 PigeonRaptorAvianAmazon, Yellow-naped 12.5 mg/TD 50 0.02 PO 0.025-0.075 NL PO PO IM E NL BID NL 1240 E G E For arthritis 1033 1463 111 Anthelmintic Avian 2.5 IM q4h E 1120, 1236 Continue BID for 10 days (or longer if Avian AvianAvian 5 50 PO PO TID QD E 1205 E 704 Brain disorders DRUG NAMEDiclofenac Sodium SPECIES DOSAGE (mg/kg Diethylcarbamazine Citrate Diethylstilbestrol DiethylstilbestrolDigoxin Digoxin AvianDigoxinDigoxinDigoxinDigoxinDigoxin Sparrow Avian Avian Avian Avian 0.1-0.3 Budgerigar IM 0.02 0.01 0.02-0.05 0.02 NL 0.0033 g/L NL PO E Drink PO PO 1473 NL QD QD-BID QD-BID QD E E G D 1152 1152 1323 1470 A 882 Change daily Dimercaprol DimercaprolDimethyl Sulfoxide Dimethyl SulfoxideDimethyl Sulfoxide Avian AvianDimethyl SulfoxideDimethyl Sulfoxide AvianDimethyl Sulfoxide AvianDimethyl Sulfoxide AvianDimethyl Sulfoxide Avian Chicken 25-35 5 mlDimethylglycine RaptorDimethylglycine 10 ml/LDimetridazole OintmentDimetridazole Avian PO 1 ml/kg 50 % solution Avian PO Nebulize Nebulize 20 Mix 50:50 NL QD-q2d TID-QID Topical NL N/A E E NL E Topical 1650 1240, 1473 G 704 IM NL E 1717 2-4 Give 5 days per week for lead toxicosis Topical 1650 Add appropriate antimicrobial, adjunct to BID-TID NL B Add tylosin + 10 ml 0.9% saline solution Also apply topically G 1342 PO For prolapsed phallus 861 E 1240 QD-BID Add bupivacaine, prepare 50:50 solution For heavy metal poisoning E 1435 Reduce swelling, vehicle to carry drugs Immune and energy booster **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 267 duration, precautions and contraindications) histomoniasis binding antimicrobials for 1 week binding, apply into cloaca, may add vitamin E + selenium minimize anaphylaxis blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) ChickenAnseriformes 40-187 mg/kg food 0.02-0.1 Feed QD IM-Topical Once E D 564 1150 No slaughter withdrawal, prophylactic Apply to cloacal mucosa topically, egg Avian 0.2 Vent NL E 1474 Precede with calcium gluconate for egg Avian 2 IO NL E 1470 Give before asparaginase and doxorubicin to Cassowary, Double-wattled 2 mg/mg etorphine NL PRN D 1401 Etorphine antagonist DimetridazoleDimetridazoleDimetridazoleDimetridazoleDimetridazole FinchDimetridazole LorikeetDimetridazole PigeonDimetridazole PigeonDimetridazole Pigeon PoultryDinitolmide Poultry RaptorDinoprost Tromethamine Raptor(Prostaglandin F-2a) 0.1 g/L 0.1 g/L 0.4 g/L 50 20 500 mg/kg food Drink Drink 0.5-1.0 g/L Drink 125 Feed QD QD 100 NL PO Drink QD PO G E QD QW PO A 1334 C QD 1479 PO 791 564 G NL E NL G 585 For cochlosomiasis 1432 232 D Prophylactic E 1612 1463 For trichomoniasis For trichomoniasis DRUG NAMEDimetridazole SPECIESDimetridazole Avian Avian DOSAGE (mg/kg 50 30 PO Gavage Once NL E E 1650 924 For trichomoniasis, giardiasis and For protozoa Dinoprost TromethamineDinoprost Tromethamine AnseriformesDinoprost Tromethamine Avian OstrichDinoprost TromethamineDinoprost Tromethamine PsittacineDinoprost Tromethamine Psittacine RaptorDinoprostone 0.02-0.1(Prostaglandin E) 0.02-0.1 5 mg TD IM 0.02-0.1 0.02-0.1 0.02-0.1 IM Once Parenteral Once Vent IM Once E Once Vent G 1240 Once 1224 E Once E 1473 E For egg binding 1240 E For caseous salpingitis, add appropriate 1240 1240 Also intracloacal Apply to cloacal mucosa for egg binding For egg binding DinoprostoneDiphenhydramine HCl Cockatiel 0.02 Vent Once G 1699 For egg binding Diphenhydramine HClDiphenhydramine HClDiphenhydramine HCl AvianDiphenhydramine HCl AvianDiphenhydramine HCl Avian PsittacineDiprenorphine Raptor 4 2-4 2-4 2-4 4 IM PO PO NL TID BID IM BID BID E TID D E E 1554 1475 1473 1477 G 50 For anticholinesterase toxicity Control of self-mutilation For feather, suture and bandage picking **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 268 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) lymphosarcoma constipation following cloacal surgery **Check current literature prior to use chlamydophilosis, may be spaced 5 to 7 days for first 4 weeks days for first 4 weeks blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE IO q3w E 1470 Give 30 mg/m² of body surface for 2 unless otherwise stated) 30 mg/m Psittacine 0.3 g/L Drink NL E 763 To aid in expelling lead or prevent Amazon ParrotAvian 1 g/kg food Feed 100 QD IM A 693 QW A 55 European formulation. For Anseriformes 10Avian IV Once 0.5-1 D 1150 PO Stimulant BID E 111 Control feather picking DRUG NAMEDiprenorphine SPECIESDiprenorphineDocusate Sodium Ostrich Ostrich DOSAGE (mg/kg 0.05-0.06 4.5-24 mg TD IM IV PRN PRN G B 481 447 Reverse etorphine Opioid antagonist Doxycycline Doxycycline** References followed by ** are based on the long acting formula) Doxapram HCl Doxapram HClDoxapram HClDoxapram HClDoxapram HClDoxapram HCl AvianDoxapram HCl AvianDoxapram HCl AvianDoxapram HCl AvianDoxapram HCl Falcon OstrichDoxepin HCl PsittacineDoxepin HCl Raptor RaptorDoxorubicin 5-10Doxorubicin 5 6 Avian 20 10 0.5-1.5 20 Avian IM-IV 10 5-20 IM-IO-IV Once IV NL IM-IO-IV IV IM-IV NL IM-IO-IV E 0.5 NL Once NL E PRN IM-IV IT-IV 111, 1473 E 243 Once E Once G E G 1183 PO 1027 496 1688 522 E E 1240 Also drop onto tongue for cardiac arrest BID 1359 E For anesthetic emergencies 704 Or add to drinking water DoxycyclineDoxycycline**Doxycycline**DoxycyclineDoxycyclineDoxycycline** Amazon Parrot Amazon Parrot Doxycycline AmazonDoxycycline**Doxycycline** Anseriformes Anseriformes Avian Avian Avian 40-50 100 Avian 50 0.24 g/kg food 50 PO Feed IM 100 QD-BID 15 QD 75-100 q5d-QW IM 75-100 E PO A D 111 q4-5d IM 230 BID IM-SC 1150 IM Drink B q5d-QW q10d QD D 1062 q5d For chlamydophilosis E 1150 B 565 C 583 E 705 For chlamydophilosis 703 Antichlamydophilial For chlamydophilosis, may be spaced 5 to 7 **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 269 duration, precautions and contraindications) infections, treat for 45 days chlamydophila severe chlamydophilosis adequate drug plasma levels 30 days for chlamydophilosis 30 days for chlamydophilosis See above See above See above blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Doxycycline** Bird, Aquatic 75-100 IM QW E 1503 1240 Aquatic E Houbara A QW 100 QW 75-100 IM Doxycycline IM Doxycycline** Bird, Doxycycline** Bustard, Bird, Aquatic 10 g/L Drink QD E 1503 DRUG NAMEDoxycycline SPECIES Bird, Aquatic DOSAGE (mg/kg 25-50 PO QD E 1503 Broad spectrum, food for respiratory Doxycycline Bustard, Houbara 22-44 IV Once A 1240 Continue therapy with IM or PO dosage for DoxycyclineDoxycyclineDoxycyclineDoxycyclineDoxycycline ChickenDoxycycline ChickenDoxycycline** Chicken CockatielDoxycycline CockatielDoxycyclineDoxycycline Cockatiel CockatielDoxycyclineDoxycyclineDoxycycline 20 Cockatiel Doxycycline 0.1 g/L CockatooDoxycycline 10 Cockatoo, Goffin 0.83 g/LDoxycycline Cockatoo, Goffin 0.5 g/kg seedDoxycycline Cockatoo, GoffinDoxycycline Macaw 1 g/kg mash DrinkDoxycycline 100 Macaw, Blue and Gold PO Feed Drink OstrichDoxycycline 25 Parrot, Grey 40-50 NL Drink Feed 0.4 g/L Parrot, Grey 1 g/kg food QD QD QDDoxycycline 1 g/kg mash Parrot, Grey 1 g/kg corn mash QDDoxycycline Passerine QDDoxycycline ** IM Feed ADoxycycline** Feed Passerine A Feed A A PO Doxycycline Drink 25 803 PO BDoxycycline QD Penguin 1638 q10d 1638 762 A 25 QDDoxycycline 10 Penguin, African QD Pigeon NL QD 0.4 g/L 1009Doxycycline Pigeon 1 g/kg food 1638 BID A A Pigeon 0.25 g/L A For chlamydophilosis, may cause toxicosis For chlamydophilosis A E Pigeon A PO 730 1638 For fowl cholera Feed Poultry A Drink 1 g/kg food 693 For chlamydophilosis 111, 703 1639 PO Poultry 20 749 NL 697 10 QD BID NL Drink For chlamydophilosis Feed For chlamydophilosis, may not maintain BID 75 Each bird fed 100 g mash BID QD 75-100 A A QD A 25 PO A 15 E 697 1639 749 0.05 g/L NL E 697 0.25-0.5 g/L 628 E IM-SC IM BID 1437 QD 1437 q5d-QW Drink Drink PO Once G Drink Oviductal infection therapy A Add drug to food at the same time, use for QD QD G 1353 BID Add drug to drink at the same time, use for QD 565 A 1353 379 G C A C 585 564 565 For babesiosis 704 Add tylosin, antimycoplasmal With grit in diet **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 270 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) conjunction with penicillamine blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Anseriformes 10-40 IM-IV BID D 1150 For lead poisoning Edetate Calcium Disodium AvianEdetate Calcium Disodium AvianEdetate Calcium Disodium Bird, AquaticEdetate Calcium Disodium Crane, Sand HillEdetate Calcium Disodium Lory, ChatteringEdetate Calcium Disodium 20-40 Macaw 35Edetate Calcium Disodium 20-40 Pigeon 35Edetate Calcium Disodium Psittacine 30 IM-IVEdetate Calcium Disodium Raptor IMEdetate Calcium Disodium BID IM Raptor IM 35 BID-TID SC D BID 30 BID 10-40 E 1470 BID 111 D 35-50 IM B 1478 10-40 To reduce liver lead and zinc IM G 1088 IV BID 42 NL BID Give 3 to 4 days per week for lead poisoning BID Repeat 4 days later for lead poisoning G IM-IV BID 40 G BID E 590 1240 E E 1188 1240 Lead and heavy metal poisoning For lead toxicity Lead and heavy metal poisoning DRUG NAMEDoxycycline SPECIESDoxycycline**DoxycyclineDoxycycline **DoxycyclineDoxycycline Psittacine PsittacineDoxycycline Psittacine PsittacineDoxycycline Hyclate DOSAGE (mg/kg Doxycycline Hyclate Raptor Raptor AvianDoxycycline Hyclate Ratite AvianDoxycycline HyclateDoxycycline Hyclate 25-50 Cockatiel 100Doxycycline Hyclate Cockatoo, Goffin 50 20 Parrot, GreyEdetate Calcium PigeonDisodium 50 IV 25 IM 0.4 g/L 0.8 g/L 2-3.5 200-400 mg/kg food Feed PO 0.2-0.4 g/L IV NL 0.8 g/L QW QD IM Drink QD Drink Once PO 55 Drink PO E E QD QD Drink NL QD 111 E E E BID 632 BID QD 565 632 632 A A B A PO G G 703 703 Neonate dosage 703 1568 A 94 1308 Antichlamydophilial BID Neonate dosage Neonate dosage 703 For chlamydophilosis For chlamydophilosis G For chlamydophilosis Juvenile dosage 47 Edetate Calcium Disodium Avian 30-50 IM-IV QID D 1221 For lead or zinc toxicosis, may use in **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 271 and coliforms Mycoplasma, Chlamydophila Pasteurella duration, precautions and contraindications) therapy for air sacculitis antimycobacterial blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE Drink NL 916 F

.5 g/L 0 unless otherwise stated) AvianAmazon Parrot 2 g/L NaCl Topical 7.5-15 NL IM-PO E QD-BID 924 A 1473 For skin mycosis EnrofloxacinEnrofloxacinEnrofloxacin Avian Avian Avian 0.05- 10 g/L 0.25-1 g/kg food Feed Nebulize TID-QID QD E 1650 F 916 Add dimethyl sulfoxide, adjunct to parenteral DRUG NAME SPECIESEnilconazole DOSAGE (mg/kg EnilconazoleEnilconazoleEnilconazoleEnilconazoleEnilconazole PsittacineEnrofloxacin PsittacineEnrofloxacin RaptorEnrofloxacin RaptorEnrofloxacin RatiteEnrofloxacinEnrofloxacinEnrofloxacin AmazonEnrofloxacin Amazon, Blue-fronted 2 g/L NaCl Amazon, Red Lored 0.1-1% solution Anseriformes Aracari, Black-necked 5 IT Avian Nebulize 0.2% solution 0.5 mg/kg food Avian 10% solution BID 10 Feed Topical NL 10 15 Flush 10-15 BID G Once IT 1034 E NL IM E A 1240 5-15 QD PO IM 30 IM-PO 1240 858 G Dilute 100 mg/ml 1:50 in normal saline BID BID 1224 BID E QD IM-PO-SC 1240 G For chlamydophila QD-BID D PO G A 700 For mycotic dermatosis 1150, 1358 A 1367 749 Dilute 1:10 NL 916 2.5% concentration Pre-surgical E 1492 For Enrofloxacin Avian 15 PO QD G 580 Add ethambutol + rifampin, EnrofloxacinEnrofloxacinEnrofloxacinEnrofloxacinEnrofloxacinEnrofloxacin Bird, AquaticEnrofloxacin BudgerigarEnrofloxacin Bustard, HoubaraEnrofloxacin ChickenEnrofloxacin Duck, MuscovyEnrofloxacin Duck, PekinEnrofloxacin GullEnrofloxacin Hawk, Red-tailed 30 15-30Enrofloxacin Hornbill, GreatEnrofloxacin 30 Lory, RedEnrofloxacin Ostrich 15Enrofloxacin Owl, Great-horned 10Enrofloxacin Parrot, Grey 10 5 Parrot, Grey IM-IV-PO IM Penguin, Rockhopper BID 10-20 Pheasant Feed 10 Pheasant, Chinese Ringneck 5 Drink Pigeon BID 15 A Once Drink 9 7.5 Drink QD 0.5 g/L IV PO 790 0.5 g/kg food NL E QD A IM 1478 B IM-PO BID QD Feed 20 920 PO Drink A IM A BID 842 PO BID 15 PO Once 811 QD G BID A Post-trauma infections 854 QD For chlamydophilosis QD 1587 G 978 E TID A IM-PO Pulse dose for 4 hours each day G A 173 1357 921 For NL G G 1621 IM-SC 921 G 1296 1646 QD 418 Add clindamycin or cephalothin G Higher blood levels in neonates For salmonellosis 678 Continue therapy orally A 179 **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 272 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Mycoplasma duration, precautions and contraindications) binding blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL QD-BID A 866 BID E 1473 ROUTE DOSAGE SC PO unless otherwise stated) AvianAvianAvian 0.1 0.1 0.06 IO-IP-IT-IV NL SC E IM 1473 q2-3d Once E E 1151 111, 1473, 1650 With or without calcium gluconate for egg For anemia Avian 0.125 g/L Drink NL E 111 EnrofloxacinEnrofloxacinEnrofloxacinEnrofloxacinEnrofloxacinEnrofloxacin PigeonEnrofloxacin PigeonEnrofloxacin Pigeon PoultryEnrofloxacin Psittacine PsittacineEpinephrine Psittacine RaptorEpoetin Alfa Ratite 10-20 5Ergonovine Maleate 5 15 2.5-20 11-17.5 10-20 IM-PO-SC QD-BID 15 Drink PO A PO Drink 1.5-2.5 NL QD 919 IM NL QD BID BID IM-PO NL A PO-SC BID A B A 919 G BID 179 750 1473 E 585 E 632 G 1240 1308 Neonate dosage, may cause joint defects Broad spectrum including For Gram negative infections Erythromycin ErythromycinErythromycinErythromycinErythromycinErythromycin AvianErythromycin AvianErythromycin AvianErythromycin AvianErythromycin ChickenErythromycin FinchErythromycin FinchErythromycin PigeonErythromycin PigeonErythromycin Poultry 25 PoultryErythromycin 100 Poultry 200 mg/kg Psittacine 10-20 g/L 0.102 g/L Psittacine 0.2 g/kg food Psittacine Feed 0.125 g/L IM 100 Nebulize PO Drink 2.2 g/L Feed 0.25 g/L QD TD 10-20 QD QD Drink NL 50-100 QD 44-88 10-20 E QD E Drink PO Feed E A 10-20 E 704 704 E Drink QD NL 565 544 QD NL E 704 PO 1572 PO QD 1572 E BID Soft food Parenteral- Diluted in 15 ml 0.9% saline solution BID C A Chick dosage BID 704 C 564 1055 G E 705 E 585 741 Erythrocin Soluble®, 5 g per teaspoon 1240 For sinusitis For mycoplasmal sinusitis and air sacculitis DRUG NAMEEnrofloxacin SPECIESEnrofloxacin Pigeon Pigeon DOSAGE (mg/kg 10 5-10 PO IM-IV-PO- QD A 179 **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 273 duration, precautions and contraindications) mycobacteriosis mycobacteriosis and antibacterial supplement to feather picking therapy infection for mild aspergillosis 3, use until renal histology normalizes for renal disease glomerulonephritis or acute pancreatitis blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Cassowary, Double-wattled 0.15Avian IM PRN 1:250 dilution G Nebulize 447 QD-BID G 1197 Add acepromazine Nebulize as antifungal, antichlamydophilial AvianAmazon, Yellow-cheeked 30 10-15 NL IM QD QW G 713 B 677 Add rifampin + isoniazid Induce molting X 4 weeks Psittacine 0.22 ml/kg PO NL E 1756 Add aspirin, use < 6:1 ratio omega 6:omega OstrichAnseriformes 20 20 NL PO NL Once C D 283 1150 Control nematodes Ethambutol HClEthambutol HClEthambutol HCl AvianEthambutol HCl Crane, WhoopingEtorphine PsittacineEtorphine RaptorEtorphineF10 30 Ostrich 10 Ostrich 15-20 20 PO PO PO QD 0.04-0.07 0.04 BID PO BID G IM G BID 207 E 55 IM PRN 1240 E Add rifampin PRN 1240 B Add rifampin + streptomycin for For mycobacteriosis 447 B 447 Add acepromazine Add acepromazine + xylazine DRUG NAMEErythromycin SPECIESEstradiol Ratite DOSAGE (mg/kg 5-10 PO TID G 1308 Ethambutol HCl Ethambutol HClEthambutol HClEthambutol HCl Avian Avian Avian 30 15 30 PO PO PO QD BID QD D E 1470 E 1473 1650 Add enrofloxacin + rifabutin for F10F10F10F10 AvianFatty Acids, Omega Avian Avian Raptor 1:200 dilution 1:125 dilution 1:125 Dilution Topical 1:250 Dilution QD Nebulize Nebulize TID BID Nebulize G BID-TID B 1302 G G 1465 1268 742 Daily spray onto feathers for yeast and Add omega interferon, prevents secondary Add itraconazole, 15 to 30 minutes per day Fatty Acids, OmegaFebantel PsittacineFebantelFebantelFenbendazole Ostrich 0.11 ml/kg Pigeon PO QD 5 30 G 1263 PO PO Mix 5:1 N-6:N-3 omega fatty acids for NL q3w G A 481 888 For ascarids and capillaria **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 274 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I , ascarids Serratospiculum Trichostrongylus Capillaria Syngamus, Heterakis duration, precautions and contraindications) capillaria, repeat in 2 weeks, capillarids blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) FenbendazoleFenbendazoleFenbendazoleFenbendazole AvianFenbendazoleFenbendazole Bird, AquaticFendendazole Bird, AquaticFenbendazole Bird, AquaticFenbendazole Bustard Bustard, HoubaraFenbendazole CockatielsFenbendazole CraneFenbendazole CraneFenbendazole 22 20-100Fenbendazole 50 FalconFenbendazole 100 25 FinchFenbendazole GrouseFenbendazole 30 GullFenbendazole PO Gull N/AFenbendazole NL OstrichFenbendazole PO OstrichFenbendazole PO 100 Once OstrichFenbendazole PO 50-100 NL Parakeet, AustralianFenbendazole QD Partridge 20Fenbendazole PO q2w Partridge GFenbendazole 10-25 Once 0.5-0.7 PenguinFenbendazole E Pheasant 57Fenbendazole PO PO Once E 50 PheasantFenbendazole 50 E 25 G 1478 15 PigeonFenbendazole 1503 30 PigeonFenbendazole 1503 PO QD QD 932 15 E Pigeon PO Feed Pigeon Avoid during breeding season and molting 8 Pigeon 1240 12 QD QD Pigeon G Repeat in 2 weeks for ascarids QD PO E E Gavage 50 Pigeon PO PO 12 Prophylaxis for round worms PO 8 629 1361 Once PO QD E C E 16 q2w NL 20 Feed NL 1240 704 Feed E 1572 20-50 NL Repeat in 2 weeks for gapeworms and 8 PO Repeat q2w as needed E May have lethal reaction PO 1186 QD 7.5 E B Once 7.5-20 PO 1357 B 10-12 For 1357 NL For PO G 524 Once PO PO 526 C C For roundworms 481 QD Once For capillariasis PO 704 704 E PO PO C For ascaridiasis QD QD With or without resorantel PO C Add resorantel 1478 706 C Once Once Once 706 C E For QD For 704 E 706 1240 For nematodes and flukes E G 1240 G 232 1432 260 For capillariasis For gastrointestinal roundworms At 8 weeks of age DRUG NAMEFenbendazole SPECIESFenbendazoleFenbendazoleFenbendazoleFenbendazole AnseriformesFenbendazole AvianFenbendazole Avian Avian Avian DOSAGE (mg/kg Avian Avian 5-10 25 100 2 PO 20-50 20-50 50 QD NL NL PO PO PO E QD q2w PO 111, 1473 q10d QD QD D D QD E 1221 D 1221 E 111 1470 E 111 Repeat in 2 weeks for capillariasis For capillariasis 1617 For ascarids For liver parasitic disease For flukes and capillaria For ascarids, may need 5-day treatment for **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 275 not for use during Capillaria, duration, precautions and contraindications) molting and on dorsal ventral surfaces of body for red mites disease and tapeworms blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) AvianAvianAvian 0.2 N/AAmazon, Yellow-naped 7.5-15 SC 0.022 ml/kg body wt. Topical FeedHawk NL NL PRN QDAnseriformes Once B E 1341 G 1473 G 1033 1729 125 0.24 mg/kg feed Some hyperactivity for first 15 to 30 minutes For hemorrhage Feed Dilute 1:4 with corn oil For larger birds QD PO BID D 1150 G 1110 Control nematodes DRUG NAMEFenbendazole SPECIESFenbendazole Pigeon Pigeon DOSAGE (mg/kg 50 15 PO PO QD q10d G G 590 1208 For ascarids or FenbendazoleFenbendazoleFenbendazoleFenbendazoleFenbendazole PsittacineFenbendazole PsittacineFenbendazole PsittacineFenbendazole Psittacine RaptorFentanyl Citrate Raptor Raptor RatiteFerric Subsulfate 20-50Fipronil 15Fipronil 100 50 10-50Fipronil PO 30-50Fipronil 25 POFipronil PO 15 Canary r2w POFlax Seed Oil NL QD NL q2w Dove, DuckFlax Seed Oil Raptor E QD PO q10d Raptor E Once PO 763 Floxacillin EFloxacillin E QD 1240 Avian E 1613 N/A NLFlubendazole E 1613Flubendazole 7.5-15 1132 1132 E May medicate feed for 7 days For ascaridiasis Light Spray Raptor G 1159 For capillariasis Topical For ascaridiasis N/A 418 Galliformes NL For flukes Once Topical 0.1-0.2 ml/kg For nematodes Once Once With or without resorantel G Topical PO 1729 B G 250 Once 30-60 g/ton feed NL 1568 1729 Feed E Spray on gloved finger and rub under wings QD G 1359 PO For wild injured raptors with ectoparasites 1682 C NL For ectoparasites 704, 706 Mix 1:4 with corn oil prior to dosing for renal E For gastrointestinal roundworms, gapeworms 1463 For bacterial infections **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 276 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I , tissue- Candida prophylaxis, add prophylaxis, add Candida Candida or or Aspergillus Aspergillus duration, precautions and contraindications) based yeasts, eye, cerebral spinal, long-term Aspergillus nebulize or avian gastric yeast), toxic to budgerigars amphotericin B or azoles for therapy aspergillosis therapy amphotericin B or azoles for therapy blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Amazon Parrot 20 IV-PO q2d D 1330 For ketoconazole-resistant Avian 250 PO BID D 1221 For candidiasis DRUG NAMEFluconazole SPECIES DOSAGE (mg/kg FluconazoleFluconazoleFluconazoleFluconazoleFluconazoleFluconazole Avian AvianFluconazole AvianFluconazole AvianFluconazole Avian Bird, AquaticFluconazole Bird, AquaticFluconazole Bird, AquaticFluconazole Chicken 8Fluconazole 20Fluconazole 5Fluconazole Penguin, African 15 20Fluconazole Pigeon 4-6 Psittacine 8Flucytosine Psittacine 15Flucytosine Raptor NL PO Raptor 100 Raptor 30 IV-POFlucytosine PO IV-PO QD IV-PO q2d QDFlucytosine PO q2d AvianFlucytosine PO BID QD 5-10 5-15Flucytosine 2-5 DFlucytosine Gavage D Avian D BID POFlucytosine BID D 2-5 1221 DFlucytosine E BID 1221 5 Avian 1330 Flucytosine 1330 2-5 Avian 1330 1478 BID E PO PO Bird, Aquatic E Bird, Aquatic G POFlucytosine For cryptococcosis 1503 Hornbill, Great For candidiasis 1559 50-100 Penguin, African BID Adult doase PO BID 1348 G Juvenile dose For prevention of aspergillosis, may also Psittacine QD PO PO 128 40-50 QD G D Psittacine 50-60 50-60 PO For macrorhabdosis (formerly megabacteria QD 100 G QD 20-50 250 56 1446 250 E 697 BID PO E E 1240 75-120 NL PO Prophylaxis 1359 PO TID 1400 PO D PO PO 100-250 BID BID 674, 1330 For generalized aspergillosis BID PO TID E BID For candidiasis BID Aspergillosis For E E 626 PO BID E E G 1503 626 G 1492 1503 BID 1587 1353 D Add IV and IT amphotericin B for Aspergillosis prophylaxis 1330 Aspergillus prophylaxis D For aspergillosis adjunct therapy May give long-term 1330 For **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 277 prophylaxis birds Candida duration, precautions and contraindications) for aspergillosis > 500 g, add H1176amphotericin B or azoles for therapy hexamitiasis, not for adults feeding young < 10 days old medetomidine + midazolam picking blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL PO QD E 1180 PO QD E ROUTE DOSAGE

kcal / unless otherwise stated) Anseriformes 0.05 IV PRN D 1503, 1533 Add atipamezole to reverse ketamine + Pigeon 15-20 PO QD F 1061 Anseriformes 1Avian SC QD E 1 1190 NL NL E 1186 For behavioral problems such as feather Avian 0.47 mg. Avian 0.47 Flucytosine Raptor 60 PO BID D 1330 For aspergillus or DRUG NAMEFlucytosine SPECIES Raptor DOSAGE (mg/kg 120 PO BID B 1178 Add IT and IV amphotericin B + rifampin FlucytosineFlucytosineFlumazenil Ratite Swan 80-100 50-75 PO PO BID BID G G 1308 86, 697 Furazolidone + Furaltadone Furaltadone Pigeon 15-20 PO QD E 565 Furaltadone Pigeon E FuraltadoneQD Furaltadone 15-20 PO Pigeon Pigeon 0.125 g/L 0.4 g/L Drink Drink QD QD E E 1492, 1650 1240 For salmonellosis Add tetracycline for trichomoniasis and FlumazenilFlumazenilFlumazenilFlunixin Meglumine Flunixin Meglumine AvianFlunixin Meglumine Avian Pigeon AnseriformesFlunixin Meglumine AvianFlunixin Meglumine Bird, AquaticFlunixin MeglumineFlunixin Meglumine Bustard, HoubaraFlunixin Meglumine Duck, MallardFlunixin Meglumine Duck, MallardFlunixin Meglumine 1-10 0.1 Pigeon 0.05 0.04 PsittacineFluoxetine HCl Raptor 1-10 1-10 2 5 IM NL 5 IV IM IM IM NL PRN 1-10 1-10 PRN NL PRN 2-10 QD QD NL E E IM NL E G 1481 1150 NL IM-IV 1533 IM E D 1644 BID G IM 1503 QD 1533 NL Reverse benzodiazepines For joint lameness 1594 A A Reverse midazolam QD 1339 E May cause renal ischemia at higher dosages 1490 May cause renal ischemia at higher dosages E 1432 Swelling in foot deformity of neonate D 1240 Residual physiological effect 12 hours 1400 For frostbite Fluoxetine HClFluoxetine HClFuraltadone Avian Psittacine 0.4 1 PO NL QD QD D E 1446 1477 For behavioral feather picking For feather picking **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 278 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I , nephrotoxic Staph aureus Pseudomonas duration, precautions and contraindications) small birds lesions, may penetrate intact skin, effective against dehydrated infections after assisted hatch blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Avian 2% ointment Topical BID E 1240 For mild/early bumblefoot and other skin Amazon, Yellow-naped 0.15 PO BID G 1033 AvianAvian 0.25 mmol/kg IV 10 Once IT G 1754 QD For head magnetic resonance imaging studies E 704 FurosemideFurosemideFurosemideFurosemideFurosemide AvianFurosemide AvianFurosemide AvianFurosemide AvianFurosemideFurosemide PigeonFurosemide PigeonFurosemide Psittacine RaptorFusidate Sodium Raptor 0.15-2 Raptor 0.15-2 Raptor 0.1-0.2 Secretary Bird 1-2 0.5-3 IM 2.2 0.15-2 IM-SC IM 1.5 QD-BID QD-BID 1 NL 2.2 1.5 PO BID 1.5 E E IM-SC IM-IV-PO QD-BID 111, 1470 1650 BID QD-BID BID-TID IM E E IM-IV E G IM IM 1431 G 1470 IM For ascites and edema, not for lorikeets QID 590 1240 PRN 590 BID TID-QID PRN E For congestive heart failure with liver disease E E G 1240 1400 1359 G 41 234 DRUG NAME SPECIESFurosemide DOSAGE (mg/kg FurosemideFurosemide Avian Avian 0.165 0.1-0.2 IM IM-PO QD-BID BID E 1152 G 1309 For diuresis, risk of toxicosis especially in Diuretic, lories sensitive Gadopentetate Dimeglumine Gentamicin Sulfate Gentamicin SulfateGentamicin SulfateGentamicin SulfateGentamicin Sulfate Avian AvianGentamicin Sulfate AvianGentamicin Sulfate AvianGentamicin SulfateGentamicin Sulfate AvianGentamicin Sulfate Avian AvianGentamicin Sulfate AvianGentamicin Sulfate Bustard 5-10 5 g/L Chicken 4 Chicken 5-10 5 g/L IM 2.5 Nebulize 3-5 3-5 TID 5 IM NL BID-TID 1.5 Flush E 2 E QD NL IM BID IM 704 741, 924 IM IM BID E E QD-BID IM E For sinusitis or airsacculitis QD-BID 1170 IM 924 QD-BID 1183 E E E TID 1492 E 1434 BID 1650 Relatively renal toxic particularly if 1240 For Nasal or sinus A A 715 For resistant organisms 1056 For first 3 days of life to prevent yolk sac For roosters **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 279 duration, precautions and contraindications) chicks day 3 if egg, on 7 second use up to 3-6 w ganders blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Macaw, Hyacinth N/A Topical NL E 1240 Excellent for crop or skin fold candidiasis in Cockatoo, Rose-breastedAvian 0.05 g/LCockatielRaptor DrinkPigeon QDAvian 10 drops/kg 0.00125-0.0025 g/L G Drink PO < 5 ml/kg 1726 QD 0.01 TID PO 500-1000 ug/kg Crush tablet into water for diabetes mellitus G E IM 1720 NL IM 1205 QD For polyuria/polydipsia E PRN For joint disease 1463 E G 1474 1644 For impaction, may give cloacally Treat chronic egg laying, inject day one, on Add midazolam for anesthesia premed Ostrich 30-50 Drink QD G 531, 1308 DRUG NAMEGentamicin Sulfate SPECIESGentamicin SulfateGentamicin SulfateGentamicin Sulfate ChickenGentamicin Sulfate CraneGentamicin Sulfate DuckGentamicin Sulfate Duck, Eagle, Macaw, OwlGentamicin Sulfate EmuGentamicin Sulfate Emu DOSAGE (mg/kg Gentamicin Sulfate Hawk, Red-tailed 10Gentamicin Sulfate Owl, Great-hornedGentamicin Sulfate Pheasant 10Gentamicin Sulfate PigeonGentamicin Sulfate Pigeon 5Gentamicin Sulfate Psittacine 5Gentamicin Sulfate 2.5 Psittacine 2.5Gentamicin Sulfate IM Quail 5 Raptor 2.5Gentian Violet Ratite IM Turkey BID-QID 5 IM A 10 IM IM BID-QID IM 20 10 1143 5-10 A TID IM IM TID QID TID 1143 10 2.5 IM TID A BID 5 IM 3 A A IM A IM IT 458 TID 847 714 A 714 QID A BID-QID IM BID-TID IM 418 QD 847 A A E IM A IM QID 458 TID 1143 565 E 847 QD BID 741 A A 458 G 565, 714 A Add carbenicillin for pneumonia 1308 880 May cause visceral gout Glipizide Glucosamine Sulfate Glyburide Glycerin Glycopyrrolate Gonadotropin, Chorionic Gonadotropin, Chorionic GooseGriseofulvin Griseofulvin Pigeon 0.5 mg TD Parenteral q3-4d 10 B 894 PO Increase spermiation and early puberty in QD E 1240 For dermatophytosis **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 280 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) dosage to 0.9 mg/kg picking mutilation, most effective in cockatoos over 1 kg phosphate, fluids, oxygen for polytetraflouroethylene gas poison blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE Feed QD E 564 Seven day slaughter withdrawal

food ton unless otherwise stated) 3 g/ Poultry Feed QD C 705 For coccidial prophylaxis Avian 0.1 PO BID D 1475 AvianAvian N/A 40-50 U/kg IH IV PRN Once E E 1617 1151 Induction, maintain with 1-1.5% Add aminophylline, dexamethasone Na AvianAvian 1 ml/kg 10-15 ml/kg PO IV QD TID G E 1035 1650 For liver disease For emergency care, reduce crystalloid fluids DRUG NAME SPECIESHalofuginon HBr DOSAGE (mg/kg Halofuginon HBr Chicken Haloperidol Haloperidol Avian 0.17 Drink QD E 704 Body weight less than 1 kg, gradually increase HaloperidolHaloperidolHaloperidolHaloperidolHaloperidol AvianHaloperidol AvianHaloperidol Avian AvianHaloperidol AvianHaloperidol Avian AvianHaloperidolHaloperidol 0.2Haloperidol Parrot, Quaker 0.4 Psittacine 0.4Halothane Halothane Psittacine 1-2 Psittacine 0.2-0.4Heparin Sodium Psittacine 0.1-0.15 Drink 0.2 0.08 Drink NL QD Pigeon QD 0.15 PO IM NL NL 1-2 E 0.2 PO PO QD q2-3w E 0.4 NL 704 E 704 PO BID BID E E 1186 E IM N/A 1431 BID PO 1431 1477 E PO E Maintenance dose q2-3w For behavioral problems such as feather 1492 1492 BID E QD IH For self-mutilation E 111 E For feather picking and self-mutilation For birds < 1 kg for feather picking and self- 111 E PRN 111 1240 Control feather picking and mutilation, birds E Control feather picking and mutilation 1432 For feather picking 1.5-3% maintenance Heparin SodiumHeparin SodiumHeparin SodiumHepasan AvianHepasan Avian SwanHetastarch Hetastarch Psittacine 0.1 ml of 1000U/ml 1.0 ml of 1000U/ml Nebulize Avian Topical 55 QD QD 1 ml/kg G G 1705 IV 1705 10-15 ml/kg PO Once Add to 6.5 ml saline Add aloe vera IV QD G 1707 TID G 1722 E Emaciated near death 1151 Liver support For hypoproteinemia **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 281 duration, precautions and contraindications) liver disease surface trauma, infection or organ dysfunction budgerigar blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Hornbill, GreatAvian 0.3Avian 150 U/L fluids IV SC q2m 10 NL G 1587 G IV 1103 For squamous cell carcinoma NL Mix with fluids to aid in absorption E 1470 For lead toxicity and severe infection with PigeonAvianAvianRaptor 4 tablets/LRaptor 2 DrinkAmazon, Blue-fronted NL 10 drops/kg cream 7 PO G PO 7 590 TID Vent TID IT-IV q2-3d Change daily G E NL NL 1324 1205 B q3w 1281 E For pruritis For feather picking, anxiety 1359 E For cloacal papillomatosis, apply to 1359 For babesiosis For babesiosis AvianAvian 0.4 0.01-0.1 U TD IM Parenteral NL NL E E 1650 1232 For diabetes mellitus in birds larger than DRUG NAMEHetastarch SPECIESHexyl Pyropheoborbide-a Hawk, Red-tailed DOSAGE (mg/kg 10 ml/kg IV NL G 1626 Supportive therapy post-trauma Hyaluronidase HyaluronidaseHyaluronidaseHyaluronidaseHydrocortisone Sodium AvianSuccinate Avian Avian 1.5 KIU/L 1.5 KIU/L 1.5 KIU/L Flush Nebulize IV NL NL NL G G 1719 1719 G 1719 Mix into nebulization fluid Mix into nasal and sinus flushes For egg yolk stroke Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate Hydroxyzine HCl Hydroxyzine HClHypericum PsittacineImidacloprid Imidocarb HCl Imiquimod 2 PO TID D 1446 For hypersensitivity-triggered feather picking Indomethacin IndomethacinIndomethacin, Copper AvianInsulin, NPH Chicken 0.4 2 IM PO QD NL E A 1492 772 For acute/chronic inflammation from Effective for 8-10 hours Insulin, NPHInsulin, NPHInsulin, NPHInsulin, NPH Avian Budgerigar Budgerigar Psittacine 0.067-3.3 U/kg 0.07 U/kg 0.002 U TD 0.01-0.1 U TD IM IM IM IM BID PRN QD PRN E G 1326 G G 58 1325 58, 88 For diabetes For diabetes, monitor blood glucose **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 282 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I , antibacterial duration, precautions and contraindications) lymphosarcoma limited effectiveness therapy of 90 days and flushing minutes, very safe urography flush with saline when completed Add ethambutol + rifampin, antibacterial 473 Antiparasitic blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Avian 15 KIU/m² SC q2d E 1470 Give 15, 000 Units/m² of body surface for AvianAvian 4 drops solution/L Drink NL N/A E Topical 1186 PRN Used to keep drinking water uncontaminated E 1151 Use 0.5-1% solution for wound debridement Avian 700-800 IV NL E 1182 Use 70-80% iodine concentration for Avian 0.8-1.2 IN NL G 1270 Use 20% concentration, sinus contrast study, AvianAnseriformesAvian 0.125 g/LAmazon, Yellow-cheeked 10 Drink 30 QD IM N/A E NL QW 111, 741 QD IH D 1150 G PRN 713 E For hemopoiesis 1483 Add ethambutol + rifampin Maintain 1.5-3% DRUG NAMEInsulin, Regular SPECIESInsulin, Zinc Suspension Toucan, TocoInterferon, Alpha Avian DOSAGE (mg/kg 0.1-0.5 U TD IM 0.0013 mg/kcal PRN IM G QD 58 E 1180 Interferon, OmegaInterferon, Omega AvianIodine, Lugol's AvianIodine, Lugol'sIodophor Raptor 1000 KIU TD 1000 KIU TD IM Parenteral QD-BID q2d 4 drops/L 7% soln G Drink B 1268 QD 1465 E Add F10® for circovirus therapy Add F10® for circovirus prevention and 1612 IodophorIodophorIohexol Avian Raptor N/A N/A Topical Topical NL NL E E 1240 1400 For wounds, apply and wash off after 3 For wounds, wash off within 5 minutes IohexolIopamidol Cockatiel 240 PO NL G 1623 Ipronidazole IpronidazoleIpronidazoleIron Dextran Iron DextranIron Dextran PigeonIron Dextran PsittacineIsoflurane AvianIsoniazid Psittacine Raptor 0.250 g/L 0.232 g/L 10 10 Drink PO 10 QD NL G IM IM E IM 590 111 QW-q10d QW Once E Change daily G 1240 E 62 1400 Hemopoiesis For iron-deficiency anemia Isoniazid Avian 15 PO BID E 1 E Isoniazid Avian BID 15 PO Isoniazid Avian 30 PO QD D 1470 D Isoniazid Avian QD 30 PO **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 283 and Aspergillus cysts after surgical removal duration, precautions and contraindications) orange juice for candidiasis aspergillosis toxic asymptomatic cases of aspergillosis for mild aspergillosis juice to tube feed Alternaria blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) RaptorAmazon Parrot 10 5-10 PO PO QD QD E A 16 1359, 1400 For wing tip edema Dissolve in 0.1N HCl, dilute with orange Anseriformes 0.2 PO-SC Once D 1150, 1190, 1240 Control nematodes and nasal or duck leeches DRUG NAME SPECIESIsoxuprine HCl DOSAGE (mg/kg Itraconazole ItraconazoleItraconazoleItraconazoleItraconazole CockatielItraconazoleItraconazole CraneItraconazoleItraconazole CraneItraconazole Emu FalconItraconazole GullItraconazole Penguin 5 PigeonItraconazole Pigeon 10Itraconazole Psittacine Psittacine 5-10Itraconazole 5-10 Raptor 10-20 POIvermectin 10 5 RaptorIvermectin PO 6 QD Ratite 26 PO 10 PO PO BID 5-10 D BID NL Avian PO QD QD 5-10 1330 B PO PO 10 E BID NL 1189 QD PO G G BID 1361 6-10 Dissolve 100 mg capsule 2 ml HCl + 18 BID 16 746 NL QD G BID E Add enrofloxacin + clotrimazole for A 1353 A PO 1357 0.2 BID A 709 D PO For aspergillosis 709 BID 1424 1446 Aspergillosis therapy long-term E QD 1188 IM For respiratory disease, this dosage may be G For aspergillosis For cutaneous cryptococcosis or aspergillosis G 742 r10d Continue QD for 4 months 1308 E Add amphotericin B or enilconazole + F10® Reduce dosage if neurologic signs occur 741, 924 ItraconazoleItraconazoleItraconazoleItraconazoleItraconazole Amazon, Blue-frontedItraconazoleItraconazole AnseriformesItraconazole Anseriformes Avian 5-10 Avian Bird, Aquatic Bird, Aquatic Chicken 5-10 10 PO 20 10 BID 15 5-10 PO PO 10 A BID 1739 PO QD PO NL PO E QD QD PO BID Continue once daily for duration of therapy G QD 1473 708 BID E A E E 1503 577 1239 1559 A 1376 For aspergillosis prophylaxis For aspergillosis prophylaxis Add miconazole for epidermal **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 284 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I iculiasis p ainst chandlerellosis g illariasis p PRN atipamezole + flumazenil reverses, good anesthesia 30 minutes duration, precautions and contraindications) blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for NL G 260 INTERVAL PO ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) AnseriformesPsittacineAmazon Parrot 20-40 2 ml/kg IM 10-20 BID PO IM G BID-QID 739 G PRN 632 E For large waterfowl 243 Neonate dosage Add xylazine IvermectinIvermectinIvermectinIvermectinIvermectinIvermectin Psittacine RaptorKanamycin Sulfate RaptorKanamycin Sulfate RaptorKanamycin Sulfate Ratite Stork, Saddle-billedKaolin + Pectin AvianKaolin + Pectin RatiteKetamine HCl 0.2Ketamine HCl 0.4 0.2 Raptor 0.2Ketamine HCl 0.2 0.2 AnseriformesKetamine HCl IM-PO-SC 10-20Ketamine HCl q2-4w Anseriformes 20-40 SC POKetamine HCl SCKetamine HCl IM D AvianKetamine HCl 67 drops/kg SC Avian NL QD IM 1446 Once 25 IM NL Avian Avian 10 PO NL G G Avian BID G BID 1645 G 57 234 TID G NL E 1409 5-25 G 1308 10-30 IV 565 E For microfilaria 739 PRN 20 1612 For capillariasis 5-10 PRN 10-25 NL D IM 1403 For diarrhea D PRN IM PRN IM 1503 IM Add diazepam, supplement at 15 mg/kg C PRN PRN E PRN Add medetomidine + midazolam, 1392 243 E E G 704 704 53 Add diazepam, higher dosage for smaller bird Add midazolam Add medetomidine Add midazolam IvermectinIvermectinIvermectinIvermectinIvermectin Passerine Penguin Pigeon Pigeon Pigeon 0.2-0.4 0.4-1 0.3 0.2 0.5-1 PO-Topical QW PO SC E PO NL Parenteral- 1438 NL NL E For mites 1478 G G 57 232 For nematodes Ivermectin Falcon 2-3 IM Once B 1427 For serratos DRUG NAMEIvermectin SPECIESIvermectinIvermectinIvermectinIvermectinIvermectin Bird, AquaticIvermectin Budgerigar Budgerigar Bustard, Houbara DOSAGE (mg/kg Canary Crane Emu 0.4-0.8 0.3 0.2 0.4 NL 0.2 0.2 PO Topical NL 0.2 IM-PO NL q10d Once PO E IM-PO E 1559 G G SC QW q2w 1240 932 1309 NL For parasites G E Injectable form may be toxic 861 629 G 1308 For air sac mites and scaly leg Nematodes and mites Effective a Ivermectin Falcon 1 SC Once B 1585 For ca **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 285 lazine y dd medetomidine dd x preanesthetic for isoflurane mortality PRN preanesthetic for isoflurane preanesthetic for isoflurane, improves quality of anesthesia heavy sedation duration, precautions and contraindications) A A blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL PRN E 1503 V ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) uaticuatic 3-8 2.5-5 IM I PRN E 1503 q q Ketamine HClKetamine HClKetamine HClKetamine HClKetamine HCl Bird, A CanaryKetamine HCl CassowaryKetamine HCl ChickenKetamine HCl ChickenKetamine HCl CockatielKetamine HCl Cockatoo, PalmKetamine HCl Duck, MallardKetamine HCl Duck, Pekin 2.2 100-200Ketamine HCl EmuKetamine HCl 20-100 Emu 4-5 Falcon, Peregrine 5Ketamine HClKetamine HCl 25 IM 8.8 FinchKetamine HCl Galliformes IVKetamine HCl IMKetamine HCl 20 Goose PRN 30 Parenteral Goose PRN Guinea Fowl PRN PRN IM-SCKetamine HCl 3 IM Hawk IMKetamine HCl G 2.2 HawkKetamine HCl PRN E 3 1328 G G IV PRNKetamine HCl 100-200 PRN Hawk, Broad-winged 1533Ketamine HCl IV 1718 1328 E HeronKetamine HCl Ostrich 5-10 25Ketamine HCl Once NL E 924 B IV 20-50Ketamine HCl PRN Ostrich IM Add xylazine 243 30-40 Owl Add butorphanol + medetomidine, 764Ketamine HCl 25-30 Parenteral B PRN PelicanKetamine HCl 4-5 PRN PRN Pigeon DKetamine HCl PRN Sedative 718 Pigeon IM-IV IM IM C 1401 Add xylazine Add medetomidine + midazolam, 33% Poultry E G 20 IV PRN IM 5 Poultry G 1392 Psittacine 1533 PRN PRN 1718 Parenteral 2 1328 Add diazepam, supplement at 5 mg/kg IV PRN B PRN PRN 10 7 G B Tranquilization 1577 20 Add xylazine Add butorphanol + medetomidine, NL 5 B G 1328 553 E IV 50 1718 1092 IM 243 PRN 30 3-7 Add medetomidine PRN IM-SC IM Add xylazine IM PRN G PRN Add butorphanol + medetomidine, Combine with diazepam IM Add xylazine B PRN 1356 IM PRN IM-SC IM B 555 E PRN 1628 PRN G PRN 924 B PRN 595 B 779 Add xylazine + alphaxalone/alphadolone E E 1588 Add medetomidine B Sedative 924 4 1577 Follow with propofol Add medetomidine, usually moderate to Sedative Add medetomidine DRUG NAMEKetamine HCl SPECIESKetamine HCl Avian Bird, A DOSAGE (mg/kg 10-50 IM PRN G 53 Add diazepam **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 286 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I and Mucor duration, precautions and contraindications) water, mix with acid juice, lactulose, methylcellulose responding to nystatin Penicillium blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Amazon Parrot 30 PO BID B 68 KetoconazoleKetoconazoleKetoconazoleKetoconazole AvianKetoconazole Bird, AquaticKetoconazoleKetoconazole CanaryKetoconazole CanaryKetoconazole OstrichKetoconazole Passerine, Small Passerine, Small Pigeon 25 Pigeon 10-30 Pigeon 0.2 g/kg soft food 1 g/L 0.2 g/L 0.2 g/kg food Feed 10 PO PO Feed QD 30 Drink BID Drink 3 BID 3 Once NL D PO QD E D 1330 E PO 1503 QD 1743 E E 1187 PO Gavage 1187 695 BID G QD For candidiasis and aspergillosis therapy not For systemic yeast QD 401 A E E 68 1240 704 For resistant candidiasis, Tables crushed and water suspension DRUG NAME SPECIESKetamine HClKetamine HClKetamine HClKetamine HCl PsittacineKetamine HCl PsittacineKetamine HClKetamine HCl Psittacine DOSAGE (mg/kg Ketamine HCl PsittacineKetamine HCl PsittacineKetamine HCl RaptorKetamine HCl RaptorKetamine HCl Raptor 2-5Ketamine HCl Ratite 10Ketamine HCl RatiteKetamine HCl Ratite 3-7 Rhea 2.5-7Ketamine HCl Spoonbill 20Ketamine HCl Stork IV Swan 25-35Ketoconazole NL 2-4 Swan, Mute 3-5 IM Vulture IV PRN 3-7 PRN 2-4 IM-SC 3-20 IM PRN 20 PRN B 6.6 PRN IV D IM 20 1577 PRN E 1401 4 12.5 IM E E IV PRN NL 649 PRN 10 649 B 924 NL Add medetomidine IM PRN Add diazepam, supplement at 5 mg/kg PRN PRN B 1176 PRN NL B IV PRN Add medetomidine PRN 1577 IV E Add medetomidine 1577 Sedative E E PRN IM 4 For laparoscopy PRN G 243 G PRN 1386 Add medetomidine 1356 Add medetomidine PRN G 1628 E G 1356 Add medetomidine Proceed with xylazine May add diazepam or xylazine if desired 1190 B 1291 Add butorphanol + medetomidine 568 Add xylazine Add medetomidine, gas anesthesia premed Add xylazine KetoconazoleKetoconazole Amazon, Yellow-naped Avian 12.5 PO 10-30 BID PO G 740 BID D 1330 Dissolve 50 mg tablet 0.2 ml HCl + 0.8 **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 287 and and Mucor Mucor " "

duration, precautions and contraindications) therapy, disguise taste in food water, mix with acid juice, lactulose, methylcellulose isoflurane anesthesia behavior chronic egg laying Penicillium Penicillium blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Anseriformes 1Amazon ParrotChicken IM 0..07 g TDAmazon, Yellow-naped QD PO 0.75-1 D 75 BID-TID 1150 G Parenteral q2-3w 1309 For pain relief or arthritis Feed G QD For hepatic encephalopathy 1033 B Depot formulation 958 For coccidial prophylaxis Ketoconazole PsittacineKetoconazoleKetoconazoleKetoconazole Raptor RatiteKetoprofen SwanKetoprofen 10KetoprofenKetoprofen1240 KetoprofenKetoprofen Psittacine AvianE Ketoprofen Avian PO 25NL Duck 2 Lactulose 5-10Lactulose IM 12.5 Pigeon BIDLactulose QuailLasalocid Lasalocid PO E PO 2Leuprolide Acetate Avian PO 1240 1-4Leuprolide Acetate Psittacine BID 5 QDLeuprolide Acetate 1 mg TD BIDLeuprolide Acetate Galliformes Avian For resistant candidiasis, Leuprolide Acetate E 2 G Avian IMLeuprolide Acetate IM Avian D 1359 Leuprolide Acetate IM-SC 1309 Avian IM 1330 200 0.3 ml/kg NL Avian QD-BID NL Avian 90-120 g/ton NL E PO Dissolve 50 mg tablet 0.2 ml HCl + 0.8 0.1 PO D E 1240 Feed PO 0.5-1 1240, 1533 NL B 1167 0.1-0.14 NL 0.052-0.156 QD 1339 BID-TID Pain relief, arthritis, antiinflammatory 0.75 IM B 0.5 G E IM IM Parenteral C 1674 Effective 30 to 70 minutes, given during NL 632 1492 NL 705 NL q2w IM E IM D For liver disease Neonate dosage For coccidial prophylaxis E E 1474 q2w 1475 q2w 1151 1570 G Treat chronic egg laying For feather picking triggering by excessive G 994 After egg binding Use 30-day depot formulation for egg 994 For birds 300 g or less For birds more than 300 g DRUG NAMEKetoconazole SPECIES Psittacine DOSAGE (mg/kg 25 PO BID E 763 For candidiasis or adjunct for aspergillosis KetoconazoleKetoconazoleKetoconazole Raptor 1240 Raptor RaptorE 60 BID PO 15 25 PO IM BID BID E E 1132 1240 For resistant candidiasis, **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 288 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) 13.65% injectable worms and capillarids capillarids particularly effective on acuaria in Australian finch follow up with parenteral therapy blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Anseriformes 25-50 SC Once D 1150, 1190 Control nematodes Levamisole HClLevamisole HClLevamisole HClLevamisole HCl AvianLevamisole HCl Avian AvianLevamisole HCl AvianLevamisole HCl Crane CraneLevamisole HClLevamisole HCl Finch 10-20Levamisole HCl 5Levamisole HCl 0.8 g/LLevamisole HCl GalliformesLevamisole HCl Galliformes 40-50Levamisole HCl Magpie 25Levamisole HCl PO-SC OstrichLevamisole HCl Parakeet, Australian Drink 40Levamisole HCl Pheasant q2w IM-SCLevamisole HCl Pigeon 40-50 QDLevamisole HCl PO Pigeon q2w 40Levamisole HCl Pigeon 40 ELevamisole HCl PO Pigeon 15Levamisole HCl Pigeon NL ELevamisole HCl 1434 PO Pigeon 30 E 30 Poultry PO q2w 1479 Poultry 1473 25 Psittacine PO E q2w Psittacine PO 15 NL Gavage E 0.18 g/L 1492 For roundworms, cecal worms and hair 40 Once SC q10d E 1361 40 Once PO 10-20 E 1361 SC 40 For most worms Drink E NL 18-36 G 1650 IM NL E 1.25-2.5 20 Chick dosage for intestinal strongyles, acarids 1503 1309 QD 20-50 NL PO 1526 For intestinal strongyles, ascarids and PO PO G QD B For most worms except tapeworm, PO PO PO-SC 1609 Once E G For intestinal nematodes, use injectable 526 Once Once E IM PO NL 704 678 Once Once E 704 E G QD r2w 1503 Add resorantel E G 232 G 1526 Histomoniasis therapy 111 1332 260 E E 1240 Repeat in 2 weeks if needed 763 Loft treatment for capillariasis and ascariasis, Emesis common DRUG NAMELeuprolide Acetate SPECIESLeuprolide AcetateLeuprolide Acetate AvianLevamisole HCl Psittacine Raptor DOSAGE (mg/kg 0.1 0.75 0.25 IM IM IM q2w QD q2-3w G D E 1278 1446 1359 Induce molt For sexually-triggered feather picking For cystic ovaries Levamisole HClLevamisole HClLevamisole HClLevamisole HCl Avian Avian Avian Avian 2 2 10-20 8 PO PO IM-SC IM-SC QD q2w q2w r10d E D E E 1470 111 704 741 For liver parasitic disease Not for debilitated birds or lories, use **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 289 Libyastrongylus douglassi duration, precautions and contraindications) Libyastrongylus douglassi 15 minutes, repeat daily caution in small birds blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Avian 20 ug/kgAvian PO QD-BIDAmazon Parrot E 111 2-3 75 SC PO NL BID B 1346 E 111, 1431 Local infiltration Levamisole HClLevothyroxine Sodium Levothyroxine SodiumLevothyroxine Sodium RatiteLevothyroxine Sodium AvianLevothyroxine Sodium AvianLevothyroxine Sodium AvianLevothyroxine Sodium AvianLevothyroxine Sodium AvianLevothyroxine Sodium Avian BudgerigarLevothyroxine Sodium BudgerigarLevothyroxine Sodium 30 Psittacine 1Lidocaine Raptor 20-100 ug/kgLidocaine 20 ug/kg 0.0008-0.0025 g/LLidocaine 0.02-0.04 PO 0.004-0.008 g/L Drink 0.02 0.003 g/L IM-PO POLincomycin HCl Drink IM-PO QD BIDLincomycin HCl Raptor q3m 0.020-0.1 POLincomycin HCl NL QDLincomycin HCl Raptor Drink QD-BID 1Lincomycin HCl E PO E G AvianLincomycin HCl QD E QD PO AvianLincomycin HCl E 1492 1431 D 1308 AvianLincomycin HCl 1473 QD-BID HawkLincomycin HCl 924 1446 Pigeon G BID G G Pigeon PO 2 For goiter and hypothyroidism Monitor levels to avoid thyrotoxicosis 58 Poultry Adult dose for 1309 88 Poultry 10 E For lipomatous growth and xanthomas For severe feather disorders and lipomas QD 50 1240 0.2 g/L For hypothyroidism, stir water and offer for 100 SC E 50 25-50 SC 35-50 For hypothyroidism 1160 2.2 mg/kg food Drink NL PO 0.017 g/L NL Feed IM QD To induce molting IM PO BID E PO Drink QD BID E 1400 E NL BID QD E QD 1463 1431 C E 1234 G Dilute to 0.4%, infuse locally, use with G 564 C 1431 G Dilute to 0.2% for large bird local analgesia 1110 260 For infected foot lesions 564 590 For bumblefoot For infected foot lesions Therapy prior to tendon surgical repair DRUG NAMELevamisole HCl SPECIESLevamisole HClLevamisole HClLevamisole HClLevamisole HCl PsittacineLevamisole HCl QuailLevamisole HCl Quail Raptor Raptor DOSAGE (mg/kg Raptor Ratite 2-5 25 20 10-20 15 2 IM-SC 30 q10d SC PO-SC SC PO-SC QD E NL SC NL NL IM-PO 1240 E QM q4-6d G G 1400 E 678 Immunostimulant, low therapeutic index 678 D 1463 G 1612 1308 Narrow therapeutic margin Histomoniasis therapy Anthelmintic Anthelmintic Immune stimulant Begin at 1 month of age, juvenile dose for **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 290 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I Plasmodium duration, precautions and contraindications) and mycoplasmal respiratory infection. salmonella and antipsychotic, no longer used in birds reduce dose 15 to 20% in debilitated birds reduce dose 15 to 20% in debilitated birds See above See above See above See above See above See above blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) 53 IM PRN B 1084 B PRN 53 IM ) ) Herring, laughing ( AvianChickenFalcon 50 50 30 PO PO QD IM QD E TID B 565 1065 E 1027 Broad spectrum for mycoplasma and PigeonAvian 50 6-25 PO NL QD BID F 1061 E 1477 For avian behavior problems, mood stabilizer PoultryAvian 0.01-50 7.5 Feed QD PO G QD 564 E 1650 Improves feed efficiency For Anseriformes 500-1000 PO QD E 1240 Increase gut motility and aid passage of lead Lincomycin HClLincomycin HCl + Spectinomycin HCl RaptorLincomycin HCl + Spectinomycin HCl Lincomycin HCl + Spectinomycin HCl 110 PO QD E 741 For skin disease DRUG NAMELincomycin HCl SPECIES Psittacine DOSAGE (mg/kg 100 IM BID E 1240 For Gram positive bumblefoot, dermatitis Lincomycin HCl + Spectinomycin HCl Lithium Carbonate Magnesium Sulfate Magnesium Sulfate Gull Hawk, Marsh 32.4 IM PRN B 1086 LL-E19020 Maduramicin Magnesium Sulfate Magnesium Sulfate Magnesium Sulfate Chicken Crow, Eastern Magnesium Sulfate Eagle, Golden Magnesium Sulfate OstrichMagnesium Sulfate Pigeon 53 53 40.3 Raptor IM 1.25-30 ml TD IM IM 53 PO PRN PRN PRN 250-1000 NL B B B IM 1084 PO 1086 1084 G PRN QD 401 B E 1084 1400 Add chloral hydrate + pentobarbital sodium, For oral heavy metal poisoning MaduramicinMagnesium Sulfate Magnesium SulfateMagnesium Sulfate Chicken Bird, AquaticMagnesium Sulfate Budgerigar Canary 5 500-1000 53 PO 53 Feed IM NL QD PRN E IM B 1503 B 958 PRN 1084 Precipitates lead and cathartic B For coccidial prophylaxis 1084 Add chloral hydrate + pentobarbital sodium, **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 291 Syngamus duration, precautions and contraindications) lice, mange and mite treatment aid in tick control aid in tick control atipamezole for isoflurane blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Avian 1 g/L Topical NL E 1479 Remove birds and treat environment for flea, AvianBuzzard, Common 2Anseriformes 0.5 IV 5-15 IV BID QD PO A E 778, 1428 QD 111 D Give slowly 1,150,111 Control AvianAmazon, Yellow-crowned 2 2.2 IM PO PRN QD B D 1629 1533 Sedation produced not reliable, reverse with DRUG NAMEMagnesium Sulfate SPECIESMalathion Raptor DOSAGE (mg/kg 500-1000 PO QD E 1240 Increase gut motility and aid passage of lead MalathionMalathionMannitol AvianMarbofloxacin Marbofloxacin RaptorMarbofloxacinMarbofloxacinMarbofloxacin Buzzard, CommonMebendazole Chicken Raptor Raptor 1 g/L 10 5% mixture Topical Dip 2 10 q10d PO 15-20 NL G QD E PO 1411 IM-PO IM-PO 1479 A QD QD QD 979 For chewing lice For flea, lice, mange and mite treatment E G A 1068 1433 765 For sinusitis MebendazoleMebendazoleMebendazoleMebendazoleMebendazole AvianMebendazole Canary Fowl, DomesticMeclofenamic Acid PigeonMeclofenamic Acid PsittacineMeclofenamic Acid RaptorMeclofenamic Acid AvianMedetomidine HCl Avian Bird, Aquatic 0.06 g/kg food 25 10 Feed 5-6 25 QD 25 2.2 2.2 PO 2.2 PO E PO PO QD 1051 BID PO QD PO PO BID PO E G BID QD 1492, 1650 QD G 57 E QD 260 E For all intestinal worms 111, 1473 E G 111 E Avoid during breeding season 1503 201, 1320 1573 Medetomidine HClMedetomidine HClMedetomidine HCl AnseriformesMedetomidine HCl AnseriformesMedetomidine HCl AnseriformesMedetomidine HCl Avian Bird, Aquatic Bird, Aquatic 0.05 0.6-0.85 0.06 0.025-0.075 IM IV 0.05-0.1 0.1 Parenteral IV PRN PRN PRN IM PRN E IM G D PRN 1718 1231 1503 E NL E 1503 Add butorphanol + ketamine, preanesthetic Add ketamine Add ketamine + midazolam 1503 G 704, 1320 Add ketamine, reverse with atipamezole Add ketamine, reverse with atipamezole **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 292 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) for isoflurane sedation anesthesia Lower dose for larger birds. Side effects: lethargy, inappetance, polydipsia, fatty liver blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) AvianAvianAvianAvianAvian 25 40 50 30 IM-SC 5-25 IM-SC QD IM-SC QD IM-SC E QD IM-SC E 111 QD QD E 111 E 111 For 700 g bird E 111 For 150 to 300 g bird 111 For <150 g bird For 300 to 700 g bird Medetomidine HClMedetomidine HClMedetomidine HCl Duck, MallardMedetomidine HClMedetomidine HCl GooseMedetomidine HCl Hawk OstrichMedetomidine HCl OstrichMedetomidine HCl PigeonMedetomidine HCl 0.44Medetomidine HCl PigeonMedetomidine HCl Psittacine PsittacineMedetomidine HCl Psittacine 0.1-0.2Medetomidine HCl Raptor 0.06-0.08 IMMedetomidine HCl 0.08Medetomidine HCl 0.1 RaptorMedetomidine HCl Raptor 0..08Medetomidine HCl Raptor PRN IM-IVMedetomidine HCl Parenteral Raptor 0.2 0.075-0.15 Ratite PRN 0.05-0.1 PRNMedroxyprogesterone IM Rhea 0.06-0.085 BAcetate Swan IM IM 0.1-0.3 IM G 764Medroxyprogesterone B PRNAcetate IV 0.025-0.075 IM IM 1718 PRNMedroxyprogesterone 0.05-0.1 1577 PRN PRNAcetate 0.15-0.35 BMedroxyprogesterone 0.2 IM Add ketamine + midazolam, 33% mortality PRN PRNAcetate PRN IV E 0.05-0.15 B 1628Medroxyprogesterone Add butorphanol + ketamine B Add ketamine 0.73Acetate IM 1573 IM 0.15 NL 1588Medroxyprogesterone B E B 1577 PRNAcetate IM 1577 Add ketamine 1240 PRN 1588 NL PRN Sedation E B Add ketamine, usually moderate to heavy IM Add ketamine PRN IV 1400 PRN B 1577 E Add ketamine Add ketamine Variable light sedation 1577 PRN 1240 E PRN E Can be reversed, combined with ketamine for Add ketamine 4 1433 G Add ketamine G Add ketamine 1628 1291 Add ketamine, reverse with atipamezole Add ketamine Add butorphanol + ketamine Add ketamine, gas anesthesia premed DRUG NAMEMedetomidine HCl SPECIESMedetomidine HClMedetomidine HCl Cassowary, Double-wattled Chicken Chicken 0.26-0.31 DOSAGE (mg/kg IM 0.1 PRN 0.06-0.08 B Parenteral IM 1229 PRN PRN G For restraint of captive birds 1718 E 1573 Add butorphanol + ketamine, preanesthetic Sedation **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 293 Hyperglycemia duration, precautions and contraindications) suppression lethargy, inappetance, polydipsia, fatty liver 3 and once per week hormonal etiology 2005 ightfoot, L . blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) AvianAvian 5-10 2-10 IM-SC PO-SC NL QW E E 704 924 For persistent egg laying Repeat after 4 months for ovulation Psittacine 25-50 IM-SC q4-6w E 1240 Lower dose for larger birds. Side effects: Passerine 30 PO PRN E 1438 Give BID on day 1, give daily days 2 and Avian 2.5 NL QD E 1431 Then continue q3-4d for feather picking with AvianChicken 50 5-10 IV IV NL PRN G G 201 497 Avian 0.1RaptorAvian IM-PO QD 3-5 E 100 mg/L water 1167, 1431 Drink NL QD QID G T G 1481 DRUG NAMEMedroxyprogesterone Acetate SPECIES DOSAGE (mg/kg Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Mefloquine HCl Megestrol Acetate Methocarbamol Methohexital Sodium Methohexital SodiumMethohexital SodiumMethohexital Sodium DoveMethohexital Sodium Duck Goose Poultry 5 g/L bait 5-10 5-10 4-8 Feed IV Once IV IV G PRN PRN PRN 1763 G G G 498 498 Corn is usual bait 496 Megestrol AcetateMegestrol AcetateMeloxicam Cockatoo, Rose-breastedMeloxicam Cockatoo, Rose-breastedMeloxicamMeloxicamMeloxicam 0.2 g/LMeloxicam 0.2 g/kg foodMeloxicam AvianMeloxicam Avian Feed AvianMeloxicam Drink Avian AvianMeperidine HCl Once NL CraneMeperidine HCl RaptorMetformin (glucophage) G Raptor G Raptor 0.1-0.2 1609 0.1 - 1.0 1609 0.1 0.1 0.1 For self-mutilation 0.5 IM 0.1-0.2 For self-mutilation PO 0.1 NL QD QD 3-5 PO PO IM-PO PO QD E QD G QD QD IM-PO 1431 BID 1341 G NL QD G E 1484 E G 1671, 1675 NL Long course well tolerated 1400 1431 E 1341 1359, 1433 G For arthritis and other painful conditions Long course well tolerated 1483, 1484 **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 294 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) ectoparasites macaws blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Raptor 0.02 g/L Topical NL E 1068 Add permethrin + piperonyl butoxide for AvianAvian 0.5-1Avian IA-IM 0.5-1 NL 0.3 D IM-IV 1533 Avian NL IM-IV-PO NL D 1554 E 111 10 For shock IM PRN E 1130 DRUG NAME SPECIESMethoprene DOSAGE (mg/kg Methylprednisolone Acetate Methylprednisolone Acetate Bird, AquaticMethylprednisolone Acetate RaptorMethylprednisolone Sodium Succinate 0.5-1Metoclopramide HCl Metoclopramide HClMetoclopramide HCl Avian 5Metoclopramide HClMetoclopramide HCl IA-IM AvianMetoclopramide HCl AvianMetoclopramide HCl Hawk, Red-tailed NLMetoclopramide HCl Lorikeet, Rainbow MacawMetoclopramide HCl IM OstrichMetoclopramide HCl EMetoclopramide HCl Psittacine 0.5 0.5 Psittacine 1503 QWMetomidate HCl 0.5 RaptorMetomidate HCl 0.5Metomidate HCl 0.5Metomidate HCl EMetomidate HCl 0.1 Duck, MallardMetomidate HCl IM 0.1 1463 IM Eagle, African Hawk SC 0.5 Eagle, TawnyMetomidate HCl IM-IV-PO 0.5 Hawk, African HarrierMetomidate HCl Parenteral NL BID-TID OstrichMetomidate HCl NL NL 0.5-2 BIDMetomidate HCl E 15.2 Owl, Barn IM-PO 17 IV Raptor 14.4-16 E 1151 Raptor NL G IM-IV-PO E G Turkey 9.6 NL TID 1473 1626 NL IM-SC 1620 1650 IM E To improve motility, this dosage not for IM BID q4-6h 15-20 E PO 10.2 1151 G Supportive therapy post-trauma 1240 For vomiting Increase gastric motility PRN IM PRN E 10 G 1255 PRN 5 1359 17 g/L whole corn 1263 IM To improve motility- Use low dose G PRN G Antiemetic and for gut stasis Feed IM B 1611 Add psyllium for proventricular obstruction 1611 PRN 1095 G Once For gastrointestinal stasis For ileus IM PRN IM 1611 G E PRN G 481 PRN 1386 1611 E E 1463 With or without azaperone for captive animal Safer than chloralose 1463 Smaller dosages for vultures For sedation **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 295 and Aspergillus, Mucor duration, precautions and contraindications) 100 mg/kg Penicillium blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Amazon, Red Lored 2 mg Nebulize QD G 700 Add acetylcysteine Avian 25 PO BID D 1221 For clostridiosis MetronidazoleMetronidazoleMetronidazoleMetronidazoleMetronidazole RaptorMetronidazole RaptorMetronidazole RaptorMetronidazole Raptor RaptorMiconazole Nitrate RaptorMiconazole Nitrate RatiteMiconazole Nitrate Stork, Saddle-billedMiconazole Nitrate Avian 50 Avian 100 Avian 50 10-40 42 100 30-65 20-25 PO PO PO PO 20 PO QD 10-20 PO NL PO 20 QD QD PO BID QD E QD E BID IV IM G G 1400, 1433 1463 G G IM 61, 234 94 G For trichomoniasis 1645 QD G TID 1068 1409 NL 1308 For trichomoniasis D E Juvenile dosage Add amikacin + enrofloxacin For trichomoniasis 1330 565 E For anaerobic infections 924 For candidiasis, DRUG NAMEMetronidazole SPECIES DOSAGE (mg/kg MetronidazoleMetronidazoleMetronidazoleMetronidazoleMetronidazole AvianMetronidazole AvianMetronidazole AvianMetronidazole AvianMetronidazole AvianMetronidazole AvianMetronidazole AvianMetronidazole AvianMetronidazole AvianMetronidazole AvianMetronidazole 25-50 CanaryMetronidazole 0.2 g/L ChickenMetronidazole 50 FalconMetronidazole 5 OstrichMetronidazole 10-30 PasserineMetronidazole 10 PO PasserineMetronidazole Drink 50 PigeonMetronidazole 20 PigeonMetronidazole 10-30 NL PO Poultry QD 10 PO Poultry 0.1 g/kg food IM 30 Psittacine IM Psittacine NL 50 E PO 1.25 g/L Raptor E Feed BID 0.1 g/L BID PO-SC PO 0.1 g/kg soft food 1180 704, 924 QD IM Once QD Feed 200 E QD E 200-250 BID PO E Drink 20 1434 Drink PO QD 1650 110 E E QD 10-30 1434 C QD G 25 BID QD D 1650 1187 QD PO 705 55 30-50 PO E 1470 D For anaerobic infections E A Drink E 1437 PO 1470 PO QD QD For anaerobic infections E 627 795 1437 For trichomoniasis PO QD For liver parasitic disease PO 1027 BID BID G Add drug to drink at the same time E For liver parasitic disease BID Antihistomoniasis C QD 260 Add drug to food at the same time 704 E G For trichomoniasis 705 E 111, 1473 585 E 763 1359 For trichomoniasis, may increase dosage to **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 296 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I and ascarids Aspergillus, Mucor and " " " Capillaria

Heterakis,

duration, precautions and contraindications) Penicillium recovery heavy sedation reverse with flumazenil anesthesia, lower dosage if add butorphanol

lactulose, useful for treating birds on all seed diet

blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Anseriformes 2 IV PRN D 1503, 1533 Add ketamine + medetomidine Galliformes 2 PO QM B 588 Amazon Parrot 2 drops mixture TD PO BID G 1488 Mixture is 5 drops extract per 7.5 ml AvianBudgerigar 5 ml/kg 5.5 g/kg seed Feed Gavage QD Once E A 1309, 1554 731 To flush GI - laxative Hulled medicated millet, DRUG NAMEMiconazole Nitrate SPECIES Avian DOSAGE (mg/kg 40 IV NL E 924 For candidiasis, Miconazole NitrateMiconazole NitrateMiconazole Nitrate FalconMidazolam HCl PsittacineMidazolam HCl RaptorMidazolam HCl Midazolam HClMidazolam HClMidazolam HCl Anseriformes Midazolam HCl Avian AvianMidazolam HCl Avian cream 20Midazolam HCl AvianMidazolam HCl Avian 10Midazolam HCl 1-2 Midazolam HCl Duck, Mallard Emu TopicalMidazolam HCl Ostrich IM-IV Pheasant, Ring-necked 1-2 BIDMidazolam HCl Pigeon 1 IM-IVMidazolam HCl QD 1-2 IV Midazolam HCl Pigeon 4 4 QD G 1 0.2 PsittacineMidazolam HCl E Raptor PRN IM-IV 1589 Swan E 0.4 0.15 704 NL IM IM-IV E 704 Turkey 0.5 IM IM IM NL IM 1503 NL E 2 0.2 PRN 1573 IV IV Once PRN PRN G 0.5-1 G IM 0.1-1 1320 E PRN G PRN 201 E G 0.1-1 IM 704 1468 IM-SC 1181, 1231 PRN 1644 IM-IV G G Use with an analgesic for pain control PRN Add ketamine, smooth induction and NL PRN 418 418 TID B Pre-gas anesthesia Add ketamine NL Anesthesia premed E 1588 PRN G E PRN 1240 1644 1240, 1400 G Add medetomidine, usually moderate to G 1291 Control seizures Use in combination with ketamine Add glycopyrrolate for anesthesia premed, 1291 May add butorphanol, premed for gas Milbemycin Oxime Milbemycin Oxime Galliformes 2 PO NL E 1492, 1650 For Milk Thistle Mineral Oil Minocycline HCl **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 297 and toxoid for Physlaoptera , Capillaria Staphylococcus , Serratospiculum duration, precautions and contraindications) bumblefoot Acanthocephalae blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) PoultryChicken 0.1 g/kg 0.1 g/kgGalliformesAvian Feed Feed QD QD 2.5-3 G B 564 0.2-0.8 869 IM-SC NL NL Preventive for coccidiosis E Once 111, 1473 D 1221 For capillariasis AvianCrane, WhoopingGuinea FowlAvian 0.05 ml TD 10 drops/kgAvian ID 1-2 PO q2m TID 0.05-0.25 IM G E 1.5 207 IM-IV 1205 q3h PRN G Respiratory, wound support E Drink 252 1573 NL E 704 Behavior modification, feather picking DRUG NAMEMinocycline HCl SPECIES Hawk, Red-shouldered 5 DOSAGE (mg/kg PO BID G 1179 Add levamisole + Miporamicin Monensin Sodium Monensin SodiumMonensin SodiumMonensin SodiumMonensin Sodium ChickenMonensin Sodium ChickenMonensin Sodium CraneMonensin Sodium Galliformes PigeonMorphine Sulfate Pigeon TurkeyMoxidectin MoxidectinMoxidectin 100 100-120 g/ton 0.099 g/kg food 0.099 g/kg food Feed Feed Cardinal, Red-crested 1-1.2 g/kg feed Feed Falcon 1-1.2 g/kg food Feed 90-100 g/ton QD Feed QD Once Feed QD 0.2 Feed Once C QD E E QD 705 B 1473 E 111 E 1 958 1492 PO C 1650 For coccidiosis 705 NL For coccidiosis For coccidial prophylaxis For coccidia PO G For coccidiosis 1585 QW G For capillariasis 1068 For MoxidectinMoxidectinMoxidectinMoxidectinMoxidectinMoxidectin Finch PenguinMullein Pigeon PsittacineMycobacterium Vaccae RaptorVaccine SparrowhawkNalbuphine HCl Naloxone HCl Naloxone HCl 2 0.2Naloxone HCl 0.25 mg TD 0.2 0.2Naltrexone HCl 0.2Naltrexone HCl Psittacine PO Ratite PO PO Ostrich Gavage NL SC NL PO NL Once NL D 0.05-0.25 QD D E E 1479 0.05-0.067 1479 1478 1479 G E 300 mg TD IM-IV 1585 For lice, mites and nematodes NL 1359 NL For lice, mites and nematodes For nematodes For lice, mites and nematodes IV PRN For nematodiasis For capillariasis G PRN 1320 G B 418 521 Use slow IV Reverse carfentanil **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 298 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I "

duration, precautions and contraindications) cause liver disease prophylactic prophylactic blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Psittacine 0.4 IM-SC q3w E 1240 For chronic and debilitating disease, may ChickenAvian 70 1.25 g/L FeedAvian Drink QD NL BChicken 958 E 111 0.035-0.08 g/L For coccidial prophylaxis Drink 20-50 mg/kg food Feed QD QD E 1492 E 564 For tapeworms, ascarids and Heterakis Add narasin, 5-day slaughter withdrawal, Avian 50 PO q2w E 111 DRUG NAMENaltrexone HCl SPECIESNandrolone Psittacine DOSAGE (mg/kg 1.5 PO BID E 1240 Prevent self-mutilation Nandrolone Raptor 0.4 IM-SC q3w E 1240 E Nandrolone Raptor q3w Narasin Narasin 0.4 IM-SC Neomycin Sulfate Neomycin SulfateNeomycin SulfateNeomycin Sulfate ChickenNeomycin Sulfate AvianNeomycin Sulfate AvianNeomycin Sulfate ChickenNeomycin Sulfate ChickenNeomycin Sulfate DuckNeomycin Sulfate DuckNeomycin Sulfate PasserineNeomycin Sulfate PasserineNeomycin Sulfate 60-80 mg/kg food Poultry PoultryNetobimin Feed 10 PoultryNetobimin 20 11 RaptorNetobimin .077-.154 g/kg food QD FeedNicarbazin .077-.154 g/kg food 0.2 g/kg soft food 11 Feed 0.2 g/L QD PO E Feed Bird, Aquatic PO 0.035-0.08 g/L Raptor Drink QD 38.5-154 mg/kg food 564 Feed QD 11 QD C Drink BID 15 NL Drink Drink C QD 1307 QD E QD Add nicarbazin, 5-day slaughter withdrawal, E 0.35 g/L C 1307 BID E 1437 565 C 1307 PO For bacterial enteritis C 924 20 PO E G 564 For bacterial enteritis Drink 564 1437 QD Add drug to drink at the same time 1307 For bacterial enteritis NL QD Gram negative, poor absorption C PO Prophylactic Add drug to food at the same time For bacterial enteritis E E 564 1463 QD 1503 B For bacterial infections 1568 Niclosamide NiclosamideNiclosamideNiclosamideNiclosamideNiclosamideNiclosamide AvianNiclosamide AvianNiclosamide Crane Falcon Finch Ostrich Ostrich Pelican, Brown 150-250 5 g/kg food 250 200 500 103-160 100 Feed PO 50 QD NL NL PO PO Feed PO G q2w G PO Once Once QW 57 q6w 57 G NL E B E 596 1027 G 1089 111 G 401 481 For tapeworms **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 299 infection. Hemophilus paragallinarum duration, precautions and contraindications) withdrawal disease blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE Drink NL E 111 Dosage based on 9.2% powder

unless otherwise stated) Chicken 250 mg/kg food Feed QD E 564 Add sulfanitran + roxarsone, 5-day slaughter PoultryRaptorAvian 77 mg/kg food Feed 40 QD 1.25 ml/L C 564 Drink PO QD NL Prophylactic E E 741 1463 For coccidial infections For trichomoniasis GalliformesAvian 24 2 drops/kgPsittacine Drink POChicken QD BIDAnseriformes C E 0.016 g/L 706 1205 5-10 mg/kg 385 mg/kg food Drink For gapeworms Feed Feed Use with caution in egg layers or w/ hepatic NL Once QD E G G 111 597 564 Control feather picking Improves feed efficiency Chicken 10 PO BID A 789 Nitrofurazone NitrofurazoneNitromide Poultry Psittacine 55 mg/kg food 1.25 cc/L Feed Drink QD NL C 564 E 111 Dosage based on 9.2% powder DRUG NAMENiclosamide SPECIESNiclosamideNiclosamideNifursol Pigeon Raptor Raptor DOSAGE (mg/kg 75 156 125 PO PO PO NL Once NL G D E 57 1612 1068 For cestodiasis For cestodes NifursolNifursolNithiamide Nitrofurazone TurkeyNitrofurazonecc/L Nitrofurazone Lorikeet Turkey Chicken 0.625 75 mg/kg food 50 g/ton Feed 55 mg/kg food QD Feed Feed E QD QD 564 C E 705 Nutritional use, 5-day slaughter withdrawal 564 For histomoniasis 5-day slaughter withdrawal, prophylactic Nitroxinil Nordihydroquaiaretic NorfloxacinNorfloxacinNorfloxacinNorfloxacinNorfloxacin GooseNortriptyline HCl Ostrich PoultryNosiheptide Turkey TurkeyNovobiocin Sodium 10 30 8 10 10 PO Drink PO PO QD BID SC QD QID A G QD 789 562 G A A 564 789 1020 Norfloxacin NorfloxacinNorfloxacin Chicken Chicken 8 20-40 Drink PO NL QD A A 840 830 For **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 300 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I in Pasteurella multocida duration, precautions and contraindications) ducklings. neonates on antibiotic therapy For candidiasis For candidiasis For candidiasis For candidiasis blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL Feed QD 1307 C ROUTE DOSAGE ood f 11 g/kg 0. unless otherwise stated) AvianChicken 1.17 mg/kcal PO 0.2 g/kg food QD Feed E QD 1180 E 564 5-day slaughter withdrawal, prophylactic Anseriformes 300 KIU/kg PO BID D 1150 For candidiasis DRUG NAMENovobiocin Sodium SPECIES Duck, Pekin DOSAGE (mg/kg 0.3 g/kg food Feed Once B 984 Prophylaxis for Oleandomycin Phosphate Oleandomycin PhosphateOleandomycin Phosphate AvianOleandomycin Phosphate Pigeon PigeonOrmetoprim + Sulfadimethoxine 0.58 mg/kcal 25 50 IM QD IM PO E QD QD 1180 E E 565 565 Nystatin Avian 200-300 KIU/kg PO BID G 1373 1221 1744 1572 G E G BID BID E QD PO QD PO Drink PO KIU/kg Nystatin KIU/kg Nystatin KIU/L Nystatin KIU/kg Nystatin Avian Nystatin Avian Nystatin Avian 300 Nystatin Finch 200-300 Nystatin Avian 100 Nystatin Avian Nystatin 333 NystatinNystatinNystatinNystatin HummingbirdNystatin HummingbirdNystatin OstrichNystatin Ostrich 200 KIU/kg Nystatin Ostrich 0.05 g/kg food Nystatin Ostrich Passerine Feed PO Nystatin 100 KIU/ml PigeonNystatin 25 KIU/L Nectar PigeonNystatin QD PoultryNystatin NL Drink Psittacine TopicalNystatin 2500 KIU/kg food PsittacineNystatin Turkey 12.5 KIU/kg QD q4-6h Feed E 0.24 g/kg feed Raptor E 20-50 KIU/kg Raptor 0.055- 704 100 KIU/L Raptor Once 924 PO G Feed G Ratite 20-100 KIU PO Ratite 100-150 KIU/kg 599 599 110 mg/kg food Drink 300 KIU/kg QD G QD Soft food PO 333 KIU/kg PO For candidiasis QD Feed 283 QD PO-Topical 100 KIU/kg For mouth lesions G G BID-TID BID PO QD QD 1 KIU/kg G 20 KIU/kg 401 1254 D D 300 KIU/kg PO 1254 TID G 1330 1330 100 KIU TD E C PO PO 590 For candidiasis 704 TID PO 564 E PO BID Add to food also, upper GI Candidiasis Upper GI candidiasis BID 763 NL D TID Half dosage is prophylactic E 1612 E G 1132 For candidiasis, use lesser dosage to diet for G 1188 418 594 **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 301 in ducklings Pasteurella multocida stinal worms Pasteurella multocida duration, precautions and contraindications) tapeworms tapeworms agent blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) CraneDuck 0.41 g/kg food 0.22 g/kg Feed QD Feed Once E 1361 B 825 For coccidiosis For TurkeyPsittacineAvian 0.1 g/kg food 100 Feed 10 QD POAmazon Parrot E TID 564 NL q2w D 22-58 5-day slaughter withdrawal, prophylactic 1446 D 1221 IM For staphylococcal dermatitis QD-BID For capillariasis A 266 DuckPoultryTurkey 0.2-0.8 g/kg food 0.3-0.5 g/L Feed 0.44 g/kg Once Drink QD Feed B 860 Once G 585 B For riemerellosis and colibacillosis 846 Prophylaxis for DRUG NAMEOrmetoprim + Sulfadimethoxine SPECIES DOSAGE (mg/kg Ormetoprim + Sulfadimethoxine Ormetoprim + Sulfadimethoxine Oxacillin Sodium Oxfendazole OxfendazoleOxfendazoleOxfendazoleOxfendazole AvianOxfendazole AvianOxfendazole AvianOxfendazole PO Avian 10 Oxfendazole AvianOxytetracycline Ostrich QD OxytetracyclineOxytetracycline Pigeon 40Oxytetracycline Raptor 4Oxytetracycline E Oxytetracycline Anseriformes 0.1-0.2 g/LOxytetracycline 1650 AnseriformesOxytetracycline AvianOxytetracycline Avian 0.1-0.2 g/LOxytetracycline PO 5 Avian DrinkOxytetracycline Avian PO For most inte Oxytetracycline 10-40 Bird, Aquatic QD 10 QD Budgerigar Drink 2.5 g/L Chicken 50 mg TD QD Ostrich QD Owl D PO D 5000 mg/kg PO Drink D PO 1479 50-100 1470 100 E 50 PO q3w 1479 100 QD Once 2 g/L Feed 1650 QD For most intestinal worms including QW 2.5 g/L For liver parasitic disease IM G QD 10 G E For most intestinal worms including E SC 401 For most intestinal worms 16 IM 590 1240 Nebulize G PO QD 1240 E Drink q4-6h 1068 QD QD-BID 704 QD-BID NL Begin at age 4 months, alternate therapeutic IM E For chlamydophilosis A E E IM E 1431 876 1492 QD 1492 A Add citric acid, therapeutic dosage 1503 QD 802 G For respiratory disease For respiratory infections 401 A Add oxytetracycline feed also 55 Double dosage for birds below 5 kg Ormetoprim + Sulfadimethoxine Ormetoprim + Sulfadimethoxine Ormetoprim + Sulfadimethoxine **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 302 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) necrosis blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Amazon Parrot 60 IM QD A 847 Oxytetracycline Amphoteric Bird, AquaticOxytetracycline Amphoteric Cockatoo, GoffinOxytetracycline Amphoteric Macaw, Blue and GoldOxytetracycline Amphoteric Ostrich 50Oxytetracycline Amphoteric 50-100 Psittacine 50-75Oxytetracycline Amphoteric RaptorOxytetracycline Amphoteric Turkey IM-SC SC SC 20 q3d 50-100 q3-5d q2-3d A 50-200 E E 150 380 IM IM-SC 1503 1170 q2-3d IM q3d For respiratory infections Causes irritation at injection site E SC q3-5d G 565 401 q3d E 1240 A Double dosage for birds below 5 kg 727 For pasteurellosis Long-lasting formulation DRUG NAMEOxytetracycline SPECIESOxytetracyclineOxytetracyclineOxytetracyclineOxytetracycline PheasantOxytetracycline PigeonOxytetracycline PigeonOxytetracycline PigeonOxytetracycline Pigeon DOSAGE (mg/kg Oxytetracycline PigeonOxytetracycline PoultryOxytetracycline PoultryOxytetracycline Poultry 43Oxytetracycline PoultryOxytetracycline Psittacine 50Oxytetracycline Psittacine 0.133-0.444 g/LOxytetracycline Psittacine 100 Raptor 20 DrinkOxytetracycline Turkey 80Amphoteric Turkey IM 0.0265-0.106 g/L QD Turkey 6.25-200 mg TD IM-SC Drink 110-220 mg/kg food Feed 0.06-0.25 g/L PO IM 58 QD QD 50 QD IM E 50-100 IM QD Drink QD q2d 704 25-50 A A q2d 2.5 g/L C QD q2d 2500 ppm 55 C 1067 IM 220 mg/kg food C 564 SC E IM 564 E 564 Feed C 704 IM-PO E Drink QD Feed q2-3d 1240 QD 705 TD 1240 QD NL Once Add neomycin A E E Add tetracycline for birds over 700 g E E 55 1365 Add tetracycline for birds under 400 g A A 1240 1240 564 802 802 For chlamydophilosis IM injection may cause muscle necrosis 3-day slaughter withdrawal, prophylactic Add oxytetracycline drinking water also Add oxytetracycline feed also Oxytetracycline Amphoteric Amazon, Blue-frontedOxytetracycline Amphoteric AnseriformesOxytetracycline Amphoteric Avian 75 200 SC 50 q3d IM E QD SC 703 D q3-5d 1150 For chlamydophilosis E 1648 For pasteurellosis and other bacteria For respiratory infections, may cause muscle **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 303 Pasteurella duration, precautions and contraindications) expulsion fluids and heat also bites, burns, etc. conjunction with edetate calcium disodium and lead slaughter withdrawal infections multocida blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL IM QD A 385 Add penicillin G procaine for ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) 100 100 AvianAvian 100 PO Topical BID NL E 1474 G 1486 For neonate with cryptosporidiosis For rashes, ulceration, local irritation, trauma, Anseriformes 3-5 IU/kg IM NL D 1150 Egg binding Anseriformes 55Anseriformes PO BID 50 KIU/kgRhea D Parenteral NL 1150 G For heavy metal poisoning 597 100 KIU TD SC QD G 582 Add tylosin OxytocinOxytocinOxytocin AvianParomomycin Sulfate AvianPenetran Ostrich 5 U/kg 2 IU/kg 5 IU TD IV-SC NL Once IV NL E Once 1151 E B 1431 1257 To help with egg expulsion, add calcium, For egg binding, give calcium borogluconate Give 2 to 4 minutes before semen collection DRUG NAME SPECIESOxytocin DOSAGE (mg/kg Oxytocin Avian 0.5-1 IU TD IM NL E 924 Use with calcium and vitamin A for egg PenetranPenicillamine PenicillaminePenicillamine AvianPenicillaminePenicillamine AvianPenicillamine AvianPenicillin AvianPenicillin PsittacinePenicillinPenicillin Raptor 2.5 ml/L sprayPenicillinPenicillin 55 TopicalPenicillin Poultry Poultry 52 NL Poultry 50-55 55Penicillin G Benzathine PoultryPenicillin G Benzathine Poultry PO 55 G Turkey Raptor 1103 PO PO BID PO 44 KIU/kg 55-110 mg/kg food BID QD 375 KIU/L Feed PO For picking or itching D BID 110 mg/kg food PO 2.65 mg/kg food 1221 QD Feed E BID Drink F Feed <100 KIU/kg G QD 1240 1236 QD QD 87 QD C For lead or zinc toxicosis, may use in IM-IV E C 564 NL 1240 C Chelation agent for copper, zinc, mercury C For copper toxicosis E 564 Repeat after 3 to 5 days 564 564 564 E Prophylactic For heavy metal poisoning 1463 Add streptomycin Add streptomycin, nutritional use, no Use crystalline formulation for bacterial **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 304 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I

procaine enicillin G with p Pasteurella multocida benzathine for pentobarbital/chloral hydrate/magnesium sulfate reduce dose 15 to 20% in debilitated birds reduce dose 15 to 20% in debilitated birds reduce dose 15 to 20% in debilitated birds, fledgling reduce dose 15 to 20% in debilitated birds reduce dose 15 to 20% in debilitated birds duration, precautions and contraindications) See above blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Avian 160-180 IM PRN F 1209 Dosage base on combined mg of Avian 5 IM PRN E 1130 Avian 66-133 KIU/kg IM NL F 1209 e Pentobarbital + Chloral Hydrate + Magnesium Sulfat Pentobarbital SodiumPentobarbital SodiumPentobarbital Sodium ChickenPentobarbital Sodium Cockatoo, Major Mitchell's Cowbird Crane, European 100 mg TD IV 16.2 24 100-150 g/kg food NL Feed IM Once G IM 1590 PRN B PRN 1094 B B 1080 1084 Add thiopental sodium Add chloral hydrate + magnesium sulfate, Pentobarbital Sodium Pentobarbital SodiumPentobarbital Sodium Avian BudgerigarPentobarbital Sodium Canary Pentobarbital Sodium 24 50Pentobarbital SodiumPentobarbital Sodium Duck, Mallard Duck, Northern Pintail 24 Eagle, GoldenPentobarbital SodiumPentobarbital Sodium IMPentobarbital Sodium IM Emu 390Pentobarbital Sodium Galliformes 22 Goose PRN Gull, California IM PRNPentobarbital Sodium 18.2Pentobarbital SodiumPentobarbital Sodium Hawk PRN B IV F Penguin Pigeon 1084 PO 50-100 1209 B 24 13.3 Once IM 50-100 1084 PRN Add chloral hydrate + magnesium sulfate, B PRN PO B 1593 14.7 IV 33 IM PO B PRN 24 1095 1086 PRN PRN PRN Precede with ketamine by 15 minutes E IM NL 1130 G B E Add chloral hydrate + magnesium sulfate, IM 283 PRN 1084 1130 Once Use tablets PRN B G Add chloral hydrate + magnesium sulfate, Premedicate with diazepam Use tablets 1086 B 595 1084 " Add chloral hydrate + magnesium sulfate, DRUG NAME SPECIESPenicillin G Potassium DOSAGE (mg/kg Penicillin G PotassiumPenicillin G ProcainePenicillin G Procaine Falcon, Lanner Galliformes Turkey 20 KIU/kg 100 IM 100 QID IM IM B q2d 1175 Once E A Post-surgical treatment of bumblefoot 111, 1473 385 Loading dose, add **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 305 duration, precautions and contraindications) and inability to perch toxicity blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) OstrichAvianAmazon Parrot 2.2 2.5-5 75-100 PO QD IM Parenteral BID-QID q4-6h E G 710 1492 A 1473 For anticoagulant rodenticide AvianPigeonAvian 15 dusting 1-5 PO Topical NL BID-TID PO G E 1489 BID 1240 Add aloe vera for frostbite, vasodilator E For fleas and lice 111, 1473 PhenobarbitalPhenobarbitalPhenylbutazone RaptorPhenylbutazone RaptorPhenylbutazonePhytonadione Phytonadione Psittacine RaptorPiperacillin Sodium Piperacillin SodiumPiperacillin Sodium Raptor < 30Piperacillin Sodium 20Piperacillin Sodium AvianPiperacillin Sodium AvianPiperacillin Sodium Avian 3.5-7Piperacillin Sodium AvianPiperacillin Sodium Avian 3.5-7 POPiperacillin Sodium AvianPiperacillin Sodium Bird, Aquatic POPiperacillin Sodium Budgerigar PRN 0.2-2.5 Cockatoo, Citron-crested PO Crane 4.31 mg/kcal NL PO Duck, Ruddy 2.55 mg/kcal E BID-TID 10 g/L saline 90 10 g/L saline IM-IV IM-PO BID-TID 100-200 1463 E 100-200 D IM-IV 150 Flush 200 TID-QID QD E 1473 1612 Nebulize q4-6h E 100 BID-QID 111 BID-QID For sedation IM Parenteral IM 100 E 1180 E E E BID For neurologic signs with organochlorine IM 1433 IM 1185 1183 1180 BID TID-QID G IM Synergistic with aminoglycosides E BID TID IM-IV-SC 740 E For anticoagulant poisoning 1650 10 to 30 minutes Nasal or sinus Synergistic with aminoglycosides BID BID 1478 G A E 55 Add amikacin Synergistic with aminoglycosides 411 G Post-trauma infections 629 1468 Begin pre-operatively for tendon surgery DRUG NAMEPentobarbital Sodium SPECIESPentobarbital SodiumPentobarbital Sodium Quail, JapanesePentobarbital Sodium RaptorPentobarbital Sodium RaptorPentobarbital Sodium Skua, McCormick's Swan, MutePentoxifylline Turkey DOSAGE (mg/kg 25-50 g/kg food 47 Feed < 20 30 Once 25 mg TD 16.2 IM-IV B IV PO 1094 PRN IM-IV PRN PRN PRN IM B E G 1075 PRN E 1074 1463 1463 B 1080 Adult For sedation Not usually recommended Add thiopental sodium Permethrin PermethrinPhenobarbital PhenobarbitalPhenobarbitalPhenobarbital Psittacine Avian Avian Psittacine dusting 3.5-7 3 0.048-0.080 g/L Topical Drink NL NL PRN E PO BID G 1240 BID 58 D Ectoparasite control 1475 E 1240 Control of seizures For feather picking, may cause deep sedation **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 306 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) 14, use 26 ga needle use aminoglycosides concurrently ectoparasites blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Avian 150-200 IM-IV QD-BID G 1279 Substitute for piperacillin sodium, DO NOT Falcon, PeregrineAnseriformes 200 45-200 IM PO BID NLRaptor G 1426 E 111 6.25 g/L Topical NL E 1068 Add permethrin + methoprene for CraneAmazon Parrot 1 mg TD 0.5 PO PO BID BID G 1273 G 1671 For hyperlipidemia or hypercholesterolemia Piperacillin SodiumPiperacillin SodiumPiperacillin SodiumPiperacillin Sodium PigeonPiperacillin Sodium PigeonPiperacillin Sodium Psittacine PsittacinePiperacillin Sodium + PsittacineTazobactam Sodium Raptor 100 100-200 100 50-100 100-200 100 IM IM IM SC IM-IV BID BID-TID BID-TID BID TID IM-IV G E G BID 260 A 1240, 1756 E 590 411 632 E 1433 Neonate dosage DRUG NAMEPiperacillin Sodium SPECIESPiperacillin SodiumPiperacillin SodiumPiperacillin Sodium Falcon Gull Lorikeet, Rainbow Macaw DOSAGE (mg/kg 100 200 100 4 mg TD per egg IM Parenteral IM q4d IM BID TID-QID G BID E G 820 1027 1620 E For embryonic death, begin first dose at day 1357 Broad spectrum Piperacillin Sodium + Tazobactam Sodium Piperazine PiperazinePiperazinePiperazinePiperazinePiperazinePiperazine AvianPiperazine CranePiperazine FinchPiperazine GalliformesPiperazine PigeonPiperazine PigeonPiperazine PigeonPiperazine PigeonPiperazine Pigeon PoultryPiperonyl Butoxide 100-500 Poultry 4-5.26 g/L 100-500 Psittacine 0.3 g/L Quail Raptor 1.9 g/L 500 mg PO Drink 250 mg PO 12.5 Drink QD 35 q2w 1 g/L Drink q2w NL 100-500 Drink 250 Drink QD G E 30-50 mg TD TD Drink 100 E TD 596 E 1650 Drink PO PO C 111 QD PO 1572 PO C QD 704 C QD q10d Repeat in 2 weeks 706 For roundworms NL PO E 706 NL G 1240 G G For 30 birds NL 57 G For capillaria 1309 260 G For ascaridiasis 678 57 Repeat every 10 to 14 days E For ascarids 57, 1463 Anthelmintic Anthelmintic Piroxicam Policosanol **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 307 duration, precautions and contraindications) triglyceride and cholesterol organophosphates blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Avian 10-15Crane, Demoiselle IM-POPheasant, PeacockVulture, King NL 50 mg TDCockatoo, Umbrella 12.5 mg TD E IA 924 Avian 20 mg TD IM 80 OnceFalcon Once IM GAvian G QW 579 PO 579 0.3 QDAvian G 14 g/m³ Musculosketal joint therapy 579 Musculosketal joint therapy G 10-30 IV 1691 NL Musculosketal joint therapy NL Once 10-100 IM For control of seizures E G QD 1473 1029 Parenteral NL E Add formaldehyde for fumigation TOXIC 111 E 1492 Reduce dosage if used with atropine for Polymyxin B Sulfate Polymyxin B SulfatePolymyxin B SulfatePolymyxin B Sulfate AvianPolymyxin B Sulfate AvianPolymyxin B Sulfate AvianPolymyxin B Sulfate CanaryPolymyxin B Sulfate CanaryPolymyxin B Sulfate CanaryPolymyxin B Sulfate CanaryPolymyxin B Sulfate PasserinePolymyxin B Sulfate Passerine Passerine, SmallPolysulfated 1000 mg/kcal Passerine, SmallGlycosaminoglycan 3000 KIU/LPolysulfated 50 KIU/kgGlycosaminoglycan 50 KIU/L POPolysulfated 50 KIU/kg food DrinkGlycosaminoglycan 500 KIU/L 500 KIU/kg food PO Feed 500 KIU/L 100 KIU/kg food BIDPotassium Bromide Drink NL 500 KIU/kg food 100 KIU/L FeedPotassium Bromide Feed Drink QDPotassium Bromide Feed BID QD Drink E Once QD DrinkPotassium Chloride Parrot, Grey E NL OncePotassium Chloride Pigeon 1180 NL E E 1180 E QD EPotassium Permanganate E 695 565 Avian E E 695 1187 E 1437Pralidoxime Chloride 1187 1187 EPralidoxime Chloride 1187 80Pralidoxime Chloride 1437 Raptor Add drug to drink at the same time 80 RaptorPralidoxime Iodide Add drug to food at the same time 0.1-0.3 PO PO QD IV 100 20 QD G NL 1274 G NL 1274 E IM Seizure control BID-QID 111 PRN E Seizure control 1400 G 50 For organophosphate poisoning Continue only if first dose produces response DRUG NAMEPolicosanol SPECIES Amazon, Yellow-naped DOSAGE (mg/kg 2 PO QD G 1466 Mix with lactulose for hyperlipidemia of **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 308 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) organophosphate toxicity disease day, scatter throughout aviary blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) AnseriformesAnseriformes 100 10-20 IM PO-SC QID q10d D D 1150 1150 For organophosphate toxicity Avian Control cestodes 2 PO BID E 1431 May predispose to mycotic infection Pralidoxime IodidePralidoxime Mesylate Pralidoxime Mesylate RaptorsPraziquantel PsittacinePraziquantelPraziquantelPraziquantelPraziquantelPraziquantel AvianPraziquantel 100 AvianPraziquantel 100 AvianPraziquantel Bird, AquaticPraziquantel BustardPraziquantel FinchPraziquantel IM FinchPraziquantelPraziquantel IM Ostrich 10-20Praziquantel Ostrich Once 9Praziquantel Passerine, Small 10Praziquantel Penguin QID 10Praziquantel Pigeon BPraziquantel 10 PigeonPraziquantel PO Pigeon 10-20 EPraziquantel 1093 Psittacine 12 mg/kg Psittacine IM 10 1240 POPrednisolone 7.5 Raptor QDPrednisolone PO 5 Raptor Raptor For monocrotophos toxicity PO-SC Feed QD 10-20 NL Raptor POPrednisolone D 11.4 NL OncePrednisolone 10-20 OncePrednisolone Avian NL 1470 10 q10-14d PO 9 D E 10-20 PO E E PO 1470 E Psittacine E 1503 NL 50 NL Raptor 1240 SC 30 1648 For liver parasitic disease PO 1617 Raptor 1572 NL 5-10 NL 10-50 PO Continue PO for 11 days liver parasitic PO E IM For tapeworms C QM q2w For cestodes and trematodes For tapeworms G Crush tablet and mix with enough food for 1 1187 6.7 E 283 PO-SC NL Once NL NL 481 PO-SC 2 E 1478 E PO NL 0.5-1 QD 704 E For trematodes 704 E q10d 2-4 E q2w 1240 PO E 1192 For cestodes 763 E E 1068 PO Tablet crushed in water suspension IM E NL 1240 1132 For tapeworms repeat after 10 days IM-IV For cestodes 1359 BID For tapeworms Once For trematodes and cestodes Once E For tapeworms and flukes 1526 E For tapeworms E E 1240 1400 1400 Use decreasing dosage for long-term therapy Also analgesic For shock DRUG NAMEPralidoxime Iodide SPECIES Avian DOSAGE (mg/kg 10-100 Parenteral BID-TID E 1650 Use lower dosage if used with atropine for **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 309 Plasmodium duration, precautions and contraindications) excretion rate of penicillin/cephalosporin during therapy convalescing birds, Avipro Pediatric® blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Amazon ParrotAvian 125 mg TD Drink QD 200 G 1753 NL q2d Long-term seizure control E 704 For body weight > 200g, to decrease AvianAvianRaptorAvianAvian 0.5-1 2-4Avian 10-30 IM-IV 0.5-1 NL IM-IV 10-20 IM-IV NL PRN E 0.03 IM-IV 111 E IM-IV G Once 111 NL 234 PO E 1151 D QD Immunosuppressive 1554 For neurologic emergencies D 1470 For shock For liver parasitic disease Anseriformes 21 ml/kg food Feed Once E 1240 For hand-rearing (6 hours old) and Primaquine PhosphatePrimaquine Phosphate AvianPrimaquine PhosphatePrimaquine Phosphate FalconPrimaquine Phosphate PenguinPrimaquine Phosphate PenguinPrimaquine Phosphate PenguinPrimaquine Phosphate Psittacine Raptor RaptorPrimidone 0.3-1Primidone 0.75 0.03 0.03Probenecid 1 1 PO Raptor 1 NL 1 PO TID PO Once PO QW PO QD G PO E QD PO 57 QD D 125 E 1177 QD 1470 QW B 111, 1473 E Usually in combination with chloroquine 262 G Add chloroquine 1365 G PO For liver parasitic disease prophylaxis 61 94 PRN Add chloroquine phosphate For sarcocystosis Add chloroquine E Add chloroquine phosphate, juvenile dosage 1463 For sedation DRUG NAMEPrednisolone Sodium Phosphate SPECIES DOSAGE (mg/kg Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate Prednisolone Sodium Succinate Prednisolone Sodium Succinate Primaquine Phosphate Primaquine PhosphatePrimaquine Phosphate Avian Avian 1 1 PO PO QW QW E E 1479 1492 Add chloroquine for ProbenecidProbiotic Macaw 125 PO QID G 45 Uricosiuric ProbioticProbiotic Anseriformes Avian 5 scoops/L Drink 5 cc/L NL Feed E 1240 Once E Double dosage for stressed bird, Avipro® 111 Add to hand feeding formula **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 310 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) convalescing birds, Avipro Pediatric® gangrene 1 mg/kg per minute margin mg/kg, respiratory depression infusion remove GI materials blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) 10 IV PRN B 1291 Gas anesthesia premed ) Black, Mute ( AvianAvian 30 mg TD 5 Topical QD-BID E PO 1240 QD For wounds, stimulate granulation G 1240 Vasodilator for wing tip edema or dry Amazon, Hispaniolan 5 IV PRN B 1436 Maintain anesthesia by continuous infusion at ChickenAvianRaptorAvian 30 mg TD 0.2 N/A Once 2.5 ml/kg IM Topical B NL PO PRN 1632 NL E E Immune and growth stimulant 111 1400 G 87 For egg binding, use gel formulation Mix with syringeable food, bulking agent to ProbioticProbioticProbioticProbioticProflavine PsittacinePropentofylline Psittacine Psittacine Ratite 5 scoops/L 5 ml/L food pinch TD Drink Feed NL PO Once E QD E 1240 PO 1473 E NL 1473 Double dosage for stressed bird, Avipro® Hand feeding formula G 418 DRUG NAMEProbiotic SPECIESProbiotic Avian Psittacine DOSAGE (mg/kg 21 ml/kg food 1 pinch TD Feed Feed Once QD E E 1240 111 For hand-rearing (6 hours old) and PropentofyllinePropofol Raptor 5 PO BID E 1400 Improve circulation (wing tip edema) PropofolPropofolPropofolPropofol AnseriformesPropofol AvianPropofolPropofol Duck, MallardPropofolPropofol Swan Ostrich Pigeon 8 Pigeon Psittacine 10 Swan 1.33-14 3 IV IV 4.1-8.6 IV 14 1.33 PRN PRN 6 PRN IV E IV E 1190 IV B IV PRN 1181 PRN 1358 IV PRN PRN Induction agent B B Short duration, smooth induction, high safety Administer over 1 minute, follow with 4 1628 Once E 779 B 1240 779 G Maintain with 0.2 mg/kg/min constant rate Follows ketamine 1695 For anesthesia induction Preliminary to inhalation anesthesia Induction for isoflurane Propolis Propranolol HCl Propranolol HClProstaglandin E (See Dinoprostone) AvianPsyllium Hydrophilic Mucilloid 0.04 IV NL E 111 **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 311 Plasmodium

Leucocytozoo, Plasmodium Plasmodium duration, precautions and contraindications) oil for lead poisoning, add bran protozoal infections egg blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Bird, Aquatic 40 ml/L soft food Feed Once E 1478 Add sodium + magnesium sulfate mineral Anseriformes 7Crane POAnseriformes q2w E 0.1% powderAnseriformes 1358 0.25-0.5 TopicalPsittacine QW-q2w For nematodes POAvian E 0.06 g/L 1361 BID 0.06 g/L Drink DAvian For ectoparasites, apply lightly 1150 QD 5-10 Drink QD D For sarcocystosis and toxoplasmosis 1150 PO E 10 drops/kg 1240 QD 2 days off, then repeat for coccidiosis PO E Wait 2 days then repeat for coccidiosis QD 111 E 1435 Use low alcohol formulation for soft shelled DRUG NAMEPsyllium Hydrophilic Mucilloid SPECIES DOSAGE (mg/kg Pyrantel Pamoate Pyrantel PamoatePyrantel PamoatePyrantel PamoatePyrantel Pamoate AvianPyrantel Pamoate CranePyrantel Pamoate FinchPyrantel Pamoate PasserinePyrantel Pamoate PigeonPyrantel Pamoate PsittacinePyrantel Pamoate Psittacine RaptorPyrethrin RaptorPyrethrin RatitePyrethrin 4.5-25 4.5Pyrimethamine 100 4.5Pyrimethamine 20-25Pyrimethamine 4.5Pyrimethamine 100 Finch PO Raptor 20Pyrimethamine Avian PO 4.5 PO Avian PO q2wPyrimethamine + 5-7 PO RaptorSulfaquinoxaline PO q10dPyrimethamine + PO Raptor Once q10-14dSulfaquinoxaline D QW-q2w PO q10dQuinacrine HCl PO E E NL 111,1221, 1473 E GQuinacrine HCl 0.5-2% mixture PO For nematodiasis Quinacrine HCl 1361 1572 Once 1335 1364 0.5Quinacrine HCl E q2w Topical 0.3Quinacrine HCl G 0.25-0.5 NLQuinacrine HCl 1240 Avian q10d E Avian 57, 1335 0.5 For intestinal nematodes Red Clover G Canary For intestinal nematodes Topical 1240, 1400 Pigeon G 94 Psittacine PO PO G For nematodes QD PO For nematodes 418 1411 BID BID PO NL E Juvenile dosage 240 7.5 For chewing lice 1572 D BID E 240 10 mg TD E 5-10 1470 1400 1650 E Dust feathers NL PO 1433 PO PO For sarcocystosis, toxoplasmosis and other PO For QD QD QD BID For leucocytozoonosis QD E G E G 1479 47 E 1650 57 1473 For For **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 312 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) mycobacteriosis clarithromycin for mycobacteriosis mycobacteriosis for aspergillosis blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) AvianFinchRaptorOstrichAvian 10-60 drops/kg 2 drops TD PO 2-4 PO QD 130 Once 15 G PO 1727 G PO PRN 1723 PO May give over food NL E For stress of handling or minor procedures QD 1463 B 283,401, 524 D Add fenbendazole or levamisole For prolonged sedation 1470 Add ethambutol + enrofloxacin for Amazon, Yellow-cheeked 45 NLPoultryChicken QDAvian G 713 0.1 g/L 33 mg/kg food Feed Add ethambutol + isoniazid Drink 0.323 mg/kcal QD NL PO E G QD 564 435 E 1180 7-day slaughter withdrawal, prophylactic For flagellates DRUG NAME SPECIESRed Palm Oil DOSAGE (mg/kg Rescue Remedy Reserpine Resorantel Rifabutin RifabutinRifampin RifampinRifampin AvianRifampinRifampinRifampinRifampin Avian AvianRimantadine HCl Bustard, Houbara Crane, WhoopingRobenidine HCl Psittacine 1.15 mg/kcalRobenidine HCl RaptorRonidazole PORonidazole 20 10-20Ronidazole 45 Pheasant, Ring-necked 15RonidazoleRonidazole QDRonidazole 15Ronidazole 0.033 g/kg AvianRonidazole PO 30 PO Avian ERonidazole PO AvianRonidazole PO Budgerigar 1180 Feed BID Canary BID Canary QD PO QD Finch QD Finch PO E Add ethambutol + azithromycin or G Finch BID G 0.65 g/L 111, 1473 G 932 B 1 g/L TID 1 g/L 207 6-10 1154 E 895 0.4 g/L Drink 0.4 g/kg food B 1240 For bacterial diarrhea 0.1 g/L Add ethambutol Drink Add ciprofloxacin + ethambutol for 1178 Drink NL 6-10 Feed For coccidiosis PO 0.05 g/kg food Drink QD For avian tuberculosis QD Once Feed Drink E QD QD Add IT and IV amphotericin B + flucytosine E PO 1180 E QD QD E 1479 E G 1479 1187 QD 57 695 E G Treat 4 times yearly for Trichomoniasis 1334 1572 Treat 4 times yearly for Trichomoniasis E 1572 For cochlosomiasis **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 313 infections " " Escherichia coli

duration, precautions and contraindications) cochlosomiasis enrofloxacin in severe infections periodically for 2 to 3 days prophylaxis ethyl alcohol for 100 ml of solution dermatomycosis blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) PoultryPsittacine 25-50 mg/kg food Feed QD E Topical 564 q2w D Nutritional use, no slaughter withdrawal 1446 Add 3 g tannic acid + salicylic ChickenChicken 0.06 g/kgBlackbird, Red-winged Feed 10 QDPsittacine 0.025-0.03Chicken B PO 869 PO PRN 0.06 BID-TID Preventive for coccidiosis G A 1769 787 NL Add chloralose q3d-q2w PO G QD 1613 G 564 Roxarsone Salicylic Acid Ronidazole Pigeon 0.1 g/L Drink NL E 1432 E NL Drink g/L Ronidazole Pigeon 0.1 RonidazoleRonidazoleRonidazole1432 PigeonRonidazole PigeonRonidazole Pigeon E PigeonNL 10 PO Pigeon 6-10 0.1 g/L 0.1-0.2 g/L NL Drink 12.5 Drink QD QD NL Drink E D E 1192 QD 1221 1192 E For hexamitiasis, add trimethoprim or For trichomoniasis For treatment of trichomoniasis, give 1240 For trichomoniasis treatment DRUG NAMERonidazole SPECIESRonidazole Finch Passerine DOSAGE (mg/kg 0.04 g/L 0.05 g/L Drink Drink QD QD D G 1438 1334 For trichomoniasis, giardiasis and For cochlosomiasis Salinomycin SalinomycinSalinomycinSalinomycinSalinomycinSalinomycin ChickenSarafloxacin HCl ChickenSarafloxacin HCl ChickenSarafloxacin HCl Pheasant, Ring-neckedSarafloxacin HCl Poultry ChickenSecobarbital Sodium ChickenSecobarbital Sodium 60 ppm TurkeySecobarbital Sodium 0.075 g/kg DoveSelenium 60 Duck, Mallard 44-66 mg/kg foodSemduramycin Feed Feed Feed 60 g/ton 8 Once QD 0.02 g/L QD Feed 0.05 g/L 25 Feed B E 5 g/L bait QD B Drink QD 783 564 Drink Drink 869 QD B Feed QD NL PO C 958 For coccidiosis No slaughter withdrawal, prophylactic Once B Preventive for coccidiosis 705 PRN B A 864 G 855 805 For coccidial prophylaxis B For coccidiosis 1763 1095 For Continuous or 4-hour pulse dose Bait is usually corn **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 314 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) ciprofloxacin or enrofloxacin streptomycin for advanced cases dose 4 mEq/kg for metabolic acidosis exceed 4 mEq/kg birds kept on freshwater minutes household bleach Use 0.9% solution 151 Use 0.9% solution 1240 1 blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for E

INTERVAL QD QD

SC - TID-QID E E TID-QID -IV O M ROUTE DOSAGE I

P ml/kg unless otherwise stated) 30 Avian 10 PO BID G 1154 Add lamprene + ethambutol HCl, add AvianAvianAvian 2 drops/kg 1 mEq/kg PO Topical IV-SC QD q10d PRN E E 1650 G 1435 1309 For cautery of papillomas Broad spectrum First dose IV, remainder SC, maximum total Avian Finch 30 ml/L Topical NL E 1572 For salmonellosis environmental cleanup, use AvianAvian 60 50 ml/kg IM PRN IV G NL 54 E 111 Maintenance fluids DRUG NAMESeromycin SPECIES DOSAGE (mg/kg Silver Nitrate Silver, Colloidal Silver, ColloidalSodium Bicarbonate Avian 40 drops/L Drink QD E 1435 Broad spectrum Sodium BicarbonateSodium Bicarbonate AvianSodium Chloride AvianSodium ChlorideSodium ChlorideSodium Chloride Bird, AquaticSodium Chloride Bird, Aquatic 1-4 mEq/kg Penguin 5 mEq/kg Psittacine IV 100 IO-IV 100 NL Once 150-1667 50 ml/kg E G Feed PO 1473 1311 QD PO NL Give slowly over 15 to 30 minutes, do not QD For cardiopulmonary resuscitation E E 1501 G 1503 1353 For pelagic sea birds kept in fresh water For procelliform birds kept in fresh water Supplement fish diet Sodium Chloride Bird, Aquatic 10 g/L Gavage QD D 1559 To maintain activity of salt gland marine Sodium Chloride Sodium Hypochlorite Raptor 1-2% solution Topical NL E 1400 1-2% solution for wounds, wash off within 5 Sodium Iodide Sodium IodideSodium IodideSodium IodideSodium Iodide AvianSodium Lactate Solution Budgerigar BudgerigarSodium Lactate Solution Budgerigar Avian 2 mg TD 67-200 134-200 67 IM 10-30 ml/kg IM IM PRN IV IM NL QD G NL QD G F 85 1212 1209 E G 1650 1212 For acute thyroid hyperplasia Emergency care, give slowly, warm fluid For chronic thyroid hyperplasia **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 315 in broilers Salmonella and Mycoplasma gallisepticum E. coli duration, precautions and contraindications) normal blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) AvianToucan, Sulfur-breastedAvian 0.003 2000 SC PO 30 BID QD G E PO 589 111 QD Large birds, give slurry E 565 Sodium Lactate SolutionSodium Lactate Solution Hawk, Red-tailedSodium Lactate Solution Lory, Red PsittacineSodium Sulfate Sodium Sulfate 20 ml/kgSodium Sulfate 50 ml/kgSomatostatin Avian 50-100 ml/kg IVSpectinomycin HCl AvianSpectinomycin HCl IO-IP-IV-SCSpectinomycin HCl SC NL NLSpectinomycin HClSpectinomycin HCl AvianSpectinomycin HCl Avian NLSpectinomycin HCl Avian E GSpectinomycin HCl Avian 500-1000Spectinomycin HCl Canary 1688 1626Spectinomycin HCl Chicken G 125-250Spectinomycin HCl ChickenSpectinomycin HCl Chicken 1621Spectinomycin HCl Duck PO Supportive therapy post-trauma Spectinomycin HCl Finch 1 g/LSpectinomycin HCl Finch 10-45 POSpectinomycin HCl Passerine NL 0.58 mg/kcal Intra-operative fluids Spectinomycin HCl Passerine 1 g/LSpectinomycin HCl Passerine, Small 0.2-0.4 g/L 5 mg TD NLSpectinomycin HCl Passerine, Small IM-SC 2 g/LSpectinomycin HCl Drink Pigeon E 0.5 g/LSpectinomycin HCl IM PigeonSpectinomycin HCl Drink TID Pigeon QD 1554 5 GSpectinomycin HCl Drink Poultry SC 0.2-0.4 g/LSpectinomycin HCl Poultry NL NL 0.4 g/kg food 0.2-0.4 g/L 0.4 g/kg food 1746 Poultry Drink 0.2-0.4 g/L NL 0.4 g/kg soft food E Drink Psittacine E Once For botulism to flush gastrointestinal tract Psittacine Feed Drink Feed Feed 1180 NL NL Drink 704 E E For removal of metals from GI tract 25 Drink E SC QD QD B 30 Once QD 704 1187 QD 0.15-0.25 g/L 1180 NL C 0.264-0.53 g/L 848 C Once 0.132 g/L E E E 1307 2.5-20 mg TD E Drink 1307 10-30 E Drink 35 E 1572 1187 IM-SC 1437 1572 B 1437 PO NL Day-old neonates SC QD Drink 1187 TID For 841 For improved weight gain in broilers QD IM QD Add drug to drink at the same time QD G Add drug to food at the same time C E IN 260 For 564 BID-TID C 565, 1061 F C NL E 564 1061 564 1240 E Prophylactic Chick dosage 1240 Gram negative enteritis Give 1/3 each nare, remainder IM DRUG NAMESodium Lactate Solution SPECIESSodium Lactate Solution Avian Avian DOSAGE (mg/kg 25 ml/kg 50-100 ml/kg IO-IV-SC IO-IV-SC BID NL G G 1756 1311 For hyperuricemia, give until level drops to **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 316 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) chicks poults for airsacculitis mycobacteriosis tuberculosis blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Avian 250Avian PO QDAvian E 25-50 565 IM 10-30 q3d-QW E IM 111, 1209, 1240 BID-TID E 111 Spectinomycin HClSpiramycin TurkeySpiramycinSpiramycinSpiramycinSpiramycinSpiramycinSpiramycin AvianSpiramycin AvianSpiramycin AvianSpiramycin 10 mg TD AvianSpiramycin CanarySpiramycin CanarySpiramycin Passerine, Small SC Passerine, SmallStanozolol PigeonStanozolol PigeonStanozolol 100 NL PoultryStanozolol 2 g/L RaptorStanozolol 0.58 mg/kcal 0.2-0.4 g/L 1.08 mg/kcal 0.2-0.4 g/LStreptomycin Sulfate 0.4 g/kg food C 400 mg/kg food AvianStreptomycin Sulfate IM AvianStreptomycin Sulfate IM-PO PO Drink 1307 Psittacine DrinkStreptomycin Sulfate Feed Feed Drink Avian 25 PsittacineStreptomycin Sulfate NL QD Avian 50Streptomycin Sulfate NL NL QD 0.4 g/L Avian QD OnceStreptomycin Sulfate QD Avian 20 Inject in base of the neck 1 to 3-day-old AvianStreptomycin Sulfate E E Avian E E E E E EStreptomycin Sulfate 25-50 IM 924 1180 Drink AvianStreptomycin Sulfate 1180 0.016 g/L 25-50 1187 PO 1187 1180 695 695 Streptomycin Sulfate 0.5-1 ChickenStreptomycin Sulfate QD 33 IM QD Chicken 15 QD Pheasant 0.65 mg/kcal Drink Pheasant IM 1.28-4.67 mg/kcal NL IM C 10-30 E NL PO Parenteral 30 F IM 564 NL q3-4d 565, 1061 IM q3d-QW 10 1061 E IM-PO QD 25-50 BID-TID E E 50-100 G IM 1463 NL BID-TID E 220 mg/kg food E 763 55-110 mg/kg food 1309 1473 IM E E 763 Feed Feed 1180 BID-TID IM E 1180 IM For bacterial infections 741 PO BID E QD QD For debilitation, anorexia and anemia 924 Anabolic agent For debilitation, anorexia and anemia BID 1470 QD QD G Used in large birds and poultry G G Poor spectrum 55, 1154 G 678 678 A E 819 320 565 Add ethambutol + rifampin for Add rifampin + ethambutol for avian DRUG NAMESpectinomycin HCl SPECIESSpectinomycin HCl Raptor Turkey DOSAGE (mg/kg 50 12.5-25 mg TD SC IM NL BID C 1307 G 234 Dilute 1:4 normal saline for newly hatched **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 317 , antiparasitic use 5-10 days ,* * Vetisulid Oral Powder® is 560 mg/ml volume for flock treatment E. coli duration, precautions and contraindications) withdrawal bacterial infections lead toxicity Atoxoplasma in juveniles with atoxopasmosis molting * 309 Antibacterial 240 Antibacterial 1 blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for E 1 G lllllll QD QD INTERVAL Drink ROUTE DOSAGE Drink QD E 1479 Use 5 days per week, reduces shedding of

Drink

ml powder ml powder g/L 5 75 2 unless otherwise stated) 59 g/L 59 g/L Avian 25-35AvianRaptor POAvian 0.1 BID 25 D < 5 ml/kg 5% soln 1221, 1470 PO PO Preferred oral drug for lead toxicosis PRN TID E E 1400 1492 Mild purgative, may stimulate appetite Mix with water for GI bleeding Streptomycin SulfateStreptomycin Sulfate Quail RaptorSuccimer SuccimerSuccimerSuccimerSuccimerSuccimer111 SuccimerSuccimer Avian Avian 55-110 mg/kg food 15 AvianE FeedSucralfate AvianSucralfate Bird, AquaticTID Sucralfate Psittacine Psittacine QD Raptor Sucrose 25 PO POSulfachlorpyridazine G 30 Lorikeet, Rainbow 30 678 25-35 NL 25-35 15-35 30 25 E 24 PO PO PO PO 1463 PO QD NL BID BID BID PO BID May give with kaolin or sulfonamide for PO E NL D E E BID G 1120 BID 1478 1151 1236 1337 G E G 1710 1359 For zinc toxicoses Metal chelating agent Give 5 days per week for lead toxicosis 1620 For lead poisoning For zinc toxicity After 2 days off, repeat over 3-5 weeks for For intestinal ulcers DRUG NAMEStreptomycin Sulfate SPECIESStreptomycin SulfateStreptomycin Sulfate PigeonStreptomycin Sulfate PigeonStreptomycin Sulfate Poultry Poultry Poultry DOSAGE (mg/kg 100-200 25-50 55 0.068-0.1 g/L 13.2 mg/kg food PO Drink Feed IM QD PO QD QD QD QD E C E F 565, 1061 564 564 C 1061 564 Add penicillin, nutritional use, no slaughter Sulfachlorpyridazine Avian Sulfachlorpyridazine Sulfachlorpyridazine Avian CanarySulfachlorpyridazineSulfachlorpyridazineSulfachlorpyridazine Canary Canary Passerine 0.4 g/L 0.15 g/L 0.3 g/L Drink 0.15-.0.3 g/L 0.15 g/L Drink QD QD-q2d Drink Drink Drink E G NL QD-q2d 57 QD 1187 E E 1187 G 1187 Give 5 days per week until molting complete Repeat after 2 days 1334 Give 5 days per week for coccidiosis Give 5 days of each week, continue until after Sulfachlorpyridazine Avian 0.1

**APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 318 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I Hemophilus asmosis l and Plasmodium and Pasteurella multocida duration, precautions and contraindications) dose in fish for malaria gallinarum enteric diseases enteric diseases Leucocytozoon blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) PsittacinePenguin, African 300-400 1% cream formula Topical NL Feed BID D 1448 D 1614 Post-surgical wound care Precede with sulfamethazine injectable, give Avian 24 IM NL F 1209 AvianAvianPsittacineAvian 1 0.3 0.5 PO 30 PO PO QW NL BID E IM-SC E 1479 E NL 1650 1365 E Dosage based on pyrimethamine for For sarcocystosis 704 DRUG NAMESulfachlorpyridazine SPECIESSulfachlorpyridazineSulfachlorpyridazine Passerine, Small PigeonSulfadiazine, Silver Pigeon DOSAGE (mg/kg 0.15-.0.3 g/L Drink 0.3 g/L 0.3 g/L NL Drink E Drink QD 1187 QD G G 260 260 Sulfadiazine, Sulfamerazine, Sulfamethazine Sulfadimethoxine SulfadimethoxineSulfadimethoxine Avian Chicken 25 0.5 g/L Drink IM-PO NL NL B E 826 924 For SulfadimethoxineSulfadimethoxineSulfadimethoxineSulfadimethoxine CraneSulfadimethoxine FalconSulfadimethoxine GullSulfadimethoxine PigeonSulfadimethoxine PigeonSulfadimethoxine Pigeon Sulfadimethoxine Pigeon PoultrySulfadoxine + RaptorPyrimethamine RaptorSulfadoxine + 50 25 (50 loading dose)Pyrimethamine POSulfadoxine + 25 25Pyrimethamine 250Sulfamerazine 0.5 g/L QD 0.19-0.25 g/LSulfamethazine PO 0.25-0.5 g/LSulfamethazine 25Sulfamethazine Avian 25-50 DrinkSulfamethazine E PO Drink PO QD IM DrinkSulfamethazine 1027 QD Avian QD BID Avian BID QD BID Avian E NL PO E G Avian For coccidiosis, do not deprive of water 1361 E G C 1432 A 260 QD QD 1357 590 2 g/L 564 992 For coccidiosis 0.2 g/L For coccidiosis and atoxop E G 50 Loading dose 375 mg/L coccidiosis 1 g/L 94 1132 Drink For coccidiosis 1 g/L Drink QD Double dose for first day coccidiosis QD Drink PO Juvenile dosage, repeat after 2 days E Drink NL NL 924 E NL 704 E E E Repeat after 2 days for coccidiosis 741 704 741 Repeat after 2 days For coccidiosis plus mild respiratory and For coccidiosis plus mild respiratory and **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 319 in ducklings Riemerella anatipestifer ait 2 days then repeat for 3 treatment cycles duration, precautions and contraindications) repeat sulfamethazine when able to give orally for malaria W for coccidiosis, perhaps toxoplasmosis vitamins for 5 days then repeat withdrawal, prophylactic no slaughter withdrawal blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL Drink QD E 704 Repeat 1 to 2 times at 2-day intervals ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) 2 g/L 2 g/L Chicken 300 mg/kg food Feed QD E 564 Add nitromide + roxarsone, 5-day slaughter Anseriformes 500 mg/kg food Feed Once G 597 SulfamethazineSulfamethazineSulfamethazineSulfamethazineSulfamethazine BudgerigarSulfamethazine CanarySulfamethazine Canary Chicken PasserineSulfamethazine Pigeon Passerine, SmallSulfamethazine Penguin, AfricanSulfamethazine 7 Pigeon 0.15 g/L Pigeon 0.15 g/L 0.15 g/L 1 g/L 83-125 0.15 g/L Drink PO Drink Drink Drink NL Drink IM QD QD NL 2 g/L QD QD 2 g/L BID E G E E 1187 E E 57 695 Drink D 1187 1437 564 Drink 1614 QD QD Wait 2 days then repeat E 12-day slaughter withdrawal Switch to sulfadiazine + sulfamerazine 704 E 1240 Repeat after 5 days DRUG NAMESulfamethazine SPECIESSulfamethazine Avian Avian DOSAGE (mg/kg 0.15 g/L 0.125 g/L Drink Drink NL QD E G 1180 57 Use liquid formulation, wait 2 days then SulfamethazineSulfamethazineSulfamethazineSulfamethazine PigeonSulfamethazine PigeonSulfamethazine PigeonSulfamethazine PigeonSulfanitran Poultry Poultry Raptor 3.33-6.66 g/L 3.33-6.66 g/L 1.1 g/L 1.1 g/L Drink Drink 0.19-0.25 g/L QD 1 g/L QD Drink 1 g/L PO Drink E QD E QD QD Drink 1240 1432 Drink G QD G QD C 232 For coccidiosis, perhaps Toxoplasmosis 260 564 C E 564 1612 Loading dose 375 mg/L, treat with B Repeat after 2 days SulfanitranSulfaquinoxaline SulfaquinoxalineSulfaquinoxaline PoultrySulfaquinoxalineSulfaquinoxalineSulfaquinoxaline ChickenSulfaquinoxaline DuckSulfaquinoxaline Lory Pigeon Poultry Raptor Turkey 300 mg/kg food 0.17 g/L Feed 0.25 g/kg QD 100 100 0.397 g/L Drink 0.034 g/L Feed 0.17 g/L E QD Drink 564 Once PO PO Drink E Drink QD QD B QD QD 564 QD Add nitromide + roxarsone, nutritional use, 825 C E G G 564 E 10-day slaughter withdrawal 1612 57 57 For 564 Repeat after 2 days 10-day slaughter withdrawal **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 320 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) 0 to 8-week old broilers 8 to 12-week old broilers ml for fungal dermatitis ethyl alcohol for 100 ml of solution dermatomycosis uptake, no citrus in diet mycosis blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) AvianAvianAvianAvianChicken 0.1 g/kg feedChicken 0.1 g/L Feed 0.1 g/kg food QD 0.1 g/L Drink Feed 0.5 g/kg feed 0.55 g/kg feed QD E QD Feed Drink 1492 Feed E q4d QD E QD 1492 1650 For coccidiosis E E E 1479 1650 For coccidiosis For coccidiosis 1479 Coccidial preventive for market broilers For coccidiosis Coccidial preventive for replacement/breeder Chicken 0.33 g/kg feed Feed QD E 1479 Coccidial preventive for replacement/breeder PoultryPoultryPoultryPigeonAvian 0.56 g/LGalliformes 0.56 g/LAvian Drink 1 g/L Drink QD 50 q4d 0.045 g/L 40 Drink E 1479 E QD 3 g PO Drink 1479 QD NL C BID Repeat after 3 days, coccidiosis therapy 564 NL Coccidial preventive Topical E A PRN 924 565 B E 677 Repeat after 2 days for coccidiosis 1240 Add trimethoprim Induce molting Add aspirin + ethyl alcohol to prepare 100 Ramphastid Dilute solution Drink QD G 1470 Prevent hemochromatosis by limiting iron Avian 10-15 PO QD-BID E 1668 May combine with itraconazole for systemic DRUG NAMESulfaquinoxaline + Diaveridine SPECIES DOSAGE (mg/kg Sulfaquinoxaline + Diaveridine Sulfaquinoxaline + Diaveridine Sulfaquinoxaline + Diaveridine Sulfaquinoxaline + Diaveridine Sulfaquinoxaline + Diaveridine Sulfaquinoxaline + Diaveridine Sulfaquinoxaline + Diaveridine Sulfaquinoxaline + Diaveridine Sulfathiazole Sodium Sulfatroxazole Sulfonamide Tamoxifen Citrate Tannic Acid Tannic AcidTea Psittacine Topical q2w D 1446 Add 3 g tannic acid + salicylic Terbinafine **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 321 and gapeworms and gapeworms and gapeworms and gapeworms Capillaria Capillaria Capillaria Capillaria Syngamus Syngamus, Amidostomum Syngamus trachei duration, precautions and contraindications) lesion for localized tetanus laying blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) AvianFalcon, Saker 10 250 IU IM IM QW QD E G 924 822 For feather disorders Loading dose of 125 IU each IV and IM in Avian 0.031-0.124 g/L Drink NLAnseriformes E 111 550 NL NL G 1325 For thorny headed worms DRUG NAMETerbinafine SPECIESTerbinafineTerbinafineTestosterone Avian Parrot, Grey Congo Raptor DOSAGE (mg/kg 1g/L aqueous Nebulize 10-15 TID 30 G PO 1743 PO QD-BID G For respiratory aspergillosis QD 1338 E 1359 For mycosis Prophylactic TestosteroneTestosteroneTestosterone Cypionate PsittacineTetanus Antitoxin Avian Canary 8 8 2.5 IM IM IM QW QW QW E 1240 E D 1473 1441 Use with great care For baldness Tetracycline TetracyclineTetracyclineTetracyclineTetracyclineTetracyclineTetracycline AvianTetracycline AvianTetracycline GalliformesTetracycline PheasantTetracycline PheasantTetracycline PigeonTetracycline PigeonTetracycline Pigeon PoultryThiabendazole Psittacine 200-250Thiabendazole 30-60 Psittacine 1.25 ml/LThiabendazole Quail 0.04-0.12 g/LThiabendazole Quail 55-110 mg/kg foodThiabendazoleThiabendazole Feed 220 mg/kg food Avian PO Feed DrinkThiabendazole 0.549 g/L Drink AvianThiabendazole 50 mg TD Avian Drink QD 60 NL Avian 50 QD BID QD Avian 1 g/L soft food QD Chicken Drink PO Chicken G 220 mg/kg food Feed E E G E 55-110 mg/kg food QD 678 E Feed Feed 741 678 111 QD 704 Drink Once 100 PO 250-500 704 QD QD E 200 QD 100 E TID G 250-500 1240 5 g/kg food 44 763 47 G G PO 50%, 2.5 g per teaspoon PO C E 678 678 Feed PO 705 For chlamydophilosis PO q2w 565 PO QD May add long-lasting oxytetracycline QD Remove grit from diet during treatment q10d PO q10d QD E E G 111 E Once 111 G G 1325 924 1309 1309 G For ascarids For 1325 For ascarids, For For ascarids For For Ascarids, ThiabendazoleThiabendazoleThiabendazole Crane Falcon Pigeon 100 100 44 PO PO PO QW-q2w Once Once E G 1361 G 1325 1325 For intestinal strongyles, ascarids For ascarids, For Ascarids, Thiabendazole Raptor 100-200 PO BID E 1400 Control of nematodes, may interfere with egg **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 322 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I and gapeworms B1 Capillaria Mycoplasma duration, precautions and contraindications) For hypovitaminosis blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Anseriformes 25 mg/kg fish Feed OnceChicken E 1190 Amazon ParrotCockatiel 16.2Parrot, GreyPigeon 1 IU TDPsittacine IM 0.1 U TDAvian IM 1 U TD PRN Once IM 1 U TD IM 1-2 IU/kg B B Once 1080 NL 88 IM IM 25-50 B Add pentobarbital sodium Once 88 B NL 533 PO B E 88 QD 1473 E 565 DRUG NAMEThiabendazole SPECIESThiabendazole Ratite Turkey DOSAGE (mg/kg 50 44 NL PO NL Once G G 418 1325 For ascarids, Thiamine ThiamineThiamineThiamineThiamineThiamineThiamine AnseriformesThiamine AvianThiamine Bird, PiscivorousThiamine Bird, PiscivorousThiamine CraneThiamine DuckThiamineThiamine 25 Eagle, Bald Osprey 0.2 g/kg fishThiopental Sodium Raptor 1-2Thiopental Sodium Raptor 1-2Thiopental Sodium Raptor FeedThiopental Sodium Raptor Raptor Chicken 1-2 FeedThyroid Stimulating Duck, Mallard QD 100 µg/LHormone 1-3 Turkey POThyroid Stimulating QD IM-POHormone 1-3Thyroid Stimulating E 1-2 QD OnceHormone Drink 2 POThyroid Stimulating 1554 G 0.2-0.25 g/kg fishHormone 54 NL 25 QD 10-12.5Thyroid Stimulating E Feed 46 1 EHormone QD NL 16.2 1650 QW 1554 PO For fish diet QDTiamulin ETiamulin PO QW E NLTiamulin Supplement for fish eaters 1358 PO QD IMTiamulin E E For fish diet 111 Tiamulin IM QW IM PRN 1188 E 1132 PRN NL E For stargazing and weight loss in ducklings Avian 1188 NL PRN E Avian B 111 B Chicken If eating frozen fish E 1068 For fish diets Galliformes 1126 B 1095 E If eating frozen fish 1433 1080 1463 While feeding frozen fish 1.08 mg/kcal Add pentobarbital sodium 25 25-30 0.25 g/L PO Drink QD Drink PO NL QD E QD B 1180 E 857 E 704 1492 For Use 1/2 strength for prophylaxis For mycoplasmosis **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 323 duration, precautions and contraindications) immobilization captive animal blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) AvianAlbatross 150-200 IM-IV 2 TID-QID E 111 IV PRN E 1617 Induction for gas anesthesia Tiletamine + ZolazepamTiletamine + Zolazepam Hornbill, RhinocerosTiletamine + Zolazepam Ibis, WoodTiletamine + Zolazepam JabirusTiletamine + Zolazepam Macaw, ScarletTiletamine + Zolazepam OspreyTiletamine + Zolazepam 28.7 OstrichTiletamine + Zolazepam Ostrich Ostrich 11 4.4-11 IM 2 9.26-17.6 5-20 PRN 4-5 IM IM 5-10 IM G IV PRN PRN 518 IM PRN IM PRN IM B G PRN 1393 518 G PRN E PRN 518 B 1617 B G 522 1393 481 Induction for gas anesthesia Chick dosage Add diazepam just prior to recovery for DRUG NAMETiamulin SPECIESTicarcillin Pigeon DOSAGE (mg/kg 0.225 g/L Drink QD E 704 TicarcillinTicarcillinTicarcillinTicarcillinTiletamine + Zolazepam AvianTiletamine + Zolazepam RaptorsTiletamine + Zolazepam Pigeon AvianTiletamine + Zolazepam Psittacine AvianTiletamine + Zolazepam BudgerigarTiletamine + Zolazepam BudgerigarTiletamine + Zolazepam CassowaryTiletamine + Zolazepam ChickenTiletamine + Zolazepam Cockatoo, G Sulfur-crestedTiletamine + Zolazepam 5.1 mg/kcal Dove, Ring-necked 200Tiletamine + Zolazepam DuckTiletamine + Zolazepam 200 200 2.64-25.2 Eagle, Bald 5-10Tiletamine + Zolazepam 15-20 Egret, Cattle 2Tiletamine + Zolazepam IM-IV 20-22 EmuTiletamine + Zolazepam Emu 2-3 50-75Tiletamine + Zolazepam q2-4h Flamingo IMTiletamine + Zolazepam IM 30 Flamingo, ChileanTiletamine + Zolazepam IM-IV IM Gannet IM IMTiletamine + Zolazepam Goose, Lesser Magellan E IMTiletamine + Zolazepam PRN 15 TID Goose, White-fronted BID-TID IV 2 5-10 IM Hawk 1180 IV BID-QID PRN PRN G 6.6 PRN 6.6-8.8 G IM E E 2-3 PRN 590 PRN 22 2.7 5-10 PRN 518 E E 565 Synergistic with aminoglycosides 1027 G NL IM Once 2 1181, 1231 IV E 243 B IM E 518 IM 1617 PRN Good immobilization PRN 1393 B IV 1533 15 IM PRN IM IM PRN 1737 PRN D E PRN Induction for gas anesthesia IV PRN PRN PRN E 1401 B 243 B 1617 NL E 1393 PRN E B G 1393 1533 Supplement with 15 mg/kg ketamine 1617 518 1393 PRN Induction for gas anesthesia E 1617 D Induction for gas anesthesia 1401 Induction for gas anesthesia May cause salivation and poor **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 324 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I Pseudomonas Mycoplasma Mycoplasma duration, precautions and contraindications) blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Chicken 0.075 g/L Drink NL A 804 For Avian 10 IM BID-TID E 565 DRUG NAMETiletamine + Zolazepam SPECIES OwlTiletamine + ZolazepamTiletamine + Zolazepam Parakeet, Ring-neckedTiletamine + Zolazepam Parrot, PatagonianTiletamine + Zolazepam Partridge, Crested WoodTiletamine + Zolazepam Pea FowlTiletamine + Zolazepam Pelican 26Tiletamine + Zolazepam Pheasant, Golden DOSAGE (mg/kg Tiletamine + Zolazepam 10 PigeonTiletamine + Zolazepam 11 PigeonTiletamine + Zolazepam 10 PloverTiletamine + Zolazepam PsittacineTiletamine + Zolazepam PsittacineTiletamine + Zolazepam 16.6 IM Raptor 11.3Tiletamine + Zolazepam Ratite IMTiletamine + Zolazepam Stork 2 IM Swan, Black PRN NLTiletamine + Zolazepam 40-60Tiletamine + Zolazepam PRN Teal, Blue-winged 30-60 PRN IM Woodcock 17.6 10 IMTilmicosin PRN B 5-10 B 1393 IV G 10-20 PRN IM PRN 1393 D 2-5 6.6 IM 22-35 518 2-5 1401 IM PRN B NL PRN IM G 44 Once IM 1393 518 PRN E PRN IM Supplement with 10 mg/kg ketamine PRN B PRN IM NL B IM 1617 NL 1393 G 1737 D PRN E PRN PRN IM 518 NL 1401 D 1240 Induction for gas anesthesia B G D PRN 1400 E 1393 418 1401 Provides good immobilization 243 G 518 Supplement with 6.6 mg/kg ketamine PRN Supplement with ketamine PRN Sedation TilmicosinTilmicosinTinidazoleTobramycin Tobramycin ChickenTobramycin ChickenTobramycin AvianTobramycinTobramycinTobramycin AvianTobramycin AvianTobramycin CraneTobramycin Parrot, Grey Pheasant 0.25-0.5 g/LTobramycin Psittacine 0.1-0.3 g/L Psittacine 50 Raptor Drink Raptor Drink 5 Raptor NL 10 5 g/L 2.5-5 NL 2.5-5 2.5-5 PO B 5-10 B Nebulize 2.5-5 768 IM NL IM IM 5-10 TID 798 IM IM 10 BID-TID IT TID BID G For E BID E IM BID 57 IM-IV 741 QD 704 E E BID E BID IM 741 E 1473 1473 E For sinusitis or airsacculitis 111 E E BID 741 Possible polyuria 1240 1400 G Add carbenicillin for pneumonia 234 For resistant Less nephrotoxic than other aminoglycosides **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 325 E. coccidiosis infestation infection Eimeria Caryospora Caryospora duration, precautions and contraindications) potentiates antibiotics amikacin, neomycin, enrofloxacin medetomidine control of coli, Pasteurella, Proteus, Salmonella, Listeria blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Avian 15 IV PRN E 1320 Reverse xylazine +detomidine + Bird, Seed-eater 2 g/kg grainRaptors FeedAvian OnceAnseriformes E 1.5 g/L (0.15%) 4 Topical 5 g/L NL 0.048 g/L Add chloralose Topical G Drink NL 1408 QD G Spray for mites E 1278 1240 Spray on wounds and dermatitis For nephritis, septicemia, hepatitis. Anseriformes 0.0125 g/L Drink QD D 1150 For coccidiosis DRUG NAMETolazoline HCl SPECIES DOSAGE (mg/kg ToltrazurilToltrazurilToltrazurilToltrazurilToltrazurilToltrazuril Chicken FalconTribromoethanol Kestrel, EuropeanTribromoethanol KiwiTribromoethanol Mynah, BaliTribromoethanol TurkeyTribromoethanol Bird, Seed-eaterTribromoethanol BoobyTribromoethanol 25 Cormorant 25 Duck, MallardTrichlorfon Frigatebird, Magnificent 25 TurkeyTricide 12.5Tricide 0.025 g/L 25 125 0.025 g/L PO PO 125 100-158Trimethoprim + Sulfa 125 Feed PO QD PO Drink QD Avian PO Once QW PO 40-44 g/L bait PO QD QD B PO G PO Once E Feed PRN 1131 B PRN 564 B D 4 PRN PRN Once 1134 G 1438 1025 B B For 1223 5 g/L B 1081 G B 1095 For 1081 For coccidiosis 1767 1081 For coccidiosis Add amylene hydrate Flush Add amylene hydrate Corn is usual bait Add amylene hydrate NL G 1278 Sinus flush, add antibiotic to solution, Tolazoline HClTolazoline HClToltrazuril Toltrazuril OstrichToltrazuril RaptorToltrazurilToltrazurilToltrazuril Avian Avian Avian Avian 1 Chicken 15 7 IV 0.15 g/L IV 0.090 mg/kcal 7-10 6 PRN PO PRN Drink PO G NL QD G PO 481 QD PO 201 E E QD QD D 1180 1180 Reverse xylazine Trimethoprim + Sulfa 1221 ETrimethoprim + Sulfa ETrimethoprim + Sulfa 1554 Avian Coccidiostatic Avian 1479 Avian Antiprotozoal For coccidiosis May repeat after 5 days for treatment and 25 50 30-60 IM IM PO-SC BID BID QD E E E 1483 1434 1434 Emergency therapy **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 326 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I E. E. E. For E. trimethoprim to sulfa Pasteurella multocida, duration, precautions and contraindications) coli, Pasteurella, Proteus, Salmonella, Listeria ratio 1:5 food at the same time drink at the same time coli, Pasteurella, Proteus, Salmonella, Listeria coli, Pasteurella, Proteus, Salmonella, Listeria bacterial nephritis coli, Pasteurella, Proteus, Salmonella, Listeria blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) ChickenGoose 46-62 0.3-0.7 g/kg Drink Feed QD Once A A 1023 776 For Trimethoprim + SulfaTrimethoprim + SulfaTrimethoprim + Sulfa CanaryTrimethoprim + Sulfa CanaryTrimethoprim + CanarySulfadiazine CanaryTrimethoprim + Sulfachlorpyridazine 0.05-0.1 g/L 0.1 g/kg food 0.2 g/kg food 0.15-0.4 g/L Drink Feed Feed QD Drink QD Once NL E E E 695 695 E 1187 1187 Dosage based on trimethoprim Dosage based on trimethoprim Dosage based on trimethoprim only Dosage based on trimethoprim only DRUG NAMETrimethoprim + Sulfa SPECIESTrimethoprim + SulfaTrimethoprim + Sulfa AvianTrimethoprim + Sulfa AvianTrimethoprim + Sulfa AvianTrimethoprim + Sulfa Avian Avian Bustard DOSAGE (mg/kg 50-100 0.15-0.4 g/L 20-50 1 g/L 10 Drink 8-30 PO NL PO BID Drink IM IM BID E QD G 1180 BID BID 1319 E E 1431 1431 Dosage based on trimethoprim E E 1240 1431 For coccidiosis For coccidiosis For nephritis, septicemia, hepatitis. For coccidiosis Trimethoprim + SulfaTrimethoprim + Sulfa OstrichTrimethoprim + Sulfa PasserineTrimethoprim + Sulfa PasserineTrimethoprim + SulfaTrimethoprim + Sulfa Penguin, AfricanTrimethoprim + Sulfa PigeonTrimethoprim + Sulfa Poultry Poultry 15 Psittacine 0.2 g/L 110 0.2 g/kg Drink 120 IM 55 Feed QD 0.3-0.5 g/L PO 20 QD QD BID E Drink PO PO G 1437 E QD PO G QD 401 1437 BID 128 BID-TID Dosage based on trimethoprim, add drug to G E 585 E Dosage based on trimethoprim, add drug to G 704 1240 585 For nephritis, septicemia, hepatitis. Trimethoprim + Sulfa PsittacineTrimethoprim + SulfaTrimethoprim + Sulfa PsittacineTrimethoprim + Sulfa Psittacine RaptorTrimethoprim + SulfaTrimethoprim + Sulfa 8Trimethoprim + Sulfa Raptor Raptor Raptor 16-100 52.8 30 IM PO 20-50 BID 60 IM BID-TID 17.5 SC E E QD-BID PO 1756 1240 G BID PO PO 1309 BID Use lower dosage for birds under 300 g For nephritis, septicemia, hepatitis. E BID QD E 1240 For respiratory and enteric infections E 1433 G 1400 94 For nephritis, septicemia, hepatitis. Do not use on dehydrated birds For coccidiosis, repeat after 2 days Juvenile dosage **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 327 , less effective Mycoplasma, Pasteurella, Mycoplasma Mycoplasma gallisepticum Mycoplasma duration, precautions and contraindications) infection for Chlamydophila therapy for air sacculitis for mycoplasmosis than danofloxacin with E. coli blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) PigeonPsittacinePsittacinePigeonRaptor 60 16-24Anseriformes 8 60 PO PO 3 g/L QD BID-TID 20-30 IM A PO BID A 1473 Ophthalmic NL IM 968 BID A TID E 1473 A 111 968 D 1150 Every 5 minutes For mycoplasmosis TylosinTylosinTylosinTylosinTylosin AvianTylosin AvianTylosinTylosin AvianTylosin Bird, Aquatic Bustard, HoubaraTylosin Canary Canary Chicken 10 10 g/L Chicken 20 10 10-40 Cockatiel Nebulize IM 0.25-0.4 g/L TID-QID 0.4 g/kg food 0.5 g/L IM IM IM E BID Drink 0.25 g/L Feed 1650 BID Mix powder 1:10 TID QD BID Drink Once E Ophthalmic BID-TID Drink E 1617 NL G Add dimethyl sulfoxide, adjunct to parenteral E E E E QD 1650 932 1503 695 111 1187 A For Mycoplasma B 838 May use with lincomycin + spectinomycin For For 1016 Mix powder with sterile water 1 to 10 For Add colistin for chronic respiratory disease DRUG NAMETrimethoprim + Sulfa SPECIESTrimethoprim + SulfaTrimethoprim + RaptorSulfamethoxazole Ratite DOSAGE (mg/kg 50 30-50 IM IM BID BID G G 234 1308 For toxoplasmosis Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole Trimethoprim + Sulfatroxazole Tubocurarine Cl Tylosin TylosinTylosinTylosinTylosinTylosinTylosinTylosin AnseriformesTylosin Anseriformes Avian Avian Avian Avian Avian Avian 20 10 g/L 0.75 g/L 0.86 mg/kcal Flush 1.08 mg/kcal PO 10 g/L saline 10 g/L saline IM QD Drink 15 PO TID Flush NL Nebulize TID-QID D QD BID BID D E 1150 E 1150 IM 1180 E E E 1180 1180 1185 1183 For mycoplasmosis, use 10 ml per bird TID For mycoplasmosis E 10 to 60 minutes Nasal or sinus 1240 For birds > 1 kg for upper respiratory **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 328 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I therapy, used in Mycoplasma Mycoplasma Mycoplasma duration, precautions and contraindications) conjunctivitis, may use with tylosin in water combination with aminoglycosides antidiuresis blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) Hawk, Red-tailedChicken 100-200 KIU/kg NL NL 0.5 g/L A Drink 1761 QD Uricolytic B 873 For Sparrow, House 0.0004-0.0016 IV PRN B 1759 Dosage is dosage per minute, used for Avian 1 drop 4mg/ml soln Ophthalmic q15min E 1233 TylosinTylosinTylosinTylosinTylosinTylosinTylosin CraneTylosin EmuTylosin FalconTylosin FinchTylosin FinchTylosin Finch, HouseTylosin Finch, HouseTylosin OstrichTylosin PasserineTylosin Passerine, Small 15 PigeonTylosin 15-25 Pigeon 30 Pigeon 1 g/LTylosin 0.4 g/kg food Pigeon 0.3 g/LTylosin 0.25-0.4 g/L PigeonTylosin PsittacineTylosin 0.25-0.4 g/L Feed SC 11.4Tylosin IM 0.25-0.4 g/L Drink PsittacineTylosin Drink IM Drink QD Drink Psittacine 25Urate Oxidase TID QD TID-QID Drink Quail QD 15-25Urate Oxidase QD Raptor TID 50 NL E PO Raptor E 0.5 g/LValnemulin QD Rhea A 15-25 E Mix powder 1:10 1473 D Rhea 1572 D E Pigeon 596 TID E 1572 40 Ophthalmic IM IM 1439 BID-TID E 1439 1027 Drink 1187 20-40 PO E 1437 IM G QID TID-QID QD 15-25 111 15 Add ciprofloxacin for mycoplasmosis Preventive for mycoplasmosis 467 QD E For 20 IM TID-QID A Add drug to food at the same time 12.5 mg TD IM 111 E 50 mg TD E 20-600 KIU/kg 847 E Mix powder with sterile water 1 to 10 IM NL 704 1473 TID Parenteral NL IM 704 Once IM SC TID-QID E NL E QD E G BID QD 763 1240 1473 582 A D G G 1761 1612 Initial 234 582 Into distended sinus Uricolytic For chronic air sacculitis Add penicillin G benzathine DRUG NAMETylosin SPECIES Cockatiel DOSAGE (mg/kg 1:10 dilution water Topical QD-TID E 741 Eye spray, powder 250 g/8.8 oz, Vasotocin, Arginine Vecuronium Bromide **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 329 , GI tract bacteriosis Clostridium duration, precautions and contraindications) diarrhea, Gram negative infections, foul smell feces regeneration (bumblefoot) care neurological disorders disease, hepatic disorders, thiamine- responsive seizures blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL IO QW E 1470 For lymphosarcoma - Check curent literature ROUTE DOSAGE

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2 unless otherwise stated) 0.75 mg/m Avian AvianPoultryAmazon, Red Lored 15 ml/LAmazon, Yellow-naped 20 KIU/kg Drink 22 mg/kg food QD IM 1 Feed D Once QD 1330 G Parenteral C NL 700 For low-grade candidiasis 564 AvianAvian G 1697 Dosage based on thiamine 6.6 KIU/kg 40 IM Once IM-PO G NL 58 E 924 Add calcium gluconate + oxytocin Antioxidant, metal toxicity DRUG NAMEVecuronium Bromide SPECIESVincristine Sulfate Cockatoo DOSAGE (mg/kg 0.8 g/L Ophthalmic NL G 218 Vinegar, Apple Cider Vinegar, Apple CiderVinegar, Apple Cider Avian AvianVirginiamycin Vitamin A Vitamin AVitamin A 60-120 ml/LVitamin B Complex Vitamin B Complex 60-120 ml/L AvianVitamin B Complex Drink Raptor AvianVitamin B Complex Drink QD AvianVitamin B Complex QD Bird, AquaticVitamin B Complex E Hawk, Red-tailed E 1205 PsittacineVitamin B Complex < 50 KIU/kg < 20 KIU/kg 1487 1-3 RaptorVitamin D 10-30 NL 10 10 IM For dysbiosis, Vitamin E Vitamin E For dysbiosis, candidiasis, chronic bacterial OnceVitamin E QWVitamin E 10-30 (thiamine dose) IM IM-SC IM IM E PO QW E Avian QW 1481 10-30 q2d Bird, Aquatic 1400 NL Once Ostrich E E E For clinical deficiency 1503 G E For hypovitaminosis A and epithelial IM 1470 1240 1644 1650 0.1 KIU/kg oil fish QW For debilitation, anemia, appetite stimulant, 0.05-0.1 Feed After hemorrhage with liver disease Dosage based on thiamine, neuromuscular 0.2-0.3 KIU/kg Dosage based on thiamine for debilitation Dosage based on thiamine for emergency Once E IM Parenteral 1240 QW E NL 1478 E Dosage based on thiamine, stimulate appetite G 1650 93 For hypovitaminosis E Juvenile dose **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 330 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) dose for muscular weakness, capture myopathy, deficiency D per kg bone healing start with half dose prolonged recovery if not reversed procedures, must reverse recovery recovery recovery blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE IM Once G 700

, 25 mg E e unless otherwise stated) Amazon, Red Lored 1 mg S Amazon, Yellow-naped 0.2Avian Parenteral NL G 36.3 KIU/kg 1697 IM QW E 111 Give 33 KIU vitamin A + 3.3 Amazon Parrot 1-2 IM PRN E 243 Add ketamine DRUG NAMEVitamin E + Selenium SPECIES DOSAGE (mg/kg Vitamin E + SeleniumVitamin E + SeleniumVitamin E + Selenium Avian Ostrich Raptor 0.05-0.1 4-100 KIU TD IM IM QM q2w SC G E 401 q3d 111 E 1240 0.05 mg selenium + 3.4 IU vitamin E total Vitamin K Vitamin KVitamin KVitamin KVitamin KVitamin KVitamin K Avian AvianVitamins A, D, E Avian Avian Lory, Chattering Psittacine 0.2-2.2 0.2 0.2-2.5 0.025-2.5 0.2-2.5 0.25-0.5 IM IM NL IM Parenteral q4-8h IM NL PRN BID BID G q2d-QW E F G 87 G E 1151 246 58 42 632 Follow with daily dose for 1 to 4 weeks For hematochezia Give every 2 to 3 weeks Neonate dosage Vitamins A, D, EVitamins A, D, E PigeonXylazine HCl PsittacineXylazine HClXylazine HClXylazine HCl Amazon ParrotXylazine HCl Avian 33 KIU Vit A/kg AvianXylazine HCl 33-66 KIU/kgXylazine HCl IM IM AvianXylazine HCl 1-2 mg TD BudgerigarXylazine HCl QW CassowaryXylazine HCl QWXylazine HCl IV Cassowary 4 GXylazine HCl 2.2 E Cockatiel PRN 590 Crane 1240 Emu 2.2 6.5 Falcon 0.25 G IM Dosage based on Vitamin A IM 1 1609 For deficiencies, reproductive disorders and 2.5 PRN IV PRN IM IV 1 Add ketamine, mix together in syringe, may 0.25 E PRN E PRN IM 2 PRN 704 1181 IM E E PRN E NL IV 1431 PRN 243 Add ketamine 1617 Add ketamine, reverse with atipamezole, E IM PRN PRN E 1617 Add ketamine, good for short surgical Add ketamine Add ketamine, use yohimbine to shorten PRN 243 E E 1189 Add ketamine, use yohimbine to shorten 1617 E Add ketamine 243 Add ketamine for anesthesia Add ketamine, use yohimbine to shorten Add ketamine **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 331 duration, precautions and contraindications) reverse with yohimbine reverse with yohimbine hour produces less respiratory disturbance remainder if needed, gas anesthesia premed blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) 2 mg TD IV PRN G 1291 Add ketamine, give 3/4 dose initially, ) ) Black, Mute ( AvianAvian N/A 1 Topical PRN IO-IV E PRN 111 E 243 Promote skin healing, Preparation H® Xylazine HClXylazine HClXylazine HClXylazine HClXylazine HCl Psittacine PsittacineXylazine HCl Raptor RaptorXylazine HCl RaptorXylazine HCl RaptorXylazine HClXylazine HCl RaptorXylazine HCl 1-10Xylazine HCl 1-10 RatiteXylazine HCl Ratite 0.5 Ratite 3 Ratite 1-2.2 Stork IM Swan 2 IM 0.25-0.5 IV PRN PRN IM-IV IM 2.2 1-2.2 PRN E PRN 0.5-1 IV IV G PRN 1-2.2 1573 0.2-0.4 201 D E PRN PRN IM E IM 1401 1240 IM Sedation for small birds at high dosages 4 Parenteral Sedation, small psittacine IM G G PRN PRN PRN PRN Add ketamine 1174 1174 Use in combination with ketamine 1:3 or 1:5, PRN E G E Add ketamine E 4 418 4 Add ketamine, lower dosage regimen Add ketamine for diurnal raptors, lasts 1 E 243 243 Heavy sedation Add ketamine Immobilization Add ketamine after 15 minutes Sedation DRUG NAMEXylazine HCl SPECIESXylazine HClXylazine HClXylazine HClXylazine HCl HawkXylazine HCl Ostrich Ostrich Parrot, Grey Pigeon DOSAGE (mg/kg Psittacine 2.2 0.66 1.5 150 mg TD 10 1-2.2 IM NL IM IM PRN PRN IM-IV PRN IM PRN PRN G G B PRN 283 E 1388 E 447 243 G 1240 Add carfentanil 1481 Add ketamine Add acepromazine + etorphine Add ketamine Use in combination with ketamine 1:3 or 1:5, Add butorphanol + ketamine for surgery Xylazine HClYeast Cell Derivatives Yohimbine HCl Swan, MuteYohimbine HClYohimbine HClYohimbine HClYohimbine HClYohimbine HCl AvianYohimbine HCl AvianYohimbine HCl AvianYohimbine HCl Budgerigar 0.28 Cassowary Emu Guinea Fowl Guinea Fowl IV 0.1-0.2 0.1 0.11-0.27 0.125-1 0.2 PRN 1 0.15 IV 0.2 IM E NL NL PRN IV 1190 Once PRN PRN IV NL IV E PRN G Add ketamine E PRN E PRN 1181 83 PRN 1481 E 1231 D B 1533 Reverse xylazine E 1401 553 Reverse xylazine Reversal of xylazine 1617 Shorten ketamine + xylazine anesthesia Antagonize ketamine/xylazine anesthesia To shorten xylazine recovery **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = 332 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I duration, precautions and contraindications) water, use 1 day pre-operative, also as topical flush chelation therapy blished without reference; FExtrapolation from other species; G = Anecdotal = C.I.** REFERENCE COMMENTS (see references for INTERVAL ROUTE DOSAGE unless otherwise stated) OstrichRaptor 12 mg TD 25 SC NL PO C QD 283 E 1359 Implant growth promotion Antioxidant therapy, administer during lead Avian 1 ml/kg PO QD E 1435 Stock solution 2 capsules per 15 ml lactulose Zeranol Zinc Methionine DRUG NAMEYohimbine HCl SPECIESYohimbine HClYohimbine HClYohimbine HCl Hawk, Red-tailedYohimbine HClYohimbine HCl OstrichYohimbine HCl OstrichYohimbine HCl Ostrich DOSAGE (mg/kg PsittacineYunnan Paiyao 0.1 Raptor Raptor Ratite 0.125 12.5 mg TD NL 0.125 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2 IV PRN 0.1 NL 0.125 IV IV PRN D PRN IV 1401 PRN PRN G IV IV D PRN 283 1401 Antagonize ketamine/xylazine anesthesia E G PRN PRN E 481 1240 1240 G Antagonist for xylazine G 201 Reverse xylazine 418 Reverse xylazine Reverse xylazine Yunnan Paiyao Avian 1.25-2.5 ml TD PO BID G 1112 Mix with 3 (cockatiel) to 10 (macaw) ml **APharmacokinetic research; B = Clinical efficacy trial; C = Manufacturer’s recommendation; D = Published with reference; E = Pu = Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 333 Abbreviations

Abbreviation Translation Abbreviation Translation < less than IN intranasal > greater than indef indefinite >= greater than or equal IO intraosseous Bath 1 day or more in therapeutic liquid IO-IP-IT-IV intraosseous or intraperitoneal or intratracheal or intravenous BID two times daily BID-q2d two times daily to every two days IO-IP-IV-SC intraosseous or intraperitoneal or intravenous or subcutaneous BID-QID two to four times daily IO-IT-IV intraosseous or intratracheal or intravenous BID-TID two to three times daily IO-IV intraosseous or intravenous cm² square centimeter IO-IV-SC intraosseous or intravenous or subcutaneous cm³ cubic centimeter IP intraperitoneal or intracoelomic or intrapleuroperitoneal d day IP-IM intraperitoneal or intramuscular d>w days to weeks IP-IV intraperitoneal or intravenous Dip less than 1 day in therapeutic liquid IP-IV-PO intraperitoneal or intravenous or by mouth doses number of doses to give IP-IV-SC intraperitoneal or intravenous or subcutaneous Drink drinking water IP-PO intraperitoneal or by mouth Epidural epidural injection IP-SC intraperitoneal or subcutaneous Feed include in feed IT intratracheal Flow constant flow IT-IV intratracheal or intravenous Flush flush IT-IV-PO intratracheal, intravenous and orally Fog fog the environment IU International Units g gram IUt intrauterine ga gauge IV intravenous GI gastrointestinal IV-PO intravenous or by mouth gr grain IV-PO-SC intravenous or by mouth or subcutaneous h hour IV-SC intravenous or subcutaneous IA intraarticular kcal kilocalories IA-IM intraarticular or intramuscular kg kilogram ICa intracardiac KHz kilohertz ICa-IP-IV intracardiac or intraperitoneal or intravenous KIU thousand International Units ICr intracranial L liter ID intradermal life lifelong therapy IH inhalation long long therapy regimen IM intramuscular m month IM-IN-IO-IV intramuscular or intranasal or intraosseous or intravenous m² square meter IM-IN-IV intramuscular or intranasal or intravenous m³ cubic meter IM-IO-IT-IV intramuscular or intraosseous or intratracheal or MD maximum dose intravenous mEq milliequivalent IM-IO-IV intramuscular or intraosseous or intravenous mg milligram IM-IP intramuscular or intraperitoneal min minute IM-IP-IV intramuscular or intraperitoneal or intravenous MIU million International Units IM-IP-IV-SC intramuscular or intravenous or intraperitoneal or ml milliliter subcutaneous mm² square millimeter IM-IP-PO intramuscular or intraperitoneal or by mouth mmol millimoles IM-IP-PO-SC intramuscular or intraperitoneal or by mouth or mol molar solution subcutaneous months for several months IM-IP-SC intramuscular or intraperitoneal or subcutaneous N normal solution IM-IV intramuscular or intravenous nebulize nebulization IM-IV-PO intramuscular or intravenous or by mouth NL not listed IM-IV-PO-SC intramuscular or intravenous or by mouth or subcutaneous once give single dose IM-IV-SC intramuscular or intravenous or subcutaneous ophthalmic in the eye IM-PO intramuscular or by mouth oz ounce IM-PO-SC intramuscular or by mouth or subcutaneous Parenteral-PO parenteral or by mouth IM-SC intramuscular or subcutaneous PO by mouth IM-Topical intramuscular or topical PO-SC by mouth or subcutaneous PO-SC-Topical by mouth or subcutaneous or topical 334 Clinical Avian Medicine - Volume I

Abbreviation Translation Abbreviation Translation PO-Topical by mouth or apply topically q5h every five hours ppm parts per million q5min every five minutes ppt parts per thousand q60h every sixty hours PRN as needed q6d every six days q10-14d every ten to fourteen days q6m every six months q10d every ten days q6m-QA every six months to every year q1-2h every one to two hours q6w every six weeks q1-4h every one to four hours q7w every seven weeks q15min every fifteen minutes QA every year q2-3d every two days to three days QD every day q2-3h every two to three hours QD-BID every day to two times daily q2-3w every two to three weeks QD-q2d every day or every two days q2-4d every two days to four days QD-q3d every day to every three days q2-4h every two to four hours QD-QID every day to four times daily q2-4w every two weeks to four weeks QD-QW every day to every week q2-5d every two days to five days QD-TID every day to three times daily q2-6h every two to six hours QH every hour q2d every two days QID four times daily q2d-QW every two days to every week QM every month q2h every two hours QM-q2m every month to every two months q2m every two months qow every other week q2w every two weeks QS add sufficient quantity q30min every thirty minutes QW every week q33h every thirty three hours QW-q10d every week to ten days q3-4d every three to four days QW-q2w ever week to every two weeks q3-4h every three to four hours QW-q3w every week to every three weeks q3-4w every three to four weeks r10d repeat in ten days q3-5d every three to five days r2m repeat in two months q36h every thirty six hours r2w repeat in two weeks q3-6h every three to six hours r6m repeat in six months q3-6w every three to six weeks r7-10d repeat in seven to ten days q3-7d every three to seven days ra repeat annually q3-8h every three to eight hours rm repeat in one month q3d every three days rw repeat in one week q3d-q2w every 3 days to two weeks SC subcutaneous q3d-QW every three days to every week SCJ subconjunctival q3h every three hours SC-Topical subcutaneous or topical q3m every three months sec second q3w every three weeks short short therapy regimen q4-5d every four to five days slowly administer slowly q4-5h every four to five hours soln solution q4-6d every four to six days TD total dose q4-6h every four to six hours TID three times daily q4-6m every four to six months TID-q2d three times daily to every two days q4-6w every four to six weeks TID-QID three to four times daily q4-8h every four to eight hours topical apply topically q4d every four days vapor vapor in enclosure q4d-QW every four days to weekly vent anus, rectum or cloaca q4h every four hours w week q4m every four months weeks for several weeks q5d every five days y year q5d-QW every five days to every week µg microgram Chapter 9 | THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 335

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Emirates Falco, Newsletter 1980 67-73 1981. 1205. McCluggage D: Overview of and discussion, International Middle East Falcon Research 1177. Remple JD: Avian malaria with nutriceutical and herbal thera- Conference on Exotics, Group 16 2000. comments on Haemosporidia pies for birds, Exotic DVM 3.6 Zoological Education Network, 1139. Dorrestein GM, Buitelaar MN, in large falcons. Cooper JE, 8-11 2002. Palm Beach, FL 2003. Wiggelinkhuizen JM: Pharma- Greenwood AG: Proc Intl Symp 1208. Devriese LA: Ziekten van 1274. Bowles H: ICE presentation kokinetishce aspectin von of Diseases of Birds of Prey, Siervogels en Duiven and discussion, International antibiotika bei volierevogeln Chiron Publications, West Rijksuniversiteit Gent 3rd 1986. Conference on Exotics, und tauben, Proc Symp Avian Yorkshire 1980 107-10 1981. 1212. Lafeber TJ: Other diseases of Zoological Education Network, Dis, Munich 2nd 1981. 1178. Redig PT: Aspergillosis in rap- budgerigars. 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