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Romans in Cumbria
View across the Solway from Bowness-on-Solway. Cumbria Photo Hadrian’s Wall Country boasts a spectacular ROMANS IN CUMBRIA coastline, stunning rolling countryside, vibrant cities and towns and a wealth of Roman forts, HADRIAN’S WALL AND THE museums and visitor attractions. COASTAL DEFENCES The sites detailed in this booklet are open to the public and are a great way to explore Hadrian’s Wall and the coastal frontier in Cumbria, and to learn how the arrival of the Romans changed life in this part of the Empire forever. Many sites are accessible by public transport, cycleways and footpaths making it the perfect place for an eco-tourism break. For places to stay, downloadable walks and cycle routes, or to find food fit for an Emperor go to: www.visithadrianswall.co.uk If you have enjoyed your visit to Hadrian’s Wall Country and want further information or would like to contribute towards the upkeep of this spectacular landscape, you can make a donation or become a ‘Friend of Hadrian’s Wall’. Go to www.visithadrianswall.co.uk for more information or text WALL22 £2/£5/£10 to 70070 e.g. WALL22 £5 to make a one-off donation. Published with support from DEFRA and RDPE. Information correct at time Produced by Anna Gray (www.annagray.co.uk) of going to press (2013). Designed by Andrew Lathwell (www.lathwell.com) The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development: Europe investing in Rural Areas visithadrianswall.co.uk Hadrian’s Wall and the Coastal Defences Hadrian’s Wall is the most important Emperor in AD 117. -
On Craters of Denudation, with Observations on the Structure And
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. DECEMBER 19, 1849. The following communication was read :- On Craters of Denudation, with O~ervations on the Structure and Growth of Volcanic C~nes. By Sir CHARLES LYELL, Pres. Geol. Soc. IN the first edition of my ' Principles of Geology,' published in 1830 (vol. i. ch. 30), I explained the grounds of my objection to the theory previously advanced by Baron yon Buch to account for the origin of the Caldera of Palma, the Gulf of Santorin, and other bowl-shaped cavities of large dimensions, for which he proposed the name of "Craters of Elevation." I regarded the circular escarp- ments surrounding these vast cavities as the remnants of cones of eruption, the central parts of which had been destroyed, and I con- ceived that the removing cause had been chiefly, if not wholly, en- gulfment. In the second edition of my 'Principles,' published in 1832, or two years later, I discussed more particularly the origin of the single deep gorge, which in Palma, Barren Island, and other so-called elevation- craters, forms a breach in the circular range of cliffs, surrounding the central cavity. This ravine or narrow passage I attributed "to the action of the tide during the gradual emergence from the sea and up- heaval of a volcanic island" (ch. 22. vol. i. p. 452), and I at the VOL. VI.--PART i. a 208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE OEOLOOICAL SOCIETY. [Dec. 19, Fig. 1.--View of the Isle of Palma, and of the entrance into the cen- t~'al cavity or Caldera.mFrom Iron Bueh' s "Canary Islands." Fig. -
Vauban!S Siege Legacy In
VAUBAN’S SIEGE LEGACY IN THE WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION, 1702-1712 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jamel M. Ostwald, M.A. The Ohio State University 2002 Approved by Dissertation Committee: Professor John Rule, Co-Adviser Co-Adviser Professor John Guilmartin, Jr., Co-Adviser Department of History Professor Geoffrey Parker Professor John Lynn Co-Adviser Department of History UMI Number: 3081952 ________________________________________________________ UMI Microform 3081952 Copyright 2003 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ____________________________________________________________ ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 ABSTRACT Over the course of Louis XIV’s fifty-four year reign (1661-1715), Western Europe witnessed thirty-six years of conflict. Siege warfare figures significantly in this accounting, for extended sieges quickly consumed short campaign seasons and prevented decisive victory. The resulting prolongation of wars and the cost of besieging dozens of fortresses with tens of thousands of men forced “fiscal- military” states to continue to elevate short-term financial considerations above long-term political reforms; Louis’s wars consumed 75% or more of the annual royal budget. Historians of 17th century Europe credit one French engineer – Sébastien le Prestre de Vauban – with significantly reducing these costs by toppling the impregnability of 16th century artillery fortresses. Vauban perfected and promoted an efficient siege, a “scientific” method of capturing towns that minimized a besieger’s casualties, delays and expenses, while also sparing the town’s civilian populace. -
Glossary of Terms
www.nysmm.org Glossary of Terms Some definitions have links to images. ABATIS: Barricade of felled trees with their branches towards the attack and sharpened (primitive version of "barbed wire"). ARROW SLITS: Narrow openings in a wall through which defenders can fire arrows. (also called loopholes) ARTILLERY: An excellent GLOSSARY for Civil War era (and other) Artillery terminologies can be found at civilwarartillery.com/main.htm (Link will open new window.) BAILEY: The walled enclosure or the outer courtyard of a castle. (Ward, Parade) BANQUETTE: The step of earth within the parapet, sufficiently high to enable standing defenders to fire over the crest of the parapet with ease. BARBICAN: Outworks, especially in front of a gate. A heavily fortified gate or tower. BARTIZAN (BARTISAN): Scottish term, projecting corner turret. A small overhanging turret on a tower s battlement. BASTION: A projection from a fortification arranged to give a wider range of fire or to allow firing along the main walls. Usually at the intersection of two walls. BATTER: Inclined face of a wall (Talus). BATTERED: May be used to describe crenellations. BATTERY: A section of guns, a named part of the main fortifications or a separate outer works position (e.g.. North Battery, Water Battery). BATTLEMENTS: The notched top (crenellated parapet) of a defensive wall, with open spaces (crenels) for firing weapons. BEAKED PROJECTION: see EN BEC. BELVEDERE: A pavilion or raised turret. BLOCKHOUSE: Usually a two story wood building with an overhanging second floor and rifle loops and could also have cannon ports (embrasures). Some three story versions. Some with corner projections similar to bastions. -
Historical Journey Along the River Tees and Its Tributaries
Historical Journey along the River Tees and its Tributaries Synopsis The document describes a virtual journey along the River Tees beginning at its source; the perspective is as much historical as descriptive of the current scene. Where significant tributaries join the river, they also are tracked back to their start-points. Particular attention is paid to bridges and watermills because of their intimate associations with the rivers, but nearby buildings, both religious and secular are also given attention. Some people have been specially important to developments associated with the river, and brief biographical notes are provided for them. Finally, I would stress that this is very much a personal account dealing with facets of interest to me during the 30 years or so that I spent living and working near the River Tees. Document Navigation I do not provide either a contents list, or an index, but to aid navigation through the document I give here page numbers, on which some places appear first in the text. Place Page No. Source of the River Tees 3 Middleton-in-Teesdale 5 Barnard Castle 9 River Greta confluence 15 Piercebridge 18 Darlington 20 Yarm 28 River Leven confluence 35 Stockton-on-Tees 36 Middlesbrough 37 Saltburn-by-the-Sea 46 Hartlepool 48 There is a sketch map of the river and the main tributaries in Table T1 on Page 50. The Bibliography is on Page 52. 1 River Tees and its Tributaries The River Tees flows for 135km, generally west to east from its source on the slopes of Crossfell, the highest Pennine peak, to the North Sea between Redcar and Hartlepool. -
Plymouth Palmerston Forts Stage C: Strategic Summary and Individual Site Statements Woodland Fort, Knowles Battery, Bowden Battery and Fort Austin
Plymouth Palmerston Forts Stage C: Strategic Summary and Individual Site Statements Woodland Fort, Knowles Battery, Bowden Battery and Fort Austin Prepared for: Plymouth City Council and English Heritage Revision Schedule Plymouth Palmerston Forts Strategy for the Northern Fortifications May 2011 Scott Wilson Rev Date Details Prepared by Reviewed by Approved by 15th Floor McLaren Building 01 April 2011 First Draft Andrew Harris Barry Woodfin Annette Roe Associate Principal Consultant Director 46 The Priory Queensway Birmingham B4 7LR 02 May 2011 Final Draft Andrew Harris Barry Woodfin Annette Roe United Kingdom Associate Principal Consultant Director Tel 0121 2123035 www.urs-scottwilson.com www.scottwilson.com This document has been prepared in accordance with the scope of Scott Wilson's appointment with its client and is subject to the terms of that appointment. It is addressed to and for the sole and confidential use and reliance of Scott Wilson's client. Scott Wilson accepts no liability for any use of this document other than by its client and only for the purposes for which it was prepared and provided. No person other than the client may copy (in whole or in part) use or rely on the contents of this document, without the prior written permission of the Company Secretary of Scott Wilson Ltd. Any advice, opinions, or recommendations within this document should be read and relied upon only in the context of the document as a whole. The contents of this document do not provide legal or tax advice or opinion. © Scott Wilson Ltd 2011 Plymouth City Council Plymouth Palmerston Forts: Stage C - Strategic Summary and Individual Site Statements Contents Vulnerability 49 Issues 51 1. -
15.1 FORTE COL VACCHER (M. 992) 15.2 MONTE TRANEGO
15.1 FORTE COL VACCHER (m. 992) THE FORT ON COL VACCHER pants could get to the terreplein and cross the roof of the left-hand side of inally, the gorge covered the same slopes and also the 3-metre wide access The fine almost entirely tarmac road goes through the Manzago wood on the the fort or cross an armoured bridge that went past the courtyard to the right. road to the fort from Tai, which continued to ascend eastwards from the open DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTE north slopes of Mount Zucco, and has a number of variations. The original path There was a ditch in front of the fort 8 to 10 metres wide, which ended to the space in front of the entrance up to a height of 800 metres. The fort can be reached easily after a pleasant walk in the woods of Tai di Cadore, taken by the cart track is the central one, but there is a fork at an altitude of north in a wall perpendicularly above a steep hillside, with an inclined scarp The artillery consisted of 8 medium- and 3 small-calibre pieces on the right along a road that is open to traffic. The route is almost entirely in the shade in 870 metres that can be taken leading to the slopes of Ciaupa, where two gun (45% gradient) walled into the right-hand part and about 30 metres high at and from 6 to 11 small-calibre pieces flanking the ditch. In the event of war, quite a secluded and silent area. -
Confederate Fortifications Historic Site
Confederate Fortifications Historic Site General Management Plan, Phase I Fairfax County Park Authority Approved January 2005 Confederate Fortifications Historic Site General Management Plan FAIRFAX COUNTY PARK AUTHORITY BOARD Harold L. Strickland, Chairman, Sully District Joanne E. Malone, Vice Chairman, Providence District Frank S. Vajda, Treasurer, Mason District Edward R. Batten, Sr., Lee District Glenda M. Blake, Hunter Mill District Kevin J. Fay, Dranesville District Kenneth G. Feng, Springfield District Harrison A. Glasgow, At-Large Georgette Kohler, At-Large George E. Lovelace, At-Large Gilbert S. McCutcheon, Mt. Vernon District Winifred S. Shapiro, Braddock District SENIOR STAFF Michael A. Kane, Director Timothy K. White, Deputy Director Lynn S. Tadlock, Director, Planning & Development Division Charlie Bittenbring, Acting Director, Park Services Division Miriam C. Morrison, Director, Administration Division Cindy Messinger, Interim Director, Resource Management Division Brian Daly, Director, Park Operations Judith Pedersen, Public Information Officer CITIZEN’S TASK FORCE Jo Balicki John McAnaw James Burgess Wally Owen Anne Erickson Ed Wenzel Leon Hartley Richard Wright Gary Jones PROJECT TEAM Kirk Holley, Branch Manager Michael Rierson James P. ‘Irish’ Grandfield, Project Manager Diane Probus Elizabeth Crowell Richard Sacchi Matt Devor Charles Smith Heather Melchior Robert Stevenson Jenny Pate 2 Confederate Fortifications Historic Site General Management Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................4 -
Battle for the Ruhr: the German Army's Final Defeat in the West" (2006)
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2006 Battle for the Ruhr: The rGe man Army's Final Defeat in the West Derek Stephen Zumbro Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Zumbro, Derek Stephen, "Battle for the Ruhr: The German Army's Final Defeat in the West" (2006). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2507. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2507 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. BATTLE FOR THE RUHR: THE GERMAN ARMY’S FINAL DEFEAT IN THE WEST A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Derek S. Zumbro B.A., University of Southern Mississippi, 1980 M.S., University of Southern Mississippi, 2001 August 2006 Table of Contents ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................iv INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1 -
Castle Clinton / Castle Garden
Form No. 10-306 (Rev. 10-74) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES i^ii^s INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM FOR FEDERAL PROPERTIES SEE INSTRUCTIONS IN HOW TO COMPLETE NATIONAL REGISTER FORMS _____________TYPE ALL ENTRIES - COMPLETE APPLICABLE SECTIONS_____ DNAME ; HISTORIC Castle Clinton, Castle Garden________________________________ AND/OR COMMON Castle Clinton National Monument STREET & NUMBER Battery Park —NOT FOR PUBLICATION CITY. TOWN CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT New York Citv __ VICINITY OF 17 STATE CODE COUNTY CODE New York 36 New York 06 1 CATEGORY OWNERSHIP STATUS PRESENT USE —DISTRICT -^PUBLIC —OCCUPIED _ AGRICULTURE X_MUSEUM _BUILDING(S) —PRIVATE —UNOCCUPIED _ COMMERCIAL _ PARK ^STRUCTURE —BOTH —WORK IN PROGRESS —EDUCATIONAL —PRIVATE RESIDENCE —SITE PUBLIC ACQUISITION ACCESSIBLE —ENTERTAINMENT —RELIGIOUS _ OBJECT —IN PROCESS X.YES: RESTRICTED -^.GOVERNMENT —SCIENTIFIC —BEING CONSIDERED —YES: UNRESTRICTED —INDUSTRIAL —TRANSPORTATION —NO —MILITARY —OTHER: AGENCY REGIONAL HEADQUARTERS: (If applicable) National Park Service, North Atlantic Region STREET & NUMBER 15 State Street CITY, TOWN STATE Boston, Mass LOCATION OF LEGAL DESCRIPTION COURTHOUSE. REGISTRY OF DEEDS, ETC. New York City Register STREET & NUMBER 31 Chamb er s Stret*t CITY. TOWN STATE New York. Ktew York IQQQ7- TITLE National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings Vol. VI! DATE JLFEDERAL —STATE —COUNTY —LOCAL DEPOSITORY FOR Published in Founders and Frontiersmen:Historic Places Comemorating Early SURVEY RECORDS flgtionhQ_o_d_agdjthe_ -
Historic Structures Report
i~t«>"l'~.!HI Onrt<:B ~WW. ot IX.'*il'D A C..UUCtion MAY i 1 1960 Oblet lQLeo r1w [Al'ohlteot 14l lcMatb Tb1r4 tenet I Pld 1-Ml,.U 6, Pa. Luldocape ATCbit.ect I ~..... I """"'" ..., 10, 1960 :u.:. ~ K .LJ ia,,n, J ::!_· g :-~ Ooord.111~ i1'.,._0tr;.:..r Officer Tcu Direct.or ~ rr.:Acti~-.1 aincter .._.ecc, •n.nc aructu.. aepon, fart 1,e-1• CUat• M$1t•d I• ,_r ....u.r•Uoa 1• , ... ..bJect report, CONietU. ol ~•-- a..u.. , ..-ataarac1w Dae.a. llUtoricd--. _. An~al .... ., ..,, ., tW.. ----· - .. a1M r..... tilla IOIC to ..-.tt c note. (Sgd.) George A. Palm~ Acting a..U-1 Dtnctor Att ..."7race • a . con tot fttef • ..,, "'..,, of npon / ""'·· aac.., ua..n, .•, ...,of • .,.re FLEASE RETU:m TO: TECHN?C;".t !::;~::r.~AT!C:l c:: :-:-::; DENV ~'.i ~ ::: :·:: ~: c::::·::: i:,·J iO:~rl ~ ~ , ~·.: ~~ ~· :,:::·;:~ ~ I I ATTENTION: Portions of this filmed document are illegible due to the poor quality of I the source document. I I I ,I , I I I I I I rI I HIStt>RIC STRUCTURES REPORT Part. I CASTL! CLilITOH CASTLE Cum'ON NATIONAL IDNUMENT Prepared by Thomaa M. Pit.kin Supervisory park Historian Statue of Liberty ·ational. Monument Mo.y 6. 1960 UCQIMIDID ~~~---"iDtirrie;.c~t~o~r:----------~----~--~--~ Date ------ ~-------.:ae9ial:1~o)tnaa&'i1:-Dni-1r~.;.c~t~o~r:----------------~ Data ----- ------~cc~hi1;.,r.:-Bso:oiiocC-~~--------------- oat• ------ ~--~~-SauUip~a'1r~1~nlttianndde8in~t~----------~--~--- D•t• ------ T!BLE OF CONTENT Subject 1. dminist.rat.iv ta •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••••••••• ly lilitar;r History ot the tte:ey • • • • • • • • • 5 Origin ot the 'eet tt ry (Castle Clinton) • • • ••• 8 Millt .ary History ot Castle Clinton • • • • • • •••• 1-0 Conatruction History of Ca tle Clinton • • • • • • • • 14 !or storation •• . -
Annotated Bibliography of Climate and Forest Diseases of Western North America
Climate and Forest Disease | Ecosystem Effects | Climate Change | PSW Research Station Page 1 of 156 Pacific Southwest Research Station Annotated Bibliography of Climate and Forest Diseases of Western North America Hennon, P.E. 1990. Etiologies of forest declines in western North America. In: Proceedings of Society of American Foresters: Are forests the answer? Washington, D.C.; 1990 July 29-August 1. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters: 154–159. Parker, A.K. 1951. Pole blight recorded on the British Columbia coast. Forest Pathological Notes Number 4. Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Victoria, B.C.: 5 p. Leaphart, C.D.; Stage, A.R. 1971. Climate: a factor in the origin of the pole blight disease of Pinus monticola Dougl.. Ecology. 52: 229–239. Abstract: Measurements of cores or disc samples representing slightly more than 76,000 annual rings from 336 western white pine tree were compiled to obtain a set of deviations from normal growth of healthy trees that would express the response of these trees to variation in the environment during the last 280 years. Their growth was demonstrated to be a function of temperature and available moisture for the period of climatic record from 1912 to 1958. Extrapolating the relation of growth to weather to the long tree ring record of western white pine, we find that the period 1916—40 represents the most adverse growth conditions with regard to intensity and duration in the last 280 years. This drought, superimposed on sites having severe moisture—stress characteristics, triggered the chain of events which ultimately resulted in pole blight. If the unfavorable conditions for growth during 1916—40 do not represent a shift to a new climatic mean and if western white pine is regenerated only on sites with low moisture—stress characteristics, the probability is high that pole blight will not reoccur for many centuries in stands regenerated from this date on.