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A Guide to Culturing Parasites, Establishing Infections and Assessing Immune Responses in the Three-Spined Stickleback
ARTICLE IN PRESS Hook, Line and Infection: A Guide to Culturing Parasites, Establishing Infections and Assessing Immune Responses in the Three-Spined Stickleback Alexander Stewart*, Joseph Jacksonx, Iain Barber{, Christophe Eizaguirrejj, Rachel Paterson*, Pieter van West#, Chris Williams** and Joanne Cable*,1 *Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom x University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom { University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom jj Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom #Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen, United Kingdom **National Fisheries Service, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom 1Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Stickleback Husbandry 7 2.1 Ethics 7 2.2 Collection 7 2.3 Maintenance 9 2.4 Breeding sticklebacks in vivo and in vitro 10 2.5 Hatchery 15 3. Common Stickleback Parasite Cultures 16 3.1 Argulus foliaceus 17 3.1.1 Introduction 17 3.1.2 Source, culture and infection 18 3.1.3 Immunology 22 3.2 Camallanus lacustris 22 3.2.1 Introduction 22 3.2.2 Source, culture and infection 23 3.2.3 Immunology 25 3.3 Diplostomum Species 26 3.3.1 Introduction 26 3.3.2 Source, culture and infection 27 3.3.3 Immunology 28 Advances in Parasitology, Volume 98 ISSN 0065-308X © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2017.07.001 All rights reserved. 1 j ARTICLE IN PRESS 2 Alexander Stewart et al. 3.4 Glugea anomala 30 3.4.1 Introduction 30 3.4.2 Source, culture and infection 30 3.4.3 Immunology 31 3.5 Gyrodactylus Species 31 3.5.1 Introduction 31 3.5.2 Source, culture and infection 32 3.5.3 Immunology 34 3.6 Saprolegnia parasitica 35 3.6.1 Introduction 35 3.6.2 Source, culture and infection 36 3.6.3 Immunology 37 3.7 Schistocephalus solidus 38 3.7.1 Introduction 38 3.7.2 Source, culture and infection 39 3.7.3 Immunology 43 4. -
Benznidazole(Rinn)
830 Antiprotozoals Uses and Administration in endemic areas. It may also be used for prophylaxis in non- Neth.: Wellvone; Port.: Wellvone; S.Afr.: Wellvone; Spain: Wellvone; Atovaquone is a hydroxynaphthoquinone antiprotozo- immune travellers9,10 and appears to be well tolerated.10,11 Swed.: Wellvone; Switz.: Wellvone; UK: Wellvone; USA: Mepron. 1. Chiodini PL, et al. Evaluation of atovaquone in the treatment of Multi-ingredient: Austral.: Malarone; Austria: Malarone; Promal; Belg.: al that is also active against the fungus Pneumocystis patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Malarone; Canad.: Malarone; Cz.: Malarone; Denm.: Malarone; Fr.: Ma- jirovecii. It is used in the treatment and prophylaxis of Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 36; 1073–5. larone; Ger.: Malarone; Gr.: Malarone; Hong Kong: Malarone; Hung.: Ma- larone; Irl.: Malarone; Israel: Malarone; Ital.: Malarone; Malaysia: Malar- pneumocystis pneumonia in patients unable to tolerate 2. Looareesuwan S, et al. Clinical studies of atovaquone, alone or in combination with other antimalarial drugs, for treatment of one; Neth.: Malarone; Norw.: Malarone; NZ: Malarone; Pol.: Malarone; co-trimoxazole, and with proguanil in the treatment acute uncomplicated malaria in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg S.Afr.: Malanil; Singapore: Malarone; Spain: Malarone; Swed.: Malarone; Switz.: Malarone; UK: Malarone; USA: Malarone. and prophylaxis of malaria. 1996; 54: 62–6. 3. Radloff PD, et al. Atovaquone and proguanil for Plasmodium In the treatment of mild to moderate pneumocystis falciparum malaria. Lancet 1996; 347: 1511–14. pneumonia, atovaquone is given orally in a dose of 4. Sabchareon A, et al. Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of atovaquone and proguanil in children with multidrug-resistant Azanidazole (BAN, USAN, rINN) 750 mg with food twice daily as a suspension, for 21 Plasmodium falciparum malaria. -
Comparative Efficacies of Commercially Available Benzimidazoles Against Pseudodactylogyrus Infestations in Eels
DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Published October 4 Dis. aquat. Org. l Comparative efficacies of commercially available benzimidazoles against Pseudodactylogyrus infestations in eels ' Department of Fish Diseases, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 13 Biilowsvej, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark Department of Pharmacy, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 13 Biilowsvej. DK-1870 Frederiksberg C,Denmark ABSTRACT: The antiparasitic efficacies of 9 benzimidazoles in commercially avalable formulations were tested (water bath treatments) on small pigmented eels Anguilla anguilla, expenmentally infected by 30 to 140 specimens of Pseudodactylogyrus spp. (Monogenea).Exposure time was 24 h and eels were examined 4 to 5 d post treatment. Mebendazole (Vermox; 1 mg 1-') eradicated all parasites, whereas luxabendazole (pure substance) and albendazole (Valbazen) were 100 % effective only at a concen- tration of 10 mg I-'. Flubendazole (Flubenol), fenbendazole (Panacur) and oxibendazole (Lodltac) (10 mg l-') caused a reduction of the infection level to a larger extent than did triclabendazole (Fasinex) and parbendazole (Helmatac).Thiabendazole (Equizole), even at a concentration as high as 100 mg l-', was without effect on Pseudodactylogyrus spp. INTRODUCTION range of commercially available benzimidazole com- pounds. If drug resistance will develop under practical The broad spectrum anthelmintic drug mebendazoIe eel-farm conditions in the future, it is likely to be was reported as an efficacious compound against infes- recognized during treatments with commercially avail- tations of the European eel Anguilla anguilla with gill able drug formulations. Therefore this type of drug parasitic monogeneans of the genus Pseudodactylo- preparations were used in the present study. gyms (Szekely & Molnar 1987, Buchmann & Bjerre- gaard 1989, 1990, Mellergaard 1989). -
Product List March 2019 - Page 1 of 53
Wessex has been sourcing and supplying active substances to medicine manufacturers since its incorporation in 1994. We supply from known, trusted partners working to full cGMP and with full regulatory support. Please contact us for details of the following products. Product CAS No. ( R)-2-Methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine 112022-83-0 (-) (1R) Menthyl Chloroformate 14602-86-9 (+)-Sotalol Hydrochloride 959-24-0 (2R)-2-[(4-Ethyl-2, 3-dioxopiperazinyl) carbonylamino]-2-phenylacetic 63422-71-9 acid (2R)-2-[(4-Ethyl-2-3-dioxopiperazinyl) carbonylamino]-2-(4- 62893-24-7 hydroxyphenyl) acetic acid (r)-(+)-α-Lipoic Acid 1200-22-2 (S)-1-(2-Chloroacetyl) pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile 207557-35-5 1,1'-Carbonyl diimidazole 530-62-1 1,3-Cyclohexanedione 504-02-9 1-[2-amino-1-(4-methoxyphenyl) ethyl] cyclohexanol acetate 839705-03-2 1-[2-Amino-1-(4-methoxyphenyl) ethyl] cyclohexanol Hydrochloride 130198-05-9 1-[Cyano-(4-methoxyphenyl) methyl] cyclohexanol 93413-76-4 1-Chloroethyl-4-nitrophenyl carbonate 101623-69-2 2-(2-Aminothiazol-4-yl) acetic acid Hydrochloride 66659-20-9 2-(4-Nitrophenyl)ethanamine Hydrochloride 29968-78-3 2,4 Dichlorobenzyl Alcohol (2,4 DCBA) 1777-82-8 2,6-Dichlorophenol 87-65-0 2.6 Diamino Pyridine 136-40-3 2-Aminoheptane Sulfate 6411-75-2 2-Ethylhexanoyl Chloride 760-67-8 2-Ethylhexyl Chloroformate 24468-13-1 2-Isopropyl-4-(N-methylaminomethyl) thiazole Hydrochloride 908591-25-3 4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-(4-methylphenyl)-1,3-butane dione 720-94-5 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydrothieno[3,2,c] pyridine Hydrochloride 28783-41-7 4-Chloro-N-methyl-piperidine 5570-77-4 -
Second and Third Generation Oral Fluoroquinolones
Therapeutic Class Overview Second and Third Generation Oral Fluoroquinolones Therapeutic Class • Overview/Summary: The second and third generation quinolones are approved to treat a variety of infections, including dermatologic, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, respiratory, as well as several miscellaneous infections.1-10 They are broad-spectrum agents that directly inhibit bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis by blocking the actions of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which leads to bacterial cell death.11,12 The quinolones are most active against gram-negative bacilli and gram-negative cocci.12 Ciprofloxacin has the most potent activity against gram-negative bacteria. Norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin have limited activity against streptococci and many anaerobes while levofloxacin and moxifloxacin have greater potency against gram-positive cocci, and moxifloxacin has enhanced activity against anaerobic bacteria.11-12 Gemifloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin are considered respiratory fluoroquinolones. They possess enhanced activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae while maintaining efficacy against Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and atypical pathogens. Resistance to the quinolones is increasing and cross-resistance among the various agents has been documented. Two mechanisms of bacterial resistance have been identified. These include mutations in chromosomal genes (DNA gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV) and altered drug permeability across the bacterial cell membranes.11-12 Clinical Guidelines support -
(12) 按照专利合作条约所公布的国际申请w O 2016/062277
卜 (12) 按照专利合作条约所公布的国际申请 (19) 世界知识 组织 国 际 局 (10) 国际公布号 (43) 国际公布 日 W O 2016/062277 A 1 2016 年 4 月 28 日 (28.04.2016) W P O P C T (51) 国转 利分类号: (74) 代理人 : 北京元本知识产权代理事务所 (BEIJING A61K 31/7048 (2 6 A61K 31/4985 (2006.01) Y U A B E N INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW O F A61K 31/4184 (2006.01) A61K 31/00 (2006.01) FICE); 中 国北 京 市 海 淀 区花 园路 12 号 时代 玉 成 A61K 31/415 (2006.01) A61P 35/00 (2006.01) 403, Beijing 100088 (CN ) 。 A61K 31/429 (2006.01) (81) 指定国 (除另有指 明,要求每一种可提供 的国家保 (21) 国际申请号: PCT/CN20 15/092746 护 ):AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, (22) 国际申请 曰: 2015 年 10 月 23 日 (23. 10.2015) CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, (25) 申请语言: 中文 GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, (26) 公布语言: 中文 LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, (30) 优先权: RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, 62/068,298 2014 年 10 月 24 日 (24. 10.2014) U S SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, (71) 申请 人 :朗齐生物 医学股份有 限公司 (LAUNX VC, VN, ZA, ZM, Z BIOMEDICAL CO., LTD.) [CN/CN]; 中 国台湾 省 高 (84) 指定国 (除另有指 明,要求每一种可提供 的地 区保 雄 市 前 金 区 自强 一 路 32 巷 1 号 2 楼 ,Taiwan 801 护):ARIPO (BW, GH, GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, (CN) RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), 欧亚 (AM, AZ, (72) 发明人 : 陈丘泓 (CHEN, Chiu-Hung); 中国台湾省高 BY, KG, KZ, RU, TJ, TM), :洲 (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, 雄 市前金 区 自强一路 32 巷 1 号,Taiwan 801 (CN) 。 CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, 庄秀 (CHUANG, Show-Mei); 国台湾 省 台 中市 IS, -
Development and Optimisation of a Multi-Residue Method for The
Supplementary Material Development and optimisation of a multi-residue method for the determination of 40 anthelmintic compounds in environmental water samples by solid phase extraction (SPE) with LC-MS/MS detection. Damien Mooney 1, 4, 5, *, Catherine Coxon 1, 5, Karl G Richards 2, 5, Laurence Gill 3, 5, Per-Erik Mellander 2 and Martin Danaher 4 1 School of Natural Sciences, Geology Department, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; [email protected] and [email protected] 2 Environment, Soils and Land-Use Department, Environment Research Centre, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland; [email protected] and [email protected] 3 Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; [email protected] 4 Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; [email protected] and [email protected] 5 Groundwater spoke, Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), Ireland * Correspondence: [email protected] (DM) or [email protected] (MD); Tel.: +353-1-8059500 Received: date; Accepted: date; Published: date Contents Figure S1. Structures of anthelmintic compounds by structural class • (a) structures of benzimidazole anthelmintics • (b) structures of macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics • (c) structures of organophosphate anthelmintics • (d) structures of salicylanilide and substituted phenol anthelmintics • (e) structures of amino-acetonitrile derivative anthelmintics • (f) structures of tetrahydropyrimidines (MOR) and imidazothiazole (LEV) anthelmintics • (g) structure of one miscellaneous anthelmintic (CLOR) Figure S2. Mean recovery and precision (%RSD, presented as error bars) for assessment of sorbent mass (200 mg vs. 500 mg) each using three elution volume (10, 15 and 20.mL) Figure S3 (a). -
Rainbow Trout Eggs
HEALTH CERTIFICATE FOR EXPORT OF LIVE RAINBOW TROUT EGGS FROM THE UNITED STATES TO ISLE of MAN 1. Country of origin and competent authority 2.1 Health certificate number 2.2. CITES certificate number (if ORIGINAL appropriate) COPY A. ORIGIN OF THE ANIMALS 3. Place of origin 4. Name and address of the consignor 5. Place of loading 6. Means of transport B. DESTINATION OF THE ANIMALS 7. Country of destination 8. Name and address of the place of destination. ISLE of Man 9. Name and address of the consignee C. IDENTITY OF THE ANIMALS 10. Species 11. Number of animals 12. Consignment identification August 2015 Export conditions for USA origin live Rainbow trout eggs for further rearing in the Isle of Man All consignments must be certified in accordance with Commission Regulation (EU) No 1012/2012 of 11 June 2012 amending Regulation (EC) No 1251/2008 as regards the placing on the market and import requirements for consignments of aquaculture animals intended for Member States or parts thereof with national measures approved by Decision 2010/221/EU as amended taking into account that the Isle of Man is an approved zone for Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS) and Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis (IHN) and has additional guarantees for Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN), Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD), Spring Viraemia of Carp (SVC) and Gyrodactylus salaris (Gs). And in addition supplementary health guarantees as detailed below to be certified: Additional Health certification I the undersigned official inspector being a veterinarian hereby certify that: A) I have inspected all fish on the farm of origin within 72 hours of loading and there were no clinical signs of disease. -
Chemotherapy of Gastrointestinal Helminths
Chemotherapy of Gastrointestinal Helminths Contributors J. H. Arundel • J. H. Boersema • C. F. A. Bruyning • J. H. Cross A. Davis • A. De Muynck • P. G. Janssens • W. S. Kammerer IF. Michel • M.H. Mirck • M.D. Rickard F. Rochette M. M. H. Sewell • H. Vanden Bossche Editors H. Vanden Bossche • D.Thienpont • P.G. Janssens UNIVERSITATS- BlfiUOTHElC Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction. A. DAVIS A. Pathogenic Mechanisms in Man 1 B. Modes of Transmission 2 C. Clinical Sequelae of Infection 3 D. Epidemiological Considerations 3 E. Chemotherapy 4 F. Conclusion 5 References 5 CHAPTER 2 Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Helminths in Human Populations C. F. A. BRUYNING A. Introduction 7 B. Epidemiological or "Mathematical" Models and Control 8 C. Nematodes 11 I. Angiostrongylus costaricensis 11 II. Anisakis marina 12 III. Ascaris lumbricoides 14 IV. Capillaria philippinensis 21 V. Enterobius vermicularis 23 VI. Gnathostoma spinigerum 25 VII. Hookworms: Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus . 26 VIII. Oesophagostoma spp 32 IX. Strongyloides stercoralis 33 X. Ternidens deminutus 34 XI. Trichinella spiralis 35 XII. Trichostrongylus spp 38 XIII. Trichuris trichiura 39 D. Trematodes 41 I. Echinostoma spp 41 II. Fasciolopsis buski 42 III. Gastrodiscoides hominis 44 IV. Heterophyes heterophyes 44 V. Metagonimus yokogawai 46 X Contents E. Cestodes 47 I. Diphyllobothrium latum 47 II. Dipylidium caninum 50 III. Hymenolepis diminuta 51 IV. Hymenolepis nana 52 V. Taenia saginata 54 VI. Taenia solium 57 VII. Cysticercosis cellulosae 58 References 60 CHAPTER 3 Epidemiology and Control of Gastrointestinal Helminths in Domestic Animals J. F. MICHEL. With 20 Figures A. Introduction 67 I. -
)&F1y3x PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX to THE
)&f1y3X PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE HARMONIZED TARIFF SCHEDULE )&f1y3X PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE TARIFF SCHEDULE 3 Table 1. This table enumerates products described by International Non-proprietary Names (INN) which shall be entered free of duty under general note 13 to the tariff schedule. The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry numbers also set forth in this table are included to assist in the identification of the products concerned. For purposes of the tariff schedule, any references to a product enumerated in this table includes such product by whatever name known. Product CAS No. Product CAS No. ABAMECTIN 65195-55-3 ACTODIGIN 36983-69-4 ABANOQUIL 90402-40-7 ADAFENOXATE 82168-26-1 ABCIXIMAB 143653-53-6 ADAMEXINE 54785-02-3 ABECARNIL 111841-85-1 ADAPALENE 106685-40-9 ABITESARTAN 137882-98-5 ADAPROLOL 101479-70-3 ABLUKAST 96566-25-5 ADATANSERIN 127266-56-2 ABUNIDAZOLE 91017-58-2 ADEFOVIR 106941-25-7 ACADESINE 2627-69-2 ADELMIDROL 1675-66-7 ACAMPROSATE 77337-76-9 ADEMETIONINE 17176-17-9 ACAPRAZINE 55485-20-6 ADENOSINE PHOSPHATE 61-19-8 ACARBOSE 56180-94-0 ADIBENDAN 100510-33-6 ACEBROCHOL 514-50-1 ADICILLIN 525-94-0 ACEBURIC ACID 26976-72-7 ADIMOLOL 78459-19-5 ACEBUTOLOL 37517-30-9 ADINAZOLAM 37115-32-5 ACECAINIDE 32795-44-1 ADIPHENINE 64-95-9 ACECARBROMAL 77-66-7 ADIPIODONE 606-17-7 ACECLIDINE 827-61-2 ADITEREN 56066-19-4 ACECLOFENAC 89796-99-6 ADITOPRIM 56066-63-8 ACEDAPSONE 77-46-3 ADOSOPINE 88124-26-9 ACEDIASULFONE SODIUM 127-60-6 ADOZELESIN 110314-48-2 ACEDOBEN 556-08-1 ADRAFINIL 63547-13-7 ACEFLURANOL 80595-73-9 ADRENALONE -
Distribution and Coinfection of Microparasites and Macroparasites in Juvenile Salmonids in Three Upper Willamette River Tributaries
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Sean Robert Roon for the degree of Master of Science in Microbiology presented on December 9, 2014. Title: Distribution and Coinfection of Microparasites and Macroparasites in Juvenile Salmonids in Three Upper Willamette River Tributaries. Abstract approved: ______________________________________________________ Jerri L. Bartholomew Wild fish populations are typically infected with a variety of micro- and macroparasites that may affect fitness and survival, however, there is little published information on parasite distribution in wild juvenile salmonids in three upper tributaries of the Willamette River, OR. The objectives of this survey were to document (1) the distribution of select microparasites in wild salmonids and (2) the prevalence, geographical distribution, and community composition of metazoan parasites infecting these fish. From 2011-2013, I surveyed 279 Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and 149 rainbow trout O. mykiss for one viral (IHNV) and four bacterial (Aeromonas salmonicida, Flavobacterium columnare, Flavobacterium psychrophilum, and Renibacterium salmoninarum) microparasites known to cause mortality of fish in Willamette River hatcheries. The only microparasite detected was Renibacterium salmoninarum, causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, which was detected at all three sites. I identified 23 metazoan parasite taxa in these fish. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling of metazoan parasite communities reflected a nested structure with trematode metacercariae being the basal parasite taxa at all three sites. The freshwater trematode Nanophyetus salmincola was the most common macroparasite observed at three sites. Metacercariae of N. salmincola have been shown to impair immune function and disease resistance in saltwater. To investigate if N. salmincola affects disease susceptibility in freshwater, I conducted a series of disease challenges to evaluate whether encysted N. -
Albendazole: a Review of Anthelmintic Efficacy and Safety in Humans
S113 Albendazole: a review of anthelmintic efficacy and safety in humans J.HORTON* Therapeutics (Tropical Medicine), SmithKline Beecham International, Brentford, Middlesex, United Kingdom TW8 9BD This comprehensive review briefly describes the history and pharmacology of albendazole as an anthelminthic drug and presents detailed summaries of the efficacy and safety of albendazole’s use as an anthelminthic in humans. Cure rates and % egg reduction rates are presented from studies published through March 1998 both for the recommended single dose of 400 mg for hookworm (separately for Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale when possible), Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Enterobius vermicularis and, in separate tables, for doses other than a single dose of 400 mg. Overall cure rates are also presented separately for studies involving only children 2–15 years. Similar tables are also provided for the recommended dose of 400 mg per day for 3 days in Strongyloides stercoralis, Taenia spp. and Hymenolepis nana infections and separately for other dose regimens. The remarkable safety record involving more than several hundred million patient exposures over a 20 year period is also documented, both with data on adverse experiences occurring in clinical trials and with those in the published literature and\or spontaneously reported to the company. The incidence of side effects reported in the published literature is very low, with only gastrointestinal side effects occurring with an overall frequency of just "1%. Albendazole’s unique broad-spectrum activity is exemplified in the overall cure rates calculated from studies employing the recommended doses for hookworm (78% in 68 studies: 92% for A. duodenale in 23 studies and 75% for N.