Paper Title (Use Style: Paper Title)
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Royal Citadel of Messina. Hypothesis of Architectural
Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. XV to XVIII centuries / Vol II / Rodríguez-Navarro (Ed.) © 2015 Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/FORTMED2015.2015. 1716 The Royal Citadel of Messina. Hypothesis of architectural restoration for the conservation and use Fabrizio Armaleoa, Marco Bonnab, Maria Grazia Isabel Brunoc, Sebastiano Buccad, Valentina Cutropiae, Nicola Faziof, Luigi Feliceg, Federica Gullettah, Vittorio Mondii, Elena Morabitol, Carmelo Rizzom aESEMeP, Messina, Italy, [email protected],bESEMeP, Messina, Italy, [email protected], cESEMeP, Messina, Italy, [email protected], dESEMeP, Messina, Italy, [email protected], eESEMeP, Messina, Italy, [email protected], fESEMeP, Messina, Italy, [email protected], g ESEMeP, Messina, Italy, [email protected], hESEMeP, Messina, Italy, [email protected], iESEMeP, Messina, Italy, [email protected], lESEMeP, Messina, Italy, [email protected], mESEMeP, Messina, Italy, [email protected] Abstract The hypothesis of architectural restoration wants to ensure the conservation and the use of the Royal Citadel through a conscious reinterpretation of the work and a cautious operation of image reintegration. The Royal Citadel of Messina, wanted by the King of Spain Charles II of Habsburg, was designed and built, at the end of the XVII century, by the military engineer Carlos de Grunenbergh. It is a "start fort" located at the entrance of its natural Sickle port, that is a strategic place for controlling the Strait of Messina, the port and especially the people living here. The project is neither retrospective or imitative of the past forms, nor free from the constraints and guidelines resulting from the historical-critical understanding, but conducted with conceptual rigor and with the specific aim of transmitting the monument to the future in the best possible conditions, even with the assignment of a new function. -
Romans in Cumbria
View across the Solway from Bowness-on-Solway. Cumbria Photo Hadrian’s Wall Country boasts a spectacular ROMANS IN CUMBRIA coastline, stunning rolling countryside, vibrant cities and towns and a wealth of Roman forts, HADRIAN’S WALL AND THE museums and visitor attractions. COASTAL DEFENCES The sites detailed in this booklet are open to the public and are a great way to explore Hadrian’s Wall and the coastal frontier in Cumbria, and to learn how the arrival of the Romans changed life in this part of the Empire forever. Many sites are accessible by public transport, cycleways and footpaths making it the perfect place for an eco-tourism break. For places to stay, downloadable walks and cycle routes, or to find food fit for an Emperor go to: www.visithadrianswall.co.uk If you have enjoyed your visit to Hadrian’s Wall Country and want further information or would like to contribute towards the upkeep of this spectacular landscape, you can make a donation or become a ‘Friend of Hadrian’s Wall’. Go to www.visithadrianswall.co.uk for more information or text WALL22 £2/£5/£10 to 70070 e.g. WALL22 £5 to make a one-off donation. Published with support from DEFRA and RDPE. Information correct at time Produced by Anna Gray (www.annagray.co.uk) of going to press (2013). Designed by Andrew Lathwell (www.lathwell.com) The European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development: Europe investing in Rural Areas visithadrianswall.co.uk Hadrian’s Wall and the Coastal Defences Hadrian’s Wall is the most important Emperor in AD 117. -
The Halifax Citadel
THE HALIFAX CITADEL National Historic Park Halifax, Nova Scotia Issued under the authority of the Honourable Arthur Laing, P.C., M.P., B.S.A., Minister of Northern Affairs and National Resources HALIFAX CITADEL NOVA SCOTIA THE HALIFAX CITADEL Halifax, Nova Scotia Halifax was founded in 1749 to provide a base for the British Navy and Army and a springboard for attack on the French at Louisbourg and Quebec, because the final contest between France and England for possession of the North American continent was clearly approaching. Citadel Hill was always the innermost keep and chief land defence of the Halifax Fortress. Four forts were built, at different periods, on its summit. The first was part of a wooden palisade around the young settlement, designed to protect the settlers from Indians. The second was built at the time of the American Revolution and was intended as a stronghold and base against the rebels. The third was built while Napoleon Bonaparte was trying to conquer the world, and this one was later repaired for the War of 1812 with the United States. Because of the latter war, Britain knew she must have a permanent fortress here as Atlantic base in time of peril, and so the fourth, the present one, was constructed. Not one of these forts was ever called upon to resist invasion. No shot was ever fired against them in anger. However, it is safe to say that they had served their purpose merely by existing. The First Citadel When the Honourable Edward Cornwallis arrived at Chebucto Harbour on June 21, 1749, accompanied by more than 2,500 settlers, one of his first thoughts was to secure the settlement from attacks by marauding Indians, ever ready to molest the British during periods of nominal peace between England and France. -
Citadel of Masyaf
GUIDEBOOK English version TheThe CCitadelitadel ofof MMasyafasyaf Description, History, Site Plan & Visitor Tour Description, History, Site Plan & Visitor Tour Frontispiece: The Arabic inscription above the basalt lintel of the monumental doorway into the palace in the Inner Castle. This The inscription is dated to 1226 AD, and lists the names of “Alaa ad-Dunia of wa ad-Din Muhammad, Citadel son of Hasan, son of Muhammad, son of Hasan (may Allah grant him eternal power); under the rule of Lord Kamal ad- Dunia wa ad-Din al-Hasan, son of Masa’ud (may Allah extend his power)”. Masyaf Opposite: Detail of this inscription. Text by Haytham Hasan The Aga Khan Trust for Culture is publishing this guidebook in cooperation with the Syrian Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums as part of a programme for the Contents revitalisation of the Citadel of Masyaf. Introduction 5 The Aga Khan Trust for Culture, Geneva, Switzerland (www.akdn.org) History 7 © 2008 by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher. Printed in Syria. Site Plan 24 Visitor Tour 26 ISBN: 978-2-940212-06-4 Introduction The Citadel of Masyaf Located in central-western Syria, the town of Masyaf nestles on an eastern slope of the Syrian coastal mountains, 500 metres above sea level and 45 kilometres from the city of Hama. Seasonal streams flow to the north and south of the city and continue down to join the Sarout River, a tributary of the Orontes. -
Authors' Names Do Not Appear in the Index As These Are Given in The
Index Principal authors’ names do not appear in the Index as these are given in the Table of Contents at the beginning of this volume. Authors of specialist reports are listed with a brief indication of subject matter. Place-names in Scotland are individually indexed, but also appear under the relevant old or historic county name. County names appear in capitals; names of the relevant new council areas (ie post-1996) are given in brackets. Correspondence between the post-1996 councils areas and the old historic counties is not always exact. Fellows are urged to consult the Foreword and maps in the General Index to Volumes 106–126 for clarification. Entries under pottery are listed chronologically, then alphabetically (thus, various sorts of medieval pottery will follow Romano-British pottery). ABERDEENSHIRE (Aberdeenshire) industrial activity 464, 466, 487 Boghead Croft 13, 28, 51 interaction with native population 453–54, 810 Cairnhall 13, 38 supply bases and ‘work depots’ 487–88 Deer’s Den 13, 14–32, 63–65 temporary camps 26–28, 33, 34–35, 483–88 East Finnercy cairn, Dunecht 183–95 titulus entrances 14, 16, 28, 33, 35 Inverurie 13 arrowheads, flint, leaf-shaped 15, 55, 57, 188, 189, 192 Kintore 11, 12, 13, 39–40, 71 Atkinson,RJC,excavations at East Finnercy cairn, Kintore and Blackburn By-pass 11–75 Aberdeenshire 187–89 Midmill long cairn 13, 55 Auchencrow, Berwickshire 743–72 Rosebank, Roman temporary camp 13, 33, 34–35 acres, medieval definitions 744–46, 757 Springbank pits 13, 33, 51 common obligations and rights 757–58 Tavelty 13, 33, -
On Craters of Denudation, with Observations on the Structure And
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. DECEMBER 19, 1849. The following communication was read :- On Craters of Denudation, with O~ervations on the Structure and Growth of Volcanic C~nes. By Sir CHARLES LYELL, Pres. Geol. Soc. IN the first edition of my ' Principles of Geology,' published in 1830 (vol. i. ch. 30), I explained the grounds of my objection to the theory previously advanced by Baron yon Buch to account for the origin of the Caldera of Palma, the Gulf of Santorin, and other bowl-shaped cavities of large dimensions, for which he proposed the name of "Craters of Elevation." I regarded the circular escarp- ments surrounding these vast cavities as the remnants of cones of eruption, the central parts of which had been destroyed, and I con- ceived that the removing cause had been chiefly, if not wholly, en- gulfment. In the second edition of my 'Principles,' published in 1832, or two years later, I discussed more particularly the origin of the single deep gorge, which in Palma, Barren Island, and other so-called elevation- craters, forms a breach in the circular range of cliffs, surrounding the central cavity. This ravine or narrow passage I attributed "to the action of the tide during the gradual emergence from the sea and up- heaval of a volcanic island" (ch. 22. vol. i. p. 452), and I at the VOL. VI.--PART i. a 208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE OEOLOOICAL SOCIETY. [Dec. 19, Fig. 1.--View of the Isle of Palma, and of the entrance into the cen- t~'al cavity or Caldera.mFrom Iron Bueh' s "Canary Islands." Fig. -
Vauban!S Siege Legacy In
VAUBAN’S SIEGE LEGACY IN THE WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION, 1702-1712 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jamel M. Ostwald, M.A. The Ohio State University 2002 Approved by Dissertation Committee: Professor John Rule, Co-Adviser Co-Adviser Professor John Guilmartin, Jr., Co-Adviser Department of History Professor Geoffrey Parker Professor John Lynn Co-Adviser Department of History UMI Number: 3081952 ________________________________________________________ UMI Microform 3081952 Copyright 2003 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ____________________________________________________________ ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 ABSTRACT Over the course of Louis XIV’s fifty-four year reign (1661-1715), Western Europe witnessed thirty-six years of conflict. Siege warfare figures significantly in this accounting, for extended sieges quickly consumed short campaign seasons and prevented decisive victory. The resulting prolongation of wars and the cost of besieging dozens of fortresses with tens of thousands of men forced “fiscal- military” states to continue to elevate short-term financial considerations above long-term political reforms; Louis’s wars consumed 75% or more of the annual royal budget. Historians of 17th century Europe credit one French engineer – Sébastien le Prestre de Vauban – with significantly reducing these costs by toppling the impregnability of 16th century artillery fortresses. Vauban perfected and promoted an efficient siege, a “scientific” method of capturing towns that minimized a besieger’s casualties, delays and expenses, while also sparing the town’s civilian populace. -
FORT: Synonyms and Related Words. What Is Another Word for FORT?
Need another word that means the same as “fort”? Find 12 synonyms and 30 related words for “fort” in this overview. Table Of Contents: Fort as a Noun Definitions of "Fort" as a noun Synonyms of "Fort" as a noun (10 Words) Usage Examples of "Fort" as a noun Fort as a Verb Definitions of "Fort" as a verb Synonyms of "Fort" as a verb (2 Words) Associations of "Fort" (30 Words) The synonyms of “Fort” are: fortress, garrison, castle, citadel, blockhouse, burg, keep, tower, donjon, turret, fort up, fortify Fort as a Noun Definitions of "Fort" as a noun According to the Oxford Dictionary of English, “fort” as a noun can have the following definitions: A trading station. A fortified military post where troops are stationed. A fortified building or strategic position. A fortified defensive structure. GrammarTOP.com Synonyms of "Fort" as a noun (10 Words) A stronghold that is reinforced for protection from enemy fire; with blockhouse apertures for defensive fire. An ancient or medieval fortress or walled town. burg I ve lived in this burg all my life. A large building, typically of the medieval period, fortified against attack castle with thick walls, battlements, towers, and in many cases a moat. The crumbling stonework of a ruined castle. A fortress, typically one on high ground above a city. citadel The garrison withdrew into the citadel. donjon The great tower or innermost keep of a castle. GrammarTOP.com A military stronghold, especially a strongly fortified town. fortress He had proved himself to be a fortress of moral rectitude. -
Glossary of Terms
www.nysmm.org Glossary of Terms Some definitions have links to images. ABATIS: Barricade of felled trees with their branches towards the attack and sharpened (primitive version of "barbed wire"). ARROW SLITS: Narrow openings in a wall through which defenders can fire arrows. (also called loopholes) ARTILLERY: An excellent GLOSSARY for Civil War era (and other) Artillery terminologies can be found at civilwarartillery.com/main.htm (Link will open new window.) BAILEY: The walled enclosure or the outer courtyard of a castle. (Ward, Parade) BANQUETTE: The step of earth within the parapet, sufficiently high to enable standing defenders to fire over the crest of the parapet with ease. BARBICAN: Outworks, especially in front of a gate. A heavily fortified gate or tower. BARTIZAN (BARTISAN): Scottish term, projecting corner turret. A small overhanging turret on a tower s battlement. BASTION: A projection from a fortification arranged to give a wider range of fire or to allow firing along the main walls. Usually at the intersection of two walls. BATTER: Inclined face of a wall (Talus). BATTERED: May be used to describe crenellations. BATTERY: A section of guns, a named part of the main fortifications or a separate outer works position (e.g.. North Battery, Water Battery). BATTLEMENTS: The notched top (crenellated parapet) of a defensive wall, with open spaces (crenels) for firing weapons. BEAKED PROJECTION: see EN BEC. BELVEDERE: A pavilion or raised turret. BLOCKHOUSE: Usually a two story wood building with an overhanging second floor and rifle loops and could also have cannon ports (embrasures). Some three story versions. Some with corner projections similar to bastions. -
Historical Journey Along the River Tees and Its Tributaries
Historical Journey along the River Tees and its Tributaries Synopsis The document describes a virtual journey along the River Tees beginning at its source; the perspective is as much historical as descriptive of the current scene. Where significant tributaries join the river, they also are tracked back to their start-points. Particular attention is paid to bridges and watermills because of their intimate associations with the rivers, but nearby buildings, both religious and secular are also given attention. Some people have been specially important to developments associated with the river, and brief biographical notes are provided for them. Finally, I would stress that this is very much a personal account dealing with facets of interest to me during the 30 years or so that I spent living and working near the River Tees. Document Navigation I do not provide either a contents list, or an index, but to aid navigation through the document I give here page numbers, on which some places appear first in the text. Place Page No. Source of the River Tees 3 Middleton-in-Teesdale 5 Barnard Castle 9 River Greta confluence 15 Piercebridge 18 Darlington 20 Yarm 28 River Leven confluence 35 Stockton-on-Tees 36 Middlesbrough 37 Saltburn-by-the-Sea 46 Hartlepool 48 There is a sketch map of the river and the main tributaries in Table T1 on Page 50. The Bibliography is on Page 52. 1 River Tees and its Tributaries The River Tees flows for 135km, generally west to east from its source on the slopes of Crossfell, the highest Pennine peak, to the North Sea between Redcar and Hartlepool. -
The Chronology of the Hillforts of Western Alania According to Historical, Archive and Archaeological Materials
E3S Web of Conferences 164, 11015 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202016411015 TPACEE-2019 The Chronology of the hillforts of Western Alania according to historical, archive and archaeological materials Julia Treyman1, 1Don state technical university, 344002, Rostov-on-Don, Russia Abstract. The article is dedicated to revealing historic stages of the development of medieval architecture of Western Alania; systematization of the existing scientific materials connected with the dating of the medieval architectonic and archaeologic legacy of the region; revealing the periodization with defining corresponding cultural and ethnical peculiarities of architecture, compositional patterns and marking the influence of cultural borrowings. During the conducted research we revealed three chronological periods of the development of the architecture of the North Caucasus. At the first stage in the VI-VII c. A. D. appear the first Alan settlements along the western Caucasian part of the Great Silk Way. At the second stage in the VII- first half of the X c. fortifications are built in hillforts; also at this period was formed the three-part planning schemed which followed the principle: a citadel, a fortress, a fortified settlement. At the third stage in the X-XII c. the development of hillfort is performed under the influence of Byzantine Christian topographic traditions. 1 Introduction The problem of studying Western Alan medieval hillforts, which are unique historical and cultural legacy of Karachay-Cherkessia, is connected to the study of historical origins of individuality and interaction of regional cultures of the Russian Federation. The interest in the Alan culture and other antiquities of the North Caucasus appeared at the end of the XVIII c. -
Plymouth Palmerston Forts Stage C: Strategic Summary and Individual Site Statements Woodland Fort, Knowles Battery, Bowden Battery and Fort Austin
Plymouth Palmerston Forts Stage C: Strategic Summary and Individual Site Statements Woodland Fort, Knowles Battery, Bowden Battery and Fort Austin Prepared for: Plymouth City Council and English Heritage Revision Schedule Plymouth Palmerston Forts Strategy for the Northern Fortifications May 2011 Scott Wilson Rev Date Details Prepared by Reviewed by Approved by 15th Floor McLaren Building 01 April 2011 First Draft Andrew Harris Barry Woodfin Annette Roe Associate Principal Consultant Director 46 The Priory Queensway Birmingham B4 7LR 02 May 2011 Final Draft Andrew Harris Barry Woodfin Annette Roe United Kingdom Associate Principal Consultant Director Tel 0121 2123035 www.urs-scottwilson.com www.scottwilson.com This document has been prepared in accordance with the scope of Scott Wilson's appointment with its client and is subject to the terms of that appointment. It is addressed to and for the sole and confidential use and reliance of Scott Wilson's client. Scott Wilson accepts no liability for any use of this document other than by its client and only for the purposes for which it was prepared and provided. No person other than the client may copy (in whole or in part) use or rely on the contents of this document, without the prior written permission of the Company Secretary of Scott Wilson Ltd. Any advice, opinions, or recommendations within this document should be read and relied upon only in the context of the document as a whole. The contents of this document do not provide legal or tax advice or opinion. © Scott Wilson Ltd 2011 Plymouth City Council Plymouth Palmerston Forts: Stage C - Strategic Summary and Individual Site Statements Contents Vulnerability 49 Issues 51 1.