DOCSLIB.ORG

Annotated Bibliography of Climate and Forest Diseases of Western North America

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Annotated Bibliography of Climate and Forest Diseases of Western North America Climate and Forest Disease | Ecosystem Effects | Climate Change | PSW Research Station Page 1 of 156 Pacific Southwest Research Station Annotated Bibliography of Climate and Forest Diseases of Western North America Hennon, P.E. 1990. Etiologies of forest declines in western North America. In: Proceedings of Society of American Foresters: Are forests the answer? Washington, D.C.; 1990 July 29-August 1. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters: 154–159. Parker, A.K. 1951. Pole blight recorded on the British Columbia coast. Forest Pathological Notes Number 4. Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Victoria, B.C.: 5 p. Leaphart, C.D.; Stage, A.R. 1971. Climate: a factor in the origin of the pole blight disease of Pinus monticola Dougl.. Ecology. 52: 229–239. Abstract: Measurements of cores or disc samples representing slightly more than 76,000 annual rings from 336 western white pine tree were compiled to obtain a set of deviations from normal growth of healthy trees that would express the response of these trees to variation in the environment during the last 280 years. Their growth was demonstrated to be a function of temperature and available moisture for the period of climatic record from 1912 to 1958. Extrapolating the relation of growth to weather to the long tree ring record of western white pine, we find that the period 1916—40 represents the most adverse growth conditions with regard to intensity and duration in the last 280 years. This drought, superimposed on sites having severe moisture—stress characteristics, triggered the chain of events which ultimately resulted in pole blight. If the unfavorable conditions for growth during 1916—40 do not represent a shift to a new climatic mean and if western white pine is regenerated only on sites with low moisture—stress characteristics, the probability is high that pole blight will not reoccur for many centuries in stands regenerated from this date on. Leaphart, C.D.; Copeland, O.L. Jr. 1957. Root and soil relationships associated with the pole blight disease of western white pine. Soil Science Society America Proceedings. 21: 551–553. Abstract: Root density and mortality were determined in 30 healthy western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.) stands ranging from 20 to 160 years old. Similar determinations were made in 16 stands of the 60- to 80-year age class affected by pole blight, a disease of unknown cause. Various physical soil characteristics were measured in 26 healthy and diseased stands of the 60- to 80-year age class in conjunction with the root study. Both rootlet mortality and density in the upper 1 foot of soil in the 60- to 80-year age class are significantly correlated with the available water storage capacity in the soil depth occupied by a major portion of the root system. The available water storage capacity is dependent upon effective soil depth. As the severity of pole blight increases, rootlet mortality increases and available water storage capacity and effective soil depth become less. These results indicate an edaphic relationship to the pole blight disease. Leaphart, C.D. 1958. Root characteristics of western white pine and associated tree species in a stand affected with pole blight of white pine. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper INT-52. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT. 10 p. Leaphart, C.D. 1958. Pole blight—how it may influence western white pine management in light of current knowledge. Journal Forestry. 56: 746–751. Graham, D.P. 1958. Results of pole blight damage surveys in the western white pine type. Journal Forestry. 56: 652–656. Jacobi, J.D.; Gerrish, G.; Mueller-Dombois, D.; Whiteaker, L. 1988. Stand-level dieback and Metrosideros regeneration in the montane rain forest of Hawaii. GeoJournal. 17 (2): 193–200. Papp, R.P.; Kliejunas, J.T.; Smith, R.S. Jr.; Scharpf, R.F. 1979. Association of Plagithmysus bilineatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Phytophthora cinnamomi with the decline of 'ohi'a forests on the island of Hawaii. Forest Science 25: 187–196. Abstract: Two organisms, an endemic cerambycid beetle Plagithmysus bilineatus and a widespread root fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi, have been associated with the decline of ohia trees on the island of hawaii. While neither organism appeared to trigger epidemic ohia decline, each was an integral part of the complex decline syndrome. The two organisms we studied acted independently, but attack by the ceerambycid was apparently encouraged by rootlet mortality or crown loss brought on by unknown stress factors. Data and observations support Houston's (1973) concept of decline diseases. in which tree mortality is thought to result from a sequence of events that starts with stress, predisposing trees to invasion by organisms that eventually attack and kill them. http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/topics/climate_change/forest_disease/fdbib/ 9/12/2008 Climate and Forest Disease | Ecosystem Effects | Climate Change | PSW Research Station Page 2 of 156 Mueller-Dombois, D. 1992. Potential effects of the increase in carbon dioxide and climate change on the dynamics of vegetation. Water, Air and Soil Pollution. 64: 61–79. Mueller-Dombois, D. 1992. A global perspective of forest decline. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 11: 1069– 1076. Abstract: Carbon dioxide, the major plant food, is on the rise, but forests on both sides of the Atlantic are known to be declining, and industrial pollution is widely suspected to be the principal cause. However, significant contemporary forest declines also are occurring in several Pacific forests, in areas completely unaffected by industrial pollution. This paper focuses on researched forest declines in the Pacific area (New Zealand, Japan, and the Hawaiian and Galapagos islands), where canopy dieback was found to be a natural aspect of forest dynamics. It then summarizes characteristics of forest decline in central Europe (Czechoslovakia and Germany), where decline relates mostly to anthropogenic causes. Commonalities among the natural causes in the Pacific and anthropogenic causes in the European forests are emphasized through recognition of a third factor complex, the demographic component, which so far has been largely neglected in the European forest decline research. The natural cause complexes identified as demographic, disturbance, and biotic components are placed into a causal hierarchy theory based on cohort senescence. It is suggested that this may serve as a framework for comparative ecosystem research of forest declines at the global level, which includes a consideration of ongoing biotic impoverishment and climate change. Mueller-Dombois, D. 1986. Perspectives for an etiology of stand-level dieback. Annual Reviews Ecol. Syst. 17: 221–24. Mueller-Dombois, D. 1987. Forest dynamics in Hawaii. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 2(7): 216–220. Mueller-Dombois, D. 1983. Canopy dieback and successional processes in Pacific forests. Pacific Science. 37(4): 317–325. Hodges, C.S.; Adee, K.T.; Stein, J.D.; Wood, H.B.; Doty, R.D. 1986. Decline of ohia (Metrosideros polymorpha) in Hawaii: a review. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Ran Experiment Station, General Technical Report PSW-86, Berkeley, CA: 22 p. Abstract: Portions of the ohia (Metrosideros polymorpha) forests on the windward slopes of Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea on the island of Hawaii began dying in 1952. Little mortality has occurred since 1972. About 50,000 ha are affected by the decline. Individual trees exhibit several symptoms, from slow progressive dieback to rapid death. Seven types of decline have been identified on the basis of differential response of the associated rainforest vegetation. Two of the types, Bog Formation Dieback and Wetland Dieback, make up more than 80 percent of the decline area. The decline has affected bird populations and plant species in some areas, but has had no major effect on runoff or water quality. Ohia decline appears to be a typical decline disease caused by a sequence of events. Poor drainage is probably the major cause of stress and is followed by attack of the ohia borer (Plagithmysus bilineatus) and two fungi (Phytophthora cinnamomi and Armillaria mellea), which kill the trees. Except for controlling introduced plants and feral animals that spread them, little can be done to ameliorate the effects of the decline Conrad, Eugene C.; Scowcroft, Paul G.; Wass, Richard C.; Donovan, Goo S. 1988. Reforestation research in Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge. Transactions of the Western Section Wildlife Society. 24: 80–86. Burton, P.J.; Mueller-Dombois, D. 1984. Response of Metrosideros polymorpha seedlings to experimental canopy opening. Ecology. 65(3): 779–791. Burton, P.J. 1980. Light regimes and Metrosideros regeneration in a Hawaiian montane rain forest. Thesis (M.S.). University of Hawaii, Honolulu. 378 p. Balakrishnan, N.; Mueller-Dombois, D. 1983. Nutrient studies in relation to habitat types and canopy dieback in the montane rain forest ecosystem, Island of Hawai'i. Pacific Science. 37(4): 339–359. Abstract: A soil and foliar nutrient analysis was carried out in the Hawaiian Metrosideros rain forest for the purposes of elucidating a previously published physical habitat classification and for finding an explanation for the widespread canopy dieback, which is not caused by a biotic agent in this ecosystem. Soil elements analyzed were C, N, P, Ca, AI, Mn, Fe, and other parameters such as pH. Foliar analysis was restricted to N, P, Ca, Mn, and Fe and assessed only for the canopy M. polymorpha and its major associate, the tree
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Alpine Larch
    Alpine Larch Pinaceae Pine family Stephen F. Arno Alpine larch (Lurix lyallii), also called subalpine larch and Lyall larch, is a deciduous conifer. Its com- mon name recognizes that this species oRen grows higher up on cool exposures than any other trees, thereby occupying what would otherwise be an al- pine tundra. Both early-day botanical explorers and modern visitors to the high mountains have noted this tree’s remarkable ability to form pure groves above the limits of evergreen conifers. Alpine larch inhabits remote high-mountain terrain and its wood has essentially no commercial value; however this tree is ecologically interesting and esthetically at- tractive. Growing in a very cold, snowy, and often windy environment, alpine larch usually remains small and stunted, but in windsheltered basins it sometimes attains large size-maximum 201 cm (79 in) in d.b.h. and 29 m (95 ft) in height. This species is distinguished from its lower elevation relative western larch (Larix occidentalis) by the woolly hairs that cover its buds and recent twigs, and frequently by its broad, irregular crown. Habitat Figure l-The native range of alpine larch. Native Range amounts atop numerous other ranges and peaks in western Montana and northern Idaho (4). In British Alpine larch (fig. 1) occupies a remote and rigorous Columbia and Alberta, alpine larch is common along environment, growing in and near the timberline on the Continental Divide and adjacent ranges, and in high mountains of the inland Pacific Northwest. Al- the Purcell and southern Selkirk Ranges. though alpine larch is found in both the Rocky Moun- In the Cascade Range alpine larch is found prin- tains and the Cascades, the two distributions are cipally east of the Cascade Divide and extends from separated at their closest points by 200 km (125 mi) the Wenatchee Mountains (47” 25’ N.) in central in southern British Columbia.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology and Integrated Pest Management of the Sunflower Stem
    E-821 (Revised) Biology and Integrated Pest Management of the SunflowerSunflower StemStem WeevilsWeevils inin thethe GreatGreat PlainsPlains Janet J. Knodel, Crop Protection Specialist Laurence D. Charlet, USDA, ARS Research Entomologist he sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus T(LeConte), is an insect pest that has caused economic damage to sunflower in the northern and southern Great Plains of the USA and into Canada. It belongs in the order Coleoptera (beetles) and family Curculionidae (weevils), and has also been called the spotted sunflower stem weevil. It is native to North America and has adapted to wild and cultivated Figure 1. Damage caused by sunflower stem weevil – sunflower lodging and stalk breakage. sunflowers feeding on the stem and leaves. The sunflower stem weevil was first reported as a pest in 1921 from severely wilted plants in fields grown for silage in Colorado. In North Dakota, the first sunflower stem weevil infestation ■ Distribution was recorded in 1973, causing 80% The sunflower stem weevil has been reported from most states yield loss due to lodging (Figure 1). west of the Mississippi River and into Canada. Economically Populations of sunflower stem weevil damaging populations have been recorded in Colorado, Kansas, have fluctuated over the years with high Nebraska, North Dakota, Minnesota, South Dakota, and Texas. numbers in some areas from the 1980s The black sunflower stem weevil can be found in most sunflower production areas with the greatest concentrations in to early 1990s in North Dakota. southern North Dakota and South Dakota. Another stem feeding weevil called the black sunflower stem weevil, Apion occidentale Fall, also occurs throughout the Great Plains, and attacks sunflower as a host.
    [Show full text]
  • Adult Postabdomen, Immature Stages and Biology of Euryommatus Mariae Roger, 1856 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Conoderinae), a Legendary Weevil in Europe
    insects Article Adult Postabdomen, Immature Stages and Biology of Euryommatus mariae Roger, 1856 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Conoderinae), a Legendary Weevil in Europe Rafał Gosik 1,*, Marek Wanat 2 and Marek Bidas 3 1 Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie–Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland 2 Museum of Natural History, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland; [email protected] 3 ul. Prosta 290 D/2, 25-385 Kielce, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Euryommatus mariae is a legendary weevil species in Europe, first described in the 19th century and not collected through the 20th century. Though rediscovered in the 21st century at few localities in Poland, Austria, and Germany, it remains one of the rarest of European weevils, and its biology is unknown. We present the first descriptions of the larva and pupa of E. mariae, and confirm its saproxylic lifestyle. The differences and similarities between immatures of E. mariae and the genera Coryssomerus, Cylindrocopturus and Eulechriopus are discussed, and a list of larval characters common to all Conoderitae is given. The characters of adult postabdomen are described and illustrated for the first time for diagnostic purposes. Our study confirmed the unusual structure of the male endophallus, equipped with an extremely long ejaculatory duct enclosed in a peculiar fibrous conduit, not seen in other weevils. We hypothesize that the extraordinarily long Citation: Gosik, R.; Wanat, M.; Bidas, and spiral spermathecal duct is the female’s evolutionary response to the male’s extremely long M.
    [Show full text]
  • Presidio Phytophthora Management Recommendations
    2016 Presidio Phytophthora Management Recommendations Laura Sims Presidio Phytophthora Management Recommendations (modified) Author: Laura Sims Other Contributing Authors: Christa Conforti, Tom Gordon, Nina Larssen, and Meghan Steinharter Photograph Credits: Laura Sims, Janet Klein, Richard Cobb, Everett Hansen, Thomas Jung, Thomas Cech, and Amelie Rak Editors and Additional Contributors: Christa Conforti, Alison Forrestel, Alisa Shor, Lew Stringer, Sharon Farrell, Teri Thomas, John Doyle, and Kara Mirmelstein Acknowledgements: Thanks first to Matteo Garbelotto and the University of California, Berkeley Forest Pathology and Mycology Lab for providing a ‘forest pathology home’. Many thanks to the members of the Phytophthora huddle group for useful suggestions and feedback. Many thanks to the members of the Working Group for Phytophthoras in Native Habitats for insight into the issues of Phytophthora. Many thanks to Jennifer Parke, Ted Swiecki, Kathy Kosta, Cheryl Blomquist, Susan Frankel, and M. Garbelotto for guidance. I would like to acknowledge the BMP documents on Phytophthora that proceeded this one: the Nursery Industry Best Management Practices for Phytophthora ramorum to prevent the introduction or establishment in California nursery operations, and The Safe Procurement and Production Manual. 1 Title Page: Authors and Acknowledgements Table of Contents Page Title Page 1 Table of Contents 2 Executive Summary 5 Introduction to the Phytophthora Issue 7 Phytophthora Issues Around the World 7 Phytophthora Issues in California 11 Phytophthora
    [Show full text]
  • Retrospective Analysis of Lophodermium Seditiosum Epidemics in Estonia
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Directory of Open Access Journals Acta Silv. Lign. Hung., Spec. Edition (2007) 31-45 Retrospective Analysis of Lophodermium seditiosum Epidemics in Estonia * Märt HANSO – Rein DRENKHAN Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Tartu, Estonia Abstract – The needle trace method (NTM), created and developed by the Finnish forest pathologists prof. T. Kurkela, dr. R. Jalkanen and T. Aalto during the last decade of the XX century, has been already used by several researchers of different countries for retrospective analysis of needle diseases (Hypodermella sulcigena , by R. Jalkanen et al. in Finland) or herbivorous insect pests of Scots pine (Diprion pini, by T. Kurkela et al. in Finland; Bupalus piniaria , by H. Armour et al. in Scotland), but as well of pests of Sitka spruce (Gilpinia hercyniae , by D.T. Williams et al. in England). Scots pine in forest nurseries and young plantations of Estonia is often but irregularly suffering from the epidemics of the needle cast fungus Lophodermium seditiosum . Current environmental regulations exclude from the regulatory (control) measures all the others except of well-argued prophylactic systems, built up on reliable prognoses. The last is inconceivable without the availability of a reliable, as well, and long- lasting retrospective time-series of L. seditiosum epidemics, which, as it is known from the last half of the XX century, are occupying large forest areas, usually not least than a half of (the small) Estonia. An appropriate time-series would be useful, as well, for the more basic understanding of the accelerated mortality processes during the stand formation in early pole-age Scots pine plantations.
    [Show full text]
  • Home, Yard Garden Pest
    UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS EXTENSION HOME, Yard Garden Pest College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign &Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign NEWSLETTER No. 14 • August 6, 2008 Cedar–Quince Rust Affects Hawthorn Each spring we discuss cedar–apple and related rusts. In PLANT DISEASES________ the landscape, we are especially concerned with control- Diplodia of Pine Prevalent ling cedar–quince rust on hawthorn (issue no. 3, 2008) Diplodia tip blight is prevalent in much of Illinois this because it causes stem cankers and fruit infection. The summer. Take a look around your town, and you likely cankers cause stem tips to die. The fruit infection is at- will see many pines with brown needles at the tips of tractive only to a plant pathologist. Repeated rain events branches. Entire needles are brown, not just tips of nee- this spring allowed repeated waves of spore movement dles as might occur with scorch, salt injury, or transplant and germination from the alternate host (junipers) to shock. Look more closely at the needles, and you may the susceptible hawthorns. Secondary spread is by myce- see fungal fruiting bodies. They are often most prevalent lia only, and that growth is very limited. In many cases, at the base of needles. If fruiting bodies are not visible, hawthorn fruits have been covered with the aecial fruit- place the needles in a plastic bag with some moist (not ing bodies of this fungus. You can see the aecial spores dripping wet) paper toweling; blow some air into the which have washed or blown onto the foliage.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Systematics of the Marine Dothideomycetes
    available online at www.studiesinmycology.org StudieS in Mycology 64: 155–173. 2009. doi:10.3114/sim.2009.64.09 Molecular systematics of the marine Dothideomycetes S. Suetrong1, 2, C.L. Schoch3, J.W. Spatafora4, J. Kohlmeyer5, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer5, J. Sakayaroj2, S. Phongpaichit1, K. Tanaka6, K. Hirayama6 and E.B.G. Jones2* 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand; 2Bioresources Technology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Khlong 1, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand; 3National Center for Biothechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 45 Center Drive, MSC 6510, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-6510, U.S.A.; 4Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, U.S.A.; 5Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557, U.S.A.; 6Faculty of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan *Correspondence: E.B. Gareth Jones, [email protected] Abstract: Phylogenetic analyses of four nuclear genes, namely the large and small subunits of the nuclear ribosomal RNA, transcription elongation factor 1-alpha and the second largest RNA polymerase II subunit, established that the ecological group of marine bitunicate ascomycetes has representatives in the orders Capnodiales, Hysteriales, Jahnulales, Mytilinidiales, Patellariales and Pleosporales. Most of the fungi sequenced were intertidal mangrove taxa and belong to members of 12 families in the Pleosporales: Aigialaceae, Didymellaceae, Leptosphaeriaceae, Lenthitheciaceae, Lophiostomataceae, Massarinaceae, Montagnulaceae, Morosphaeriaceae, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporaceae, Testudinaceae and Trematosphaeriaceae. Two new families are described: Aigialaceae and Morosphaeriaceae, and three new genera proposed: Halomassarina, Morosphaeria and Rimora.
    [Show full text]
  • Romans in Cumbria
    View across the Solway from Bowness-on-Solway. Cumbria Photo Hadrian’s Wall Country boasts a spectacular ROMANS IN CUMBRIA coastline, stunning rolling countryside, vibrant cities and towns and a wealth of Roman forts, HADRIAN’S WALL AND THE museums and visitor attractions. COASTAL DEFENCES The sites detailed in this booklet are open to the public and are a great way to explore Hadrian’s Wall and the coastal frontier in Cumbria, and to learn how the arrival of the Romans changed life in this part of the Empire forever. Many sites are accessible by public transport, cycleways and footpaths making it the perfect place for an eco-tourism break. For places to stay, downloadable walks and cycle routes, or to find food fit for an Emperor go to: www.visithadrianswall.co.uk If you have enjoyed your visit to Hadrian’s Wall Country and want further information or would like to contribute towards the upkeep of this spectacular landscape, you can make a donation or become a ‘Friend of Hadrian’s Wall’. Go to www.visithadrianswall.co.uk for more information or text WALL22 £2/£5/£10 to 70070 e.g. WALL22 £5 to make a one-off donation. Published with support from DEFRA and RDPE. Information correct at time Produced by Anna Gray (www.annagray.co.uk) of going to press (2013). Designed by Andrew Lathwell (www.lathwell.com) The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development: Europe investing in Rural Areas visithadrianswall.co.uk Hadrian’s Wall and the Coastal Defences Hadrian’s Wall is the most important Emperor in AD 117.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Materials Neodiprion Sawflies
    Supplementary Materials Neodiprion sawflies: life history description and utility as a model for parent-offspring conflict To provide context for our comparative analysis of Neodiprion clutch-size traits, we provide relevant life history details (reviewed in Coppel and Benjamin 1965; Knerer and Atwood 1973; Wilson et al. 1992; Knerer 1993). Adult females emerge from cocoons with a full complement of mature eggs, find a suitable host, and attract males via a powerful pheromone. Shortly after mating, females use their saw-like ovipositors to embed their eggs within pine needles. While females of some species tend to lay their full complement of eggs on a single branch terminus, females of other species seek out multiple branches or trees for oviposition. Overall, female oviposition behavior is highly species-specific and, in some cases, diagnostic (Ghent 1959). Adult Neodiprion are non-feeding and short-lived (~2-4 days), dying soon after mating and oviposition. After hatching from eggs, Neodiprion larvae of many species form feeding aggregations that remain intact to varying degrees across 4-7 feeding instars, depending on the sex and the species. As larvae defoliate pine branches, they migrate to new branches and sometimes to new host trees (Benjamin 1955, Smirnoff 1960). During these migrations, colonies may undergo fission and fusion events (Codella and Raffa 1993, Codella and Raffa 1995, Costa and Loque 2001). Thus, while initial colony size corresponds closely to egg-clutch size, larvae are highly mobile and their dispersal behavior has the potential to substantially alter colony size (Codella and Raffa 1995). Beyond having a variable and well-documented natural history, Neodiprion provides an excellent test case for examining coevolution of female egg-laying and larval grouping behaviors because, as is likely the case for many insects, feeding in groups could confer both costs and benefits to the larvae (Codella and Raffa 1995, Heitland and Pschorn-Walcher 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • Kettle River, Minnesota
    Kettle River, Minnesota 1. The region surrounding the river: a. The Kettle River is located in east-central Minnesota. The river has its headwaters in Carlton County and flows generally north-south, passing through Pine County and into the St. Croix River. The basin has a long history of faults and glacial activity. The bedrock formations are of pre-Cambrian metamorphic and volcanic rock. This layer is covered by Cambrian sandstone and unconsolidated glacial till. Outcroppings of sandstone and pre-Cambrian lava are frequent. The area is ragged and rolling with dramatic local relief. The area has gone through a dramatic ecological change since the logging days when the white pine was the dominant vegetation. Today the region has a varied pattern of red pine, spruce, white pine, white birch maple, oak, aspen, and basswood. Major transportation lines in the area include Interstate 35 running north-south through the basin and Minnesota 23 running northeast- southwest through the basin. Minnesota 48 crosses the river east-west just east of Hinckley, Minnesota, and Minnesota Route 65 runs north-south about 25 miles west of the river. Land use in the basin is limited to agriculture and timber production. The Mhmeapolis-St. Paul area to the south supports heavy industry and manufacturing. b. Population within a 50-mile radius was estimated at 150, 700 in 1970. The Duluth, Minnesota/Superior, Wisconsin, metropolitan area lies just outside the 50-mile radius and had an additional 132, 800 persons in 1970. c. Numerous state forests are found in this part of Minnesota. They are Chengwatona State Forest, DAR State Forest, General C.
    [Show full text]
  • JOHN J. O'connor Fashionable Tailor
    ^ GNATIAN CONSIDER THE EARNING POWER OF YOUR TRAINING who are graduating or leaving school to enter the Qll business world would do well to earnestly consider the Y•"" I big advantage of a Heald training. Consider what it means to you now—what it will mean to you ten years from now to stand where former Heald graduates now stand—Bank Presidents, Heads of large Corporations, Con­ fidential Accountants, Secretaries, Business Executives in every line of Commercial enterprise. Heald's Courses cover every essential and modern study that make for the best business minds in the country. You need not hesitate if you are behind in some study—you can make it up and receive every help at Heald's. Tour progress is sure and certain—you are not held back by the slower student—no waiting for the other fellow at Heald's. Enroll now. Call or phone Prospect 1540. Heald's Business College VAN NESS AVENUE AND POST ST. San Francisco, Cal. TELEPHONE PROSPECT 1540 But Chips of Glass WO chips of glass. T Jt,'fOle I never saw tlic stars, Nor butterflies with oainted hars, Nor blades of ptsft. The yellow btM 1 never saw. nor lillle birds. But only heard their friendly words From blurred, green trees. The world did seem Vi'.gue. dull—I knew not whv; 1 only knew all earth and sky Dim as a dream. And then these hits of glass! Oh. myriad life! Oh, wonder sight | Oh, jeweled world! Oh, star- hung night! My soul go,*s dancing with de­ light! THANK GOD for chips of glass! Compliments of Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • A Victorian Curate: a Study of the Life and Career of the Rev. Dr John Hunt
    D A Victorian Curate A Study of the Life and Career of the Rev. Dr John Hunt DAVID YEANDLE AVID The Rev. Dr John Hunt (1827-1907) was not a typical clergyman in the Victorian Church of England. He was Sco� sh, of lowly birth, and lacking both social Y ICTORIAN URATE EANDLE A V C connec� ons and private means. He was also a wi� y and fl uent intellectual, whose publica� ons stood alongside the most eminent of his peers during a period when theology was being redefi ned in the light of Darwin’s Origin of Species and other radical scien� fi c advances. Hunt a� racted notoriety and confl ict as well as admira� on and respect: he was A V the subject of ar� cles in Punch and in the wider press concerning his clandes� ne dissec� on of a foetus in the crypt of a City church, while his Essay on Pantheism was proscribed by the Roman Catholic Church. He had many skirmishes with incumbents, both evangelical and catholic, and was dismissed from several of his curacies. ICTORIAN This book analyses his career in London and St Ives (Cambs.) through the lens of his autobiographical narra� ve, Clergymen Made Scarce (1867). David Yeandle has examined a li� le-known copy of the text that includes manuscript annota� ons by Eliza Hunt, the wife of the author, which off er unique insight into the many C anonymous and pseudonymous references in the text. URATE A Victorian Curate: A Study of the Life and Career of the Rev.
    [Show full text]