Analysis of Deixis in Pitch Perfect 2 Movie
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Jurnal Ilmu Budaya Vol. 3, No. 3, Juli 2019 e-ISSN 2549-7715 Hal: 288-302 ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS IN PITCH PERFECT 2 MOVIE Kholifatul Ainiyah, Surya Sili, Setya Ariani Department of English Literature, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Mulawaman University E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT This study aimed to find out the types of deixis and contexts used by Beca Mitchell character in Pitch Perfect 2 movie. In order to fulfill the two aims, this study used two theories: Levinson’s (1983) five types of deixis were used to find out the types of deixis, while Panevová and Hana’s (2011) four types of context were used to find out the types of context appeared in each utterance of Beca Mitchell character. This study was a qualitative research with content analysis as its approach. Moreover, this study used words as its data in the forms of narrations and dialogues uttered by Beca Mitchell character taken from Pitch Perfect 2 movie script. The results of this study showed there were five types of deixis used by Beca Mitchell character: person deixis (40% of first person, 23% of second person, and 6% of third person), time deixis usage as 12%, place deixis usage as 6% shown in both types: proximal and distal, discourse deixis usage as 6%, and social deixis usage as 7% shown only in the relational type that considered the closeness of relationship between Beca and her hearers. Meanwhile, there were four types of context appeared: physical, linguistic, social, and epistemic. The conclusions showed that Beca Mitchell used Levinson’s five types of deixis along with four types of context by Panevová and Hana to help her getting clearer about things she said in her utterances. As the implications, theoretically, this study was capable of giving the understanding about Levinson’s deixis and Panevová-Hana’s contexts. While practically, this study had shown that film also used deixis as its speech variety similar with the communication done in real world even though the film used in this study, Pitch Perfect 2 movie was a fiction one. Keywords: pragmatics, deixis, context ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan tipe-tipe deiksis dan konteks yang digunakan oleh karakter Beca Mitchell dalam film Pitch Perfect 2. Untuk memenuhi kedua tujuan tersebut, maka penelitian ini menggunakan dua teori: lima tipe deiksis dari Levinson (1983) untuk menemukan tipe-tipe deiksis dan teori empat tipe konteks dari Panevová dan Hana (2011) untuk menemukan tipe-tipe konteks yang ada dalam tiap ujaran deiksis karakter Beca Mitchell. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan analisa konten. Lebih lanjut, penelitian ini menggunakan kata-kata sebagai datanya yang berupa narasi-narasi dan dialog-dialog yang diujarkan oleh karakter Beca Mitchell dalam skrip film Pitch Perfect 2. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat lima tipe deiksis yang digunakan oleh karakter Beca Mitchell: deiksis orang (40% orang pertama, 23% orang kedua, dan 6% orang ketiga), deiksis waktu sebanyak 12%, deiksis tempat sebanyak 6% dalam dua tipe: proksimal dan distal, deiksis wacana 288 Jurnal Ilmu Budaya Vol. 3, No. 3, Juli 2019 e-ISSN 2549-7715 Hal: 288-302 sebanyak 6%, dan deiksis sosial sebanyak 7% yang hanya muncul dalam satu tipe yaitu relasional yang mana melibatkan kedekatan hubungan antara Beca dan para lawan bicaranya. Sementara itu, terdapat empat tipe konteks yang muncul yaitu: fisikal, linguistik, sosial, dan epistemik. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa Beca Mitchell menggunakan lima tipe deiksis milik Levinson bersamaan dengan empat tipe konteks milik Panevová dan Hana untuk membantunya dalam memberikan ujaran-ujaran yang lebih jelas. Sebagai implikasi dari penelitian ini yaitu secara teori bahwa penelitian ini dapat memberikan pengertian tentang deiksis milik Levinson serta konteks dari Panevová dan Hana. Secara praktik, penelitian ini telah membuktikan bahwa film juga menggunakan deiksis sebagai variasi bentuk ujarannya yang hakikinya juga sama dengan komunikasi yang dilakukan dalam dunia nyata terlepas dari fakta bahwa film yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, Pitch Perfect 2 merupakan fiksi. Kata kunci: pragmatik, deiksis, konteks A. INTRODUCTION Language has an important role in our daily activities. Socially, the function of language is to make connection among human beings. People can communicate their thoughts by using language. In communication, language is used to transfer information or message. One of the tools in language that works as the referent of things based on its circumstance (place, time, etc.) is well known as deixis. It deals with connections among situation, the speaker, place, and when the word is uttered. There were two reasons why the researcher was interested to analyse deixis as the focus on this study: first, as human beings, we consciously or not, are actually using deixis in our daily conversation, yet some of us may not know its existence: that part of our speeches consist of deixis, second, even if some of us well aware of its existence, yet, there are still several problems appear in our conversation which happen partly because we do not understand the types of deixis itself. We, people create language in order to help us in life: making it easier. Yet, that aim would be meaningless if people as the creator and user of the language itself refuse to attempt to understand their own product. Based on the two reasons above, the researcher decided to analyse types of deixis and context uttered by a main character in Pitch Perfect 2 movie, Beca Mitchell. In order to do so, the researcher used Levinson’s (1983) five types of deixis (person, time, place, discourse, and social) and Panevová and Hana’s (2011) four types of context (physical, linguistics, social, and epistemic) as the main theories along with additional explanations of deixis by Yule (1996), Renkema (2004), and Halliday and Hasan (1976). B. RELATED LITERATURE 1. Deixis Levinson defines deixis as the structure in language with the aim to indicate person, place, time, social distinctions and roles in discourse (1983, p. 54). Deixis focuses in analysing word, phrase and or utterance which directly relates to a person, time, place, social and discourse. It concerns with the encoding of many different aspects of the circumstances surrounding the utterance and the relationship between the structure of language and context in which they are being used. According to Levinson (1983) there are five major types of deixis: person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis. 289 Jurnal Ilmu Budaya Vol. 3, No. 3, Juli 2019 e-ISSN 2549-7715 Hal: 288-302 a. Person Deixis Person deixis concerns on the role of participants within an utterance (Levinson, 1983, p. 62). Roles like who the speaker is, the hearer, the target of the utterance, recipient of the utterance, and from what or whose source the utterance comes from (p. 68). Between speaker and source of utterance are two different things as well as hearer (recipient) and addressee (target). These roles help us in differentiating which types of deixis person used within an utterance, regarding that there are three types of person deixis: first person, second person, and third person through the pronominal systems. The pronominal systems work to indicate for first person: speaker inclusion (+S), second person: addressee inclusion (+A), and third person: speaker and addressee exclusion (-S, - A) (Levinson, 1983, p. 69). Furthermore, Yule (1996, p. 10) explains that person deixis clearly operates on a basic of three parts division, exemplified by the pronoun I, second person You, and third person He, She, It. On the other hand, there is also the term of antecedents and postcedents that usually appear accompanying the pronouns. Antecedents is the word before the pronoun or noun that it refers back to (“Postcedents”). Meanwhile, postcedent is the word after the pronoun or noun that it refers forward to (“Postcedents”). b. Time Deixis Time deixis is also called as temporal deixis. Levinson (1983, p. 62) defines time deixis as reference to the time, mostly towards the adverbs of time, when an utterance is spoken. Furthermore, Renkema (2004, p. 123) states that time deixis is a reference to time relative to a temporal reference point and it is typically the moment of utterance. In time deixis, there is also the reference of participant-role and divided into two: the moment of utterance or coding time (CT) and reception or receiving time (RT) (Levinson, 1983, p. 73). CT focuses on the speaker while RT is one the addressee. The usage of CT depends on the three tense of time: past - events completed before CT, present – events whose time includes CT, and future – events succeeding CT (p. 77). c. Place Deixis Place deixis is also described as spatial deixis, where the relative location of people and things is being indicated (Levinson, 1983, p. 62). Usually expressed in this, these, there, here, that, and those. The adverbs of place ‘here’ mean close to the speaker’s location (proximal), and ‘there’ means away from the speaker’s location (distal). While, demonstrative pronoun ‘this’ means an object close to the speaker’s location and ‘that’ means the object is far away to the speaker’s location of the speech event. The usage of demonstrative pronouns like ‘this’ and ‘that’ also exist in the discourse deixis. Hence, the way to differentiate which one the demonstrative pronouns for place and one for discourse is by seeing its purpose. The demonstrative pronouns for place deixis are intended to show the exact location or position of the object in the utterance, like for instance; that car near the green house is used to be mine. The demonstrative pronoun ‘that’ is referred to an object in the sentence above, a car. Meanwhile, the demonstrative pronouns for discourse are used to refer to some portion of the discourse itself that being discussed again in the next utterance.