Impact of treatment with anti-parasitic (Ivermectin) during prepartum period on mastitis and postpartum reproductive eciency measurements in Egyptian Baladi cows Ahmed Ismail Damarany ( [email protected] ) Aswan University Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0757-933X Research Article Keywords: Ivermectin, mastitis, postpartum reproductive eciency measurements, Baladi cows Posted Date: August 23rd, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-823328/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/19 Abstract The current investigation was designed to determine the effect of treatment with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) on mastitis and postpartum reproductive eciency measurements in Egyptian Baladi cows. Twenty-four of the cows included in this study were split into two groups. The rst group (n = 12 cows) was injected two months prepartum with two doses (15 days inter-treatment) of IVOMEC® Plus solution subcutaneously behind the shoulder, 1ml/50kg live body weight as prescribed by the manufacturer, whilst the other group (n = 12 cows) was used as a control group. The present results revealed that the incident rate of mastitis in treated cows’ group was signicantly (P < 0.05) lower (16.7%) than control cows’ group (41.7%). The conception rate in treated cows’ group was signicantly (P < 0.05) higher (66.7%) compared with (33.3%) in control group. The time from calving to conception in treated cows was signicantly (P < 0.05) lower 86.5 ± 11.4 days compared to 123.3 ± 13.2 days in the control group. The occurrence rate of anestrous cases was signicantly (P < 0.05) lower (8.3%) in treated cows than (control group) (25%). In conclusion, the current study indicates there is an association between treated cows with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) two months prepartum and incidence rate of mastitis addition an improvement in the reproductive performance in treated cows relative to untreated cows. Therefore, the current study recommends the herdsmen treats their cows with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) during the prepartum period for less mastitis incidence rate and better reproductive eciency. Introduction Endo-and ecto-parasites infestation causes high economic losses in livestock especially farm animals. Economic losses are represented by costs of anthelmintics drugs, higher mortality rate, decline in meat, milk, growth rate and fertility (Mendes et al., 2008). Economic loss was estimated by US $ 3.2 billion per annum worldwide due to liver worm (Fasciola) in livestock (Spithill et al., 1999). In Brazil Grisi et al (2014) reported that economic losses due to cattle external and internal parasite total loss nearly 14.0 million of US$ annual. Lawrence and Ibarbura (2007) estimated the economic losses of internal parasites (gastrointestinal nematode) control in beef cattle and reported that there was a 34% decrease in the break-even price for cattle that did not treatment by deworming. Mavrogianni et al. (2012); Mavrogianni et al. (2014) reported that there is a correlation between indo-parasitic infections and increased frequency of clinical or subclinical mastitis during the rst two weeks post-partum in ewes. FDA- was approved Ivermectin as broad spectrum anti-parasitic agent (Gonzalez Canga et al., 2008). Ivermectin is considered to be a wonder drug due to its anti-parasitic activity against to each both internal and external-parasitic and has multiple applications in veterinary and human medicine (Geary, 2005; Crump, 2017; Sharun et al., 2019). Sajid et al. (2006); Jameel et al. (2015) reported that Ivermectin have immune-potentiating activity in cows. Yates and Wolstenholme (2004); Chaccour et al. (2013); Suarez et al. (2013) showed that Ivermectin is effectively and widely used against a lot of external and internal parasite. Pregnancy rates were higher in cows after treatment with anti-parasitic drugs (Ivermectin and Eprinomectin) compared with non-treated cows (Loyacano et al., 2002; Kaley et al., 2019; Volk et al., 2019). Andresen et al. (2017) observed that marked improvement in reproductive performance of cow and heifers after administration Page 2/19 of anti-parasites treatment compared to untreated controls group. Infected buffaloes with internal parasites (Fasciola) were need a long time from calving to conception (Seliem et al., 2010). Dairy cows which treated with anti-parasites need to less time to conception postpartum (Sanchez et al., 2002). Liver uke infections (Fasciolosis) in cows were correlated by ovarian inactivity and other infertility problems (Ahmed, 2007). Recently ivermectin’s used as an antiviral because against effects towards a number of RNA viruses including human immunodeciency virus (HIV)-1 and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) (Wagstaff et al. 2012; Caly et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2020). There is little information, available to effect of treatment with anti-parasites on postpartum reproductive performance in Egyptian Baladi cows. In the light previous the current investigation was planned to study the effect of treatment with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) on mastitis and postpartum reproductive eciency measurements in Egyptian Baladi cows Materials And Methods Climatic conditions and farm location The research performed in farm located in one of a village in Kom Ombou city (32,̊ 31' 23" East and 22,̊ 28' 09" North), Aswan governorate. Average of the ambient temperature was (Min.12.3-22.1oC) and (Max. 24.2-38.0oC), relative humidity (18–24) during the experimental period which extended from September to April. Management and feeding of herd Twenty-four of Baladi cows were used in the current research. Alfa- Alfa alongside the concentrate ration and hay wheat was offered to cows during the experimental period. Cows were used before two months pre-partum after drying. Table (1) shows the specications of experiment animals. The cows were kept in traditional farm conditions under semi shade system. According the farm routine work all of cows were raise under the typical environmental and managerial conditions. Design of the experiment The cows were classied into two groups ((n = 12 cows for each group). The rst group (n = 12 cows) was treated with two doses from IVOMEC® Plus (Ivermectin 1% w/v + clorsulon 10% w/v), while another group (n = 12 cows) was used as a control group. The interval between the rst treatments and the second was 15 days. The cows injected with IVOMEC® Plus solution subcutaneously (under the skin) behind the shoulder, 1ml/50kgBW as recommended by the manufacturer, this volume equivalent 10 mg Ivermectin and 100 mg clorsulon. According to Mike Catangui (2016) IVOMEC® Plus drug used to as an anti endo or ecto-parasites (gastrointestinal roundworms, liver ukes, lungworms, cattle grubs, sucking ice, and mange mites). Table (2) clarify classication of (Ivermectin + clorsulon) combination according to US FDA (Food and Drug Administration, 2015). Detection of Heat and pregnancy diagnosis Page 3/19 Daily visual observation for cows were performed for heat detection in the morning at 6:0 am. and 6:0 pm, for sexual behavior sings exhibited. Just appearance standing behavior in the cows was mated naturally. Rectal palpation was used (after 60 days post-service), to diagnose the established pregnancy. Mastitis diagnosis Cows have acute or sub-clinical mastitis were diagnosis by (California Mastitis Test) and the manufacturing steps followed up Sub-clinical mastitis: Cows considered to be infected by sub-clinical mastitis when cows did not display any symptoms of mastitis, in each both milk and udder but mastitis is detected by a detector (California Mastitis Test) (Kathiriya et al., 2014). Postpartum reproductive eciency determination Conception rate estimated as the percentage of animals, that pregnant from the rst service post-partum Conception rate = Number of pregnant cows/Total number of served cows x 100 Days open estimated as the time from parturition to conceived in cows Postpartum ovarian dysfunction determination Anestrous cases Cows did not display any visible signs of estrus during = 60th day postpartum according to Kamal et al. (2012) True anestrous case Cows considered have true anestrous case when rectal check ovaries are smooth, small and inactive with the absence of corpus luteum and plasma progesterone concentration remain in the basal levels (1ng/ml) blood (Kamal et al., 2012). Blood samples and biochemical assay Blood samples (10 ml) were collected from cows in estrus, 7 and 21 days post estrus inter heparinized tubes from the jugular vein. For plasma harvesting the samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 minutes. The separated plasma was stored under − 18 ºC until the time of analysis. Progesterone (P4) and estradiol-17β (E2) hormones were determined by radioimmunoassay kit (Immunotech, France). Progesterone and estradiol-17β sensitivity values were stated to be 0.03 ng/ml and 4.0 pg/ml, Page 4/19 respectively according to manufacturer labeled information. Intra assay variation coecient was 6.2% and 12.2% for progesterone (P4) and estradiol-17β (E2), respectively. Statistical analysis The statistical design involved one factor (treatment effect) on mastitis and postpartum reproductive eciency measurements in cows. Chi-Square test was used to verify the signicance of percentage values. The statistical analysis was performed by Software (SAS, 2002). Following model was used: Yij = µ + Ti + eij Where: Yij = the observation trait µ = overall mean Ti = effect of treatment (treated = 1 and untreated = 2) eij = experimental error Duncan’s Multiple Range test (Duncan, 1955) was used to check the signicance of the differences between means. Results Effect of treatment with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) on occurrence rate (%) of mastitis in Baladi cows Figure (1) indicates the percentage of mastitis in treated cows’ group was signicantly (P < 0.05) lower (16.7%) than control cows’ group (41.7%). Effect of treatment with anti-parasites (Ivermectin) on days open and conception rate (%) in Baladi cows Table (3) illustrates that the time from calving to conceived in treated cows’ group was signicantly (P < 0.05) lower 86.5 ± 11.4 days than untreated cows (control group) 123.3 ± 13.2 days.