DOCSLIB.ORG

During Prepartum Period on Mastitis and Postpartum Reproductive Efciency Measurements in Egyptian Baladi Cows

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
During Prepartum Period on Mastitis and Postpartum Reproductive Efciency Measurements in Egyptian Baladi Cows Impact of treatment with anti-parasitic (Ivermectin) during prepartum period on mastitis and postpartum reproductive eciency measurements in Egyptian Baladi cows Ahmed Ismail Damarany ( [email protected] ) Aswan University Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0757-933X Research Article Keywords: Ivermectin, mastitis, postpartum reproductive eciency measurements, Baladi cows Posted Date: August 23rd, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-823328/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/19 Abstract The current investigation was designed to determine the effect of treatment with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) on mastitis and postpartum reproductive eciency measurements in Egyptian Baladi cows. Twenty-four of the cows included in this study were split into two groups. The rst group (n = 12 cows) was injected two months prepartum with two doses (15 days inter-treatment) of IVOMEC® Plus solution subcutaneously behind the shoulder, 1ml/50kg live body weight as prescribed by the manufacturer, whilst the other group (n = 12 cows) was used as a control group. The present results revealed that the incident rate of mastitis in treated cows’ group was signicantly (P < 0.05) lower (16.7%) than control cows’ group (41.7%). The conception rate in treated cows’ group was signicantly (P < 0.05) higher (66.7%) compared with (33.3%) in control group. The time from calving to conception in treated cows was signicantly (P < 0.05) lower 86.5 ± 11.4 days compared to 123.3 ± 13.2 days in the control group. The occurrence rate of anestrous cases was signicantly (P < 0.05) lower (8.3%) in treated cows than (control group) (25%). In conclusion, the current study indicates there is an association between treated cows with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) two months prepartum and incidence rate of mastitis addition an improvement in the reproductive performance in treated cows relative to untreated cows. Therefore, the current study recommends the herdsmen treats their cows with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) during the prepartum period for less mastitis incidence rate and better reproductive eciency. Introduction Endo-and ecto-parasites infestation causes high economic losses in livestock especially farm animals. Economic losses are represented by costs of anthelmintics drugs, higher mortality rate, decline in meat, milk, growth rate and fertility (Mendes et al., 2008). Economic loss was estimated by US $ 3.2 billion per annum worldwide due to liver worm (Fasciola) in livestock (Spithill et al., 1999). In Brazil Grisi et al (2014) reported that economic losses due to cattle external and internal parasite total loss nearly 14.0 million of US$ annual. Lawrence and Ibarbura (2007) estimated the economic losses of internal parasites (gastrointestinal nematode) control in beef cattle and reported that there was a 34% decrease in the break-even price for cattle that did not treatment by deworming. Mavrogianni et al. (2012); Mavrogianni et al. (2014) reported that there is a correlation between indo-parasitic infections and increased frequency of clinical or subclinical mastitis during the rst two weeks post-partum in ewes. FDA- was approved Ivermectin as broad spectrum anti-parasitic agent (Gonzalez Canga et al., 2008). Ivermectin is considered to be a wonder drug due to its anti-parasitic activity against to each both internal and external-parasitic and has multiple applications in veterinary and human medicine (Geary, 2005; Crump, 2017; Sharun et al., 2019). Sajid et al. (2006); Jameel et al. (2015) reported that Ivermectin have immune-potentiating activity in cows. Yates and Wolstenholme (2004); Chaccour et al. (2013); Suarez et al. (2013) showed that Ivermectin is effectively and widely used against a lot of external and internal parasite. Pregnancy rates were higher in cows after treatment with anti-parasitic drugs (Ivermectin and Eprinomectin) compared with non-treated cows (Loyacano et al., 2002; Kaley et al., 2019; Volk et al., 2019). Andresen et al. (2017) observed that marked improvement in reproductive performance of cow and heifers after administration Page 2/19 of anti-parasites treatment compared to untreated controls group. Infected buffaloes with internal parasites (Fasciola) were need a long time from calving to conception (Seliem et al., 2010). Dairy cows which treated with anti-parasites need to less time to conception postpartum (Sanchez et al., 2002). Liver uke infections (Fasciolosis) in cows were correlated by ovarian inactivity and other infertility problems (Ahmed, 2007). Recently ivermectin’s used as an antiviral because against effects towards a number of RNA viruses including human immunodeciency virus (HIV)-1 and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) (Wagstaff et al. 2012; Caly et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2020). There is little information, available to effect of treatment with anti-parasites on postpartum reproductive performance in Egyptian Baladi cows. In the light previous the current investigation was planned to study the effect of treatment with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) on mastitis and postpartum reproductive eciency measurements in Egyptian Baladi cows Materials And Methods Climatic conditions and farm location The research performed in farm located in one of a village in Kom Ombou city (32,̊ 31' 23" East and 22,̊ 28' 09" North), Aswan governorate. Average of the ambient temperature was (Min.12.3-22.1oC) and (Max. 24.2-38.0oC), relative humidity (18–24) during the experimental period which extended from September to April. Management and feeding of herd Twenty-four of Baladi cows were used in the current research. Alfa- Alfa alongside the concentrate ration and hay wheat was offered to cows during the experimental period. Cows were used before two months pre-partum after drying. Table (1) shows the specications of experiment animals. The cows were kept in traditional farm conditions under semi shade system. According the farm routine work all of cows were raise under the typical environmental and managerial conditions. Design of the experiment The cows were classied into two groups ((n = 12 cows for each group). The rst group (n = 12 cows) was treated with two doses from IVOMEC® Plus (Ivermectin 1% w/v + clorsulon 10% w/v), while another group (n = 12 cows) was used as a control group. The interval between the rst treatments and the second was 15 days. The cows injected with IVOMEC® Plus solution subcutaneously (under the skin) behind the shoulder, 1ml/50kgBW as recommended by the manufacturer, this volume equivalent 10 mg Ivermectin and 100 mg clorsulon. According to Mike Catangui (2016) IVOMEC® Plus drug used to as an anti endo or ecto-parasites (gastrointestinal roundworms, liver ukes, lungworms, cattle grubs, sucking ice, and mange mites). Table (2) clarify classication of (Ivermectin + clorsulon) combination according to US FDA (Food and Drug Administration, 2015). Detection of Heat and pregnancy diagnosis Page 3/19 Daily visual observation for cows were performed for heat detection in the morning at 6:0 am. and 6:0 pm, for sexual behavior sings exhibited. Just appearance standing behavior in the cows was mated naturally. Rectal palpation was used (after 60 days post-service), to diagnose the established pregnancy. Mastitis diagnosis Cows have acute or sub-clinical mastitis were diagnosis by (California Mastitis Test) and the manufacturing steps followed up Sub-clinical mastitis: Cows considered to be infected by sub-clinical mastitis when cows did not display any symptoms of mastitis, in each both milk and udder but mastitis is detected by a detector (California Mastitis Test) (Kathiriya et al., 2014). Postpartum reproductive eciency determination Conception rate estimated as the percentage of animals, that pregnant from the rst service post-partum Conception rate = Number of pregnant cows/Total number of served cows x 100 Days open estimated as the time from parturition to conceived in cows Postpartum ovarian dysfunction determination Anestrous cases Cows did not display any visible signs of estrus during = 60th day postpartum according to Kamal et al. (2012) True anestrous case Cows considered have true anestrous case when rectal check ovaries are smooth, small and inactive with the absence of corpus luteum and plasma progesterone concentration remain in the basal levels (1ng/ml) blood (Kamal et al., 2012). Blood samples and biochemical assay Blood samples (10 ml) were collected from cows in estrus, 7 and 21 days post estrus inter heparinized tubes from the jugular vein. For plasma harvesting the samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 minutes. The separated plasma was stored under − 18 ºC until the time of analysis. Progesterone (P4) and estradiol-17β (E2) hormones were determined by radioimmunoassay kit (Immunotech, France). Progesterone and estradiol-17β sensitivity values were stated to be 0.03 ng/ml and 4.0 pg/ml, Page 4/19 respectively according to manufacturer labeled information. Intra assay variation coecient was 6.2% and 12.2% for progesterone (P4) and estradiol-17β (E2), respectively. Statistical analysis The statistical design involved one factor (treatment effect) on mastitis and postpartum reproductive eciency measurements in cows. Chi-Square test was used to verify the signicance of percentage values. The statistical analysis was performed by Software (SAS, 2002). Following model was used: Yij = µ + Ti + eij Where: Yij = the observation trait µ = overall mean Ti = effect of treatment (treated = 1 and untreated = 2) eij = experimental error Duncan’s Multiple Range test (Duncan, 1955) was used to check the signicance of the differences between means. Results Effect of treatment with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) on occurrence rate (%) of mastitis in Baladi cows Figure (1) indicates the percentage of mastitis in treated cows’ group was signicantly (P < 0.05) lower (16.7%) than control cows’ group (41.7%). Effect of treatment with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) on days open and conception rate (%) in Baladi cows Table (3) illustrates that the time from calving to conceived in treated cows’ group was signicantly (P < 0.05) lower 86.5 ± 11.4 days than untreated cows (control group) 123.3 ± 13.2 days.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Outcome of Different Therapeutic Interventions in Mild COVID-19 Patients in a Single OPD Clinic of West Bengal: a Retrospective Study
    medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.08.21252883; this version posted March 12, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-ND 4.0 International license . Title page Outcome of Different Therapeutic Interventions in Mild COVID-19 Patients in a Single OPD Clinic of West Bengal: A Retrospective study Running Title: Mild COVID-19 and the Buffet of Treatments: A case series Sayak Roy1, Shambo Samrat Samajdar2, Santanu K Tripathi3, Shatavisa Mukherjee4, Kingshuk Bhattacharjee5 1. Consultant Physician, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Medica Superspeciality Hospital, Kolkata; ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6185-9375 2. Senior Resident, Dept of Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata. 3. Dean (Academics) and Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Netaji Subhash Medical College & Hospital, Bihta, Patna 4. PhD Research Scholar, Dept of Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9524-1525 5. Independent Biostatistician, Kolkata Corresponding Author: Dr. Sayak Roy 609, G.T.Road, Battala, Serampore, Hooghly, WB, India; PIN – 712201 Email: [email protected] Words: 1906 Tables: 2 References: 20 Informed Consent and Institutional ethical clearance: Taken Conflicts of interest: None Funding: None Acknowledgement: None Data availability: Available on request with the corresponding author NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice. 1 medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.08.21252883; this version posted March 12, 2021.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Activity of an Inhibitory Neurosteroid at GABAA Receptors
    1 Exploring the activity of an inhibitory neurosteroid at GABAA receptors Sandra Seljeset A thesis submitted to University College London for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2016 Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology University College London Gower Street WC1E 6BT 2 Declaration I, Sandra Seljeset, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I can confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 3 Abstract The GABAA receptor is the main mediator of inhibitory neurotransmission in the central nervous system. Its activity is regulated by various endogenous molecules that act either by directly modulating the receptor or by affecting the presynaptic release of GABA. Neurosteroids are an important class of endogenous modulators, and can either potentiate or inhibit GABAA receptor function. Whereas the binding site and physiological roles of the potentiating neurosteroids are well characterised, less is known about the role of inhibitory neurosteroids in modulating GABAA receptors. Using hippocampal cultures and recombinant GABAA receptors expressed in HEK cells, the binding and functional profile of the inhibitory neurosteroid pregnenolone sulphate (PS) were studied using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. In HEK cells, PS inhibited steady-state GABA currents more than peak currents. Receptor subtype selectivity was minimal, except that the ρ1 receptor was largely insensitive. PS showed state-dependence but little voltage-sensitivity and did not compete with the open-channel blocker picrotoxinin for binding, suggesting that the channel pore is an unlikely binding site. By using ρ1-α1/β2/γ2L receptor chimeras and point mutations, the binding site for PS was probed.
    [Show full text]
  • 268 Part 522—Implantation Or Injectable Dosage Form
    § 520.2645 21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–18 Edition) (ii) Indications for use. For the control 522.82 Aminopropazine. of American foulbrood (Paenibacillus 522.84 Beta-aminopropionitrile. larvae). 522.88 Amoxicillin. 522.90 Ampicillin injectable dosage forms. (iii) Limitations. The drug should be 522.90a Ampicillin trihydrate suspension. fed early in the spring or fall and con- 522.90b Ampicillin trihydrate powder for in- sumed by the bees before the main jection. honey flow begins, to avoid contamina- 522.90c Ampicillin sodium. tion of production honey. Complete 522.144 Arsenamide. treatments at least 4 weeks before 522.147 Atipamezole. main honey flow. 522.150 Azaperone. 522.161 Betamethasone. [40 FR 13838, Mar. 27, 1975, as amended at 50 522.163 Betamethasone dipropionate and FR 49841, Dec. 5, 1985; 59 FR 14365, Mar. 28, betamethasone sodium phosphate aque- 1994; 62 FR 39443, July 23, 1997; 68 FR 24879, ous suspension. May 9, 2003; 70 FR 69439, Nov. 16, 2005; 73 FR 522.167 Betamethasone sodium phosphate 76946, Dec. 18, 2008; 75 FR 76259, Dec. 8, 2010; and betamethasone acetate. 76 FR 59024, Sept. 23, 2011; 77 FR 29217, May 522.204 Boldenone. 17, 2012; 79 FR 37620, July 2, 2014; 79 FR 53136, 522.224 Bupivacaine. Sept. 8, 2014; 79 FR 64116, Oct. 28, 2014; 80 FR 522.230 Buprenorphine. 34278, June 16, 2015; 81 FR 48702, July 26, 2016] 522.234 Butamisole. 522.246 Butorphanol. § 520.2645 Tylvalosin. 522.275 N-Butylscopolammonium. 522.300 Carfentanil. (a) Specifications. Granules containing 522.304 Carprofen. 62.5 percent tylvalosin (w/w) as 522.311 Cefovecin.
    [Show full text]
  • A Pilot Study of the Safety and Initial Efficacy of Ivermectin for The
    ALCOHOLISM:CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Vol. 40, No. 6 June 2016 A Pilot Study of the Safety and Initial Efficacy of Ivermectin for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder Daniel J. O. Roche, Megan M. Yardley, Katy F. Lunny, Stan G. Louie, Daryl L. Davies, Karen Miotto, and Lara A. Ray Background: Ivermectin (IVM) is an antiparasitic agent that has been shown to reduce alcohol intake in mice, suggesting IVM as a potential treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, the safety profile of IVM administered in combination with an intoxicating dose of alcohol has not been characterized in humans. Methods: This pilot project sought to provide the first clinical evidence that IVM could be reposi- tioned as an AUD pharmacotherapy by examining (i) the safety of combining IVM (30 mg oral , once a day [QD]) with an intoxicating dose of intravenous alcohol (0.08 g/dl) and (ii) the effects of IVM on alcohol cue-induced craving and subjective response to alcohol. Eleven individuals with AUD partici- pated in a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study in which they received the study medica- tion, participated in a cue exposure paradigm followed by intravenous alcohol administration, and remained in an inpatient unit overnight for observation. Results: IVM treatment, versus placebo, did not increase the number or severity of adverse effects during alcohol administration or throughout the visit. However, IVM did not reduce cue-induced crav- ing nor did it significantly affect subjective response to alcohol. Conclusions: These results suggest that IVM (30 mg oral, QD) is safe in combination with an intoxi- cating dose of alcohol, but do not provide evidence that this dose of IVM is effective in reducing alcohol craving or its reinforcing effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Ivermectin and Human Immunity Protocol ID
    Cover Sheet Clinicaltrials.gov ID NCT03459794 Protocol Ivermectin and human immunity ID#STUDY00005069 Adrian Adrian PI: Primary Contact: Wolstenholme Wolstenholme Submission Initial Study Type: IRB Brooke Harwell Parent Protocol: Coordinator: Review Category: Approved 9/27/2017 Date: Expiration 7/11/2018 Date: Print: STUDY00005069 - Ivermectin and human immunity https://ovpr-click-prod.ovpr.uga.edu/uga-ovpr/ResourceAdministration/P... Date: Monday, November 26, 2018 12:06:50 PM View: SF: Basic Information UGA v2 Section 1 - Basic Information 1. * Title of Study: If the study is/will be funded, the IRB recommends The effects of ivermectin on the normal human matching the title in the funding proposal. immune system 2. * Short Title: This can match the long title or be shortened if your Ivermectin and human immunity project uses an acronym or nickname; however, all system generated lists, searches, and documents (including approval letters) will show the short title. 3. Only UGA faculty and selected staff members (senior Principal Investigator (faculty or senior staff) are eligible to serve as PI. See the policy for staff only - see help): more information: http://research.uga.edu/documents Adrian Wolstenholme /eligibility 4. * Does the Principal Investigator have a See the policy for more information: https://research.uga.edu/docs/policies financial interest related to this /compliance research? Yes No /hso/PP_Financial%20Conflicts%20of%20Interests.pdf 5. If you are not sure if your project needs IRB * Are you requesting determination if review, choose "Yes" in the first question. A form will your project meets the definition of open and provide prompts to guide you through an initial assessment to see if your project needs IRB Yes No human subjects research? review.
    [Show full text]
  • Crystal Polymorphism and Pseudopolymorphism of Ivermectin
    Crystal polymorphism and pseudopolymorphism of ivermectin Michiel Lucas Josias Grobler B.Pharm. Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Magister Scientiae in the Department of Pharmaceutics at the Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir Christelike Hoer Onderwys. Supervisor: Prof. M.M. de Villiers. Co-superviso·rs: Dr. W. Liebenberg. Mr. A.F. Marais. POTCHEFSTROOM 2000 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT vii UITTREKSEL ix AIM AND OBJECTIVES xi CHAPTER 1: Veterinary formulation: the influence of animal and environmental factors and the solid state properties of drugs 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Veterinary dosage forms 2 1.3 Animal and environmental factors influencing veterinary formulation 3 design 1.3.1 Geographical location 3 1.3.2 Dietary habit 4 1.3.3 Gastrointestinal tract 4 1.3.4 Metabolism 5 1.3.5 Renal excretion 6 1.3.6 Biliary excretion 6 1.3. 7 Skin type 7 1 .3.8 Endocrinology 7 1.3.9 Animal behaviour 7 1.3.10 Drug distribution 7 1.3.11 Age 8 1.3.12 Disease states 9 1.3.13 Residues 9 1.3.14 Single or herd dosing 9 1.3.15 Wild or tame 10 1.3.16 Stability 11 1.4 Solid state properties of drugs that influence veterinary formulation 11 design 1.4.1 Effect of particle size on veterinary drug formulations 12 1.4.1.1 Effect of particle size on dissolution and solubility 12 1.4.1.2 Effect of particle size on suspension stability 13 1.4.1.3 Effect of particle size reduction on drug stability 14 1.4.1.4 Effect of particle size on administration of drugs in feed 14 1.4.2 The effect of crystal forms
    [Show full text]
  • Interactions with Protease Inhibitors Charts Revised February 2018
    www.hiv-druginteractions.org Interactions with Protease Inhibitors Charts revised February 2018. Full information available at www.hiv-druginteractions.org Page 1 of 4 Please note that if a drug is not listed it cannot automatically be assumed it is safe to coadminister. ATV Cobi DRV FPV IDV LPV RTV SQV TPV ATV Cobi DRV FPV IDV LPV RTV SQV TPV Anaesthetics & Muscle Relaxants Antibacterials (continued) Alcuronium Ertapenem Bupivacaine Erythromycin Cisatracurium Ethambutol Desflurane Ethionamide Dexmedetomidine Flucloxacillin Enflurane Gentamicin Ephedrine Imipenem/Cilastatin Halothane Isoniazid Isoflurane Kanamycin Ketamine Levofloxacin Linezolid Nitrous oxide Meropenem Propofol Metronidazole Rocuronium Moxifloxacin Sevoflurane Nitrofurantoin Sufentanil Ofloxacin Suxamethonium (succinylcholine) Para-aminosalicylic acid Tetracaine Penicillins Thiopental for distribution. for Pyrazinamide Tizanidine Rifabutin Vecuronium Rifampicin Analgesics Rifapentine Alfentanil Rifaximin Aspirin Spectinomycin Buprenorphine Streptomycin Celecoxib Sulfadiazine Codeine Telithromycin Tetracyclines
    [Show full text]
  • Calcium-Engaged Mechanisms of Nongenomic Action of Neurosteroids
    Calcium-engaged Mechanisms of Nongenomic Action of Neurosteroids The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Rebas, Elzbieta, Tomasz Radzik, Tomasz Boczek, and Ludmila Zylinska. 2017. “Calcium-engaged Mechanisms of Nongenomic Action of Neurosteroids.” Current Neuropharmacology 15 (8): 1174-1191. doi:10.2174/1570159X15666170329091935. http:// dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X15666170329091935. Published Version doi:10.2174/1570159X15666170329091935 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:37160234 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA 1174 Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] Current Neuropharmacology, 2017, 15, 1174-1191 REVIEW ARTICLE ISSN: 1570-159X eISSN: 1875-6190 Impact Factor: 3.365 Calcium-engaged Mechanisms of Nongenomic Action of Neurosteroids BENTHAM SCIENCE Elzbieta Rebas1, Tomasz Radzik1, Tomasz Boczek1,2 and Ludmila Zylinska1,* 1Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Poland; 2Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA Abstract: Background: Neurosteroids form the unique group because of their dual mechanism of action. Classically, they bind to specific intracellular and/or nuclear receptors, and next modify genes transcription. Another mode of action is linked with the rapid effects induced at the plasma membrane level within seconds or milliseconds. The key molecules in neurotransmission are calcium ions, thereby we focus on the recent advances in understanding of complex signaling crosstalk between action of neurosteroids and calcium-engaged events.
    [Show full text]
  • Naturopathic Physicians Regulation
    PROPOSED AMENDMENTS – NATUROPATHIC PHYSICIANS REGULATION Health Professions Act NATUROPATHIC PHYSICIANS REGULATION PROPOSED TO REPLACE B.C. REG. 282/2008 Contents 1 Definitions 2 College name 3 Reserved titles 4 Scope of practice 5 Restricted activities 6 Limits or conditions on services and restricted activities 7 Patient relations program 8 Health profession corporations 1 PROPOSED AMENDMENTS – NATUROPATHIC PHYSICIANS REGULATION Definitions 1 In this regulation: "Act" means the Health Professions Act; "compound" means (a) in respect of a drug, to mix with one or more other ingredients, and (b) in respect of a therapeutic diet, to mix two or more ingredients; "dispense" has the same meaning as in the Pharmacy Operations and Drug Scheduling Act, but excludes a sale, as defined in that Act; "drug" means, except in the definition of "substance", a drug (a) specified in Schedule I of the Drug Schedules Regulation, B.C. Reg. 9/98, other than a drug set out in the Schedule of this regulation, or (b) specified in Schedule II of the Drug Schedules Regulation; "enteral instillation" means instillation directly into the gastrointestinal tract; "minor surgery" means a surgical procedure that (a) is performed, for a diagnostic or therapeutic purpose, on a superficial anatomical structure, and (b) does not involve (i) sedation, general anaesthesia or respiratory assistance, or (ii) a material risk to life; "naturopathic medicine" means the health profession in which a person provides the services of prevention, assessment and treatment of an individual's
    [Show full text]
  • EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 10.0 Index 1. General Notices
    EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 10.0 Index 1. General notices......................................................................... 3 2.2.66. Detection and measurement of radioactivity........... 119 2.1. Apparatus ............................................................................. 15 2.2.7. Optical rotation................................................................ 26 2.1.1. Droppers ........................................................................... 15 2.2.8. Viscosity ............................................................................ 27 2.1.2. Comparative table of porosity of sintered-glass filters.. 15 2.2.9. Capillary viscometer method ......................................... 27 2.1.3. Ultraviolet ray lamps for analytical purposes............... 15 2.3. Identification...................................................................... 129 2.1.4. Sieves ................................................................................. 16 2.3.1. Identification reactions of ions and functional 2.1.5. Tubes for comparative tests ............................................ 17 groups ...................................................................................... 129 2.1.6. Gas detector tubes............................................................ 17 2.3.2. Identification of fatty oils by thin-layer 2.2. Physical and physico-chemical methods.......................... 21 chromatography...................................................................... 132 2.2.1. Clarity and degree of opalescence of
    [Show full text]
  • Central and Peripheral Neurotoxic Effects of Ivermectin in Rats
    FULL PAPER Toxicology Central and Peripheral Neurotoxic Effects of Ivermectin in Rats Saša M TRAILOVIĆ1) and Jelena Trailović NEDELJKOVIĆ2) 1)Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade 11000 and 2)Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Nutrition, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade 11000, Serbia (Received 27 September 2010/Accepted 6 December 2010/Published online in J-STAGE 20 December 2010) ABSTRACT. Ivermectin is considered a very safe drug; however, there are reports of toxic effects in particularly sensitive populations or due to accidental overdose. The aim of this study was (1) to further characterize the central and peripheral toxic effects of ivermectin in animals and (2) to determine possible therapeutic strategies for use in cases of ivermectin poisoning. We tested the effects of exper- imental doses of ivermectin previously reported to cause various intensities of CNS depression. However, in our study, ivermectin at 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg i.v. did not produce visible CNS depression in rats and 10 mg/kg resulted in sleepiness and staggering 10 to 40 min after application, while a dose of 15 mg/kg caused CNS depression very similar to general anesthesia. Ivermectin dose-dependently potentiates thiopentone-induced sleeping time in rats. Flumazenil (0.2 mg/kg), the benzodiazepine antagonist, did not affect the action of thiopentone; however, it significantly reduced sleeping time in rats treated with a combination of ivermectin (10 mg/kg) and thiopen- tone (25 mg/kg; from 189.86 45.28 min to 83.13 32.22 min; mean SD).
    [Show full text]
  • 218 Part 522—Implantation Or Injectable Dosage Form
    Pt. 522 21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–07 Edition) by Mycoplasma gallisepticum sensitive 522.82 Aminopropazine fumarate sterile so- to tylosin. lution injection. (iii) Limitations. Do not use in layers 522.84 Beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate. 522.88 Sterile amoxicillin trihydrate for sus- producing eggs for human consump- pension. tion; administer from 2 to 5 days as 522.90 Ampicillin implantation and sole source of drinking water; treated injectible dosage forms. turkeys should consume enough medi- 522.90a Ampicillin trihydrate sterile suspen- cated drinking water to provide 60 mil- sion. ligrams of tylosin per pound of body 522.90b Ampicillin trihydrate for sterile sus- weight per day; prepare a fresh solu- pension. tion every 3 days; when sinus swelling 522.90c Ampicillin sodium for aqueous injec- tion. is present, inject the sinus with tylosin 522.144 Arsenamide sodium aqueous injec- injectable simultaneously with the tion. drinking water treatment; do not ad- 522.147 Atipamezole. minister within 5 days of slaughter. 522.150 Azaperone injection. (3) Swine—(i) Amount. 0.25 gram per 522.161 Betamethasone acetate and gallon. betamethasone disodium phosphate aque- (ii) Indications for use. For the control ous suspension. 522.163 Betamethasone dipropionate and and treatment of swine dysentery betamethasone sodium phosphate aque- (bloody scours) caused by pathogens ous suspension. sensitive to tylosin. 522.204 Boldenone. (iii) Limitations. As only source of 522.234 Butamisole hydrochloride. drinking water for 3 to 10 days, depend- 522.246 Butorphanol tartrate injection. ing on the severity of the condition 522.275 N-Butylscopolammonium bromide. being treated: mix fresh solution daily; 522.311 Carfentanil citrate injection.
    [Show full text]