i~t«>"l'~.!HI Onrt<:B ~WW. ot IX.'*il'D A C..UUCtion MAY i 1 1960

Oblet lQLeo r1w [Al'ohlteot 14l lcMatb Tb1r4 tenet I Pld 1-Ml,.U 6, Pa. Luldocape ATCbit.ect I ~..... I """"'" ..., 10, 1960 :u.:. ~ K .LJ ia,,n, J ::!_· g :-~ Ooord.111~ i1'.,._0tr;.:..r Officer Tcu Direct.or ~ rr.:Acti~-.1 aincter

.._.ecc, •n.nc aructu.. aepon, fart 1,e-1• CUat• M$1t•d I• ,_r ....u.r•Uoa 1• , ... ..bJect report, CONietU. ol ~•-- a..u.. , ..-ataarac1w Dae.a. llUtoricd--. _. An~al .... ., ..,, ., tW.. ----· - .. a1M r..... tilla IOIC to ..-.tt c note.

(Sgd.) George A. Palm~

Acting a..U-1 Dtnctor

Att ..."7race • a . con tot fttef • ..,, "'..,, of npon / ""'·· aac.., ua..n, .•, ...,of • .,.re

FLEASE RETU:m TO: TECHN?C;".t !::;~::r.~AT!C:l c:: :-:-::; DENV ~'.i ~ ::: :·:: ~: c::::·::: i:,·J iO:~rl ~ ~ , ~·.: ~~ ~· :,:::·;:~ ~ I

I ATTENTION: Portions of this filmed document are illegible due to the poor quality of I the source document. I I I ,I , I I I I I I rI I HIStt>RIC STRUCTURES REPORT

Part. I

CASTL! CLilITOH CASTLE Cum'ON NATIONAL IDNUMENT

Prepared by

Thomaa M. Pit.kin Supervisory park Historian

Statue of Liberty ·ational. Monument Mo.y 6. 1960 UCQIMIDID

~~~---"iDtirrie;.c~t~o~r:------~----~--~--~ Date ------

~------.:ae9ial:1~o)tnaa&'i1:-Dni-1r~.;.c~t~o~r:------~ Data -----

------~cc~hi1;.,r.:-Bso:oiiocC-~~------oat• ------

~--~~-SauUip~a'1r~1~nlttianndde8in~t~------~--~--- D•t• ------T!BLE OF CONTENT

Subject

1. dminist.rat.iv ta •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••••••••• ly lilitar;r History ot the tte:ey • • • • • • • • • 5

Origin ot the 'eet tt ry (Castle Clinton) • • • ••• 8 Millt .ary History ot Castle Clinton • • • • • • •••• 1-0 Conatruction History of Ca tle Clinton • • • • • • • • 14 !or storation •• ...... • • • • • 36 otee • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4fJ J. Archeologic&l a • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 53 p.lu1t.rations

1. ' 'l&p o! Land under wate ceded by the Corporation of Nw York to th Unit d States for Fort.if'ications. lSC>7•"• • 9

2. "Plan of the ttery" (McComb Plan 151) • • • • • • • 14 ot t'orti cations t the ttaey ( cComb Plan 152) • • l4 ttery" (McComb Plan 153} • • • •••• • • • l4 5. "Plan o! th Tolil8r-Batteey for the South-West Point of the City of N ! k" (Archives Plan 36-14) • • • • • • • • 16 6. "C&Btl Cl.into , ·.e11 Y.ork" (Archives Plan .36-27). • • • • • 17 7. A Plan of Ca.stl Clinton, ew York. ( rchivea Plan 36-31) 17 e. "Plan of C&st1 Clinton, rbour of Ne York 'Archives Plan 36-32) • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • 9. Plan ot eat tery ( rchives Plan 36-ll) ••• • • • • • •

10. "Vie o! the tt ry Looking 1 il"th fro the Churn' (Stokes) 19 ll. 'Historical :p • Ca.s le Clint.on tional iom.unent". • 36 12. "Arcbeologi.ca.l search. Caetle Clinton National wnumenttt 56 n er of building: eutle Clinton ( no number assign ) • b. an justitic&tion1

Tlll.s etorlc tort in tte:ey ark b• a tional

1), 1950 and partially r estor by the

·ational Park rvi c duri the ensuing three a. It s

built in y r 1008-lSll, the last of the fort on t.he

lower of tt&n Island beginning with the Dutcn Fort

mste in 1626. It help to ward ot! British at.tack during

the ar of l.812 an J.Ater • vari and si.gnif'1cant history

s e ter nt center, eonc rt hall, gr•tion tation. and r1 letion ot it.a restoration a fort

\ s been appro~ as IO 66 pro am.

Curr t pl&nnin v1 sea one-half the co.et of roa-

tQration as lo eontribution, under the provieions of t~

e~ York City tional. Shrine Advisory rd aet o.f 1955. Ac-

tiv intere.t on he t of influential roups in Ne , ?ork City

in ~ letj,ng C tl Clinton tional Mon nt • a well as oth r

ar n th city under atio:nal Park 5 rvice adm1niat~ation, in

t tor t e op--- of the orldfs Fair n 1964, baa met with cordial reepo on th pa.rt ot the eoretary of the Interior. --·46 in ew Yor ity on pril 19 .. Seeretarr Beaton estated, 1n thia conn ctio ple you th Department of t e Interior 2 ia prepared t ita share ,of the t sk." Early com­ pl.•tio o! the r 1to at.ion o! Castll Clinton is therefore now

Depart -tal p licy.

• Provision or operating t

Fund ing eought from interested liew York groups. to be tched by ipropri&t d tunda, for t.he "storation and r

bilit&tion ot stl.e Clin on. On completion ot the atructure and it.a •qui ent a fort of tbe period o-! is12. together with exhi its illuet ating other rlods or ita history, the fort will

oper .ted under th• ~et.rat.ion or the uperi.ntendent., Statue ot Liberty tio.nal. on t, aa a unit ot the ew York City area.a. of the ational rk Servic •

A priva.t or za:t1on aed on interut in Caatle Clinton because or its War of 1812 • sociations is now forming in ew York City, under the spon orship of the · York City Na­ tional Shrine Advisory oard. egotiation of a cooperative agr t with t :da organiu.tion, when it s been developed, ia r~o ch co perativ agreement should look tote.rd as- aiatanc in the cost o! dev opment and turniahing, and &id in operating th Btruct t.o the extent or sponsoring suitable com- emorative observances.

C&stle 1Cllnton will be a day us area, and will be open to the public ly to conform with the operation of statue of Liberty onument. Visitation v1ll be heavy, judg by- 3 the uperience of th Y rk Zoolo cal oci ty in OP4Jr&ting the York A ari on tbi. Bite, pr()ba ly running to l ,.000.000

:r more a.nnual.l.y A. eub&tantial. year-rotmd. stat'.! will be Nqtlired•

provided by ot Lib rty ational M nwnent. Operating

at 850,000 annually tor mrump;em.ent and pro- t ection, and 20.000 wmually !or maintenance and rehabilitation.

ration ¥1.ll be by ppropriat fund!'.

d. est1 te of coet for rehabillta ting structure:

Current es te of th cost. of reatoration and re-

bllltation of t e ructure, a rev.i. in the Saetern Office of sign and Con truction AprU 1, 1960, ie $700,000. This cost is tabul&t toll l

ut ties - wat. , lectric, telephone • • • • 1.3.100 Utilltie - ....-r. • • • •• • • • ••• • • • 9,000 Reconstruct and rebab3litat •• .- ••••••• 520,000 ' tt hot Shot oven • • • 15,000 ..uaeum e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 50,000 Historic ordn&nc ••••••• • • • • • • • • 46,400 Grade !ace • • • •• •• •••• 25,000 F c • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••• 21,500 Total 1700,000

A • pa o the research n ceeSlU'Y !or reatoration

tudy' of period ordnance vill be nec­

, but t e s can prooably be absorbed by the allotment for Historic ordnance' list a ove. For full exhibit develop- ment ov6.t'i.ng all p iode of t.he structure ta history, additional 4 r earch st at coat of 5, 500 ll b ne«ied. No !unda are currently pro tor the restoration and r ha.bilit.a.t on o etl Clinton. It is reco ded, bow-

er, that th ntir b• approved tor execution during the Fiscal l 1 62. IJ.'hi ie in line wt.th th Tentative Pro-

r, Goal , YQrk , ently in the egional

O!'t!c , rprov by th lew York Oity ational r.1.nes Advieory

Boa.rd, and endors d, in · ner.a.l t.erma, by the cretary of the Interior.

2. C stl Clinton tional nument is both & link l(J..th a 8)'Illbol or the growl.ng new nation. It the last or aeries or forts on the ttery which, fro the Dutch sett... 'l;N.l~t o! 162 • guarded Manhattan Island f"rom at-

ck by • A , it i one of th :t surviving linke ldt the early hist.or o! our greate t co rcial cit..y. Caetla

Clinton, completed. in l.B'll, an i ortant element in the de- .1.ens ot Yor· City during the ar of 1812, after which it aerved u Third lltary Di.strict Headquart.ere until l.B.2l..

The struct vas later convert to uses which symbolize e1gn11'i~t. piJ&:L:.vu ot the develo t ot a city and a. na:tion ri . to gr atn • by the Federal Government to the 182.3, th .tort 'bees.me Castle Gard n, .tamed as a thu.t.er

d ent ainment center until 1855. In that year Oa•tle Gerd.en 5

s aoqui by t Ne York State Commissioner ot Emigrat.1.on, erving tor the ;35 years a.a tlle nation's principU recep- tion conter for milli of imnigrants to our eh.ores. From 1896 to 1941 it. 11 well own a the Nn York Aquarl.u;m.

rly lit.a.r,. History of the Battery

For

rt.ant, if not th principal, d.etens point

tor New York Cit • In 1626, when Dutch colonial govtrrunent was

first e~tablieh 1n w N therland.,, a fC)rl wae built on high

round hove th point o the iala.nd. Fort A11111t l"dam• as it

log blockbous urro ed by wod. n paliead• .and sod.d

wall-e. During t enslli four d cad s., although the tort was repaired r built sever t. , b ng str.engthened by the construct.ion of ston fao bastions, it w.s ne: 'er

effeative fortiticatio • For this reason, the Dutch tmder Petex-

tuyve t t to clef' nd their utUeroent in 1664., wh a Brltiah t'leet. app to take po eaaion of the col.any l in the ot the Duke o York.

tish t change:• in the pztincipj.l def nee

-o the city, ot r t ch . lli its name to Fort James. As a result, th.e f'ort 6 years later, de1Sp1 te exchange o! fir between !leet and. i'ort

tor almost t.n ur - the :f'irat. occasion on lfhich an attempt 2 d the city• Dutch control wa onl.y temporary,

New tork. being eturned to England. by treaty in the tollowing y • The Brltiah a ently learne lltr,le from past experience. :; tor the defense. o! th city were not materially inproved. the abdication of James II in

the Gloricus Revo ution, tho fort •s seized bt Jacob Lei.81 r

and his support re, and it name ohanged to Fort Wil 1 iam in honor

·rivr"ian. ld.ng. Durin t two yea.re in whieh h held

the city• Le1 • no only repaired and rebuilt · he tort but con­

structed a hal! on battery in front of it. Early 1n 1691 h

ti d !rom th fort royal t oope attempting to dislodge him,

but finally WT mered to the new governor, and • tried and 4 executed tor tr son.

l further shots, other than saluting volley-a, were

fired from the t ery until 85 years had paesed. In the :mean-

, the old defensive work - known suo e&aively' as Fort WiJlja.m

Henry 1 Fort Ann , an Fort G orge - was becoming increaei ngly and o tmoded. The outbreak ot the American Revol.ution

found th rort in it usual state of militaey unpreparedness.

• ly in 1776 the .lmsriean force had occupied 1.t and erected

vera.l support· ba.tt irieu, but the di!.fioult7 • 1! not the 1m­

pouib1l1ty. of defending New York against the British naval and 7 5 military tore a soon became apparent.

On Jul.y l2, l 776, t'WO Britiah 'tlal"ehipa sailed up the

orth B1 ver in ;rligbt, past the batt•rl.•s that were supposed to prevent their • six <3;rs later they retUI'l1$d• running th• s gauntlet, ctically u.nhar.med. Follow!ng the Bat,tle

Lo Island, shot e exchanged With Br1tieh ehipa yjHng up the st i~er id.th Britiab tro0pe who had occupied

Governcu-•a Island, but 'When the :British landi!d in New York on

ept ortitic&tions the ttery W9re of necqsity

band:on • Whil.e t proved of no part.ioular mUitaey value to th , Fort Geor wa arri oned by the British until t eir .-v&cua- 7 tion ot Uew Yer on ovetnber 25~ 1783. th the coming or peace the ttery orti!ic&tione W&re one :&in allo . to deteriorat , ..00 th area became a popular promanad • After conaid able -tation to :remove the dilapidated fort complete , t emolltion was authori'Hd in 1?90 by the New

York 1 alatui~ , l!ihich d. olared. that "Fort. George • • • and the ttery adj&oent thereto are at present UJ1eless tor the purpoae of deten • " Th sit , owever, "forever reserved tor the purpose of reeting public buildings. and ••• wr"ka of defense. " Within had been ereeted there. planned orig- inally as the Pr•sident. t otticrl.&l residence but used instead f'ir~ as t.he Gover r 'a re dence and then as a custom house. Meanwhil.e, thu site of the o r •te battery had been converted into a a plea.Milt park :th t rte.xi guns mounte B a saluting batt&ry.

By 179.3, t y • att r th British ev cuation o! the city,

.v York s ro bly more d.tenseJ.-ess than at any previous time

in h r hiato •

Ori t.tery ( tle Clinton)

'l'he inc sing int mat.ion.al rivalry of Engl&nd and

ranee during t wruing fifte year brought. war :sca:r& after scare, the people of

New York. The :Cir t inetance "W& in 1794, en E'ngland •s feared

th pat · :ti aggreaeor. oth th Federal and t.h etate gov .rn­

nts ss l slati.Qn to improve the d · ten•e ot ~lew York harbor,

and fortification begun on Governor•s, Ellis and Bedio 's 9 Islands, much o the w:>rk be.in& done b7 clvilia.n volunteers. In

1798, when P e regarded. a th en , effort to defend the

hat or wre r vived.. g n, Fed ral and &tat• appropriation wer

e for thi• purpo , ppleme:ntctd by ney :trom the e:1.ty trea.llll"Y,

tu.mi d much of the labor to er•ct earth-

rks on the tery. But in both in.ta:ncea th initial fervor ns lo quickly dissipat 1 &nd the forti!ica.tion soon tell into disrwpair.

In 5 relation \dth England, now fig}lting for her life

a a.inst poleo c F 1 again bee strained a American shipping

minating in declaration of • During thie period the 9

ontinual. gitati in ·ow York other coast 1 cities for more et.fective harb grad.ually overcame the Jetferaonian

refe enc for oat ver f'ortitieations., and more attention 11 'WU soon given o th p bl of defending New York City.

The! rot t~ a aurv y of th harbor &hd it de-

£enses, begun :te in 1805 by ;Lt. Col. .. Jonathan Willia.ml o! the unit d tate nee;r • Two yeara later Wi l l'j,e:ma was natlBCl one ot three Unit ea Co sioners, a.long with V1ee Presi-

instructed to e a d tail etudy and report on th beat means l2 ot tortif'ying N Y k harbor. Their Outlin ot a Plan o:!

mitt in July., 1807 • called for the comrtruct.ion completion of tiv tortiticat1ons or batteriee on the thre isl.ands ot t and two ca o.mated batteries in the water , one about 50 feet from t.he west head of the

ttery and the other in th Hudson River a .short dietanc to the 13 north.. Tne er part o thi• plan wa cont'.i.ng~t upon cession to the F'e al 1.1'\vi•'M'l~l'rt. a th required water lots; this finally &C 11 by the c ty wit stat approval. C ssion

• !01.lo ropri&tion 0£ Federal funds, and by th

e.,t :ttC')f, later named Castle

Clin on, 146 unde • l. "Map of Land under water ceded by the Corporation o! N.,,, York to the United Stat.ea for Fort.ificationa. 1807.tt

Hap no. 49, Fortificatione F11.e, Office of the Chief' of Engineers. War Records Branch, National Archives. I -

...... -· I I

I I I I! I I __j I t ....._I ---- .. -

...._ .._____ •

I I .- I ... ~---. I I I I / I I i

1.

(,..

It ON ICROFr ~~- lO

lit ry History of Castle linton

fh et ttery s not completed until th fall of

18ll• a ute n fired from ths ne tort on November 25, Evaou- 15 at.ion Y• The tort e not garrisoned until June 2~ 1812• wh

a t to the w battery, a few

y~ a.tt r Gen al J eph loom.field n given eommand in few

York, a.ncl o~ a few eks b•for his G ral Order of June 20 s 16 to announce the de:cl.G.r4t1on of war with Great Drittdn.

n pent the summer mainly in nexercising the gun n and in practice firing at a target, an old hulk anchored in 17 th harbor off th ttary. The ad:vent of autumn brought t or a Briti . :val attack on New York. six trigat a being reported cruising of~ San Hoo , but this thr t t orarily d1appeared le du.ring th winter. " rly in 1813 the Briti,sh declared "strict. and rigorou B1o en of the port, which cau ed. turt.ber panic in

h city. COI!tDlOn Council petitioood the legislature and the

Congres for ,fund to buil.d dditional. defen es, end bl'e&st1>J0rk 19 war thrcnm up n the :ttery behind the .tort.

In th r ot lBl.4 the British~ whoa def t or

a.pol n had re...__u. .. ""' their :Cull lltary fore .£or the American

r, ent larg .fleet to icm t&l's. Lying oft SfWdy Hook during ...... """""r 1 it posed the strongi st ~hreat of th

to the city er ted 'Wldespree.d panic. Tbis ~rm -wae in- t n fi aft-er news or the burnin,g of ashington reached. New York ll

la.te in ug~t; re called out to defend. the city,

and volunteer group of ai.tizena lped build bru.stwrks and 20 -rortifi.ca.tiona at various points around the harbor. By ovaber

:rear ot an tt&ck :ted, and early in Fe'bl'\l&ry, lSl.5 1 New

York r ceived t welco va that a treaty of pMee had biMn 21 signed. The eity had be n av from bombardment and invaaion,

whether beoau e t o! its defens s had deterred an en

:tta.ck, or becaus the British were content merely to oripple the 22 port by a bloc • Throughout thi period conttlsion generally characterized

the mil.1.taey adminiatration of ew York Oit7 and its De:pendeneiee."

er; Bloomfield had be d :for lees than three months

wen, because ot critici of his lack of energy• he 23 r eplaced by Gener John Armstrong. A trong remained in com-

mand for only tiv the, being chosen by President Madison to be

retary o~ ar, was succeeded by Henry Burbeck. Then 1n rapid

succes11l.on durin 181.3- 14 George Izard, enry Dearborn,. Morgan 24 vi.a, d finally ew York Governor Daniel D. Tom:pldns.

•igh.l.and and rt or Jerstq had been designated the Third 25 ta.ry strict. The est Battery, contrary to the assertions

of lat.er vriter , did not t this til:;le s rve as headquarters !or

the military co der of the dietrict: thie wa located through-

u.t t of the l&r in a building near Government House and the 26 ar , ju t eou: h ot .Boltling Gr en. With the endin.g or the war, th city b "negotiations ld. th the Federal Government for ce sion ot this bl property J by the end of y., l.Bl5, the land hiad vi. into lots which re eo-ld &t public auction. 27 d demolition o! th bu1Jdlngs had bftn start • Concurrent with tbi action, Gener Alexander comb uaum.ed command o~ the :y JO eat&bllihed hie e&dquarters at

'Castle ton, • ~tot'orfi d.&s1 tad st ttery. This is the first kno of tM , probably chosen to honor DeWitt 28 CJ.int.on, who just retir yor of New York.

gitati n had b gun in the meant !or l"tlatora.tion of the tte:cy to ta pre-w.r beau.t.y, ~d 1ta improvement as a park 29 and public roimeJl&(le ..

General Winfiel o r.ad bean mll1tary commander in New

York 51nc Jun 1 1816, b the conetruc"iio:n two $iall office bull a on t of the astle Clinton caus

i the pop outc:ry was 80 rtrong t t Scott wae f'1nal.4r erd.&red 30 to abandon t p oj ct. Tb ad do: lt !or nea.r~ three rs, til , 18.20, when th C Co11I10il began a cam-

a1gn to obt C .tle Clinton or the public use of this 01ty." iltlto h Pruid t onroe d the War Department ware reeabl•,

on.gr• e failed to se the neces ry l•gj.slatiGn and receesion or )l tb l.an to the city la.yed.

Du.I-in thi perio th military uaetulnes$ of th fort, 13

even 8 an n1 trativ headquarters, d decreaaed. In

February, 18 , t Third Militaey Dietriet wu apparent.ly

lished at th that quart ra of the stern D•part-

with 'W nfield cott ae ding Gen ral. By July Castle Clinton

'WA. erving &fJ quarters !or the nrf3 Paymaster and a Surgeon, and on November 18 it • turn over to the Qu.art.erma.ater Depar nt 32 !or ra o of

I orin th ar nte of Quartermaster Bender, who found it convenient an inexpensive for this purpo e, Congre

n !! reh 30, 18221 authoriztd the reeonveyanee t.o the city of the on which stle Clinton tood., whenev•l" it no longer ra- 33 quired " s mil1 a.ry po i ion for th efence ot the Harbor."

early a year p b ~ore the Army took action, requ• ting

neral Scott to r rt on th milit&ry valu o! the tort. Colonel

Jos-wh G. Totten o! the ltngineer1, who de th survey, concluded t t Castl Clinton ~ be l!truck out o:f the pr sent syat of detence without tiaJ.l.y we& ening 1t," a view in which eott

as e t. • a result ot thi report, th War

epart t on February lB, 1823, ordered that Castle Clinton b

..... ,,..,.,. over to th city; all quartermaater and ordnance au.pplle were r ved by April 19, and on Jun 23, 1823, th tort "W&• ot 1. ally reconveyed to a cOlllmitte of th Conimon 34 Co®cil. Thus , ~,...... the military history of Caet.l Clinton.

:35 C011Btruction History of OUtlo Clinton

Although Colon l Jonathan Williams \!l&D the J\rmy Engi-

ne.r 1n c rge o! all fo:rti.tic:at."ion construot-ion in New York

or during t.h dia.t 11 preceding the War of 1812,,

th evid nee ia not concl ive that he &c ua.lly designed and

~up rintend the ruction of Castle Clinton. It has been

York City Hall. s the architect. Hie account books and several

plan ot the f o:rti! cation bearing hi& name p_ro-v• that he wa

a sociated with th construct.ion work, at lea in the role of

contractor• and it. to be ablish.cl that the monumental 36 :t.e•y at the l.lnJort 'W& his w::>rk. It al o appears from

otb. r dat that Cap Whiley s :Ul charge o! la~ the f oun-

tion of the tort,, and construction ot the tort itaelf was euper­

vi t t by jor Jo eph G. Totten d Captain orge 31 Bamford. Upon criticizi by hia superiors in Waehington

in June, 18101 ca.use the cost of constructin the fort con-

iderably tDOre than his original est,,imfl,t , William.a eked to be

reli fro s po ti.on s Engineer-in-charg in New York harbor.

Colonel Henry Burb ck apparently auccffded him, at least !or a ti , but by th following year Williama was back in poa;Ltion ol au- 38 tbority. On hi ath,, few months after the end of the wr, the 2. "Plan o! the Lowr Battery,n by John McComb, Jr. c. 1810.

Plan 151, John McComb• Jr., Papera, The New-York Historical Society. -·"-.,,,. • ·•·...... ,, 4 -I 0 .• · -

.. . .; . --· ' ~f'~t:: '.:_:! '': . ' .· . ' ·..... ·- •"-. -· - -~ ;~ii: f:i >"i ~t~:~ ~ .. \ · , .::, _ . --:.~:· - ---=·-- \ \ -. ,-. ' .. -· .· I ------

I /'· . .. L___ J ·> v\ . .-... -. w .\:•.--~-" __-- ;,. ~;:.. v. / ,A__, z, , .-· \ . / '· !'·./ / < i (

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-· ·· :- · '

...... 1 :;...----CJ ' ,, - ./A1'. h- - ' - . " ._,. - ~ - / ~- '- l . 0 - l • ' '~! -. , .I ~ v. ' L_

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11, -' .. 1 " ,, • • -· I • / -- ·. . . "'-- §lyr= -~~~'\ . '\. .. ~ ------·· ,'\,,,· . )L)...... -' . ,, ·. "~"" . - - ~- .. _------~t't't- •

. • ~ . ·-· . • . . .-.-... · -; . • .. "-.--..,_ ). , • .. -; ·­ .. ··-

ON -- -'• Plan o! fortitications at the Battery. probably b;y

John J.IcComb, Jr. c. 1810. Plan 152, John McComb, Jr.,

Papere, The Ne~York Historical Society. ., . '-· __... ,' ~ - ' • !"J~~ - ~ -----.- -~r.r .. . : _,. ·.- ._- . '.. .- - ·., #.t::;: .... ' _._ -... ;-.. ~ : : i ...... _ ·. ~ •-" .' \.

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·------... ___ _. _ _...,, ' \ • • ',, -' \ • I ~ - - .J# ~- 4. "Gl.tfi&Y for Battery." by John Mccomb. Jr. o. l.alO. Plan No. 153. John McComb, Jr., Papers, The New-York

H!atorical Society...... f ------... ·-r- ...... ".., .. ~ •· . .f · - .. , -:: . . : .:; . :. ' .. , ..... ':' ...• ~ ~ . : .. _; _; ..,/ ~ " I ~ · • ;, ~ .: ~ . .. 4 ··1 . ·, ...... , , .. ' · -i .-~ ,.. ·' . ·...... ~ • • , . . . - , •. -· ., ., ...., . • .. . \ '• ' ... . ·-~· , .-: ·-...... , . . .- ·... _ _,...,. ' • .. ..; · · ~ .-, \ -• ·, ..; t· .•.. - . , .· ~ .- ~ ­ . . I : :· . • \ · -- · • • ·-. ' .•· • . I ~ ••. ....\ . .. .. " • .. I. . ' ·. '. l • · • ~ I • .•· • j I . .. f' l· • ...... : ~· .. ;., _ _, ; . ' • .; ::. ~:t- -- ~ · • ' ! ..· · . •·...... ; ~ ... .. :_-__... ··- .. ·' ·.,, • '• • • .. ·. I " '.• I ' ' . •.· . ' • '• • . !'.· -- :_-· ~ r .. . :• . •. • ·. _. ·-=---. '• ' ,...... '· . .... 'I"· • ' - ~' :-· ~ - . ; • , x ,.~- -• ~1 • ·. • - ·.-.; .. / ;,:_,I ' . ....j . ,...... • " . .· .. -· ..., •, .. , __ ·- ; . ,.1 _..a.•~· ~ . . . ";; -' ,' . i . ..,, , .. . .. '' • ' ·- ...... _ ; _, __ . ·-· .. .·..- . ' · ·. ·· ~ ., - . ._'. • . ' · ·. . •; , ' / ·' '' ...... ' • \ ·. i. . •• • . • ! . r -~ - ._ . , i: . .__, • ·. ~ - ~. .. i , ,• •,, ! ,-L ... • .... . "'\---. :---- •• '· '""!-..':" •"• • '""" '· _...... l - ~' · ··~·- r· · · ~ l i _,,. .,_ ' • -~=--:...· ---,,i • • ·o ·.. ' '., ..

... _; . ' .' . ... .

' I ' ... - -· I , ) ' I . ' . . . ' ..: ....~ .. ; . ~ - - .>··:f. ·.-· ·' ' .- •; ~ . ~:- '· - · • .'

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,., .· ,,.- ··-- .. - , , / . ' I ' .- , If tl'.L'h,t ci,.f.J.-.l~ "j • )..A,l~ (!>

N York C Council luted hiill !-or planning the defenses 39 o! this City d rbour." Without detract from tho eon-

tributione o:t o her•, it eems apparent that Wj.))1Jlllle should

rece1 e ar t t.h esign i- and build r o! Caat1e Clinton.

, · ton ta conatructi.on history does not end in

1811. "1.th th letion o th fort, b t eont1nues until &l­

st 162.3,. ite litary hi tory wa.a t. rm.1.nat.ed. While the

gnifica.nt c es re de aft r the 'Wal" in l.815. when

ne a.l · co his headquarters the , other mi.nor

construction r'k wa undertak al.most. annually from l.813 to 181.a. Beea.us of t.hee continual repair , tnodifica.tions, and.

ditions, th .fort or l.823 differed in many respeet fro the West ttery ae originally pl.anned. and built. or•over, as the record, including plans o! the t'ort, is mcst complete tor the

later year1t ( c • l 7-23),. the appearance of th structure in

1812 muet in lar o be educed. Castle Clin on a. one-tier open ca.ee,mated fort of

rown tone, • Circular in dee (a. segment of

a circl greater t a · -circl ), the fort bad an inner

ra.diul\\ of 92 !e • The unfinished segment of the circle was

roun e oft and out by the strai ht line of the Gorge, or rear

wall ot the fC)rt., at the center o! Which -was th• s&~rt. The

th n,.,.at head" o! tJe ttery, t which it l!IB.8 connected by a 40 wooden ca. eway 'With a dra.~ridge. 16

Willi ori.ginally viBU&llzed. a circular fort about

50 tee~ off the ttery. mounting .30 to 50 gune in two or thr•o tier and with accommodations for a garrison•" 81,mila,r to 41 Ca tl.e ll1 on Governor• a Island. Ria first change of plans he red that becauae of proposed dock conetruction the fort woul.d :ve to be out at least .200 feet from the Batteey 42 to canm&nd the orth River. La.ter, becau•e of the high coat of building the foundation, Wi.111 ams ..-s directed to bui1d the fort with one ti r of gun on:Ly, which he described as "-an imperfeet

'Wtlrk ot 2S guns, w.i.tho\lt aiv acc001110d&tiona !or the men when not on duty"; the expectation was that other tiers could pe added subsequently if ditiot !und.s became available. The· foundation,

he efore, 111& saive in p~oportiion to the supttretructure, since 43 it had been de igne to upport & inulti-tiered. "towr" fort,.

Found&tion, eounterguard1 !!14, bridge: The r u h stone foundation of the fort w.e laid in 35 f e t o~ water "and uncertain depth of d" within a «counter- guard" or rt of stone block ; theae blocks were desoribed as torming "seven o! .xi et on, tw.:> id.es on the tolGl aid•

ing e into one." Aa indicated on National. Archivea Plan

36-14 (1810), the counterguard waa 39 feet w1d• at the base and i'eet lid. e a the top. eur1'aeed with a framework of "connected lo e." In th word of ptain Whiley. unsver before -.a there such a ss of eto e and timber tor the foundation of any work or 44 building since the creation of the world." 5. "Plan of the Tower...a&ttery for the South-West Point

ot the City- of New York.ff c. 1810. P4n .36-14,

Fortifi.cations File, Office o! the Chief of Engineers.

War Record.a Branch~ National Archives. -- ./ l . .,..., .,;,,.. .,;, /. ~. ,,.,..,.,. ... , .,,.;_;,;, .,,.·.. ,;...J,J.r -~,. ·...;,;~ • ' .. •71. ' ,<--··r-·1 '/'I°' ·-1-.,, . ·--1-···1 ,. 1' ·-11''-t' ~- 4 _,I.Ir - .,.., .,,.,. ."I!"."" '/II", ...,., •,·11.~ · ~ . .. ~,.,·•-./ · -t~/ .·7' I . •,,~ .., 1 "IV".,. I.,, -¥'/'/.__ •• ,, •• ,.., ·~1 · .,./.., .... j "ji' ,..~·,., .,.,, ·~.v , • .,.~ ..,, ..,,.,., ·~,-·.,r- ,.,_ .,.,,,,, ~·1' .,..,, 'i' I - ··-;:f • '/.1'1 -,,. ... •f ~ ••.., _. ,,• .,.. , 41-' ; ' ·"•1,.I"!' 1' / / . .1, .. ,. "r."'11 '11' .,, ~.. Jll I • /. . -- -~,..,, r ,. ·;;·•, ,.. n-1' · ~'JI' "1/ "'f 1-• •-.µ /',".. • · .,,, M • • C. • '- • 1' 7' ., •!J"l,,_,,_I>' "'°",. ., ., ~ •J 1;1•~/ .. ~ J' .•: , If' . - ·~ ~ ...., ·-7 -1 ., .. ..,, ''""'·....,.., ·-_.,..J , ~ fT I .,,,,.., · - - .j',/I T ,., •f!'.''I' 1: • •r1 " •9•~ " ( I , . ~ ~....,. .r , . .,,.,,_ '1" ., ,,,,,_,,<>, t ..,,,~ - ¥ ..... _,. ,..,,. I "11-1 · 1 • .. , ..... "( ""I-I'"'! L.,, r ·.,,.,-• - -.•,,,., r .,,_t'..y.(';t;. _,, >-.! _,.. '- ~~...... ,, ~ ,-•• '"'Y'I'"' '71 .,_ -./ .,.. r . . {t•> _,,,,, ,;/,..,'; "f' /. ,-; 1-f •7,1 ..;, •1 • I , ~ ~ ' -=---- '--·'• .,,;~,~ ·~1 · ~I - 'r-:!' .. ;;:z.;1.:;. ';!:I:~ ~ r- : d : : : I .Hi: r-ri ~ -h ,- r-4 -,,/ r.'J ;,..; "'-~' .,- .,, ,._..,...., .. - • t ' ' / / "..;-',...... ,,_, ~ ....,..,, ~ 'r' ..,, /. ->J .f •• ,,!J · ._,,.,, · > • -- ~ ~ ~ 1r·., ... •r-T:,. ~ ,, ...,, ~ _,.. : _,,~ I L.. ,n . _,.1!:.-r'"' ..... q-- ·r• -t r .....,, .._.,,,..,, ,,_ _ _..,.... ~ ~ · r • -r""" .,,I .,,, . .,._ a- ..,. .. ~~~91F:.._, ~ ~ . . ~ ,.. JIf . 'l't '!;':; 'JIf .,. ·~ ,,"L:! -:. IU .,,, .., r-iif- ~ ,,. ~ i·,1' . .r "r: l!I~ t"'J./J -r /' ~ ''*" ... :se ~i -· " ,.,.;..~~ :. " ~ - .. - !.~ ...... _" I , ~ ,.,.' ,• --"' ~ ...;..oo't... i.. c "- ~.... ~ -' .. >~ --.. . 3 ·.. ·,. i\·,,·, ,- I , . --·· - · ·---- . -- .. .. ~ I I ' J '\...; < rt • :: (llJ • 0 ' ' · ., , , ' r I } I "!a... ~I t I ', I ~J·. . , '... ' •. , • ·. I ·~_,,.,:t • ; I I , ,~ ..- -.. If~ . '' ' .... ,. ~ , • Cl l.,..,, ''r-• t• ~ • I: t ,. - • • ..._, - " \ ' J r • ---=-:::::::_....=_ ~ -~ e -=~ I, ' • I " • . ' ..( ~ I I [ l .. ~ •-. .t i.· ~ · c~ ~ .....' '\ !) I., ' ' " " (>... " . ------·-- --- ~ ...... Y' · ~ ~:.. I- I' ,, T-:":~1 ( • ~n ' ' .= ~ i I' ~ .! -~ ~ :-i ...; I ( ...• I tn l s: I. e; . f c . " /.... • l'l~ ~E ~~ p L < c ii 3 = l~ • = I !; \. • • N li'g ~ .. ..."""

~

I "'.r ; ...... ~ ': ...... , .. - ...... ~.:.: \•!.' ·-.. -.:-- ·. "' .,, . 1' ,_ ~ . --· .- 17

p!"eading by the Superincunlbent weight seem9d borne out by the

pp-.rance of t counwrguard aft.er & yar had pa&•~J u Captain

ord report to him, not'Wi th~tanding the depth ot the •ter and the irregu.l&.rity ot the bottom the whol pile has Mttled with euch r gularity a t to show th anal.le rt dit'~erence o! levels. "

But within th pa e of fo r year it was noted that the founda­ ticn had settl turther on the water side, oa.using several larg cracks in the llJal.l and other duna e. TWb years later, in 1817,

he count•r wae strengthened -with l.al"ge iron str pe at each angl.e to counteract WAl.~~v from freezing, and oak tenders 6 inches thiclc r ep1ked 4 !eet iap rt around th• block to s curo the foundation; in addition, lar e atone wer pl&c·ed. around it. to 45 give additional support to the fenders.

Whil t r i no written evidene.• a.e to its actual length, the bridge eo cting th fort a.nd th ttery was about 200 feet long. Co Archi'V P1ana .36-27 (l8l9) and 36-31

(ca. 1817), the only plan showing the bridge, i~ appeara that- the c&UJJftm.Y wu from 222 to 224 feet long an 26 to lO teet wide' th dr.a'Wbridge eection, lo ted about 20 feet fro the countergu.ard. i8Ild. ot the. bri a &pprox1.m&tely 14 feet square. ' Bet epteni:>er, l8J.,5, and 'March, 1816, some mi.nor re e to the bridge and counterguard, prinQi.pal.ly sta- 46 billv.ation -with iron Bt!I pa and bolts. In J.Sl 7 becauee, of serioue 6. "Castle Clinton, New York. " 1819. Plan U-Z'/, Fort.iti catione File, Office of th• Chief ot Bngineere. War Records Branch, NatioJ:l&l Archives. Drawer JO. Slteet 27-

·-- .... ---.._- . ·- -.. _ .' ·. I / •'.··· * · .·~.. J , . . . ~ : .

•

•

. ,·\ \ \ \. \ \ ' ' . ." . ' ' . . ... ! ! \ .. i

' /, .: :1 • . ' t . ,r I- ,' ~ ...... _... . - - ..... --...... _./ # ,. .... ' ...... ,., ; ·'"" '"' ,- . ,,, ' ,, ~ J,, • , ,,, ,,,...,, 1. ,~ / ); ,,;-, ·/. . /// / 1 ~/I//' ,,. , ,. ,,, . ' .>1 '" 4 ' , ,, ',, . l " >. I ; • • • ' • ·r···· 1- f ,,, /'~(. : ,_ " "' ... ·. .... s ·CC'- . - ) - ;..---. 36~271\ 7. "A Plan ot Cutla Clinton, Nev York." c. 1Bl7. Plan

~31, Fort.1ticat1ona File, Ottice of the Chief ot Engi.IlMre. war Records Branch, National Archivea. -- • J fl.

·,. J·- . ' · ··.·~' · .. .. - '.· .. !!. ... . •. ., • ...... , • • j . !/I . ... - -, . -~" . . ' I . , . 0. , ... . - •· ..· • 1, • I .. • ·. 1'1 .· ·. • Il1 ! •• • • 1 '!-Jl ... " ' .. ., • • I~ \ '" '" '"'"' - ~ .· ' - -·· I ~ i I ·. I I I ~

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' _. .·' -. . . - - ~ '. - . ! ... - ~· • 9 ·• '• . -'. . '

•

------. ------9. Plan of Weet Battery, c. 1811. Plan ,36-ll, Fortification•

File, Ofriee ot the Chie! of Engineers. W&r Records Branch,

National .Arcbiv&1h -.-; ....,.....,a.- . - -~-... - -- .,..._..- . • ' :,,. .. • ./ Drawer.36. • • Skeet JJ.

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\ • • ' 1.; \ ; • ' \.'' .... i ·. . •• • .. ..' .:l 11 ~· • ,,. • '~~~~~~_;_~~~~-~-----,---·------~ • , ., • • •• ... 1 I L- -'-~ ·· =-·~-'- -· -- 1· - - ... . _: _J._ _. - ---- ·i:...... - ____.: _J .~---- .... ' . ··. ' I• . . '..a ~ 10. "View ot t :tt ey Loold.nt; North from th C~n ." c. lSl.7. I . • Phelpe toku, th! Iconogrp>b;t of

I ...... _ 'I __ ,. .._. .... ___. , l det.erioratio "Ch bri and thre of the pierB tmpporl.ing it

ing ove low MLt•r k wer replaced, and pile wre driven

against eac pie:r about 4 feet apart; 1n addition. 6-ineh oak

ftU'ldera 'Wel'• Placed between the pilae ao u to provide further

stability. Since the dra:wbri e 'WOuld. not operate. a ~w set ~

wh els OAS with double power" for e&8 of operation, and

a low protective val1 was built o kMp the 1ilheel.111 free from dirt

gra el. inall , a ew railing w.a built, the entire bridg

painted (p a ly white), and the counterguard -.. wrtaeed 47 ldtb gravel o th t quality.

Outbui gsa Arch:iv • Plans 36-.27 and 36-31 ow two guardhouses at

the Batt rry nd o the e&US9lf&1 and t""° larger out.buildings at

th rort end, on th counterguard at each side o! the allyport

entranae. The .rdhouae measure approx:i..mately 8 by 12 fMt and

10 rest high th dimerudo s of the outbuildin..gs, aa shown in

A~hive Plan :36-32 list d in an 182.3 inventory of the materials

in Castle Clinton, 27' 2" by 17' :!!' and 10 feet in height.

ch of the latter two rooms, tt«> entrance doors and eight 4S

The t at which these buildi wre constructed can- not b efinitel.y establish .. cComb'e Account. Book refers to

work 01 e in l.Sio-:ll at the Guard o and th• Guard Houae, but 19 49 ti :ti • -.,.-,_...._y9 :P]An

36-ll ( :e fl.nl' indication

·tion ot in WJ.lliama•

in ...

ort.h tro t .oke

axt.cun·ve J. 15-17 .. --u-...... -

It tb t outbuilding adjacent t-o the tort nt ui.lt art r th ar or Ull.2 • as part of th t tound of th

cks 1u or near th fort. di.lrJ.ng the

, 1815. to ch, l.816. a contide J.e ... bull

ty; alt. h the outbu:Udingo re later

could ~ be•n partl.J of l>rick cQDStruc­

bills tor carpentl."1 ~k ha been round

o.f fie I remDdeJ.ea in lG-15 • MJd t o.utbulld­ Sl i rueted at about he t •

Th OU s t t in t.hiokne s, 11. "llistoric&l Base Map, Castle Clinton National Monwnent.n

1956. Dra~ No. NM/OAS 3001, National Pa.rk Service,

revised and annotated by Walt.r I. Hugine, Hiatori&n. ·------,\

\ . • • Drawer 36'. / Sheet .-32. •

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p,.,_r. J,. •: c.I ·; -~ ·~·· : .i . ,~ ·.' · .: : :; ~ Ker1se~ q..f' ~.~-t~~ ~ Jr.1i.· "/ ''°' ,, ·',, ,. , ;,.J';11 · . (~t1~/1-,., F. ~Jl.S. //.r~· ." ,. , . .. u .. >" ,. - ._.; ,~ /1.ho/.Jb REGION '-.. :.. .. 1, .. f;'\ • ./' ! '.. / ··' ..... ~ 5 I PCP NO. I • ., ~ , ..• •. ' : ·;J' SHEET 1 OF DRAWING NO. NM-CA~ ~~"!Jf.d ,Y~ 300iA- ~~"' / .-, "/,_..c.-('. ~J"' ,.\ir---..------·------

,_ "> .. . - ~- 1 . ,.. .. . - ( :~ r~11CROFILM narro'llling to 6 f t at th Gorge. ThtlY consisted of exterior and interior facings o! bro"Wnstone ashle.r laid in Flemish bond over a core o! ir gular rubble fill. o! various types of etone.

fach of the brownstone f'rom a quarry in Newark.. New Jersey, but ther is evidence that some o! it, perhaps only that for the

ateway, came from a quan-y 1n Chatham (preaent-day Portland), 52 Connecticut.

Aside :trom the a&llyport gatelAly, tb walls o! the fort re pierced tor 28 op n embrasures, 4 !-1 e embraaures and several narrow v ti tion slits. Thes embrasures were paired and ''keyhole-:-angl d" two to a oasemate. Above the lintel of each elllbrasure a jack arch, with a round brick relieving arch not visibl behind thie facing, A larger brick relieving arch, also non-vitrl.ble, s located immediately behind the in- terior wall !acing, sp each set of two emb-raeures. The 53 coping and esol e of' the embrasures were also ot brownstone.

allyport ...... ,...... Caetle linton ..a ent red through a ma.ssive brown- ston g tewa.y, rob ly d signed by Jolm McComb. Pai.re4 double pilaster of a hlar blocks, alternately outcropped, framed bolt- studded wood n doors opening beneath a plain jack arch, strength- en d by an outcropped discha~ging arch above. The pilasters ex- tend almost th h ght of the fort wall, with the gateway cap- ping 5 or f; !eet higher. The stone in the gateway appeAra somewhat 21

ght r in color an fin in texture t that in the, fort walls, 54 probably rro .. different quarry.

T t.w door•, ch ll !eet high and 4 feet wide, were

pparently construct or three -;yers o h vy oroas-planking lfith a total ttdo ea of ut 7 inche • They wre etudded with

768 iron olt . , the head• of which re over 2 inohe in diameter, d three l ge triangular-sbap iron hinge on each side.

One door probably contain a small door or " cket te" which 55 s 57 inch hi h and 21 inches wide. The tlooring ot the sallyport passa.gftlay was originall7

od, lid.:th browstone sillG at ither d, the woodi planks

prob ly re tin n b im:l 1 ar to the flooring of the ease-

e. B low this was a stone and rubbl fill about

18 feet wide, epar :ting th two eellaru '111der th officere' ;6 quart.era. In 1817-18, in conn ct1on with the repair and re-

furbiehing of the bridg , flagstone. wer laid. rom th bridge

to the sall.yport ntrance d through th seage y, replacing the -wooden !1.oor • At the tima, tw brownstone step ap-

proxi t ly 25 feet in width were built out 10 feet in front of

the gateway. P~vious to t e addition. logioa.l for a ''head-

quarters" fort, t: e 3-!oot di!ferenee in elevation between the

counter rd an the sallyport eway s apparently bridged by an earth r , re euit bl tor whe ling in artillery 57 eces othe h ~7 quip ent. Of!ietrt' r

The four roo in th. Gorge, t!ll:l on aeh side of the , wer ueod out the mill hi tory of the fo-rt. Th i'otU." rooma were &l'- ranged e trically• eh set of rooms being identical but in reverse. The t rQ0111.S adjacent to the passagcrway~ with in­

rior dim Bi.on of 13' 2" by 2'.)t 10", were slightly smaller than th other t"WO,, with interior dimensions of 17' l:L" by

20' 10'. a.ch set of t rooma was divided by an entryway and stair.well 3' 9° wide, with 6-inch wodan pa.rtit.1.on on each aid Th se.llyport &Bag between each eet of rooms was pro bly a lint lied openin 12' 4 wide, with brownato~e jambs supporting a bro stone lintel a.t the elevation of the ba.eo ot sa the outside jack rch_. just bene&th the sloping root.

The brQlolT\Stone Gorge wall o! the fort f orrned one wall

0£ e ch,,._... s t of ro ; another bro-wnstone ashll.l" wall -1.th rubble core, &bout 4 to 6 1.'eet thi.ck,, formed another, separating the k quart rl!I fro the a9ines. The o'ther two walls, facing the y and th tort Parade, were briok with a browstone course, and contained t only op nirws into th roomn. ch set of ro d !'our windows on the parade side. t'\JO t each ro , with 24 panes of glas • and with brolinatone sills and lintels. Th w.:l.ndows, 3t :3' 'Wide by 5' 7" high. wer

2' 10' above th !l.oor and extended ld.thin n tev inches of th 9-toot ceiling; the Billa were .3' 8 wide by 4n thick, and the lintele 3' 5 wld• by loi" thie • The window were titted with

Venetian blinds, at 1 ast after 1815. Ea.eh set of rooms also had t.-wo wood• entrance doors, one opening onto the sal.lyport passage 4' 6• from the corner, and 'th other on the parade side a.bout 15 feet from t • corner, opening into the quarters ent ~· Each dool' s 3' 9" w.lde by 6• ion high with brown- 59 tone j e and lint le, but apparent.ly no sills. Th interior wile of the quarters were probably plastered. 'l'ha flooring consisted of wood planks laid over b (15 for ch t o roo'lll.e) which rested on the hrolmston ~·. J ~ v cellar walls. The o iling, containing the number of beams, 60 supported the bo d flool""'....ng of a "dark" garret overhead. The stairwell d1vi ng ch pair of rooms apparently contained two

leading down to the c llar. The garret s~ rose from the quarters entryway about 6 feet i ide the parade-side entr.nce door; between th stairs and th entrance were two doors, 3' 3"

ry 6• 10 , le din rro the entr y into the t'WO ro on ea.oh side. cce 3 to the ellar stairway could apparently be gained only from th

6' 10") under the garret stairway near th back wall of the 61 quart ere.

The t sma.ller rooms, adjacent to the sallyport , y have eerv as kitchene during the war. This seems to b the only explanation tor the large fireplaces with great hea.rthe (10 t t. wt e by 4' deep) in the rear eorner of th ro 1 as sho 1n Arehiv•e Plan :;6-ll. These firep4cea also appear on - Plan 151, but are not shown on an;r of the 62 post r plan , lea.ding to the conclusion that they may have been alimlnated during the 181.5 quarters renovation. Tl«> other fireplacea (with hearth 5' J" wide) probably repl&ced these

ge ki.tchen 1 as shol!lll on Archives Plans J6-31 and

:36-32 1 &lon t e u.v•-...i~.., of th smaller room.a between t,he 63 sal.131>0rt pa sa e-way door and th rear corner.

Each of the t larger roans also had a fireplace, s what smaller and l againet the rear wall (the Gorge l4ll of the fort) bou.t midw.y between the tw cornere o! th ro ~ these are alao sho\llll on McComb Plan 151, indicated on

rchive hn 36-27, and penciled in on Arcbives Plan )6-32. The tw rear-w.11 fireplace in e&ch set o! quartere were ap­ ently erv by a single brownstone chimney about 2' 10"

quar , locate d y on the Gorge w.ll about 10 feet f'rom the

d e of the :ate ;y. The e chimneys ext nded 5 feet above the parapet and, in the ter period at least, were capped by .)-foot brick exteneion 1 po ibly dd in 1815 or later to provide a bett r draft. Another chimney, on the p&s~eway side o! the 25 although thi is not knew det'i.ni.t..el.y, the height as the 64 others.

The roofing of th quarters, lik that. ot the e&H-

tea, c-0naist d of wooden ishi.nsles re ting on 4" x 12" raft•r•

23 t t long, ela.nting down fro the Gorge w.11 to the brick 65 !ront wall o! the quarters. />. change wa mde in lSl.5, a piaua or portico b ng built 1tto keep off rain and snow."

The roof was xt ded dditional 10 t et, and 12 wooden col.umne S feet high and 5 inches in diameter were erected to eupport 1t; th e c:olumna were placed 10 feet aparl, except for the t"NO center ne which were placed about 12 feet apart. Th•re apparently no r n gutter, like that on th easemate roof. The upper rid e of the roof, where it joined the top of th• Gorge 66 wall, was covered with heat lead.

B ~th the ortic rs' quarters were tlilO non-oo~cting collar ro ms, on on c sid~ ot the sall.yport pa.seag8111&y. Al- though theBe ar shown in profile only in the 1823 plan {,36- .32), it ie probable that they had bean part of the fort since its construction, r r cellar steps wre laid and cellar window sills

re cut b McC in 1810. It seems logical 'that the cellars re used durin .,he war as drooms and/or prisons, for such

also incl.uded "Letting in Grating in the Guarii ooms" and ttLetting in .) Hooks in do ~a ot uard Roo • • Three years lateJ" General

Dearborn order d hi

It is &lao lcno t t ldi guilty ot military infr&etionu

iso at t • tort during the , one Officer o.f th

Da r rt referring to 8 ll in a prison not larg enciugh fo-r 6. ti

reove ,. rpentry work rtormed in 1814 included Repairing 68 ;ttecy," pr bly anoth r r t•enee to the cellars..

era t stl Clinton. the cellar were presumably converted into Idtchene; 1 t is known that they had this function from lSZl-23, 69 an it. aeelllS logical that the change -waa • earlier.

ch cellar ro •s 17' 9" from front to baek (about 3 feet th quarters upetair becaus the back or

rg wall s thicker at that level), probably about .35 feet. td.d , with little lik llho d of interior partitions, and 6• 3" in h iEht. Altho h re ve Plan 36-.32, th only one ho-wing the ceD.ar , no cation of fireplace , other indirect evidenc cit above st have msted, probably alcmg the ~

ck wll or each ndicated. previously, & wood.en stair- case provided •cc • to ch cellar roan from the quarters above; 27 although th e 1 no direct evidence, thia is the deduced ar- rangement a l8ll. Additional aooes provided by a sunken cel.l.a.rway i diately in front of the ~era1 t.hie

27 i et lo , 4 et. w.Lde (3' 7" interior di nsion from bri.ck r taining wall to tront wall of quarters), and .3 • 2" deep. ch cell.a lta.S tered by three onry steps at the

gazine e • ening orr each cellantay •• a l pane 'Window

(2t Sf' x ,3• 5") and lial!-w.i.ndowd door 6• 3"' high by 5' wid•f the door Window a.1.s d 16 panes, probably with th same m.e&BUl"e-

ent. BecaUBe of the known height of the oor,, etepa must ha¥ led tro th cella.rway do to th door ill, a1though they a.re 70 not ind.1..c :ted on y vail&ble pl.an.

Int • round of the ~ircula.r part o! the f ert

11. , a.t a.ch ot th Gorge, were two non-oonneotil'l8 chambers.

he l rga~ inside e ers, adjacent to t e officers' qp.arters,,

re the fort azines, while the smaller outside chambers, open- i n ont the e probably privie • It was originally plann d to huiJ.d one lar oct on.al zine in the center of the f ort P de, qui.distant .t'rom all the ca , but after ome discussion ~o l l1iams dee.id to utiliz the space availabl 71 t. ch end of the ca emated :ttery. Th • oI the SJMJler o ers ia more qua.stian- e.bl • eCom'.b 151 ap rs to give a schematic representation of rivi e lid. t a o ot six cirolee or hole 1n each chamber i while thie ie no titication ia v to these c ere, and they seem to be in a. logical position for latrines. Thie assumption ie veri!isd

lock • - everthelesa t • e rooms not have alw.yu had this

!unction, p s bly rving aa storehoune tor & time. In 1813 General Izard or r the Quartermaster to ttoauae t., privies to b erect over t llll.ter on tb outlli e of the West Bat- tery. At the time a bill waa rendered. tor '-'2 Barrels Lime for cleansing th ault-a o! • ttery. converted into Store

House 1 !ollo by • carpenter' bill "for ng neceaaarie

/:an 1y eynon for prlviesJ and repairin and fixing Stor 72 Hou e • The are the only architectural features o! the fort, with t on o the magazines, which could be called vaults, .,, ...... ity or cleaning th lid.th lime i• obvioue if' they erv d &a privie • ch • wa by lJ feet, arched transversely with brick bove 5-!o t bro stone w.lls to a height o! 12 feet

ove the floor. e privi , measuring 12' by 4' 611 , vere arch.ad lon tudinally in bric • Over t.hie brickwork wr• ir- re the tort; there appar ntly no continuation of the eloping shingled roof Whi cov red the quarter on one aide ahd the 29

tes on th other. Acceee to each gazine through a

tro 2 !eet to ' 9 1n width. A 1110oden door 3 inches thick wa placed over broMlstone ell.ls at each end of th pt.ee&gel!laYJ th outer door eure 4 by 7 feet and the inner, f'urniahed with a bras• lock, a 2' l ld..ci by 7' 9" hi h. Each privy 73 had a woo n door th a lo k set in a doorway 3' 4" 'Wide. privie wr brick, wbil the jamba of th

ntrancea were ro one. Although preeent evidence indicates sea.geway walls from the entrance to the first be were r. with rick, tb.ie ia not confir bf Ar- chiv Plan 36-32 a.nd 7 b post-fort ddition. The pusage­

w.11.a, and pro bly he azine and privy ~s as well, were white"W&a , and the chambers most likely had wooden tloore.

There re, t ours 1 n windows in t se ch ere, ventilation

e pro ri e by enta through the outer w.lla o! the fort. On th wall out de ac as:i.na war pair d f al embI"&euree through each or ldlich a e t at sill level, apparently 3 inchea ldd by

14 inches hi t th out ide ope • sum 1 arly, a triangul&r-

ped air vent bout 15 re t lo led through the fort wall. to

ch pri ; on th out id this 111&8 a narrow vertical slit 2 inchea 74 'Wide by 2 t t lo widenin to 2' 4" by 3' on the inside. The innv ciromntere.nc: ot the tort from magasino to

vi into tourteen oas tes. Separ-.ting the te , a out 23 t

erse 6• 3 high b;v 5' 7" thick, jutting out 6• 5" fJ'OI!I. the in-

de face ot the !ort 1. In 1815,. 1n connection with the

conversion of ~h• !ort into the ml.litary headquarters and resi-

that the two adj& ent to th east nne b converted into room

to suppl · ent the exi. ting ro0018 in the rge. Although tbi

expenditure not &llo by h.e ar partment, it appears that t.he first et , val of th case te traverse, w&.a a.c-

complishod, as hown on Arohiv Plan 36-27 (1819}. B1 182), on

t e vidence o .36-.321 a s cond trave.rs had b . n removed,

possibly in connection with tor~e of qu.arte ster and ard.nane

pp.lie · tor

quarters riod also have inciuded t addition of shutter

ov r the br , on t.h basi or the pr t visual evidence

of lits ea.ch ii.de o! cl1 raeure and an it in an

1Bl5 bill :for 52 Hooks to Ambrasur s"; no md ce ot auch rshut-

tere can b found, hovev r• in aey of th available plans or in 75 the 182:3 inventor-/•

/ Th fl ri or gun platform ot. the easenates wa-s 4" x

12tt wood. LLL.,...... ~.n.r 1 24 l et loog. l&id o r l' x 6" bea:rns 18 feet .31

long. Below thia nre radially-laid loge. t1r10 levele separated by over atone au.b-foundation. he flooring had

a slight dovn al.op• toW&l"da the wall. desirable both for

bsorbing eo ot th recoil and tor ease in moving the g\Ul back

into attery. Ext nd.1.ng 18 feet i.Jniard from the tort wall• the

wood n gun plat!o s bounded. by a 6-toot vi.de !l.agstone wlk

which circled th d ground, widening to 12 t ..t in front of 76 the officers• ilo th outaid• edge o! this w.lk, directly oppo he senate traverses 12 te.t a-...y, were 1.3

cylindrical brick columns about 25 teet apart supporting the o&MJD&te roof; tw half-columns, in addition, were built against

the &Sine ..Us be ide the passageway entrancee. Th••• colUI:IIls 1 about 2' 6 in ter, were capped ld.th brownstone block 2' 9"

equar by 6i thick et on circular brol«lstone bases 2' 8ft in

diam.et.er (two halv a s t together) by 7 inches thick; their over­

all height a $• • Running from capstone to capstone -were 24- !oot beams (1" x l• 6"} which supported the lowr end of the caae-

te roo • Although th r s evidence that Colonel Williams orig- lnally intend to u slate for tire protection, tho root con- st of en shi le laid on 4" x 12" ra!tere 23 feet long, the upper ends re tin on the irregularly sloped rubble at the

top o the fort walls, just behind the coping etones. The upper

ridge co •red with eet lead, and a rain gutter projected 77 from the l~r e th roof. c ca te rmed with tw 32-pound b&t.tetlng cannon, ca t. iron ld.th · tnch bore, mounted on wco

:fort's ordnanc also ino1ud d 4 iron lB-potmd field pio~s, pl'Obably pl.&c on od platforms on tha c:ountergua_rd.; earl..y in ;Ltl5 th re cved and placed on the bridge lMding to Castle Clinton b eame Thiro Militaey Dis-

an 4 epare rri e ., probably retrult of the proposed eon• ver ion of t tranaferred t th Quart.e ater Department 1 the fort o.ont-1.ned 20 mount cannon and 13 una•aembled field piece•, moet of the latter having b en mov there fro the Battery and nearby

intef. A yi r la; , all guna ha.d en moved to Fort Diam::md, 78 a d•fen point in the Narro _ •

F d•tail& are known about th gun carriage•. They

r construct , principally 0£ hickory and white oak with sawood aca.ntling, at the est ttery A.rsenal near the Custom

ous • iost ca carrif.ges of this period cons1at$1 ot two

rt 1 to ch support d the gun and a cha11sis along dch it ved on wh el to and trom .firi.ng poaiti on. A wood.en tongtte ran fro t ch&aaie into an aperture under the throat of

ere it W!ls eC'Ur by an iron pintle; at Castle Clinton this to e-hole wa just above floor level, about 1 .toot 3)

4 r ..t into the w.11 to a brick backw.ll, th•

h• aaure sill. The ch&sai• w travar ed aro the pintle by a rear wheel running on a cir- cula.r .ron rail (5 wid• b i" thic at. atle Clinton) eet in 79 the noor. •r re e&roh on gun carriage• of thi period

t-sbct furn&c f

The e 1n t center of the tort. enclosed by th

1'1.agatone a proba J.y graveled, on the baaia of coloration and representation or 'texture on several Archives Plarus. A flag- at&!! stood in th r of the parade, directly opposite the

trance about 35 t et in fro th opposite fort wall, or 10 r et fr-o the • of the flag1Stone -1.ki this wu 1n ist.ence in 1Sl4, probably before, and is ahow on Archive

Plan & late • 181 • The staff, about .32 teet high, was com- pos o! t tapering and overlapping sections, the lo1119r on

bout 21.. teet lo and the upper one about 12 eet long, and pos­ sibly a croa - a •

Al locat t circular cisterne ot unknow depth cap t7 • on on ch aid• of t parade. Although th

wn on t cC Plan and three Archives Plans of the fort,

d.iff erence i det l e the exact dimensions impossibl to aecerta.in. h ci t rns are in approximately the same poaition on all plans, about fe t inside th parade fro the edge of the ...,1,1,V>l,., directly oppo t the second C4'aem&te tr :verse fro t gaz:t.ne. On McComb t • two plans they are 8

.t.et in diameter• the • aa th inner di.azneter given on Ar- chiv s Plan 36-ll: tl • outer di t r on this plan i• 10 .reet • indicating a 2-foot thick lining. Arc.hive Plans 36-ll and 36-32 show the ci t.ern covered, with a diameter or 12 to 14 feet. T re apparently l1n d witll atone and cement to ke th water-tight resarvoir • According to Plan J6-31 &nd other

Ni &nee, the erna (at. 1 8t a.tter ea.r]3 ig14) wer$ cOYUred by wooden platt'o on which re mounted tw pumps about 5 feet in h ight 114.th long curved handlee. Fresh wter, supplied by the M&nhattan ater CO?!lp8lly, piped to the fort. in "WOoden pi.pea 61 laid a.long the oaus :y tro thi Batt ry.

In t cent r of the parade, equidistant !rom the cia.. terns a ut 30 t t !rom the edge or the flagstone wlk in front of the quart re, the hot-shot rurna.oe. Al.though a fur- nao had been p for t e fort fro th beginning, .shot £or practice firin during th early years of the *r we &pparentlt h ted at & "t elin torgett obtained trom the arsena.11 it lll&s

ot until pril, 181.1+, t t tbs ordnance r.turns listed a shot turnace for th est tt.er • It lllll.B• DX>reov.r 1 in t.h&t month that conaidera.bl bric and aonry ~rk e performed "to render

hot c fit for ue "; from the 1110rk accom-

lie d, • onstruction rather than repaiit". The Archives lan , a oially 36-.31, indic&te that i~ meuured about

6 by 8 f e , t.h th st side, 'Which conta:i.ned. the only opeztl.llg, !aci the rt. J alt.hough the neight CfWi!Ot.. be

et.ermined rom availabl.e evidence, 1 t waa apparontly a relative- l;r lov stru.c:tur• ts t 1.n an val-s.ha.ped d pr ssion. It had a ridge roof, t ridge lin running 'toward the ~rt, and a chimney center av. the furnace opening. Conaiderable study ot oth •hot furnace o! the period will hav$ to be m.ade S2 be ore oth r et.e.11s and

Cutl Clinton o! 1821 dift red in many r spects from the est

Be.ttery of 18ll, most of the moc:tit1cat1ons coming after the wr'a during this p riod from 1815 to 1821 that fend.ere were added t-0 the counterguard, the bridge was re­ built, and the outbuildings pro bly constructed. Jf.ol"eovor., the sallyport was chan,ged by the ddit.ion ot steps and flagging, the built in front of th otficoI"a' quarters, th fireplac tied and additional chimney erected (brick utensions pro ly being added to the old chi.mneys at the same t ), t traverseo a well so of the guns removed

!rem the ca . tee. et of theee modi!icat.ions., it is apparent, re:f'leeted fication to a tar;y headquarters. 36

everthe.le , the fort remain eaaential.q unchanged, !or thes were t jor architectural modifi.catione. Further­ more, .few truot al changes resulted froJll tbe 1821 conversion o! the fort to qua.rte st.er 9P0t. The structure depict. d

on the f1nal. Plan ot l82J (36-,32) 'MU in all Bign1t1cant reepeet1 the e the :tt•1"7 which had aided in the defense of New York during th ar of 1612. That plan, therefore, bu b"n adopted, with a few minor eornetions and not.a.tiona, &• the Ca3tle Clinton Hi orical Base kp for t.he l.611-1821 period. eco dations tor ftestor tion It is recommended that Castle Clinton be restored aa far a po sible to it appe anoe at the close of the W&r of 1812, with such ditional feature of a military nature added later as will be o! terial aaai.atance in telling the story ot th tort.

uch t aturee ould., for instance, include the portico placed in !ront of the officer ' quarters just after the nd ot the war.

This p rtico wul , with tho root ovar the ca.semates, complete a convenient covered circuit of the tort's inta:rior, and it ie uth tic !or th period if not for the ctual duration of hos­

tillti s.

All 28 guna originally placed in the fort ( presumably

:replicas will ve to be used ) should be mounUd in battery, and

th modi.tied ca te partitiona and cas ta roof should be ro­

onstruct • The hotshot furnace in th middle of the parade

gro'Wld1 appar tly built toward th end of the war, should aleo 12. "Archeological Research, C&at1e Clinton National Monument. " 1955. Dralid.ng No . NM/CAS 3000, National Park Service,

revia.:l and annotated by Paul J. F. Schumacher, Archeologist. /" \ ...;. ~ .. ·-. ~-· . ~ · \"' -· ·- ~ - ; , . --. ~ : \ . I . ;../ 'r\ -r,. ... _ ,_J _ __ -..1_ .... . L ·, \ - - ·· .':. 01 . -· /~~ - · . · -1 ~·- •.:::! /~ .. / I ,,.. .:.:.... -(;// . ~\ ./ -; - ORIENTATION / ·''- \7\ ...... / / / '/ /~ REVIEWED

\ \ OPERATIONS f-y/ REGION. tl--,'/"--0 I f / WASHINGTON I ! /,f', J. I; _.... I I,___ "-i I' ! ,. . • I INTERP. ' ;l_~-'.· REGION · ~ • ! / ~ l (· ·1 I WASHINGTON i I

COOP. ACTV. REGION I

WASHINGTON

/'

\ / DES.&CONST . STERN • I A. l , ·I _ ___ .. .,...,.,._ __ ... --~ \ E. L.A. WASHINGTON -I A. I I E. -I L .A .

OTHER I I I i

. PREPARED c. s T L c L \ N T 0 NJ ~C ~- UV.ACL.lE.~ =- DESIGNED (/, £ . ,-"'1-'i!' t: PLAN DRAWN . SCALE' l"i:.20' . $CUUMA(,~l ~g,.. ' CHECKED l REVISED . J ! DATE INmAL I I ! ; .. - ·--·1---·n 1 1 SCALE : J ~ = Zo

c DATE / .. 7 . .c. UNITED STATES REGION cW · DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR z NATIONAL PARK SERVICE FIV~ --..:. w DE Sl .:i l-..l ;/' CQ) .jST:t<.~Jc~:o~J t) :·r~t.)'l PCP :E PREPARED BY :E . FIELC Dff 1.;E 0 SHEET t OF I u _:. ";;-: C H E D l i:. G l C A L f.. E S E .A. 1":. ; H NO. w TITLE OF DRAWING 0RAW10 a:: I'S,A.. Ti 1= Z 'C. ?ARK.:- NEW . YOR..IG . Cl TY .. . NM CA.S APPROVEO______--t LOCATION WITHIN AIUA CAST;_ E- Cli1'J TON NA'TlO>-.iAL MO~ UMEIJT .3000- ···- NAM£ OF AREA I I .. --·· -·-··· ' 37

no c to llatruct the t cisterns on h :parade gn>und. The structures were not

t di incti eq t.&17 c · cte1· wuld d litt.l• to in... te ;-pre tion.

h• ift.lc•r ' t1U"&, the t uildinga that stood.

•it er •id o t • entr: ce to t !'ort, should b recon- tru.ct• dificatione MOdi.fica. ion a imperativ in o er to racilitat.. ir.c tio Th tw amall buildings will u to aito com.act purpose st also oun t.ne rea er ereat oxhibita. nay an . parti- ti 11# 1 which s in the llliddL , uld e add exhibit and vi tor cirau• ati n er• is the fre at possibl-s f'low ot vi he dings t 1 kely to eo

•

~tive or utilitarian u&e i see for the low~

aete of of!icore.• quarters. The us of the

se a higbl,y dubious objeoti e.

l ot vi itol" trattic up and d.o narrow at r

W!l 1 &lo eit r et or cell.ar aomethi

Tn•- is elatively lltUe into Uon t hand on the u r - t. ey e to ave hou.a d pr BO erved a.s ~tchens - and thei furni exhibit in have to b hi b.l., conject~ • It. woul grea pre. e 1 to have the go!U"rete

closed oft tirel.y and the ce~11 devoted to storag , work- ro , or other tilitarian purpo.ee, w:i.:t.h outside acees;e only.

Th re :ruot t or officers• quart.era at the right of the te hould 1,»erve as the contact. static>n and

house e:xitibits on th milit p e of Qa tl Clinton. !be reconstruct bull at the left of the gatewy shauld house

exhibits on later of Castle Clinton's history. '!'he cir-

cul.ation ~ v1 tore en theae points would natur&ll.y be in the fol."Ill of a s JJ'-guj.d tour fC>llowlng e cir uit ot the gwia in attery. One ot tho gazin a should be restored as an exhibit in place. Tb other should be restored for the use of the staff

toilet .fs.cllities. Flatwrk m:hibite il.­ lustr. t.1ng the artillery uniform.a and drill of the p riod of 1812

should be inet&lle in oome of the ca tee. Th hotehot turn.ace in 'th c nt o th par e ground would be a.n isolat·ed exhibit, but would pro bl attract ccnaider«bl attention and. should b an

effectiv interpreti~ \lllit.

For ori · tion purpo e the mill ey p se exh1bit

ould includ ec.ale mod l of Castle Clinton ( We et Batteey ) during the -.r e>! 1812,. showing its physical rel&tion to the

tt.ery. A furth ir ori ta.t1on exhibit in the form of a trail.side

se on the counter d 1n rear o! the tort is recommended. Thie 39 should aesiet th• visitor, either before or att..- ...1l'l8 the in­ terior or the tort' in viauallsing th• original terrain and the relatio~p of C.at1e Clinton to othe?' def'ensea ot New York in 1812. A. considerable amount o! reaearch will be neceaeary in connection ld.th the preparation ot all the u:hibite. Much material ia on hand tor all period• of the Monument•a history.

For the most pa.rt• except !or the con.truction hiatoey o! the fort. it has not been followed. up to the point ot definitive re­ search. 40

2.

3. Youn , 19. 4. to •• IV' •

5. Yo I 6. I,

7. Youn 1 22; 0 •• , v' 1174.

s. Young , 22- I to • I v. 120.3, 121 -1220, 1252-1253, 1263- 1.264, 1267 I 1297.

Ib d, 1 l 5- '307, l.314-1.31!> . 1318. p entl , no works onstru.ct on he ttery at thia time.

10. also port ot the r ean Stat.! ff.I>!r •

to ea, V1 1440-1442. UJ+4-1446, l.452-1456. See also the c g d vi ot the rend t a re.fleeted in bis annual a ee to Congreaa, in P ed., e 2', Thone Jeff!l'"fOn, VIII, 3.31, 391-392, • 12.

13. epor • Jul 21. l 71 enclose in letter,' Jona.than Wi) Ji AIM to of ar, June 7, lSlO (Secretary of War, Letters ceived, Branch, ational Arohive ). Unlesa otherw.lse indioate , all li corr epondenc h reafte.r cited i in the war cords ranch, ~ional rcbivea. 52-145J, 6J-l.A67. 14' 1471, 1474, 1483, l.488r R corded in the Ottice ot th.e Register ot the r 79. P• 79, Hall ot _;ecorda, M• York City. '9U.J~\.M .. construction -..e begun cannot detel"lrd.ned, 3 and ctober 9t Stokes, V, 1491.r 1496.

r

I 0V111'11lhf1Ll'" -1111ame dat File ;8510-279); ,...... ,.....,...... ,...... ,...... _,,

~~~~ Jun 3, 1812: Adjutant G ner&l. to Joseph , 18J.2 (Adjutant G Qral.' e O:f fice 1 tter• Sent ); Ym!!!~~ ert , Jun al~ 1812. Earlier, after i •w lain of the unguarded tate of the nsw fort, s aJtationed the-• for a t1mea e.e lett r from ~~~~ Fl!l'lM1••.rv 13, 18l2i Tho s R. Gold to 1 1 181.2 ( eretacy of r, egiat•r of nni:lAT'l'.1 1 p:rll 2, 18, and 23, of the City of Nev

17. G er 1 2:/,, 1812 (Orderly ok r o. 52. Third illt&ey D11triot, , Poat.-: evolutionary ar P rs) s t sv York Col July 14-17, 1812 Diary ot enea ekay, August U., 1812 York Hi rical ci.ety); New Yo k C oial. Adyertieer, August 18, 1812.

r tary of War, ii.ember 16, l8l2 , Lett Rec ive ); Ann.strong to Albert G&llatin, l.6 1 lal.2 (Gallatin a~a, !ork Hi torieal ot r Willi Eusti to Armstrong, November 20, al's Of ice, acellaneoue of 1812 Records,. 46-~ ( 1814, Tompkino to

, l.814, February 13, 1815. a oni'idential lett r, ew York. V1o jwtt :t th Brlt1 Adlrd.ral ork by W81' of Lo r-a.1Mll''6• ublio Library, eit d :1.n ia th o evi • di ov red thus t r 1ntention re a.rding York.

23. ntr O r'* 3, 1812 (Ord ?" Boo 1 Third Milit District,. AGO • ost.-Revolut ona.ry Pap ra) J Armstrong to J •di.eon, !ugust 3, UU2 ( [adison p re, Library of Congre ). For critici of l0Clll.1'ie.ld, s J hn · tgotn: ey to Albert Gall.a.tin, J • 2l, July l 3, lal2, John Jacob A or to Galle.tin, June 'i!l, 1812 (Gallatin aper , Ne York Histori Society); _ YorJs =:..::::::.:~ ~ J~ 22, 1812. ral Order• of 14, 1814 (~rd&.rly ).

y 2.5, 1815. 43

2S. General 0 District, AGO, 15$1.. co ' l l.5 ( crd

~~!JA •.~~-:ctobar 4, 1 17; Scott to .or. ~ ~---t~, n, 259); Scott to Mayor, n •s Office, Correspon neeh N York C Octob 9, 18171 Ohi.e.f Cl.erk George Graham t.o cott 1 October 11 and 24, 1817 ( &T Of £ice Mil1tary Book 9); Scott to cretaey of , October 2:5, ltU7 ( ecr tary of ar1 R• ot Letter c ved).

eur·uai:'Y a; I 11l2l., an 8 stant Adjutant. Ge ral. uGm.a'l""T:.m•t1t, tc jor tl. A. Burron, uartennaster Genera.l. De t, July 21,. lS21 {Lett.er ent, East rn Department, AGO, Post--Rwolutio ar ) : Soott. to A jutant General, November 9 1 1821 (A ju t G r: '• Office, Corre9P0nd.enco): Sp c1al Order 69, ov 10, 2l (0 erl.y Book, E;ut I>~ment, 100, o t- Revolutionary r ).

33. George Bend• to T eras , November 30, ecember .31, 1821 (Castle Clint n rolde , Quartermaster coi"ds) I Stoke.a I v. 1622. 34. st phen l.le to c. c. CambreJ.eng. J uary 3 , 182.3 (Allen Pa r , ·•w Yor etorie&l Soci•ty): .ldjutant General to Scott, Fe nm.ry 5,. 181 182.3 (Adjutant ~neral's Otfice, Letter Bent); Totten to cott, 12, 1823, Seott to Adjutant General, F ruary 12. 1823 (A jut.ant G neral's O!fic , Register of Letters fteceiv h ende t.o ter General., · :pril 19, l..823 (Castle Cl.into .fol r, oords); ~ ~ ·ve.ni Po1t, Jun 23 1 182J. 44

d upon :tional Parle Service C.etl .Clintont Ull.2, Castle nc.»:lU1111mt., Sept er 20 1 1951. ubs•quent re­ littl .ta on the nstru t on hietor,y ot ot included in Mr. ' excellent reeearoh

,38. t o ecr o , June 71 'Zl, l.BlOt Burb ck to ry of , Jun 24, October '1., 1810; WU11 8 to Secretary ~ A ril .22, lSll ( er rt of Wa , Letter ceived.).

39. ut , VIII, :21.5 ( · ~ 22, 1815).

40. Th b• t t t • eription of the fort i contained in R. E. , l d acription an General eport of the Fortifi- iona in th bor of York trom l.815 to J.S20ttt November 5, 1820 (Corpe of ngine , ol"ta aeiv , 1Bl2-2.3J. · ee also :tio Archives Plan 36--ZT ( 19), 36-.30 (1820), 36-.31 (ca. 1817), and 36-.32 ( 1823).

42. Cor 45

ot r • h 31; 1811, encloe:ing oh 29 (Secret.a.r)r of r, ter t r , Lieutenant th to Chief of ngi.n rs. eptember Rt.ls to Chi ! of Engi11eer , October-, ~ort cei~ d, 1812-23).

;o. Thi is in th to Oolleoti:on, ~w York Public Libr • produced in Stok s~ VI , Plate 9,'.3-b...... & H ~l , Daniel olton, and Caleb t 656,. Account a! c. Vand iVenter (Accounts of , Fiacal Section, tion&l Arehivea);

cially c ves lan :36-.32 (original in t e Arcbivea te di!! r nt type• of atone and maeonry}; the t rod.enc• confirm this. For th Guernay, I, 741 and Barrute, "C&atl.e

:3 ~2 and pl' ent visual evidence; s

55. cC Plan 153 and 1823 Esti ;te; :rchive Plan 36-32 in- dicate a d.oor t of lJ.f 3 d a total widt.h of 8' ,3". ee al ~t purport to be ccurat description and photograph o! th rigihal doors a they were in 1920 1n Mletin of the Nev York Zoologieal Scc-iety, eh, 19~; of the mu.suremanta quoted do not ca de th the IIl8&BUraments in the KcCQI!lb Plan or th Arcbivee lan, the 1920 d0-0re not have been the ori$inalts.. For a re!erene to the "1.ck r gat,.e urin the ar of lal.2, &e Gu.ern ey, ll, S./+J4..

56. cCo, •a o unt o ik, especially bills o! Sept mber .30 and October , lBll. The width of the rubble till is hued on a New York 1.qua.ri Plan of y I, 192)1 Archive 1an 36-32 (Section e-d). d t e 1823 st t v no evidence of a connection between the t1\JQ cellar , indi ti eolid walls eparated probably by .a till of this kind. 57. D to Chief ot rs, October -, 1817 (Corps of ,.,..,""~·Mr•, eport c-eiv • M12-23)i bills of oriss & Woodruff and John La.toure. Jan and February, 1818, Settlement l..492, 47

ns are based on cC Plan 151 and Archive s 36-ll 36-32 1 although only one 1 ac,tuaJ.ly hown o th plane. T e l 23 Estimate list.IS "2 stairoase 1CJ&ding to the Kitchen' and "2 at.ir aes leading up to th garret. "I thes :ve be ad <:luring the l.815 renovation of the quarters to pravi.d ier ace es to th kite ens of headqµartors fort, es- pecially if, as e likely1 th cellar d f'ormerly been need priaonB. Th 182.3 at te alBO list 6 interior doors, th . lo­ cation ot which ia indicated on the plan cit .d abo'V • One di - ere cy i noted. h iVer, in file o-d1 Plan '6-32; although -..-.. thro the larg of the e.a•t•m ••t ot cellar st ~y door which accordin to fro t t room by a rt.ition &ild henc

62 Archive J 'rl (l8l.9) an indica.tion o! wti.t :y be r•placee on t rear wll of the • oma, but they are consi ably er and & .Ughtl.y ditferen location.

to the cit , cComb•s Account Book in- ....-r ...... •nt, Cutting 96t ' of Hearth tone," but no t !ire lace •

64. For t e , • Archive Plane .36-31 and 36-32 ( s- pec .Pro!'1le c-d.), t e comb pro!'ile. There is no de!ini te evi ence on th brick axtenaions; Comb' a Account Book includes an it t r .326 t of Chimney ops It Setting," ld.th intion ot bric (u ly liste eparately and by location 1n this source). The tort elevation in Archive Plan 36-Jl {ca. l,17) a o a chimn on th Gorge w.ll, caling about 5' in height and with no brickwork visible.

36-.32 1 th only on howin the root 1n ita cU.mansiona and conto tion are augge.ted. 36-Jl. Fer the raft•r• and shingle,,., see 1823

66. Fo t novation of the quarters, ee comb to ecret&ry or ar y 31 and Jun a, 1815 (Secretary of War, t ra ece1v ); Ge g Graham, Chief Clerk ?ar Office, to c , July 19, 1815 ( &r 01'£ice Military Book Sh and C. VanDeVentar to l. Tobi.as Lear, Octob~ 19, 1815 (Accountant ot th D t, t.ters Received, Fiec&l Section. National chives). For the et&il o th piazza &nd roof addition, see co pro.t:U , rchiv lan 36-31 and 36-32, and 182) Estimate. The latter aouree . vea feet tho height of the columns, while Pl.A .36-.'.32 gt~ 8' 3' (probably including the thickness ot the roof).

67. cC ' ccount k, bill r ruiered ov er 23, 1810; bo n's orde w.e att.ach to the bill ot Blackwell & McFarland, ttlement lS.30, Vou. 60, Ab. A, .lccount o! c. VanDeVenter (Ac­ counts ot hird A tor ot the Treasury, Fiscal Section. National Ar v••). s evi e that the cal.la.rs were non-connecting, ... t 56 above. 49

68. For pri n ra at st ttery, ee Genual Orelee of April 20 Juno 4. 13 (0 erl.y ok • .52 11 Third Military Diet.rict. 11 jutant ne t e Office, Pos •Volutiona17 Papere); Adjutant General's 0 er, J e l, 181.3 (.Adjutant General' 01'fice, Miacel­ laneoua :uacrip Ord.i ra, l81.3-l5); GuernHy, I, .340-.341. For th "Black hol.e, •• bill ot Samuel Cheesman, ttl.-n-t 1830, Vou. io, b. C, .1 unt of c. andeventer (A.cco\Ulte of Thi.rd Auditor of the , Fi al ction, ati.Gl'l&l Arohivee).

t t to Adj tant neral, vember 9, 1821 (Adjutant ; Corre pond ce); 1823 Eat1 t •

70. rotile c , chive Plan 36-J2, gi es the hfdght and depth of the e 1h.r roo 1 t • width ia a d to hav be the same s th over-all w:1 of the upataire ~era rooma. For the wo :n cellar stairs, se not 61 above. or the cellarwaye, e !rchiv • Plan 3 21.1 36-~l, and J6-.)2; they do not appear on foComb Plan 151 or Arohi•• Plan 36-ll, b t ght e deemed aug­ geeted in the latter. ee 182' ati.mate for the window and door aureenta,, cC ' 1.ccount Book (1810) retera to ''Cutting 1.3' 5• of Cellar ow Sill."

72. I rd' ord r o 31, 1813, bill or John • sh & Son, or Jun 28 1 18131 an bill o! uel Cheecman, Ji;ast r carpenter,. of: July, 1813, e all ir •ttl ent 18.30, Vou. 35, .lb. A, Account o! c. VanDa enter (Account. or Third Auditor of the Treasury, F acal ction, ~atio rchivee).

73. F'or the sione, rchives Plan .36-321 including Section i-k; recent viS1J&l evi enc is the baeie for the conclusions on the privy arch•• the outside cover, but s e also Archives Pl.all 36-31 and the c proi'il • For th passageways and doore, Plan ,36-32, th 1823 at te, McCo 'a Account Book. 5

74. Archives la.n 36-.3.2 and visual evidence, ll aa sur.- imte by Riatori in 1951; ... hi naut1 Cllntoni 1812,," pp. 12-1.3. rchivee lan 36-31 on th fiooring, and cC t Aecoun Book lor the wh1 waahi •

,'.36-ll. or the l 5 , June 24, 181!), v.t.th attached ttera ~..,,,,...

77. Arobiv 1823 Estimat • For the proposed

urn , , J•nuary 1, 1814 - JW'l• ;o, 181.5 ( ttie of Chie:f or ce, State nts ot Ordnanc and. 0 Stoz-.a, l.3-21); Guern ey, I, 75. No earlier- returns could be .foun • la.ter r tl.U'll re con lidated for all New York bo~ tort ; Columbiad , which re generally 50-poundera, .51

o ee, e etU t 1830, Vou. 7• • 65, Ab. A, Vo 66, A • A, Account of' c. VanDeVenter tor or the reasury, Fi cal Section, tional e cription of carriag of the period, 254, Farrow, it., I, :34..3, 799, ll, 5 , C&aUe Clinton tongu-hole, pintl , and t.rav rse '6-'2 an 1823 Esti _:t.e · (n122 rwudng teat '• Acocunt Book ha• an it , 'Outtimg 28 Pintl

SO. Archive n 36-U. 36-14, d )6-,31. The 1-oc tion of the fl& at&ff ia indi t only on Plane 36-27 (l.Sl.9) and 36-31 (ca.. 1817), it re enta.tion by do ng on the latter plan being th ia fo th nsi-ons v n1 it is al how (although much out or cal• and !r a dist e.e) in the wat.rcoloi- pa4.nting, "Vi~ of the tt looking North from th Churn' (ca. 1817), reproduc in Sto a, VI, Plate 93-b. The earlie r•terenc:a to. the t'lageta.f'.f is in thil bill ot l Ch ("procuring rope • •• tQ the Fla Starr t.ter ), June 21, 1814, in ~tlement 18.30, Vou. lo, Ab. C, Account o c. • n er (Account.a of Third Auditor of the Tr , Vi cal ction, tion&l. Archiv }. 52 thia &p a on ot er , 1ll1 to Secretary o! ar, 7 U., 1.BlO ( eretary ot war. Letters eceived). note "J ston cUtti'rul r yet to be aecompllshec1> indi~ting tha.t it have been rt of the or t.l&l pl.ana.

la.na 3 27 • .3 31, 6-321 the l'urne.c on Plan 36-.32 to be •t square. b t this is contradicted by the other plans. cComb lan 152 &ho a furnac• 8' x 14 t in thi rea:r aection ot the tort. n• the location cho en tor the flagstaff. For the uae of ~ !or •••" see Burbeck to stCJd.dard, F bruary 19, lf!l2 (Military Note ). For the West ttery hot !urnace, see Ordnanc Returns, 8t ttecy, J&nuary, 181..4 - rah, 1815 (Office o~ Chi or Ordnance, tat ents o Ord.nano. an Ordnance ore ~ lSl.3-21.)• bill of Abr lAggett. April, l8U., in •t.tlement 1830, cu. , Ab. , Account of c. Vandev•nter (Aeeount ot Third Auditor of the 1'reUUI7, Fiscal ection, tiona.l ArchiVi a). For a general ey ao hot-shot turnacee, a~cially in th South, e Herbert • lt&hler, ..s_ ot urnac1 ( :t.ianal Park Service Popular tudy ••J B.1sto17 No. 7, W•shington, n. d. ). mpr•hmaive reheologi inveatigation of the

interior of Cut.1 Clinton ever bMn mad • A prel1.minary

dig conduct in 1955 indioat that th debl"is of later &true-

ttArea ta so h ':f"1 and cone ntrat •a to • exeavat1Qn any­

where on the puadi ot. the fort an c ~y .ard\loua

and expensi.Y• •

Exploratory tr ching at that time $1.so indicated

t t th lik•lihood of di cov ey of significant object.• and

t tur or the period ot 1Sl2 limited.. Further arch•ological

1.nv..atigation cf t • area prior to r•st0-rat.ion is not recomu:iend.ed.

It would b quit ostly and :not likely to produce eom:nerururate reeults.

o co let repo7t of th prellmi.nary inveat1_gation 'W&8

ever subm1t • but the fi•ld note coq)i.led at the time &re her 54

utle Clint n tional m.unent

York Cit;r, N• York

aul J. F. ch ober - lrcheologist

J 6, 195.5 - elphia, arrived. v York City. • aru:i:ei.n·ta tor l.aborv and toola, took Photograph•. Staked. l1n and Tre oh l and posilble location of Hot Shot em • Visited. Superintendent, Statue of Liberty tor t F.deral Hall.

J 7, 19.5.5 - va renc 1 - t-West - J feet v.ide on ce r 1:1.rut of C&stle Cli.n.ton interior. 3 labor rs f ed•nl. all. 8 •• - 4:30 P. -. world.ng houra. Hit tr doua unt o brick, lilOOd and tal rubble. Difficul o kee-p tr li e straight. Difficult cavatihg. Studied pa 1 plan , t-wo eporte and eeellaneoua t.rial on Ca•tl Clinton.

Jun B,. 195 5 - .3 • tinued excaY&t i.g in 'I'rench l - lota of ubble. arti acts. DUficult digging. o eigns of early 19th century c tru tion. Lota oL wood pl.anldng coming out coul

Jun 9, 1955 - 2 Due t.o rain we started digging late. Ex- cavated all o ench l - Still all rubble - need haekMv to cut out iro and tin. Th brick an all poet 1840 in style. The tin is r o!i · a in the mid 19th century for ca.ti. Garden. Thick ;.ar le piecea are from the roof copping. MiMr&ble day. Actually T ch l run through the Aquarl Period. Turtle Fiah Tank in th c t• ot th building.

June 10, 1955 - t.itul Da - 3 n - continu excavating in trench 1 - Still all rubble. Conti.nu to hit w.ter level at inch• - ;32 in h s beneath the wrf&-c and have to move on. 'J.'his w.t e to r drainage of old fish tank fioors. Tr ch is 35 f t l.o • We intended to keep it J feet wide but due to rubble, t • lil&8 impoe8ible, became 4 rut Wide - irregular. T c 1 croaa over the copper 1 inch •ter pipe which i l 1/2 !eet bel • surface and the 10 inch terra cotta drain pip which a l root th the sur!ac • There ie so much "WOOd and ta.l rubble in at the brick (no dirt to speak of'), that in 55

t will b a great d o! unev~ settling if o i• not done betoNt reaurtacing the interior pt.re.de 0-t he Fort. .lb&ndoned excavating Tr ch l. Ct.n not dig below the -.ter can t iUcket it out. Set out fr«teh 2 run- ni North th - 3 r • wide - on a center lin• with corn r o! fort b•t • tes 2-3 and 12-1,3. The trench ia in t ~ions - A i• t. S uth section and B the north s.ction. ch aeetio 25 f t out tro th wall and is 30 !••t. e t.o S inche• &r• black dirt with a tw eton•a.

Jun 3, 19.55 - 3 • :vatj.ng 1n Tran 2A. Unable to p ne.... t.rate tile crete noor of ~ium basin eo excavating on both eid ot it. Hitting & treroendoue amount ot rock but no rubhl • One section ot the rook to b tor.mer pavil'.18 ... possibly th flo around the ca omen walk of post l.a24 period. Th ot r rook to ru1.

Jun 14, 1955 - 4 n. Duo to heavy rook which 111 impo1J&ibl to er k, we hav abandoned rench ~ for the pre"Hnt. and are xce.vati in Trench 2B. Here again w ha • run into a. sort ot ock co te oor n t e casement and then an aqua~i t and th a ction of rock fill., Hav d.ecided to put all o ena e on this rock fill. All rock and very minimum. or rt. liug piec have to be hoi&ted out with -.JE,vrc>ua g 1ng bea&use of the rock fill not Luc~ we have two stone and mortar -w&l.J. on the north uth !ace 4 feet 4 inchee apart to hold the rock till, but th! aides keep slipping in. Very rough. h aquarium a ba is l foot bene&th the urtae built on top of th wall which must hav en a tooting tor the rad.a. Hor::tz.ont.al.4 b&v e.x.poaed. 7 fe•t of thie stone wall. :ve ait :t.er from high tide of the Hudson river. We ar told th river l rvel is 7.5 .teet benea.th top of the tch basin ting or ca. 7.0 .feet beneath tli present rough surface. Tb outh rtone well hae wooden braces ( w-ed several ..cod le piec s tor 1d.ent11'1cation). A few email 1ec of pottery out of th holej and a piec& of the ste of a. c1-y pi •

Jun 15 • 195~ - 3 Continued to exca te i11. th hQl.e - Trench 2B - mor and re rock. This roo fill be- t n th t 'Walla ea to ~ been placed rather uni• to · • The • wall.a st be of the 1812 period and 'W9re us toot • for the rad• w.i.th rook till care!ully placed in bet en. ched the base of the two walls at 6 ! t 7 inche be eath the re ent aur!ac • Excavated a foot beneath 56

the se 0£ wall - 7 f'.et 7 inches beneath ~he tJUrf'&ce - all grtq ri er silt and cl..&y. ater (high tid from Bud.eon river). The ...Us a.v a flat (not curved) surt'•ca. Do\ilbt­ f\ll it they &.?'• rt of th old cistern which appears to 'be c~,cular in the ol QJlgine-ere draw.lnga. Th · ciatem ia probably di eotl.7 undemeat the aquarium tank fit>Or whic is i ssibl< to bl"' up 'tdthout compressor and balin'Mr. T expensivt - U lea; e it alon • at SOJn& fut.ure date this • d • ee ttrro atone wall.a e.1.1JO &pp a.red in Trencb 21 but th working spae:e a nurow and thel:'efore 100re erous and • not attempt. • The 4 ston walls run north- uth. Ne excavating dl.lrin th afternoon b cau th re n d. ewher • Did r s rch through the ! ct til•• on Ca le Clinton. June 16, 1955 - 3 • cavated in Trench 2B on North sid of the aqµari · tank. ill cemented rock - s to Ntve been a solld tolJJldatioa lloor of some sort. probably of Castle rd4n or quari P r1od.

J e 17, 1955 - 3 lllCl. :va.ted in Trench 2B on ? orth sid of Aquarium T.nk11 Still b.Ud eemented rock. The lim.e is not of tho oy er eh 11 type but it 1 Ver'f eott. Probably mid l.9th century • Finished tb.e dig. Mad final phottograph .. aur · nt• and. drawings. Trench 2B on th other side 0£ the aquarium 'f is J feet deep. TIPACT - all f t e rock fill in b t the two !ton walls o! T neh J Pi of 'Wt>od from brae a from stone Will - To be identified a to type- o! "° •

l Gla bottle n ek - band blo'Wl'l - early 19th century. l Piece ! cla pipe stem.

l Black de i on t pot sherd - la~e 19th century. 1 ro yellow hen re h rd - 18th or rly l9th cent'1ll7.

l Bro 1'?l. erd - probably a hand.le o! some jug.

l Thick hen 'N!tl' stlerd With brown glaze. 1 Curr d i n spike or pintel.