A Word-Formation Analysis of Slang Expressions in Pitch Perfect Movie

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A WORD-FORMATION ANALYSIS OF SLANG EXPRESSIONS

IN PITCH PERFECT MOVIE SCRIPT

THESIS

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Debora Primaningtyas

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A WORD-FORMATION ANALYSIS OF SLANG EXPRESSTONS

I'.1 PITCH PERFECT }IO\.IE SCRIPT

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A WORD.FORMATION AIIALYSIS OF SLANG EXPRESSIONS

IN PITCH PERFECZMOVIE SCRIPT

THESIS

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment

r f the Requirements for the Degree of

SarjanaPendidikan

DEBORA PRIMANINGTYAS

1 12015708

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE……………………………………………………….. i

APPROVAL PAGE…………………………………………………… ii

PUBLICATION AGREEMENT……………………………………… iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………… v

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………… 1

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………. 1

LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………. 3

A. Definition of Slang …………………………..………………. 3

B. Word Formation ……………………………………………… 4

THE STUDY…………………….…………………………………… 10

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………… 13

CONCLUSION……………………………………………………….. 25

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………….. 27

REFERENCES…………………………………………………...... 28

APPENDIX .…………………………………………………………. 30

A WORD-FORMATION ANALYSIS OF SLANG EXPRESSIONS

IN PITCH PERFECT MOVIE SCRIPT

ABSTRACT

Movie is a source of entertainment which attends slang words in the characters‟ dialogue. Pitch Perfect is a musical-drama movie address for young people. This study is aimed to find the syntactic forms of slang expressions found in Pitch Perfect movie script and to clarify the meaning of that expressions based on the context they are uttered. This study is a descriptive qualitative research which used the script of the movie as the data and Yule‟s word-formation processes theory to analyze it. The writer, as the intrument of the research, found 38 slang words in the movie script which contains 5 coinage, 11 compounding, 11 blending, 10 clipping, and 1 multiple process. The most word categories spoken frequently in the movie are compounding and blending. The writer also found that slang words existed in the movie mostly have figurative meaning with the intention of making the utterances secret, unique and exclusive because it refers to a certain group, the acapella group.

Keyword: Slang, word-formation processes

INTRODUCTION

Movies are a type of entertainment which is very popular for teenagers and adults, which attend slang words in the actor‟s conversations. It is one of big factors where the slangism is spreading worldwide. Due to the slang words are spoken oftenly by the characters through the conversations along the movie, it will be an easy thing for the writer to find the words.

Learning English through movies really works. English learners will get to learn real English not textbook English. The interesting thing of watching movie is the

1 learners would learn English words in context, which will never be done in classroom or textbook. By watching movies, we can understand the nuances of the utterance.

Because of the reason above, the writer, as an English Department student, tries to do the research in such kind of scope because this research is perfectly match with the background; it is a movie which has school setting. It talks about school life, love story, teenagers‟ things. This research is a replication work of previous studies.

First is An Analysis on Slang in the Script of 8-Mile Film: Sociolinguistics Approach by

Cahyo Anjar Widyanto (2013). He found 3 syntactic forms in the movie and the reasons why slang words are used are to exuberance the spirit, to escape from clichés-an intention, and to intimate ones is belong to certain community. The second research by

Rahmi Marzita (2013) entitled An Analysis of Word Formation Process of English

Slang in Teenager Movie Scripts. The result of this research is there are 7 word formations of slang found in Camp Rock movie script and 5 word formations in Juno movie script.

The scope of the study is slang expressions in Pitch Perfect movie. The problem formulations arranged by the writer are “What are the syntactic forms and the meaning of slang expressions in the script of Pitch Perfect movie?” This study is aimed to find the syntactic forms of slang expressions found in Pitch Perfect movie script and to clarify the meaning of those expressions based on the context they are uttered. The result of this study hopefully gives contribution on the development of sociolinguistics field, especially on slang expressions. First, for lecturers it may be useful for giving additional references or examples of slang expressions in teaching sociolinguistics and build students‟ awareness of new words used in english-spoken community. Second, for movie translators or subtitles, this study help them found better

2 understanding in overcoming the difficulties of finding exact equivalence for particular words in movies by considering the context because slang contains specific terms.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Definition of Slang

Machan (1992, p. 481) stated that slang is expressions that not belong to

Standard English, which is in line with Trudgill (2001) and Crimmon cited in Abadi

(2009, p. 2). Slang word is non-formal, casual spoken English which is created and used by people in certain community (Windarso, 1989, p. 58). Slang is categorized as informal English colloquialism because it is often used in daily communication. It is not used in the formal spoken or written language because it is humorous, vulgar, or shocking, mostly used by young people. Supporting the definition, Hudson (1980, p. 11) states that slang can be characterized as an informal language variety with new and non- polite words and meaning. Slang is usually used in social media, song lyrics, teen magazine, and many others.

According to Holmes (1997, p. 11), slang is a changing set of colloquial words that speakers use to establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness within a group or make a trend. Using slang in daily communication make the speaker enjoy their conversation because the language they use is simpler and they feel close each other.

One of the reasons slang is around, is people believe that by using slang they will be able to set themselves apart from others and be unique (Chaer & Agustina, 1995, p. 86).

An informal style of speech often sees the frequent usage of slang, which may be in form of single word, a phrase or a sentence. It is a part of a language that is usually not belong to conventional or standard usage and that may consist of both newly coined words or phrases and of new or extended meanings attached to set terms (Linhua, 2006, p. 260). Although many experts consider slang is low acceptable in society, the trend of slang expressions usage is more tangible in the media such as movies, television, newspapers, and magazines is noticeably increasing. From the phenomena, slang is becoming more and more widely used and plays an increasingly influential role in everyday discourse. As time goes by, the developing society enlarges the resources of slang and enriches its contexts. The slang terms from some certain groups are adopted by common people, and become common people's vocabulary.

Word Formation

As mentioned in the introductory chapter, this study will discuss word- formation process in relation of slang expressions in the Pitch Perfect movie.

Words formation refers to the creation of new words or phrases. It means that words formation is one of the main mechanisms for the development of the vocabulary because words formation addresses the process for creating new words in a language.

Most of word formations in English are occurred through some processes: affixation, compounding, reduplication, acronym, blending, back formation, clipping, borrowing, conversation, and derivation.

According to Hatch and Brown (1995), Francis Katamba (1993), and O‟Grady

(1996), there are several of word formation processes that may occur in a sentence.

Word formation is the linguistics processes of creating new words or terms. According to Yule (2006, p. 52-59), there are some ways to create a new word:

1. Coinage

Coinage is the process of creating a new word by adopting trademark

names to be used as a new daily language. Yule (2006) said that the most

typical sources are invented trade names for commercial products that

become general terms or common words (usually without capital letters)

for any version of that product (pp. 53). O‟Grady and Guzman (1996, p.

160) state that „coinage‟ or „manufacture‟ is a new word created from

names. It is common in cases where industry needs a name for a product.

Such brand names as Kodak for camera, Aspirin for headache medicine,

Kleenex for tissue, Levis for jeans, were made up without reference to any

other word.

2. Borrowing

Borrowing is one of the most common sources of new words, in

which a word from a specific language is borrowed directly into another

language. Bill Bryson in Yule (2006) mentions that borrowing is the taking

over of words from other languages. Technically, it is more than just

borrowing because English does not give them back (p. 54). This process

exposes that the slang word is taken from another language because the

creation of slang is not limited with the speaker‟s or writer‟s own language

to accompany new ideas, inventions, products and so on. For example, the

word yogurt derived from Turkish, croissant derived from French, pizza

from Italia (Yule 2006, p. 54-55). In other cases, word that is borrowed

may change in its writing or pronunciation, as seen in the word democracy,

which derives from Greek, demos and cratos.

3. Compounding

Compounding or composition is the use of two words or more to form

a new word. O‟grady and Guzman (1996, p. 151) state that compounding

is the combination of lexical categories (noun, verb, adjective or

preposition) that creates a new word that has different meaning. There are

three categories of compounding words, they are:

a) Noun + Noun

The example is “couch potato” (“Girl, you are such a couch potato!”)

which is means ´lazy person´.

b) Noun + Noun derived from verb by suffix –er.

The example is “mountain climber” (“That man is a mountain

climber”) which is means a person high induced by drugs.

c) Verb + Noun

The example is “breakneck” (“It is a breakneck situation that makes

me so frightened!”) which is means ´rapid and dangerous´.

d) Adjective + Noun

The example is “big mouth” (“She is a big mouth! I told her my secret

but she told it to everyone in our classroom”) which is means ´person

who talks too much´.

4. Blending

A blend is the result from specific type of compounding; it is a

combination of the parts of two words, where several words used into one

in order to generate a new word. However, blending is typically

accomplished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to

the end of another word. The example is the word “brunch” is the blending

of “breakfast + lunch”. In a few blends, we also combined the beginnings

of both words, as in terms from information technology, such as “modem”

from “modulator + demodulator” (Yule 2006, pp. 55-56).

5. Clipping

Clipping is a process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one

or more syllables (O‟ Grady and Guzman, 1996, p. 157). In other words as

stated by Yule (2006), clipping occurs when a word has more than one

syllable and then that word clipped into a shorter form in the same

meaning. For example the word “Lil” is the clipping of the word “little”,

“website” becomes “web”, “fabulous” becomes “fab” and “gasoline”

becomes “gas” (pp. 56). People usually use the longer term if the situation

is more formal and the shorter term if the situation is more informal.

However, the new term may entirely replace the longer original word but it

does not change the word class and the meaning of the word itself. There

are two kinds of clipping, they are Backlipped words and Foreclipped

words. The example of backclipped words are “examination” becomes

“exam” and “laboratory” becomes “lab”. On the other hand, the example

of foreclipped words are “airplane” becomes “plane” and “telephone”

becomes “phone”.

6. Derivation

Derivation is also known as affixation, it is achieved by adding

affixes. It is the word formation process in which a derivational affix

attaches to the base form of a word to create new word. Affixes are bound

morphemes that cannot stand alone but must attach to another morpheme

such as a word. According to Yule (2006, p. 59) There are three kinds of

affixes which can be attached to the word:

a. The affixes, which are put in the initial of the word, are called prefixes.

For examples: un-, mis-, pre-, which appear in the words like unhappy,

misrepresent, prejudge.

b. The affixes, which are put in the end of the word, are called suffixes.

For examples: -ness, -ful, -less, -ism, -ish which appear in the words

like sadness, joyful, careless, and boyish.

c. The affixes which are put inside the word are called infixes. This type is

not normally used in English, but found in some other languages.

For example: Hallebloodylujah!

7. Back formation

Back formation is a process that creates new word by removing a real

or supposed affix from another word in language (O‟Grady and Guzman,

1996, p. 158), especially suffix; it can be known from the name “back

formation”. It is a form of slang where words are reversed. If derivation or

affixation means forming a word by adding an affix, then back formation

is essentially this process in reverse: it adapts an existing word by

removing its suffix. For examples:

a. Regulation (noun) becomes regulate (verb)

b. Demonstration (noun) becomes demonstrate (verb)

c. Entertainment (noun) becomes entertain (verb)

From the examples above we may conclude that backformation

process changes the word class and the meaning of the word itself.

8. Conversion

Conversion is the process of changing the grammatical function of a

word without changing its form, for example is when a noun comes to be

used as a verb in a conversation. It is a process that assigns an already

existing word to a new syntactic category. Even though it does not add an

affix, conversion resembles derivation because of the change in category

and the meaning that it brings about. For the reason, it is sometimes called

zero derivation (O‟Grady and Guzman, 1997, p. 157). There are several

types of conversions:

a. Verb that comes from Noun, example; “Nail the door shut!”, “Someone

has to chair the meeting”

b. Verb that comes from Adjective, example; “Dry the clothes!‟”

c. Verb that comes from Preposition, example; to out gay bishops.

d. Noun that comes from Verb, example; a permit, a report.

Those examples change its grammatical functions without changes its

form.

9. Acronym

Acronym is another reduction process where each letter on the word is

pronounced (Hatch and Brown, 1995, p. 210). Supporting this statement,

Yule (2006, p. 58) proposed that acronyms are new words formed from the

initial letters of a set of other words, where the pronounciation consists of

saying each separate letters. In this process, new words are formed by

taking the initial letters of some or all of the words in a phrase and

pronounced them as a new single word. The examples are ASAP for as

soon as possible, BFF for bestfriend forever, LOL for laughing out loud,

OMG for Oh my God. Meanwhile, acronym is a word made up

abbreviation, too, but the result is pronounced as a word, not as list of

letters (Hatch and Brown, 1995, p. 210), for examples ILO (International

Labor Organization), CIFOR (The Center for International Forestry

Research).

10. Multiple Processes

Multiple processes happen when some new words made through more

than one word formation process. One of the example taken from Yule‟s

(2006), the term deli seems to have become a common American English

expression via two word formations processes, first is borrowing because

the term deli is the borrowing word from German (Delicatessen) and then

clipping that borrowed form into deli. As a result, the term deli is called as

multiple processes.

THE STUDY

This chapter present the methodology which is used by the writer to analyze the data. Method is defined as a way or technique done in research (Sudaryanto, 1993, p. 9). One of the factors that will make a research success is appropriate methodology

10 applied in it. Below is brief information about the research methodology used in this work.

Research Question

The problem formulations arranged by the writer are “What are the syntactic forms and the type meaning of slang expressions in the script of Pitch Perfect movie?” This study is aimed to find the syntactic forms of slang expressions found in

Pitch Perfect movie script and to clarify the meaning of those expressions based on the context it is uttered.

Context of the Study

This research used descriptive qualitative method in analyzing slang expressions found in Pitch Perfect movie script using Yule‟s word-formation processes theory.

Sampling

The writer focuses on slangs, which are the data of the study produced by the characters‟ dialogues in the movie. The source of data is the movie itself and its script.

Data Collection Procedure

In collecting the data, the researcher watched the movie for comprehending and finding any important details that supported this research and looking for all of utterances, reading and observing the dialogue from the manuscript, and highlighting the words which may be classified as slang. After that, the researcher identified the sentences of the dialogue which have slang words and out the marked data in note- taking papers. The data then was categorized and tabulated based on the types of word

11 formation process. The researcher analyzed the data based on the relevant theory and finally showed what types tend to used. Firstly, the writer identifies the slang words in the movie and decides what word formation processes that those slangs have undergone.

Then, the writer identified the meaning of those slang words and classifies them in a table in order to know the most dominant word formation processes of the slang words have emerged in the movie.

To help analyzing the data, the writer used Table 1 to see the frequent types of word formation slangs emerged. m / n x 100% m = the total number of slang words in each word formation process types. n = the total number of all slang words occurred in the movie.

Table 1. Data Analysis of Slang Word Formation

- No. Slangs Meaning Back Coinage Multiple Multiple Clipping Blending Acronym Processes formation Derivation Borrowing Conversion Compounding

TOTAL

Total number in percentage m / n x 100%

DISCUSSION

Here are the table of analysis where the slang words found in the movie are categorized according to the word-formation process theory.

Table 2. Data Analysis of Slang Word Formation

Meaning No. Slangs formation in context - Coinage Clipping Blending Acronym Derivation Borrowing Conversion Multiple Processes Compounding Back 1. Baloney Bullshit * 2. Totes Totally * 3. Aca-scuse me Excuse me * 4. Close-knit Close relationship * 5. Mashup Music combination * 6. Freshman Newcomer * 7. Sidekick Partner * 8. Aca-people People * 9. Be-caw Getting atention * 10. Panty dropper Good quality of a man * Having sex with 11. Treble-boned * Treblemakers member 12. Dixie-chicks Very serious * 13. Prepped Preparation * 14. Kick-ass Cool, great * 15. Callin‟ Finish * 16. Aca-bitches Bitches * Musical boner, sexually 17. Toner attracted because of * someone‟s music talent 18. Aca-awesome Awesome * Christina Aguilera 19 Aguilerian * followers 20. Nodes Nodules * 21. Sound-tracked Hits *

22. Movication Movie education * Borrow a line; music 23. Riff-off * improvisation 24. Collab‟ Collaboration * 25. Em Them * 26. Eargasm Ear orgasm * 27. Rag-tag group Weird people * 28. Dummy Stupid * 29. Sums Summarizes * 30. Alt girl Alternative girl * 31. Mad Lib Improvisation * 32. Crystal Understand, clear * Badass, people who 33. The Kraken * ruin everything 34. Bella-meeting Bardenbella‟s meeting * 35. Aca-gods Oh my God * 36. C‟mon Come on * 37. Horse-shit Suck * 38. Aca-ballers The singers * TOTAL 5 11 11 10 1 Total number in percentage 13 29 29 26 3 m / n x 100%

The writer identified 38 slang words from the dialog in the movie script. Those words are analyzed into the kind of slang expressions according to the word-formation processes and also the meaning. The finding of that slang expressions presents on the

Table 2 completely with the example of the utterances with the context. There are 6 types of word-formation process used in the slang words; which are coinage (13%), compounding (29%), blending (29%), clipping (26%), and multiple process (2,5%).

The writer will also divide them into two categories of meaning, which are literal and figurative meaning. Literal language delivers thoughts and ideas in a specific

14 manner, mostly like what we see in real objects. It can be said as the basic meaning we find in dictionary, whereas figurative language uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from literal interpretation. It involves depiction of a meaning other than the most basic meaning with the use of figure of speech. It is commonly used in literature works. Below is the further discussion about the finding.

1. Coinage

Coinage is the act of creating a new word or phrase that other people

begin to use by adopting trademark names becomes “everyday words of

language”. This type of word-formation is found five times in the dialogue of the

movie; “baloney”, “toner”, “Mad Lib”, “Crystal”, and “The Kraken”. Those are

categorized as coinage because the words or phrase have recently been invented.

They are differentiated from standard neologisms, namely eponyms, means

words that are “based on the name of a person or a place or product” (Yule

2006, p. 53)

Extract 1. JOE : “Yes! Now hit me with the trophy!” “Use the sharp part!”

Jesse stands there, speechless. Fat Amy, unable to help herself, CHARGES at JOE and grabs the trophy. Beca goes after her.

FAT AMY : “The Kraken has been unleashed!”

She goes to hit JOE with the trophy. Beca lunges for her, grabbing part of the trophy.

One of coinage word is “The Kraken”. It is spoken when a riot happens

after Treblemaker win a competition. In the lobby of Performing Arts Center,

Tone Hanger, one of ex-acapella group who has been grown old, entertained the

visitors by singing “Bootywork”, then suddenly The Treble bursting. They are

loud and celebratory and ultimately interrupted the Tone Hanger‟s performance.

There is a big argument among them. They are mocking each others.

Bardenbella came out from the main hall and saw the riot. Fat Amy cannot help

herself to not join the noise. She said “The Kraken” to refer a giant legendary

sea monster who likes to destroy anything. She implies that she is the one who

can ruin everything in that time. So, in this word contains figurative meaning. It

is not really the monster but a person associated with it. This word used to

replace the same characteristics of the giant creature, and accidentally Fat Amy

also had a big body. So we can say that they are similar.

Extract 2 CHLOE : “Hey, Barb! Gonna audition this year? We have openings.”

Chloe tries to hand her a flier but Barb won‟t take it.

BARB : “Oh, now that you‟ve puked your way to the bottom, you might actually consider me? I‟ve auditioned three times and never got in because you said my boobs look like baloney.”

Barb puts her hands on her hips. Her cardigan is pulled back, revealing two huge, baloney-like areolas beneath her t-shirt.

Another example of coinage word from the movie is the word

“baloney”. It is said by Barb when Chloe offered her to join the Bardenbella

audition, but Barb refused it. Barb said that she has been tried to join the

audition three times before it but she was always rejected because Chloe (and all

of the Bardenbella‟s members) always mocked at her that she has boobs like

baloney. Now after the embarrassing incident that Chloe puked at the previous

acapella competition when Bardenbella was performing and make this group

being underestimated, she offered recruitment to her. The word “baloney” refers

16 to a large smoked sausage of beef, veal, and pork; also a sausage made from turkey to resemble bologna. In the context, the word came to mean “nonsense” or “bullshit” to refer the fake big boobs of Barb. So, it has figurative meaning that carries a large or big meat imagery referring to boobs.

Extract 3. AUBREY : “You will be singing “Turn the Beat Around” and that‟s the last I want to hear of this.”

BECA : “That song‟s tired. We won‟t win with that song. Look, if we pulled samples from different genres.”

AUBREY : “Let me explain this to you because you still don‟t seem to understand. Our goal is to get back to the finals. These songs will get us there. So excuse me if I don‟t take advice from some alt girl with her Mad Lib beats when she‟s never even been in a competition. Have I made myself clear?”

“Mad Lib” is the last example of coinage word the writer took. “Mad

Lib” is a fun word game. Pretty much made for teaching third graders what nouns, adjectives, adverbs, etc are. So it is such an improvisation game. In the context of the movie, the word “Mad Lib” occurred when Aubrey describe

Beca‟s characteristic as a girl who like to do improvisation because her hobby is mixing songs like a DJ.

Aubrey wants that Bardenbella will bring “Turn the Beat Around” song to be singing in the next acapella contest as the group accustomed to, but the rest of the member reject it because the song was so boring. Beca suggests bringing song from another genre but Audrey as usual is stubborn and refuses the suggestion and even scolds at her. She said that she does not take advice from the girl with her “Mad Lib” beats, means mashed up songs, improvised songs.

So, it has figurative meaning to portray the girl with a lot of improvisation.

2. Compounding

Compounding is the process of word formation by combining two or

more lexical categories. The meaning of the compound may be similar to or

different from the meaning of its components in isolation. There are 29 words

found in this category; “close-knit”, “freshman”, “sidekick”, “panty dropper”,

“treble-boned”, “kick-ass”, “riff-off”, etc.

Extract 4. Audition day. In the hallway outside the auditorium, a long line of CO-ED‟s warm up their voices. TOMMY MARTIN and his sidekick JUSTIN, acapella super-fans address the group.

TOMMY : “…Sixteen bars of Kelly Clarkson‟s “Since U Been Gone.” If a group likes you, they‟ll contact you directly. My tone deaf sidekick Justin will collect your info.”

According to its process, it is a compound of two nouns “side” and

“kick” becomes new word as another noun. It is found when Tommy and Justin

are hosting the acapella audition, being uttered when Tommy introduce Justin.

Tommy and Justin are mates in conducting campus acapella audition. Tommy

said to the participants that if one of acapella groups attracted by the

participant‟s performance, they will contact them. So that Tommy asked Justin

to collect their information. So, we can jump to conclusion that “sidekick” here

refers to Justin, has figurative meaning, means “partner”.

Extract 5. Fat Amy walks up.

Fat Amy : “What are you turds talking about?” Bumper : “You are the single grossest being I‟ve ever laid eyes on.” Fat Amy : “You‟re no panty-dropper yourself, chief.”

Another compounding word is “Panty dropper”. It does not mean that

someone who take off your pants. It has figurative meaning. It is a compound of

adjective “panty” and noun “dropper” makes new noun which means a guy with

good quality. In this case a good looking male with good talent; music. It is

uttered by Fat Amy, a member of Bardenbella, when being mock by Bumper,

the leader of the Treblemaker. She said that he is not panty-dropper. It implies

that although he is mocking her and being so arrogant with his capabilities in

singing, for Fat Amy, Bumper is just an ordinary guy with no significant special

abilities. Yes he can sing, but he cannot rely on that ability to entice girls. They

need more than that, especially good attitude. He can‟t make a girl, especially

Fat Amy, dropping her panties or even winning her heart if he is such an

annoying person. According to Urban Dictionary, there is also a term like this

for girls; boxer dropper. It means that a girl with a good quality. She has good

impression, classy, smart, rich, etc that can attract males.

3. Blending

Blending is a combination of two or more words to create a new one,

usually by taking the beginning of the first word and the end of the other one. It

is found 29 words of blending from the movie; “mashup”, “aguilerian”,

“movication”, “eargasm”, “aca-scusme”, etc as stated in the table 2.

Extract 6. A direct challenge to Aubrey. The girls shift, uneasy.

Aubrey : “That‟s not how we do things here.” Chloe : “Aubrey, maybe Beca‟s right. Maybe we should try something new.” Aubrey : “Aca-what?!” ( to Beca ) “You will be singing Turn the Beat Around and that‟s the last I want to hear of this.” Beca : “That song‟s tired. We won‟t win with that song. Look, if we

pulled samples from different genres..”

There are some “aca-things” found in the script. It is called “aca-things” because there are some words using prefix “aca” to show that they are in a certain community, which is an acapella group. It shows their identity, makes they are different with others, makes them unique and special. It speaks volumes of Pitch Perfect‟s warm aura and adorable characters that it can get away with layering its script with the likes of “aca-scusme”, “aca-awesome”, “aca- believe” and so on be so popular. Although adding “aca-” in front of words do not changing the main meaning of the words. Mostly, it has literal meaning, the same concept as the words are delivered. For example when the girls, the

Bardenbella members suggested to bring new song then Aubrey rejected, she said “Aca-what?!” the meaning is “what?!” She didn‟t agree with them because she has different opinion.

Extract 7. The Trebelemaker sing Let It Whip! Beca watch as The Trebles bow to applause. Beca reacts

Beca : “O...kay.” Chloe : “So are you interested?” (hopeful) Beca : “I don‟t know. Seems pretty lame.”

Hearing this, Aubrey steps up to Beca.

Aubrey : “Aca-scuse me? Synchronized lady dancing to a Mariah Carey- chart topper is not a lame.”

This is another example of blending using prefix “aca-“ which not change the meaning of the main word. “aca-scuse me” is a blending of the words “acapella” and “excuse me”. The different with the other “aca-things”,

20 like “aca-what”, is the initial part of the main word fades and blends with the prefix “aca-“. It is spoken when Beca are invited by Chloe to join their acapella group, The Bardenbella, but Beca thought that acapella is not a thing, it is a lame. Hearing that Aubrey say the word “aca-scusme” to interrupt and explain that acapella is a good activity and it is not a lame. So here, “aca-scusme” means “exscuse me”, it has literal meaning.

Extract 8. Jesse : “Right. You just happened to guess the biggest reveal in cinematic history. Beca : “Vader in German means father. His name is Darth Father.”

Jesse put his DVD‟s back into his duffle.

Jesse : “Huh, you know German. Well, now I see why you don‟t like fun things.”

Beca smiles, preety pleased with herself.

Jesse : “You need a movication.” Beca : “I‟d have to schedule it around Bellas rehearsals which are always.” Another example of blending word is provided by extract 6. The word

“movication” is a blending from “movie” and “education”. It also has literal meaning as movie education. It is said when Jesse showed Beca his favorite movie “The Breakfast Club”. She just jumped to conclusion about the ending not by watching the movie but by guessing from the character‟s name. So, she didn‟t get the message of the movie. This is why Jesse said that Beca needs a movie education.

There are some sociolinguistics aspects which influences the forming of slang expressions in the movie such as participants and function. Because of the participants are all the member of acapella group, so they are talking much about

singing techniques, songs, vocal organ, etc. It is the reason blending is quite

often emerged in the movie because they like adding “aca-“ in front of the words

they are saying. While function is the reason why they are using this kind of

slang is to induce friendliness or intimacy, to show that one belongs to a certain

group or community as stated by Dalzell (2007). Whereas in “movication”, the

reason of saying this is to make the conversation simpler.

4. Clipping

Clipping is a kind of word-formation process by omitting or deleting the

back part of a word. Students like to shorten words to make their conversation

simpler. That is why there are many clipping words in the data, because the

participants or the characters of the movie are mostly students. There are 10

clipping words in the movie; “totes”, “prepped”, “callin’”, “nodes”, “sums”,

“c’mon”, and so on as stated in the table 2.

Extract 9. Aubrey : “Anybody have anything to confess?”

Mary Elise crumbles under the pressure and nods.

Mary Elise : “Yes.” Aubrey : “Turn in your scarf and go.” Mary Elise : “But...it was an accident. It landed in my hand.”

Aubrey doesn‟t waver. Mary Elise stands up to leave, very slowly. Every few steps, she looks back, desperately wanting to be stopped. She grabs a chair and drags it across the floor. She finally leaves, crying loudly through the hall.

Beca : “Was that necessary?” Aubrey : “This is a war Beca. It‟s my job to make sure my soldiers are prepped at go time with three kick ass songs sung and choreographed to perfection.”

The word “prepped” is a slang word from “prepared” by omitting back

syllable. So, according to the word-formation process it is clipping category.

According to the context it has no figurative meaning as “prepped” is

“prepared”. When Aubrey, the senior member of Bardenbella eliminated Mary

Elise from the group because she confessed that she slept with the Treblemaker

member and Beca asking that is it necessary or not to do that, she explained that

as the leader of the group Aubrey should prepare the member well to compete in

the next acapella championship, especially with The Trebelemaker. It is

concluded that “prepped” refers to “prepared”

Extract 10. Jesse playfully puts a couple of his fingers on Beca‟s mouth.

Jesse : “Ssssshhhhh.” ( then ) “The Breakfast Club. 1985.” “Greatest ending to any movie ever.”

Jesse cues it to the end where Simple Minds‟s “Don‟t You (Forget About Me)” plays.

Jesse : “This song launched Simple Minds in the U.S. It could have been Billy Idol song but he turned it down. Dummy. Perfectly sums up the movie – equally beautiful and sad.”

Another example from the movie script is the word “sums”. When Jesse,

a member of Treblemaker, showed Beca a movie entitled “The Breakfast Club”

then explained her about the story, he jumped out to the end of the movie and

summarize the lesson he got. It is why he used the word “sums” to replace the

word “summarizes” by omitting the back part of the word.

5. Multiple processes

Multiple processes is happened when creating new words experienced two or more word-formation processes. It is only found a word from the movie;

Dixie chicks.

Extract 11. The Bellas are assembled in a classroom/rehearsal space. Fat Amy and Cynthia Rose peruse the framed photos of past Bellas groups hanging on a wall.

Aubrey writes the words “NEW BELLAS” on the whiteboard. Beca casually strolls into the room. Aubrey still facing the board, freezes, and then writes Beca‟s name on the board with tally mark next to it. Beca rolls her eyes.

Aubrey : “As you see, Kori is not here. Last night, she was Treble-boned. She‟s been dis-invited from the Bellas.” Beca : “The oath was serious?” Aubrey : “Dixie Chicks-serious. You can fool around with anyone you want just not a Treble.” There is a word considered as slang with multiple process category.

From the word-formation process it experienced two processes which are compounding by combining the word “Dixie” and “chick”, and borrowing the word “Dixie” which has meaning South, oftenly associated as South America, and “chick” means girl. It can be considered as coinage also because it is a name of a country-music group who is boycotted in Bush era.

According to its context, the character of Aubrey tried to make it clear that the oath was serious as the Dixie Chicks‟ case. This might be a reference to the controversial 2003 comment the band made at a concert in London regarding then President George W. Bush and the Iraq War. Despite being a comment uttered in the heat of the moment and in a casual and non-political way, the band received backlash and hatred from certain media outlets and fans. As such, they became target of a political controversy that made them a national debate on the serious issue of freedom of speech.

CONCLUSION

Pitch Perfect is a musical movie for teenager and adult which has setting in a college and school-life plot, where there are romance, friendship, and mostly about singing competition. By knowing that information, the movie provides a lot of slang expressions uttered by the characters that can be analyzed. The aim of this study is to find the syntactic forms (word-formation process) and clarify the contextual meaning of the slang words found in the movie.

Having analyzed the data as stated in the previous chapter of this study, the writer makes some conclusions based on the findings and the discussions as follows. I found 38 slang words in the Pitch Perfect movie script which contains 5 coinage, 11 compounding, 11 blending, 10 clipping, and 1 multiple process. The most frequently spoken word category in the movie are compounding and blending.

The words being uttered delivers certain meaning according to the situation and context. Some of slang words found in the movie do not bring figurative meaning. They just do clipping or blending that left the words with original message.

The writer also found that slang existed in the movie has literal and figurative meaning. But mostly in figurative meaning because it refers to something special from a certain group of people, the acapella group, so they use figurative meaning to make the message secret. The explanation of the contextual meaning is discussed in the previous chapter.

Young people tend to use compounding and blending in their daily conversation to make the words they say simpler. As we know that compounding and blending have a

25 quite similar process which is joining words to simplify utterances. In compounding we combine two or more lexical categories while in blending we combine two or more words to make another new word by fading some syllables off. They also try to conceal their conversation from others by choosing or making new words that have figurative meaning. It makes their language unique and exclusive. It makes them able to set themselves apart from others.

Hopefully this research might be useful for giving additional references or examples of slang expressions in teaching sociolinguistics and build awareness towards students of new vocabularies used in english-spoken community. The writer also hopes by this study, movie translator or subtitles found better understanding in overcoming the difficulties of finding exact equivalence for particular words in movies by considering the context because slang contains specific terms. This work could be one of the references in further studying of slang, eventhough it is only an analysis of a movie genre. Pitch Perfect is a musical, drama movie addresses for young people. Other areas needed to be further explored are kind of literature works such as poem, novel, songs or short stories. It is suggested to other researchers who are interested in similar topic to digest deeper about slang not only from the syntactic theory but also from sociolinguistics; the culture, the reason, the effect of using slang in certain community.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and above all, I praise Jesus Christ, the almighty for providing me this opportunity and granting me the capability to proceed succesfully. This thesis appears in its current form due to the assistance and guidance of several people. I would therefore like to offer my sincere thanks to all of them.

I am grateful to Ibu Rindang Widiningrum, M.Hum, my supervisor. I am extremely thankful and indebted to her for sharing expertise, and sincere and valuable guidance and encouragement extended to me. I would also extend my gratitude to my second reader, Dr. Elisabet Titik Murtisari, M.TransStud, who spent time to read and correct my thesis. I would like to dedicate this thesis to my beloved parents, Bapak Heri

Susanto and Ibu Gati Purwaningsih, for their unconditional-love, prayers, and supports.

Also, to my sister, Gloriana Dwi Karananingtyas, for sharing and doing crazy things together. My gratefulness also goes to Daniel Dian Permana Putra, my praying partner, my husband, my bestfriend, for being the one who loves me, supports me as always and the one who keep saying, ”do your thesis!”. This work is highly dedicated to my beautiful baby, Davina Mercy Eleanor. May God‟s mercy truly be upon us. Special thanks also goes to my best team-mates in Tabernacle Youth Ministry, for the supports and time we shared together, especially to my pastor for his wisdom encourages me to finish this work and unstoppable prayer for me which really means a lot.

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APPENDIX

PITCH PERFECT MOVIE SYNOPSIS

The movie opens with the Barden Bellas about to perform at the ICCA championships. One of them, Chloe (Brittany Snow) is running late to the start of the performance. When she arrives she is reprimanded by the older Bellas. As they are about to perform, Aubrey (Anna Camp) tries to assure them she'll do a good job, but is shot down. The group sings 'The Sign' and all is going well, until the very end when

Aubrey has a solo and projectile vomits all over the stage and front rows of the audience.

Cut to the start of a new year at Barden University, and freshman Beca (Anna

Kendrick) is arriving by taxi. At the Activities fair, we are introduced to the Trebles - one of the Campus singing groups, all male, who are talented and have a high opinion of themselves, especially Bumper (Adam Devine) the lead singer.

Across the campus, the Bellas are now down to just 2 members - Aubrey and

Chloe, who are trying to recruit new ones. Due to their disastrous performance at the last Championships, they are not having much luck. They are then approached by Fat

Amy (Rebel Wilson), an outgoing and quirky student from Tasmania who doesn't hesitate to demonstrate her singing and dancing abilities. They then meet Beca, who quickly rebuffs their offer to audition, saying it is lame, which immediately puts Aubrey offside.

As Beca goes into the communal showers singing to herself, Chloe happens to be in the showers as well, and confronts Beca in her shower stall, insisting that she try out for the Bellas. Although Beca is mortified, she sings along with Chloe to 'Titanium'.

At the Bellas' first gig with their new line up they wear the same uniforms and sing the same songs they always have. They are not at all prepared, and are cut short and told they won't be paid for the gig. Aubrey is furious, especially at Chloe, who then reveals she has Nodes - 'the rubbing together of your vocal chords at above average rates and without proper lubrication', and will have to pull back on her singing. Beca impressing most of the Bellas, the other groups, and Jesse with her version of 'No

Diggity', the Trebles win the Riff Off. Beca is encouraged by the other Bellas' ability to listen to one another and sing together impromptu, but Aubrey brushes her off, upset that they still lost.

As the Bellas rehearse for the next round of competition, Chloe and Beca try to convince Aubrey to try something different and not keep singing the same songs, but

Aubrey is adamant that they will win if they keep it all the same. She gives Fat Amy a solo in the performance, who gets a bit carried away, but the audience love the energy and variation from the usual Bella prim and proper style. However, Aubrey is not impressed. The Trebles win the trophy.

The Bellas travel to the semi finals on a bus driven by Fat Amy. She stops at a gas station to 'pump and dump', and the Trebles drive past. Bumper cruelly throws a huge burrito at Fat Amy and sauce spills all over her, making her furious. As the Bellas keep driving, they are in good spirits and sing together 'Party in the USA', until suddenly the bus splutters, and Fat Amy realizes she never actually got around to

31 putting gas in the tank. Out of desperation, they call the Trebles for a lift on their bus.

At the semi finals, the Bellas begin to perform their usual set, but Beca becomes sick of the mocking looks from the other bands, and also the bored looks in the audience, so she starts singing another song 'Bulletproof' over the top of 'The Sign' much to the other

Bellas' surprise and Audrey's displeasure, but it does make the judges take more notice.

After the performance, Aubrey tells Beca off, and she ends up leaving the Bellas.

The Bellas do not advance to the Finals, and Aubrey is devastated. Then, it is discovered that the group the Footnotes who advanced to the Finals had a member in

High School, so were disqualified, and the Bellas are back in the running. They are all thrilled and excitedly come together to rehearse. Chloe reveals that she has let Beca know, much to Aubrey's annoyance.

Finally sick of Aubrey and her bossy, controlling attitude, Chloe tells Aubrey that Beca was right, and they should have listened to her. They get in a fight and the other Bellas start to intervene. Aubrey loses it, and makes herself projectile vomit all over the place. All hell breaks loose, as Beca comes in and calms everyone down.

Finally Aubrey agrees to let Beca have a go at remixing the songs and changing the style of the Bellas' performance for the better. It is discovered that as Chloe has had surgery to remove her Nodes, she can now hit the bass notes, and also that Lilly can beatbox.

It is the Finals, The Trebles perform strongly as always, with Benji finally getting his moment to shine with a solo. It is then the Bellas' turn to perform, and they have ditched their drab flight attendant uniforms and are wearing their own clothes and look a lot more stylish and sexy. They do a fantastic performance with all different

32 songs mixed together, met with thunderous applause from the audience including a standing ovation from the Trebles. Cut to 6 months later, and it is next years' auditions.

The winners of last year's championships get to pick the audition song, and we see the

Bellas minus Chloe and Aubrey with a huge trophy on their table discussing which song to pick.