The Hundred-Year Conflict Between Global Conservation and Native

Home , Bureau of Indian Affairs, Drano, Giant peccary, Greenwashing, Kayapo, Wapishana

Conservation Refugees The Hundred-Year Conﬂ ict between Global Conservation and Native Peoples

Mark Dowie

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Dowie, Mark. Conservation Refugees : the hundred-year conﬂ ict between global conservation and native peoples / Mark Dowie. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-01261-4 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Indigenous peoples—Ecology. 2. Conservation of natural resources—Inter- national cooperation. I. Title. GF50.D69 2009 333.72—dc22 2008032743

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Index

Abedi, Agha Hasan, 50 Nagarhole National Park and, 120, Aborigines. See also Indigenous 123 peoples as scapegoats, 119–120 Adivasi and, 118–132 The Scheduled Tribes and Other Australian, 116–117, 171–172, Traditional Forest Dwellers Bill 237–238 and, 127 Australian Homelands Movement slavery and, 125 (AHM) and, 237–238 social structure of, 121–122 Eddie Mabo and Others v. The tiger crisis and, 127–132 State of Queensland and, 151 tribes composing, 121 Ache, 111 Wildlife Protection Act and, Adams, Ansel, 8, 15–16 123–124 Adams, Bill, ix, 16, 45 AES Energy Corp, 55 Adams, Jonathan, xxiv Africa, xii. See also Speciﬁ c country Adams, J. S., 30 British colonialists and, 23–26 Adams, William, 139, 231, 269 conﬂ icts in, xix Adamson, George, 31, 41, 299n8 European colonialism and, 194 Adamson, Joy, 41 Grzimek and, 23–26, 30 Adamson, Rebecca, xxii, 46, 147 gun ownership and, 268 Adivasi, xix, 118 hunting restrictions and, 23–24 agriculture and, 119 tribal blending and, 28 British rule and, 128 African Development Bank, 254 Buddhism and, 121 African Parks Foundation (APF), compensation claims and, 125–126 222–223 Conventional on Biological Diversity Community Fund of, 231 and, 125 Dutch backing of, 226 cultural contributions of, 121–122 evictions and, 226–233 equality and, 121 food aid and, 229–231 evictions of, 119–132 Mursi and, 226–233 Hinduism and, 121–122 Omo National Park and, 226–233 hunting and, 119–120 shifting blame by, 227–228 legal issues and, 124–127 African Wildlife Foundation (AWF), lions and, 119 xxii, 51–52, 97, 221 308 Index

African Wildlife Preservation Trust, American Forest & Paper 31 Association, 252 Agenda 21, 170, 274–276 Amerindian Peoples Association Age rule, 145 (APA), 96, 197 Agrawal, Arun, 209 Amman, xviii Agriculture, xv Amphibians, 243 Adivasi and, 119 Andean-Amazon watershed, 94 Batwa and, 67–69 Anderson, Eugene, 235, 264 crop rotation and, 236 Angola, 144 disturbances and, 133–140 Annapurna Sanctuary, 171 Karen and, 101–102 Antelope, 71 Maasai and, 39–40 Anthropologists Permanent Presidential Commission Adivasi and, 129 on Soil Conservation and balanced approach for, 263–269 Afforestation and, 183 BINGOs and, 45, 47, 62, 214–217, rotational clearings and, 221, 223 135–139 commodiﬁ cation by, 301n4 slash and burn, 67, 102, 136–138 conservation biology conﬂ ict and, Yosemite National Park and, 8 16–19 Ahwahneechee, xix, 2, 6, 8 disturbances and, 133–140 Ahwahnee Hotel, 12–13 ethnobiology and, 302n1 Ahwahnee Valley, 2 evictions and, 84–85, 89–91 Akha, xii, 103 Kayapo and, 203–206 Akoa, xx, 259 land stewardship and, 237, 241 Akula, 251 Maasai and, 24, 27, 31–32 Alaska, 19, 108 mapping and, 193–199 Alcoholism, xxvii, 143, 229 Milne Bay and, 214–215 Alcorn, Janis, 206, 212 Mursi and, 223–225 Aleut, 177 nature and, 16–17, 21 Alotau, 212 Ogiek and, 184 Altamira-Xingu River Complex, protest and, 154, 167, 170 203–204 Pygmies and, 70, 76 Alto Fraqua-Indiwasi National Park, sustainable development and, 84 239 Tarumas and, 96 Alutug, 177 traditional ecological knowledge Amazon Basin, 251, 265 (TEK) and, 107–118 Community Conservation Areas Apêtês (rotational clearing patches), (CCAs) and, 239 138, 202 deforestation and, 201–207 Apurimac Valley, 79 disease and, 202 Area Indigena Kayapo (AIK), exclusion policies and, 89, 94 201–207 Kayapo and, 201–207 Argentina, 81, 244 protests and, 154, 164–165, 177 Arroya Bandera, 111 Amboseli National Park, 11, 37–41, Artifacts, 12, 29, 138, 193, 223 187 Artisans, 120 Amboro National Park, 245 Arusha, 31 Index 309

Ashaninka, xxvi, 73 education and, 71 Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact and evictions and, 71, 74 Partners of Community human rights and, 74 Organizations, 171 hunting and, 72–73 Asiatic Black Bear, 243 mistreatment of women of, 71 Assimilation, xxvi. See also Evictions Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park Adivasi and, 121–122 (NNNP) and, 71–72 Basarwa and, 141–143 reservations and, 75 Maasai and, 28, 42 slavery of, 69–70 Miwok and, 1 starvation and, 72 nature and, 17 Bakhtiari, xii protests and, 154 Bakola, 65 United Nations Declaration on the Bakoya, xx, 251, 259 Rights of Indigenous Peoples and, BaMbuti, 65 285 Banff, 11–12 Association Technique International Bangladesh, 257 des Bois Tropicaux, 252 Banjara, 173 Athabascans, 177 Banks, xxiii. See also World Bank A’ukre, 204, 206 BINGOs and, 53 (see also BINGOs Australia, 11, 98 (Big International NGOs)) Aborigines and, 116–117, 171–172, debt-for-nature swaps and, xxii 237–238 exclusionary policies and, 82–83, Ayer’s Rock and, 171–172 96–97 Eddie Mabo and Others v. The Bannock, 11 State of Queensland and, 151, 156 Bantu, xii, 75, 184 Flinders Ranges and, 238 Baka and, 70–71 Milne Bay and, 212 as ecoguards, 68, 72 UN voting record of, 179 gorillas and, 67 Australian Homelands Movement rotational clearings and, 137 (AHM), 237–238 slavery by, 69–70 Australian National University, 116 Barimba, xx, 259 Automobiles, 12 Barrientos, Bonifacio, 245 Ayer’s Rock, 171–172 Barron, David, 250, 306n1 Ayres, Thomas, 4 Barume, Kwokwo, 63, 69–70 Basarwa, xii, xix, xxvi, 140, 171 Ba, 65 alcoholism and, 143 Ba’Ak, 65 Central Kalahari Game Reserve Babongo, xx, 251, 259 (CKGR) and, 142, 144–147 Bacaia River, 202 diamonds and, 141, 146 Bagama, xx, 259 First People of the Kalahari (FPK) Bagyeli, 65, 197 and, 146–147, 149 Baines, Graham, 217 Gaoboene and, 143–144 Baka, xx, 65, 197, 251, 259 hunting and, 142, 145, 147 bushmeat and, 72–73 kinship system and, 145 cheap labor and, 71 legal issues and, 146–149 culture of, 71–73 as native stewards, 148–152 310 Index

Basarwa (cont.) celebrity donors and, 49–50, 299n8 nonrecognition of First People, Chapin’s allegations and, 45–47, 142–146 58–61 Remote Area Dwellers and, 142–143 commercial interests of, 46–47 Restitution of Land Rights Act and, Community Conservation Areas 148 (CCAs) and, 237–247 return of, 147 competition amongst, 57–58 Sesana and, 142–143, 146–147, corporate sponsors and, 50, 55–57 149–151 eviction semantics and, 74 Xade and, 141 exclusionary policies and, 81, 93–98 Basua, 65 exponential growth of, 52–55 Bateson, Gregory, 107 fi eld professionals and, 58–63 Batwa, xii, xxvi, 63, 65, 300n2 foreign aid obstacles and, 251–261 agriculture and, 67–69 fundraising and, 45–62 (see also cheap labor and, 69 Fundraising) discrimination against and, 70 Gabon and, 249–261 as encroachers, 67–68 Global Environment Facility (GEF) evictions of, 67–69 and, xxii, 47, 52–53 extinction of, 70 greenwashing and, 50, 55–57 gorilla hunting rumor and, 66–67 imperial conservation and, 48–52 harmony with nature of, 67 Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs) poverty of, 68–70 and, 244–247 registered resource users and, 69 Kayapo and, 204–207 traditional skills and, 69 leaked fi eld reports and, 58–63 Bears, 243 luxury lifestyle of, 209–212 Bedouins, 256 market solutions and, xxv–xxvi Beebe, Spencer, 48 merchandising nature and, 254–257 Beehler, Bruce, 215 Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park Bees, 185–186 (NNNP) and, 74 “Belgiums” (deforestation persona of commitment by, measurement), 201 xxiv–xxviii Belize, 97, 136–137, 191–192, 199 protest pressures and, 155–181 Ben and Jerry’s Ice Cream, xxv regranting confl icts and, 54–55 Bergin, Patrick, 97 response to indigenous criticism, Berkes, Fikret, 110, 134 176–179 Bernhard, Prince of Netherlands, sustainability and, 46–47 49–50, 89 territorial issues and, 57–58 Betta Kuruba, 120 World Bank and, 53–54 Bhils, 121 Biocultural Heritage Sites, 236 Bible, 3, 87, 213 Biodiversity, xv–xvii BINGOs (Big International NGOs), anthropology/conservation biology 199. See also Specifi c Organization confl ict and, 16–19 abusive tactics of, 45–46 balanced approach to, 263–269 biodiversity and, 46 BINGOs and, 46 bioprospecting and, 218–220 Community Conservation Areas cargo mentality and, 213–221 (CCAs) and, 236 Index 311

Convention on Biological Diversity Central Kalahari Game Reserve and, 118 (CKGR) and, 42, 142, 144–147 exclusionary policies and, 79–99 diamonds and, 141, 146 fi rst stewards and, 235–247 First People of the Kalahari (FPK), fl agship species and, xi, xxvii, 66 146–147, 149 Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs) Khama and, 142, 144, 210 and, 237–247 Mogae and, 143 merchandising nature and, nonrecognition of First People, 254–257 142–146 Milne Bay and, 209–221 protests and, 156 neologism of, 297n1 Remote Area Dwellers and, protected areas (PAs) and, 236 (see 142–143 also Protected areas (PAs)) Restitution of Land Rights Act and, protest and, 157–158 148 rotational clearings and, 135–139 Wildlife Management Areas and, semantics of, 19 142 technology and, 81 Botswana Department of Wildlife and traditional ecological knowledge National Parks, 147 (TEK) and, 107–118 Boumba National Park, 197 Uganda and, 66–67 Bowles, Samuel, 5–6, 264 utilitarianism and, 86 Brandon, Katrina, 80–84, 98, 169 WWF Statement of Principles and, Bray, David, 59, 137, 153, 237 273–280 Brazil, xviii, 138, 164, 176 244 Biological Armageddon, 79 Altamira-Xingu River Complex and, Biological corridors, xxii 203–204 Biomes, 136, 153 Central Plateau of, 201 Bioprospecting, xxv, 218–220 Declaration of Belem and, 114–115 Bird Life International, 12 deforestation and, 201–207 Birds, 120, 223, 243–245 Kayapo and, xx, 199, 201–207 Blackfeet, 11, 239 merchandising nature and, 256 Blyth’s Tragopan, 243 Sarney and, 204 Bodi, 223 Brazil nuts, xxv Body Shop, The, xxv Bribri, 195 Boise Cascade, 55 Bridal Veil Falls, 4 Boling, John, 3 Bridgeport Tom, 14 Bolivia, 97–98, 164, 177, 244–245 Bristol Myers Squibb, 219 Bongo, 71 British Columbia, xvii–xviii Bongo Ondimba, El Hadj Omar, Brockington, Dan, 7, 17, 21, 32 249–250, 254 Brody, Hugh, 89 Bonner, Raymond, 176 Bronx Zoo, 51, 72 Bonobos, 252 Buddhism, 103, 121 Born Free (fi lm), 299n8 Buenos Aires Biodiversity Boston Evening Transcript, 4 Convention, 70 Botswana, xii, xix, xxvi, 123, 140 Buffalo, 39, 67, 223 Basarwa and, 141–152 Bunderra, Allambie, 117 cattle grazing and, 230–231 Bunnell, Lafayette, 2–4, 8, 264 312 Index

Bureau of Indian Affairs, 9 failure of, 215–221 Burma, xii, 113, 241–243 Kinch and, 214–217 Burnett, Peter, 1, 10 McKay and, 216–217 Burney, James, 2 Village Engagement Teams (VETs) Busch, Augie, 50 and, 216 Bush, George W., 252 Carrière, Stéhanie, 137 Bush meat, xxvi–xxvii, 72–73, 76, Catlin, George, 5, 7, 11 85, 157, 185, 253 Cattle Bushmen. See Basarwa African Parks Foundation (APF) Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National and, 230–231 Park, 42, 66, 68, 69 Guji–Oromo, 226–227 Maasai, 27–31, 38, 40, 135 Calder et al v. Attorney General of Celebrity donors, 49–50, 299n8 British Columbia, 156 CEMEX, 55, 178 California Yosemite Park Center for Environmental Leadership Commission, 5 and Business (CELB), 55 Callister, Geoff, 221 Center for International Forestry Camas Prairie, 135 Research, 252 Cameroon, xxvii, 71, 75, 137, 197, Central African Regional Program for 251–254 the Environment (CARPE), 251 Camisea Gas Project, 94–95 Central African Republic (CAR), 71, Campbell, Dan, 97 75, 251 CAMPFIRE program, 171 Central Kalahari Game Reserve Canada, xviii, 19–20, 98 (CKGR), 42, 142, 144–147 Banff, 11–12 Chad, xxi British Columbia, xvii–xviii “Challenge to Conservationists, A” Calder et al v. Attorney General of (Chapin), 45 British Columbia and, 156 Chandu, Thalkkal, 128 Constitution Act and, 151, 156 Chapin, Mac, 45–47, 58–61, 195– foreign aid and, 251 196, 263 Four Directions Council and, Charismatic megafauna, xi 108–109 Chateau Lake Louise, 12 Inuit and, 111–112, 194, 235, 271 Chauduri, Sujoy, 199 protests and, 156, 161–163, 172, Cheetahs, 223 178 Chekuma, Paul, 95 traditional ecological knowledge Chemical pollution, 87, 113 (TEK) and, 108–112 Chernela, Janet, 205–206 UN voting record of, 179 Cherokee, xxii, 46, 147 Capitan, El, 2 Cheruiot, Kiplangat, 181 Capitania del Alto y Bajo Azozog Cheruiyot, Zakayo, 187 (CABI), 244–245 Chevron Texaco, 55–56 Caracas, xviii Chi–Chi (panda), 50 Carbon footprint, 55, 137, 210, 256 Chief technical advisor (CTA), 215 Cargo conservation Chimpanzees, 71, 252 Conservation International and, China, xii, 214–215 213–221 Chindwin Valley, 241 Index 313

Chiquita Brands, 55 protests and, 168 Christensen, Mikkel, 216 rights-based, 235–236 Christian missionaries, 213–214 semantics and, 236 Chupa Pou, 111 Community forest management, 172 Churchill, Winston, 23–24 Community reserved areas, 175 Cintas Largas, 202 Community Reserves, 236 CI Sojourns, 210 Condado Ecologico, 256 Clare, John, 68 Confederation of Indigenous Clark, Galen, 5, 8 Nationalities of Ecuador Climate issues, xxii, 52, 266 (CONAIE), 177 Climax ecosystem, 69 Congo Basin Coalition for the Defense of Water Baka and, 70–77 and Life, 177 Gabon and, 249–261 Cochran, Patricia, 19, 235 Congo Basin Forest Partnership Colchester, Marcus, 89–92, 170–171, (CBFP), 251–254 265 Congo Brazzaville, 252 Coleman, Lewis, 210 Congo Gorilla Forest, 72 Colombia, 164, 239–241 Congolaise Industrielle des Bois Colorado State University, 86 (CIB), 72 Co-management projects, xxiii, xxv, Congolese Observatory of Human 173 Rights, 72 Commission on Environmental, Congo, Republic of, 69, 226 Economic and Social Policy Baka and, 70–77 (CEESP), 161, 304n4 foreign aid and, 251 “Commitment to People” (Nature lack of human rights in, 73 Conservancy), xxiv Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park Community Based Marine (NNNP) and, 71–72 Conservation Project, 217 Conness, John, 4–5 Community-based natural resource Conservation, xii, 24 management (CBNRM) American model of, 11–22 Milne Bay project and, 209–221 anthropology/conservation biology protests and, 167–169 confl ict and, 16–19 Community centers, 215 balanced approach to, 263–269 Community Conservation Areas big, xix (CCAs) BINGOs and, 45–63 (see also Adivasi and, 130–131 BINGOs (Big International NGOs)) Amazon and, 239 biological Armageddon and, 79 balanced approach to, 263–269 cargo, 213–221 Basarwa and, 148–149 climax ecosystems and, 69 Colombia and, 240 context and, ix–x long history of, 236 defi ned, xi Melanesia and, 240–241 disturbances and, 133–140 Mursi and, 233 enemies of, xv–xxix new models for, 238–247 exclusionary model and, 11–12, Panama and, 241 79–99 (see also Evictions) Philippines and, 240 fi eld professionals and, 58–63 314 Index

Conservation (cont.) Center for Environmental fortress, xix, xxviii, 33, 88–91, 94, Leadership and Business (CELB) 97, 169, 264 and, 55 funding community and, xxii–xxiii CI Sojourns and, 210 (see also Fundraising) Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund Integrated Conservation and (CEPF) and, 54 Development Projects (ICDPs) and, exclusionary policies and, 80–81, 29–30 94–98 leaked reports and, 58–63, failure of, 209–213 268–269 fi eld reports and, 60–62 market solutions and, xxv–xxviii foreign aid and, 252 no-catch zones (tabus) and, 215, greenwashng and, 55 236, 240 Indigenous and Traditional Peoples protected area strategy and, xx–xxii (ITP) policy and, 98 (see also Protected areas (PAs)) Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs) protests and, 153–181 and, 244, 246–247 registered resource users and, 69 Kayapo and, 204–207 science-based, 109–110, 116, leaked documents of, 61–62, 133–140, 260–261 268–269 semantics for, ix, xxi–xxiii luxury lifestyle of, 209–212, 214, threat of, xv–xxix 217 traditional ecological knowledge Milne Bay and, 209–213 (TEK) and, 107–118 protest pressures and, 177 WWF State of Principles and, public relations fi ght by, 213 273–280 regranting confl icts and, 54–55 Conservation biology, xi, xxv, 236, territorial issues and, 57 264 yacht trip of, 209–212, 214 anthropology confl ict and, 16–19 Consultative Group on Biodiversity, disturbances and, 133, 138 45, 60 exclusion policies and, 85 Convention 169 on Indigenous and Karen and, 104 Tribal Peoples, 229 Kayapo and, 203 Convention on Biological Diversity protests and, 167 (CBD), xviii, xxiv, 275, 304n5 traditional ecological knowledge Adivasi and, 125 and, 111 balanced approach and, 266 Conservation Biology journal, 80, BINGOs and, 52 82 protests and, 162–164, 167, 170 Conservation blackmail, 215 traditional ecological knowledge Conservation International (CI), xxii, and, 118 12, 46–47, 66 Convention on Trade in Endangered abusive policies of, 45 Species of Flora and Fauna African Parks Foundation (APF) (CITES), 276 and, 226 Coordination of Indigenous Botswana government ties of, Organizations of the Amazonian 142 Basin (COICA), 164–165, 177 cargo conservation of, 213–221 Cornell University, xxi Index 315

Coron Island, 240 Diller, Barry, 210 Costanza, Robert, 107 Disease, xxii, 2, 150, 186, 202 Council of Traditional Authorities, Displacement. See Evictions 239 Disturbances, xxviii Creator, xx, 2, 65 camas plant and, 135–136 Cree, 163, 194 cattle grazing and, 134–135 Creole, 195 human activities and, 133–140 Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund mahogany trees and, 136–137 (CEPF) and, 54 rotational clearings and, Critten, John Luc, 220 135–139 Cronon, William, 6, 17–18 shifting cultivation and, 138 Crop rotation, 236 studies of, 133–140 Crow, 11 timing and, 139–140 Cultural Survival, xxv, 154 Dizi, 223 Cupik, 177 Djalakuru, 117 Doi Inthanon National Park, Daes, Erica-Irene, 162 102–103 Daily Mirror newspaper, 49 Dora, Thana, 128 Daly, Herman, 107 Douglas, William O., 148 Dana Declaration on Mobile Peoples Doumba, Emile, 250 and Conservation, 174–175 Dow AgroSciences, 219 Darfur, 61 Dow Chemical, 56 Dark-rumped Swift, 243 Drano, 210 Darlaghat Sanctuary, 124 DreamWorks, 210 DDT, 87 Drought, xxii, 37, 40, 231 DeBeers, 141 Duguman, John, 217 Debswana Diamond Company (PTY) Duke University, 79 Ltd., 141 Dunstan, Ruby, 19 Debt-for-nature swaps, xxii Durban, 175–178 Declaration of Belem, 114–115 Durning, Alan, 111 Declaration of Iquitos, 165 Dzanga-Sangha Special Reserve, 71 Deforestation, xxvii–xxviii, 69, 76 “Belgiums” measurement of, 201 Eagles, The (band), xvii Kayapo and, 201–207 Earle, Sylvia, 210–211 Kenya and, 183 Earthrights International, xxv logging and, 242 (see also Logging) Earth Summit, xviii, 164, 170 mapping and, 193 Eastwood, Clint, 209–211, 299n8 Mau Forest and, 183–188 Echuya Forest Reserve, 66 Permanent Presidential Commission Ecociencia, 94 on Soil Conservation and ECOFACT, 76 Afforestation and, 183 Ecofascism, 82 Denes, 178 Ecoguards, 68, 72 Desertiﬁ cation, xxii Ecological hot spots, xxii, 47–48, 54, Deskaheh, 153–154 56, 114, 236, 298n6 Diamonds, 141, 146 “Ecologies of the Heart” (Anderson), Digger Indians, 6–7 264 316 Index

Economic issues Basarwa and, 144 Amboseli National Park and, 38–39 BINGOs and, 50–52, 57 bioprospecting and, 218–220 crop destruction by, 31, 268 cargo conservation and, 213–221 Gabon and, 252 celebrity donors and, 49–50, 299n8 increased numbers of, 39 cheap labor and, 10, 31, 34, 69, 71, India and, 257 287–288 ivory trade and, xxvii, 50–52 culinary market and, 214 Maasai and, 31, 39–40 fair trade, xxv, 219 nature and, 20 foreign aid obstacles and, 251–261 Omo Valley and, 223 fundraising and, 46–62 (see also Pygmies and, 71 Fundraising) traditional ecological knowledge Integrated Conservation and and, 113 Development Projects (ICDPs) and, Elk, 136 29–30 El Niño, 220 ivory trade and, xxvii, 50–51 Enforced primitivism, 268–269 Keynesianism and, 107 Environmental Defense, 57 Maasai cattle, 27–28 Environmental Protection Agency market solutions and, xxv–xxvii (EPA), 93 merchandising nature and, 254–257 Environment Protection Act, 132 North American Free Trade Epic of Gilgamesh, 91 Agreement and, 176–177 Equatorial Guinea, 75–76 poverty, 68–70, 81, 84, 121, Ethiopia, xx, xxvi, 222 166–169, 186, 203, 265 constitution of, 229–230 tourism and, 69 (see also Tourism) Mursi and, 223–233 World Bank and, 38–39 (see also Omo National Park and, 224–233 World Bank) Omo Valley and, 223 Yosemite National Park and, 7 privatization of sovereignty in, Eco Terra, 154 231–232 Ecotourism. See Tourism Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Ecuador, xxvii–xxviii, 94–95, 164, Department, 224 177 Ethnic cleansing, 1, 106 Eddie Mabo and Others v. The State Ethnobiology, 108, 114–115, 133, of Queensland, 151, 156 263, 302n1 Education, 71 Ethnoecology, 20, 108, 132, 138, land stewardship and, 238, 240–241 204, 302n1 traditional ecological knowledge Etosha National Park, 197 (TEK) and, 107–118 European Commission, 252 United Nations Declaration on the European Union, 76, 96 Rights of Indigenous Peoples and, Everglades, 11 285–286 Evictions, xix–xxvii, 42, 77 Eghenter, Cristina, 246 Adivasi and, 119–132 Eland, 223 Australian Homelands Movement Elephants, xi, 88, 256 (AHM) and, 237–238 Adivasi and, 129 Baka and, 71, 74 Amboseli and, 37 Basarwa and, 141–152 Index 317

Batwa and, 67–69 moral issues and, 85–87 BINGOs and, xxii (see also BINGOs Muir on, 92–94 (Big International NGOs)) Oates on, 84–86, 89 Buddhist monk support of, 103 protected areas (PAs) and, 81 exclusionary policies and, 97 (see Puritanism of, 88 also Exclusionary policies) Redford on, 80–81, 83–84 ﬁ eld professionals and, 60 Rolston on, 86–89 Garifuna and, 192, 199 romanticism and, 81, 92 Gujjar and, 129–130 Sanderson on, 80–81, 83–84 Karen and, 101–105 Spinage on, 88–89 leaked ﬁ eld reports and, 63 Terborgh on, 79–94 literary silence on, 298n5 Extinctions, x, 297n1 Maasai and, 26, 29–33, 256 Adivasi and, 129 Mau Forest and, 184 Batwa and, 70 Mayans and, 191–192, 199 BINGOs and, 49–50 Miwok and, 1–16 disturbances and, 133 Mursi and, 224–233 exclusionary policies and, 86–87 national park policy and, 6–13 Gabon and, 250 Ngorongoro and, 26, 29–30 Kayapo and, 202 Ogiek and, 184–189 land stewardship and, 242, 266, 268 Pygmies and, 67–69 Maasai and, 24, 42 Restitution of Land Rights Act and, mass, 79 148 Mursi and, 231 semantics for, xxiii, 74 Pygmies and, 70, 79 Serengeti National Park and, 26 traditional ecological knowledge terra nullius doctrine and, 12 and, 115 United Nations Declaration on the Extractive industries. See Logging; Rights of Indigenous Peoples and, Mining 179–181, 285 Exxon-Mobil, 55–56, 198–199 war of extermination and, 1–6 Eyak, 177 Wilderness Act and, 11 Evolution, 79 Fair trade, xxv, 219 Ewenk, 271 Fang, 251 Exclusionary policies, 11 Fay, Michael, 51 antagonists of, 89–91 African subcommittee testimony of, application of, 93–97 258–259 banks and, 82–83 foreign aid obstacles and, 251–261 BINGOs and, 81, 93–98 Gabon and, 249–261 Brandon on, 80–84, 98 historic trek of, 249–250 changing viewpoints and, 97–98 Pygmies and, 70–72 Colchester on, 89–92 wilderness and, 253 extinctions and, 86–87 Field professionals, 58–63 fortress conservation and, 90–91 Fiji, 215, 240 hunting and, 95 First International Congress of memorandums of understanding Ethnobiology, 114 (MOUs) and, 95–96 First Nations, 151 318 Index

First People, 142–146 Four Directions Council, 108–109 First People of the Kalahari (FPK), France, 47, 71, 251 146–147, 149, 181 Frankfurt Zoo, 23–24 First Peoples Worldwide, xxv, 46, Frankfurt Zoological Society, 29–30 154, 192 Fresco River, 202 Fishing, xxiii, 215 Frey, Glenn, xvii Adivasi and, 120 Friends of the Earth, 165 exclusionary policies and, 95 Fuller, Katherine, 59–61 Gabon and, 256 Fumaroles, 22 Karen and, 102 Fundraising, xxii–xxiii Kayapo and, 204 alarmist approach and, 226 land stewardship and, 239, 242 celebrity donors and, 49–50, 299n8 Maasai and, 42 corporations and, 55–57 mapping and, 192, 196, 199 Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund Pygmies and, 73 (CEPF) and, 54 traditional ecological knowledge Fay and, 250–251 and, 118 fi eld professionals and, 58–63 Fitzjohn, Tony, 31, 299n8 Global Environment Facility (GEF) Flagship species, xi, xxvii, 66 and, 47, 52–53 Flathead, 11 Gordon and Betty Moore Flinders Ranges, 238 Foundation and, 211 Florida International University, xix, greenwashing and, 50, 55–57 153, 237 imperial conservation and, 48–52 Folk taxonomy. See Traditional Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs) ecological knowledge (TEK) and, 245 Food aid, 229–231 leaked fi eld reports and, 58–63 Ford, Harrison, 209–211 Nature Trust and, 50 Ford, Henry, II, 50 Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park Ford Foundation, xxiii, 48, 58–61 (NNNP) and, 71–75 Ford Motor Company, 55 regranting confl icts and, 54–55 Foreman, David, 235 Seligmann and, 210 Forest Act, 186 tactics of, 48–49 Forest and Environmental Sector territorial issues and, 57–58 Program (FESP), 259–260 Forest Conservation Act, 126–127, Gabon, xx, 76, 247 132 African Development Bank and, 254 Forest people. See Pygmies American conservation model and, Forest Peoples Programme (FPP), 258–259 xxv, 68, 154, 169–171 extinction issues and, 250 Forest Rights Act (FRA), 131 Fay and, 249–251 Forests. See Deforestation foreign aid obstacles and, 251–261 Forillon National Park, 162 logging and, 249–251 Fortress conservation, xix, xxviii, 33, merchandising nature and, 254–257 88–91, 94, 97, 169, 264 rural populations and, 253 Fosbrooke, Henry, 30 tourism and, 250, 254–257 Fossey, Dian, 41, 66–67, 300n2 Gakelbone, Jumanda, 147, 181 Index 319

Gana. See Basarwa Gorillas, 66–67, 69, 71–72, 252, Gaoboene, Nare, 143–144 300n2 Garamba, 11 Gorillas in the Mist (ﬁ lm), 66 Garifuna, 192, 195, 199 Gossard, Stone, 210 Gas industry, 46–47 Gran Chaco, 57, 244–245 Gautama, Siddhartha, 121 Grand Canyon, 11 Gazelles, 39–40 Grant, Joy, 97 Geisler, Charles, xxi, 52 Great Ape, 66–67 Gemsbok National Park, 19, 145, Greeks, 91–92 148 Greenpeace, 165 Genesis, Bible Book of, 87 Greenwashing, 50, 55–57 Geographic Information Systems Grey Peacock, 243 (GIS) technologies, 194–197 Grinnell, Joseph, 113 German Bank for Reconstruction, 96 Gros Morne National Park, 162 Geysers, 22 Grzimek, Bernhard, 12–13, 23–26, Ghimire, Krishna, 88, 134 41 Giant Peccary, 244–245 Grzimek, Michael, 24 Gimi, 21–22 Guarani, 11 Giraffes, 223 Guatemala, 136, 191–192 Glacier National Park, 11–12, 239 Guga, 211 Glacier Point, 9 Guha, Ramachandra, 130 Glade, 210 Guji–Oromo, 226–227, 229 Global 200 project, 263–264 Gujjars, 129–130 Global Environment Facility (GEF), Gun ownership, 268 xxii, 47, 52–53 Guyana, xxi, 57, 94–96, 197, 206 Baka and, 74–75 Batwa and, 68 Habitat degradation, 209 exclusionary policies and, 82, 96 Haida, 177 Gabon and, 252, 260 Hails, Chris, 273 Karen and, 101–102 Hakki Pikki, 120 Milne Bay and, 212–215 Half Dome, 13 Nouabale-Ndoki National Park Hancocks, David, 263, 265 (NNNP) and, 71, 74–75 Harley, J. Brian, 191, 193 Global Environment Fund, xxiii Harper, Grady, 97–98 Global Forest Alliance, 54 Harrison, Benjamin, 7 Global positioning satellite (GPS) Hartebeest, 223 receivers, 192, 205 Harvard, 79 Goats, 34–37, 63, 65, 120, 185 Havasupi, 239 God, 25, 67–68, 87, 92, 151 Hawken, Paul, 107 Gomez, Rachel, 48 Heegde, Martinj ter, 260 Gonds, 121 Henfrey, T. H., 268 Goodale, Ava, 201 Henley, Don, xvii Goodwin, Richard H., 48 Herndon, William Lewis, 1 Gordon and Betty Moore Hetch Hetchy Canyon, 9 Foundation, xxiii, 47, 54–55, Himachal Pradesh, 124 210–212 Hinduism, 121 320 Index

Hitler, Adolph, 24 Hyenas, 223–224 HIV/AIDS, 150 Hygiene, 6–7, 25, 93 Hluhluwe Umfolozi Park, 231 Hyrax, 184 Hmong, xii, xxvi, 103 Holistic Management International, Iaban, 211 135 IAC, 210 Honduras, 136, 195 Iapoa, 211 Honey-gathering, 303n2 IBAMA, 193–194 Adivasi and, 120, 126 Ibamba, 72 disturbances and, 139 Igoe, James, 48, 241 Kayapo and, 202 Ill’-a-hee (world), xi Ogiek and, 185, 189 Imagruen, 271 Pygmies and, 68–69, 76 Impalas, 40 Hornaday, William, 14 Imperialism, xii, 191 Hornbills, 243 India, xix, 84, 139 Hos, 121 Adivasi and, 118–132 Howler monkeys, 137 caste system and, 121, 125, Huhuna, 211 128–129 Hukaumg National Park, 113 Community Conservation Areas Hunt, Nelson Bunker, 50 (CCAs) and, 130–131 Hunter College, 84 Conventional on Biological Diversity Hunting, 38 and, 125 Adivasi and, 119–120 The Criminal Tribes Act and, 128 Baka and, 72–73 Forest Rights Act (FRA) and, 131 Basarwa and, 142, 145, 147 Ghumsar uprisings and, 128 buffalo massacres and, 67 Madhya Pradesh, 119, 125–126 bush meat and, xxvi–xxvii, 72–73, merchandising nature and, 257 76, 85, 157, 185, 253 Nagas and, 241–243 exclusionary policies and, 95 National Commission for Scheduled Garifuna and, 192 Castes and Scheduled Tribes and, Khonoma and, 242–243 125 Mayans and, 192 Paik Rebellion and, 128 Mursi and, 223–224, 231 population growth of, 128–129 no-catch zones (tabus) and, 215, protected areas (PAs) and, xxi, 236, 240 123–124 Ogiek and, 183–185 protests and, 156 Pygmies and, 66–67 Sambhalpur revolt and, 128 safaris, 23–24, 41, 256 The Scheduled Tribes and Other snaring, 67, 102, 120, 300n2 Traditional Forest Dwellers Bill subsistence practices and, 81–82 and, 127 traditional ecological knowledge tiger crisis and, 127–132 (TEK) and, 112 United Kingdom and, 128 Hupa, 271 untouchables and, 121, 128–129 Hutchings, James Mason, 4 Vidhan Sabha of, 126 Hutu, 67 Wildlife Protection Act and, Huxley, Julian, 50, 224 123–124 Index 321

Indian Constitution, 125 traditional ecological knowledge Indian Field Days, 10 (TEK) and, 107–118, 286–287 Indian Forest Policy, 120 United Nations Declaration on the “Indians of Central America” Rights of Indigenous Peoples and, (Chapin map), 263 xvii, xxiv, 167, 179–181, 281–295 Indian University, 238 war of extermination against, 1–6 Indian War of California, 1–6 World Bank characterization of, Indigenous and Traditional Peoples 304n1 (ITP), 98 World Council of Indigenous Indigenous peoples, ix Peoples and, 155 anthropology/conservation biology WWF Statement of Principles and, confl ict and, 16–19 167, 273–280 balanced approach to, 263–269 Indigenous Peoples Development Plan BINGO policies and, 45–63 (see (IPDP), 259 also BINGOs (Big International Indigenous Peoples Protected Areas NGOs)) (IPPAs), 169, 192 bush meat and, xxvi–xxvii, 72–73, Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs) 76, 85, 157, 185, 253 BINGOs and, 244–247 cargo conservation and, 213–221 Bolivia and, 244–245 Declaration of Belem and, 114–115 Community Conservation Areas defi nition of, xii–xiii, xvi (CCAs) and, 237–247 delegations and, 153–154 fundraising and, 245 disturbances and, 133–140 land restoration and, 237–247 as “enemies” of conservation, Mataven example and, 244 xv–xxix, 79–99 new models for, 238–247 enforced primitivism and, 268–269 quick spread of, 244 evictions and, 31–33 (see also Indigenous Reserve (IR), 169 Evictions) Indigenous stewardship areas (ISAs), global diversity and, 153 192 gun ownership and, 268 Indonesia, 156, 171, 212 hunting restrictions of, 23–24 (see Inspiration Point, 2 also Hunting) Institute de Recharche pour le hygiene and, 6–7, 25, 93 Dévelopement, 137 memorandums of understanding Institute of Forest and Agricultural (MOUs) and, 95–96 Certifi cation and Management no-catch zones (tabus) and, 215, (IMAFLORA), 193–194 236, 240 Integrated Conservation and resistance by, 153–181 (see also Development Projects (ICDPs), Protests) 29–30, 83, 168–169 Restitution of Land Rights Act and, Intel, 49, 210 148 Inter-American Bank, 256 self-determination and, 284–295 Interamerican Court of Human as stewards, xv–xvii, 148–152, Rights, 163 235–247 Inter-Ethnic Association of the successful lawsuits by, 146–152 (see Development of the Peruvian also Legal issues) Amazon, 171 322 Index

Internal displacements. See Evictions Ivory, xxvii, 50–52 International Cooperative Biodiversity Izocenos, 97, 244–245 Group (ICBG), 219 International Covenant on Civil and Jackson, Dorothy, 169 Political Rights (ICCPR), 74, 188, Jaguars, 137 282 Jane Goodall Institute, 252 International Covenant on Economic, Jangiweed, 61 Social and Cultural Rights, 282 Jan Sunwai, 119 International Forum on Indigenous Japan, 47, 71, 212, 224, 251 Mapping, xvii–xviii Jeanrenaud, Sally, 62 International Indigenous Forum on Jenu Kurubas, 120 Biodiversity (IIFB), xviii John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur International Labor Organization, xii, Foundation, 47, 54 xxiv, 74, 162–164, 229 Johnson, H. Fisk, 210 International Land Coalition (ILC), Johnson, Joe, 14 xviii Johnston, Peter, 217 International Society of Ethnobiology, Jordan, 174, 256 114–115 Journals, 1–2, 4, 16 International Tropical Timber Judeo-Christians, 92 Organization, 252 International Union for the Kaa-Iya Gran Chaco National Park, Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 97, 244–245 xviii, xv–xvi, 59, 235, 272 Kachin Province, 113 Bwindi and, 66 Kagan, Lord, 50 Community Conservation Areas Kaieteur National Park, 96 (CCAs) and, 236 Kakabadse, Yolanda, 59 deﬁ ning national park, 13 Kakabadze, Yolanda, 61 foreign aid and, 252 Kalahari, 140, 154, 181 fundraising and, 49–52 Basarwa and, 141–152 India and, 131 First People of the Kalahari (FPK), Karen and, 104–105 146–147, 149 leaked ﬁ eld reports and, 60–62 Gemsbock National Park, 19, 145, protest pressure and, 155–158, 148 161–167, 170, 173 Kalifa, Sheikha Haya Al, 180 World Commission on Protected Kalina, 176 Areas and, xxiv Kalpavriksh, 119, 130 World Conservation Congress and, Kamba, 31 104 Karawari Lodge, 211 International Work Group for Karen, xii, xix, xxvi, 271 Indigenous Affairs, xii–xiii, agriculture and, 102 170–171 Buddhist monks’ antagonism and, 103 Inuit, 111–112, 194, 235, 271 evictions of, 101–105 Inuit Circumpolar Conference, 235 IUCN and, 104–105 Inupiaq, 177 mythology of, 103 Iriri River, 202 traditional ecological knowledge Irulas, 121 (TEK) and, 113–114 Index 323

Kariangei, Joseph, 186 Kibaki, Mwai, 186–188 Kari–Oca Declaration, 41–43 Kibale Game Corridor, 63 Karnatka, 120 Kikuyu, 184 Kayapo, xx, 138–139, 199 Kilimanjaro, 37 Altamira-Xingu River Complex and, Kilo, James, 143 203–204 Kimberly Declaration, 41–43 BINGOs and, 204–207 Kimunya, Amos, 186 bribery of, 203 Kincentric ecology, 20 culture of, 201–203 Kinch, Jeff, 214–217 deforestation and, 201–207 King, Thomas Starr, 4, 7 full citizenship for, 201–202 Kinshasa Resolution, 155, 174–175 Kube’i and, 203–204 Kinship system, 145 logging and, 203 Kisoro, 65, 68–69 mining and, 203 Kohima, 242 Paiaka and, 203–204 Korkus, 121 poverty and, 203 Korup National Park, 157 protest pressure by, 203–206 Kothari, Ashish, 119, 124–126, territorial defense by, 203 130–131, 242–243 Keia, 211 Kouchibouguac Park, 162 Kenya, xii, xv–xxvi, 255 Kouyi, xx, 259 Adivasi and, 123 Kropotkin, Peter, 268 Amboseli National Park and, 37–41 Kruger, 11 British colonialists and, 185–186 Kube’i, 203–204 Leakey and, 265 Kudus, 223 Maasai and, 26–27 Kuhi, 35, 173 Mau Forest and, 183 Kula, Guy, 217 National Parks Ordinance and, Kuna, 9, 195–196, 241, 271 37–38 Kuna Yala, 241 Ogiek and, 183–189 Kuno, 119 Permanent Presidential Commission Kurdistan, 242 on Soil Conservation and Kwaraiwa, 209, 211, 216 Afforestation and, 183 Kwavi, 27 protests and, 156, 181 Kwegu, 223 water issues and, 183, 188 Kenya Land Commission, 185–186 Laibon (Maasai spiritual leaders), 28 Kenyatta, Jomo, 38 Lairobi, 30 Keoladeo National Park, 139 Lake Turkana, 27 Keynesianism, 107 Lakota, 11, 238–239 Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, 197 Lal, Babu, 119 Khama, Seretse Ian, 142, 144, 210 Lao, 239 Khao Yai National Park, 104 Laso, xii Khare, Arvind, 59 Lau, 103 !Khomani San, 19, 148–149, 171 Law of the Mother, The (WWF), 272 Khon Noi, 101–104 League of Nations, 153–154, 156 Khonoma, 242–243 Leakey, Lewis, 25–26 Khwe. See Basarwa Leakey, Louis, 41 324 Index

Leakey, Mary, 41 United Nations Declaration on the Leakey, Richard, xii, xxv, 264–266 Rights of Indigenous Peoples and, LeConte, Joseph, 8 167, 179–181, 281–295 Lee, Douglas, 144 use agreements and, 215 Legal issues usufruct rights, xxvi Adivasi and, 123–127 Wilderness Act and, 11, 18 aggressive lawsuits and, 146–152 World Summit on Sustainable Basarwa and, 146–149 Development Plan of Action and, bioprospecting and, 219–220 41–43 Calder et al v. Attorney General of Yosemite Grant and, 5 British Columbia and, 156 Leopards, 223, 243 Conness bill and, 5 Leopold, Aldo, 264 delegations and, 153–154 Likia, 186 Eddie Mabo and Others v. The Lincoln, Abraham, 5 State of Queensland and, 151, Lions, 119, 223 156 Literacy, 71 Ethiopian constitution and, Living landscapes, xxii 229–230 Liz Claiborne Foundation, 72 First People of the Kalahari (FPK) Lobeke National Park, 71, 197 and, 146–147 Locally Managed Marine Areas gun ownership and, 268 (LMMAs), 216, 236, 240 Indian Constitution and, 125 Logging, 21, 46–47, 242, 246 international law and, 151 Baka and, 72 mapping and, 194 Fay and, 249–251 memorandums of understanding Gabon and, 249–251 (MOUs) and, 95–96 Kayapo and, 203 Mkomazi and, 31 Kenya and, 183–184 National Parks Ordinance and, mapping and, 196–199 37–38 Mau Forest and, 183–184 nonrecognition of First People, Permanent Presidential Commission 142–146 on Soil Conservation and Ogiek and, 186–188 Afforestation and, 183 protests and, 153–181 (see also Uganda and, 66–67 Protests) Lokono, 176 recognition of “peoples” term, xii, London Independent, 143–144 xvi Lovins, Amory, 107 registered resource users and, 69 Lowie, Mervyn, 13 Remote Area Dwellers and, Ludwig, Daniel, 50 142–143 Restitution of Land Rights Act and, Maasai, xii, xix, 12–13, 20, 173, 224 148 agriculture and, 39–40 self-determination rights and, Amboseli National Park and, 37–41, 156–157 187 terra nullius doctrine, 12 cattle and, 27–31, 38, 40, 135 traditional ecological knowledge cheap labor and, 31, 34 (TEK) and, 108–109 disturbances and, 134–135 Index 325

evictions of, 26, 29–33, 256 Mapping, xxix, 26 Grzimek and, 23–26, 30, 41 Batwa and, 67 human-wildlife conﬂ ict and, 40 bias and, 193, 198–199 hygiene and, 25 credibility and, 198–199 Kenya Land Commission and, culture and, 194–195 185–186 currents and, 193 laibon and, 28 data correlations in, 263–265 Leakey on, 25–26 deforestation and, 193 marriage customs of, 27–28 erosion and, 193 Mau Forest and, 184 European colonialism and, 194 Mkomazi and, 30–34, 42 forest density and, 193 Ngorongoro and, 26, 29–30 Geographic Information Systems power structure of, 28 (GIS) technologies and, 194–197 religion and, 28 Global 200 project and, 263–264 Saning’o and, xv–xvi, xxvi, 40–41, global positioning satellite (GPS) 47, 268 receivers and, 192, 205 social structure of, 27–28 Kayapo and, 204 Soltani and, 35–36 legal issues and, 194 symbiosis and, 40 logging and, 196–199 territorial rights and, 26 migratory routes and, 193 tourism and, 27 mining and, 194–199 Maasailand, xv, 27 Native Lands and, 196 Maasai Mara Reserve, 11, 26, negative consequences of, 198 255–256 Ogiek and, 188–189 Maasai Park, 38 participatory, 196–197 Maathai, Wangari, 186 pollution and, 193 McArthur Foundation, xxiii, 217 Poole and, 191–195, 199 McCormick, Stephen, 60, 62 power from, 191–198 McDonald’s, 55 protest and, 157, 166–167 McKay, Peter, 216–217 as science of princes, 193 MacNamara, Robert, 50 South American shorelines and, 195 McShane, Thomas, xxiv, 30, 57 species distribution and, 193 Madhupar Eco Park, 257 tenure, 194–195 Madhya Pradesh, 119, 125–126 Maribe, Clifford, 146–147 Madre de Dios, 79 Marine Protected Areas (MPA), 216 Madrigal, Liliana, 48 Mariposa County, 2–3 Mago National Park, 224 Mariposa Grove, 5, 8–9 Mahogany trees, 136–137 Mariposa Battalion, 2 Malas, Jakob, 19, 148 Market solutions, xxv–xxviii Malawi, 226 culinary, 214 Malaysia, 137, 151, 156, 171, 175 merchandising nature and, 254–257 Mallot, Byron, 235 Marriage customs, 27–28 Man and Nature (Marsh), 16, 133 Marsh, George Perkins, 16, 133, 264 Mandela, Nelson, xviii–xix Martin, Claude, 273 Manifest destiny, 5, 264 Martin, Vance, 177–179 Manu National Park, 79–82 Marxism, 88 326 Index

Mataven Forest, 239 Gabon and, 254, 247 Matsigenkas, 82 Kayapo and, 203 Matto Grasso, 202 Maasai and, 42 Mau Forest, 183–188, 197 mapping and, 194–199 Mayans, 136, 139, 177, 191–192, Miwok and, 4 195, 199 Protests and, 157, 173, 176–177 Mbeki, Thabo, xviii–xix Pygmies and, 75 Me’en, 223 traditional ecological knowledge Megafauna, 24 and, 113 Mekong River, 239 Uganda and, 66–67 Melanesia United Nations Declaration on the Community Conservation Areas Rights of Indigenous Peoples and, (CCAs) and, 240–241 285, 289 Milne Bay and, 209–221 U.S. Bureau of Mines and, 259 Melghat Sanctuary and Tiger Miskitu, 195 Reserve, 131 Missionaries, 213–214 Memorandums of understanding Mitchell, David, 211 (MOUs), 95–96 Mitsubishi, 55 Meneses, Erick, 94–95 Mittermeier, Russell, 66, 94, 178 Merced River, 2, 14 Miwok, xix Mercury, 113 accommodation of, 10 Mesa Verde, 11 agriculture and, 8 Mexico, 20, 136–137, 176–177 Ahwahneechee band and, 2–3 Mgahinga National Park, 42, 66, as cheap labor, 10 68–69 ethnic cleansing of, 106 Micronesia, 154 evictions of, 1–16 Milne Bay exclusionary model and, 11 anthropologists’ warnings and, as human zoo, 10 214–215 as poachers, 9 bioprospecting and, 218–220 Savage and, 2–3 cargo mentality and, 213–221 Tenaya and, 2–3, 9–10 Conservation International (CI) and, war of extermination against, 1–6 209–221 Yosemite Valley and, 1–14 poor management of, 217–218 Mkomazi Reserve, 30–34, 42 project failure of, 209–213 Mogae, Festus, 143 sea cucumbers and, 214 Mohawks, 153 shark ﬁ ns and, 214 Moi, Daniel arap, 183 use agreements and, 215 Mombassa, 23 Milne Bay Community-Based Coastal Mondzoumbe, Edmond, 72 and Marine Conservation Project Mono band, 7 (MBCP), 212 Mono Lake, 2 Mining Monsanto, 56, 219 Adivasi and, 125 Moore, Gordon, xxiii, 47, 49, 54–55, Basarwa and, 148 210–212 BINGOs and, 46–47, 55, 58 Moorhead, Alan, 25 exclusion policies and, 99 Morrison, Joe, 238 Index 327

Moses, Ted, 163 Naik, Khazya, 128 Moss, Cynthia, 39 Nairobi, 23 Mount Rainier, 11 Nama, 144 Mrs. Hume’s Pheasant, 243 Namibia, 151, 197 Mt. Elgon Game Reserve, 186 Natawarrina, 238 Mtwandi, Tomas, 68–69 National Geographic, 144 Muchemi, Julius, 188–189 National parks. See also Specifi c park Muir, John, 233, 264 American conservation model of, disturbances and, 136 11–22 exclusionary policies and, 11, 92–94 balanced approach to, 263–269 Grzimek and, 24 defi ning, 13 Miwok and, 6–9, 13 evictions and, 6–13 (see also nature and, 16 Evictions) Whites Only policy of, 11 Karen and, 101–105 Munda, Birsa, 128 Muir and, 6–9 Mundas, 121 native-free, 11–12 Mursi, xx, xxvi terra nullius doctrine, 12 African Parks Foundation (APF) traditional ecological knowledge and, 226–233 (TEK) and, 113 Community Conservation Areas Wilderness Act and, 11, 18 (CCAs) and, 236–247 National Park Service, 1–2, 9 Ethiopian constitution and, 229–230 National Parks Ordinance, 37–38 evictions of, 224–233 National Wildlife Federation, 165 food aid and, 229–231 Native Lands and Wilderness hunting and, 223–224, 231 Council, 178–179, 196 land management myths of, 224 Natives. See Indigenous peoples Omo National Park and, 224–233 Native stewards, 148–152 Turton and, 225–230 Natural World Heritage Site, 67 Muwesha, Efuka, 95 Nature, 66–67 Myanmar, 241–243 American conservation model of, Myers, Norman, 298n6 11–22 Myths, 193, 264 anthropology/conservation biology exclusion policies and, 84, 87, 92 confl ict and, 16–19 Karen and, 103 balanced approach to, 263–269 Maasai and, 26, 30, 33 as country, 116–118 Miwok and, 12, 14 differing views of, 20–22 nature and, 12–19, 30 disturbances and, 133–140 pastoralist land management and, exclusion of humans and, 79–99 224 (see also Exclusionary policies) protests and, 163, 168 as global commons, 80 Pygmies and, 65 as merchandise, 254–257 moral issues and, 85–87 Nagaland, 242–243 as pantry, 19–21 Nagalim, 242 photographers and, 8, 15–16 Nagarhole National Park, 120, 123 romanticism and, 1–2, 8, 11–18, Nagas, 241–243 235 328 Index

Nature (cont.) No-catch zones (tabus), 215, 236, rotational clearings and, 135–139 240 semantics and, xxviii, 20–22 Nongovernmental organizations traditional ecological knowledge (NGOs), xvi, xxiii, 70, 76, 140. (TEK) and, 107–118 See also BINGOs (Big International Nature Conservancy, The (TNC), NGOs) xxii, xxiv, 12 Adivasi and, 123, 126 abusive policies of, 45 arrogance of, 94 as BINGO, 48–49 Basarwa and, 148 exclusionary policies and, 94, 97–98 Chapin’s allegations and, 45–47, 58, Gabon and, 252 60 greenwashing and, 55 exclusionary policies and, 82 Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs) foreign aid obstacles and, 251–261 and, 244 fundraising and, 53–54 leaked fi eld reports and, 60–62 indigenous protest and, 154 Milne Bay and, 221 leaked fi eld reports and, 58–63 protest pressures and, 176 Mkomazi Reserve and, 31–32, 34 territorial issues and, 57 Turton and, 225–226 Nech Sar National Park, 226–227, Noor, Queen of Jordan, 210 232 No Room in the Ark (Moorehead), Neitschmann, Bernard, 191 25 Nelson, Robert, 30 North America. See Western culture Nepal, 98, 171, 255–256 North American Free Trade Netherlands, 49, 89, 222, 229–230 Agreement (NAFTA), 176–177 Neumann, Roderick, xix, 37 Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park Neville, Tim, 212–213 (NNNP), 71–72, 74 Newmont Mining, 55 Novartis, 219 New Scientist magazine, 227 Ntiati, Paul, 39 New Xade, 141–143 Ntumu, 137 New York Times, 176 Nuakata, 209, 211, 214 New York Zoological Society, 12, Numeracy, 71 14, 38, 51 Nyangatom, 223 New Zealand, 11, 155, 179 Ngoboka, Joy, 63 Oates, John, 84–86, 89, 235 Ngoitiko, Maanda, 34 Observer, The (TV show), 50 Ngorongoro Conservation Area Ogala Sioux, 239 (NCA), 29–30 Ogiek, xix, xxvi, 181 Ngorongoro Crater, 256 evictions and, 184–189 Ngorongoro Game Reserve, 26, as fi rst people, 184 29–30 Forest Act and, 186 Nicaragua, 195 gentleness of, 185 Nigeria, 76 as good stewards, 184 Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, 120, 173 honey and, 185 Njoro, 186 hunting and, 183–185 Nl’aka’pamux, 19 legal issues and, 186–188 Nobel Peace Prize, 186 mapping and, 188–189 Index 329

Mau Forest and, 184–188 Paik Rebellion, 128 as poachers, 186 Paiute, xix, 2, 6–8 poverty and, 186 Palawan, 240 Wildlife Conservation Act and, 186 Pan African Paper Mills, 188 Oil industry, 46–47 Panama, 195, 241 Ojibway, 19 Panda, Bijoy, 125 Olmsted, Frederick Law, 4–5 Pangani River, 31 Olympic National Park, 11 Paper parks, 102, 113, 224, 226, Omo National Park, 223–225 250 African Parks Foundation (APF) Papua New Guinea, 195, 240 and, 226–233 Milne Bay and, 209–221 as paper park, 226 nature and, 21–22 Omo River, 224 Port Moresby, 215 Omo Valley, 223, 226 Paraguay, 244 O’odham, 19 Parakuyo, 33 Oral histories, 1, 27, 69. See also Parc Albert, 11 Traditional ecological knowledge Pare, 31, 33 (TEK) Parks and Mountains of Colorado Oraons, 121 (Bowles), 6 Organization of American States Parks Congress, 81 (OAS), 163–164 Parks in Peril (Brandon, Redford and Organizations. See also Speciﬁ c Sanderson), 83–84 organization Parpeti River, 244 American conservation model and, Paspalum grass, 139 11–14 Pastoralists, xv arrogance of, 94 Basarwa and, 145 BINGOs and, xxii, 45–63 (see also BINGOs and, 47 BINGOs (Big International NGOs)) disturbances and, 134–135 corporate gifts and, 55–57 Grzimek and, 25 debt-for-nature swaps and, xxii land management myths of, 224 fundraising and, 52–55 (see also Maasai and, 23–43, 125, 306n5 Fundraising) Mursi and, 223–233 greenwashing and, 50, 55–57 protests and, 173 imperial, xii Pygmies and, 65–66 leaked ﬁ eld reports and, 58–63 stewardship and, 236–237 luxury lifestyle of, 209–212, 214 Patamona, 96 slowness in learning of, xxvii Patents, 219 Ortiz, Simon, 263 Paternalism, 84–85 Oryx, 223 Pathak, Neema, 242–243 Overseas Private Investment Paulette, Francois, 178 Corporation (OPIC), 255, 257 Peace Park, 178 Oxford University, 89 Pearl Jam, 210 Pech, 195 Packard Foundation, xxiii Pedang Wildlife Reserve, 113 Pahilele, 211 Peluso, Nancy Lee, 195 Paiaka, 203–204 Penan, 151 330 Index

“People and Nature—Only One exclusionary, 11, 79–99 (see also World” (International Union for Exclusionary policies) the Conservation of Nature foreign aid obstacles and, 251–261 conference), xvi Forest Conservation Act, 132 Permanent Presidential Commission Forest Rights Act (FRA), 131 on Soil Conservation and funding agency inﬂ uence over, xxiii Afforestation, 183 greenwashng, 50, 55–57 Persia, 173 Indigenous and Traditional Peoples Peru, xxvi, 79, 164, 171, 206 (ITP), 98 Peta, Basildon, 143–144 Interior Department and, 9 Petiquan, Bertha, 19 Kari–Oca Declaration, 41–43 Pharmaceutical industry, 46, Kimberly Declaration, 41–43 218–220 Kinshasa Resolution, 155 Philippines, 240, 257 leaked ﬁ eld reports and, 58–63 Phillip, Duke of Edinburgh, 49, 89 manifest destiny and, 92, 264 Phoka, 271 paternalistic, 84–85 Phoolwari ki Nal Sanctuary, 126 protected areas (PAs) and, xx–xxiii Pima, 19 (see also Protected areas (PAs)) Pimbert, Michel, 88, 134 protests and, 153–181 Pinkaiti Reserve and Ecological racism and, xi–xii Station, 204 Restitution of Land Rights Act, 148 Pledge, 210 The Scheduled Tribes and Other Plenary of World Parks Congress, 35 Traditional Forest Dwellers Bill, Poaching, 260 127 Adivasi and, 119, 125, 130 semantics for, xxi–xxii Baka and, 75 traditional ecological knowledge Bawarwa and, 144, 146 (TEK) and, 107–118 BINGOs and, 51 tribal blending and, 28 exclusion policies and, 82, 85 United Nations Declaration on the Gabon and, 250 Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 167, Maasai and, 33, 39 179–181, 281–295 Miwok and, 9 utilitarianism and, 86 Mursi and, 225 Whites Only, 11 Ogiek and, 183, 186 Wilderness Act, 11, 18 protests and, 167 Wildlife Protection Act, 123–124, Pygmies and, 67–68, 72, 75–76 132 Pokola, 72 World Summit on Sustainable Policy, 5. See also Evictions Development Plan of Action, accomodation, 10 41–43 balanced approach to, 263–269 WWF Statement of Principles, 273– BINGOs and, 45–63 280 Yosemite model and, 11–12 cargo mentality and, 213–221 Zaire Declaration on the Protection Conventional on Biological of Traditional Ways of Life, 155 Diversity, 118, 125 Pontio, Modi, 220 enforced primitivism and, 268–269 Poole, Peter, 191–195, 199, 305n1 Environment Protection Act, 132 Porotona, 211 Index 331

Posey, Darrell, 138, 204, 206 Protein deﬁ ciency, 73 Poverty, 265 Protests, 192 Adivasi and, 121 Agenda 21 and, 170 exclusion policies and, 81, 84 anthropologists and, 154, 167, Kayapo and, 203 170 Ogiek and, 186 BINGO response to, 176–179 protest against, 166–169 Calder et al v. Attorney General of Pygmies and, 68–70 British Columbia and, 156 toleration of, 265 civil disobedience and, 155 Powell, Colin, 252 Deskaheh and, 153–154 Prainha do Canto Verde, 256 Eddie Mabo and Others v. The Price, Tom, 146–147 State of Queensland and, 151 Project Tiger, 127, 129–132 globalization and, 154 Protected areas (PAs). See also human rights lawyers and, 154 Speciﬁ c park IUCN policy and, 155–167, 170, balanced approach to, 263–269 173 cargo conservation and, 213–221 Kayapo and, 203–206 Community Conservation Areas Kinshasa Resolution and, 155, (CCAs) and, 130–131, 236 174–175 as dedication on paper, 235–236 labor strikes and, 155 exclusionary policies and, 81 (see mapping and, 166–167 also Exclusionary policies) mounting pressure and, 155–175 increase of, xx–xxi Neville and, 212–213 Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs) organizations for, 154 and, 237–247 passive resistance and, 155 indigenous stewardship areas and, petitions and, 153–156 192 poverty and, 166–169 local support for, 235 public demonstrations and, 155 mapping and, 192 self-determination rights and, Natural World Heritage Sites and, 156–166 67 social activists and, 154–155 new models for, 238–247 undermining of biodiversity and, Permanent Presidential Commission 157–158 on Soil Conservation and UN Draft Declaration on the Rights Afforestation and, 183 of Indigenous Peoples and, 167, protests and, 155, 161 (see also 179–181 Protests) World Council of Indigenous rights-based, 235–236 Peoples and, 155 semantics and, 192 World Parks Congress and, strategy of, xx–xxii 155–161, 172–174 tenure rights and, 124–125 Zaire Declaration on the Protection TILCEPA and, 172–173 of Traditional Ways of Life and, Wildlife Management Areas and, 155 142 Zapatistas and, 176–177 Wildlife Protection Act and, Puerto Rico, 137 123–124 Puritanism, 88 332 Index

Pygmies, xix, xxvii, 137 Reforestation, 113 Baka, 70–77 Refugees. See Evictions Batwa, 65–70 Registered resource users, 69 cheap labor and, 69 Regranting, 54–55 connotation of term, 65–66 Reitz, Denys, 145 culture of, 66 Religion discrimination against, 70 cargo cults and, 213–214 as encroachers, 67–68 Christian missionaries and, 213–214 evictions of, 67–69 God and, 25, 67–68, 87, 92, 151 as forest people, 66 Maasai and, 28 Great Ape and, 66 Relocation. See Evictions myths of, 65 Requiem for Nature (Terborgh), 80, poverty and, 68–70 86 property accumulation and, 66 Research fatigue, 70 registered resource users and, 69 Restitution of Land Rights Act, 148 rotational clearings and, 137 Rhinos, 31, 49, 129, 223, 231 traditional skills and, 69 Rift Valley, 24, 134, 184–185 Ugandan national parks and, 66–67 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 112–113 Qashqai Confederation, 35 Rio Tinto, 55 Qashqui, xii Robbins, Paul, 139 Quichua, xxvii Roberts, Carter, 62 Rolston, Holmes, III, 86–89, 235 Rabinowitz, Alan, 79 Romanticism. See also Myths Racism, xi–xii exclusionary policies and, 79, 81, Rahimzadeh, Aghaghia, 36 90–93 Raid, 210 nature and, 1–2, 8, 11–18, 235 Railroads, 5, 12 traditional ecological knowledge Rainforest Action Network, 165 (TEK) and, 111 Rainforest Foundation UK, 260 Rommell, Erwin, 48–49 Rainforests. See also Deforestation Roosevelt, Theodore, 1, 9, 16, 136, exclusionary policies and, 79–99 233, 258–259 Terborgh and, 79–91 Rosaries, 213 Raiply Timber, 188 Rose, Debbie Bird, 116–117 Rajah Amphat islands, 212 Rotational clearings, 135–139 Rajesthan, 173 Royal Chitwan National Park, 87 Rajiv Ghandi National Park, 120 Royal Forest Department (RFD), 102, Raju, Alluri Ramachandra (Sitarama), 104 128 Royal National Park, 11 Rama, 195 Royce, Ed, 250–251 Ramphal, Sridath, 157, 235, 305n1 Rwanda, 68–69, 171 Redford, Kent, xix, 80–84, 133, 169, 209 Sacriﬁ ce zones, 266 Reductionism, 110 Safaris, 23–24, 41, 256 Reef Encounter (yacht), 209–212, Sahara, 173 214 Sakhrie, Tsilie, 242 Index 333

Salmon, Enrique, 20–21 fundraising and, 210 Sambaa, 31 leaked fi eld reports and, 60–61 San, 140, 196–197. See also Basarwa luxury lifestyle of, 209–212, 214 Sanderson, Steven, xix, 80–84, Milne Bay and, 209–213 265–266 public relations fi ght by, 213 Saning’o, Martin, xv–xvi, xxvi, 40– yacht trip of, 209–212, 214 41, 47, 268 Semantics, xi, xxi–xxiii Santal, Kanhu, 128 Ba (people), 65 Santals, 121 biodiversity, 19 Sarah Lawrence College, 238 collaboration buzzwords and, Sarawak, 137 167–168 Sariska, 129–130 Community Conservation Areas Sarney, 204 (CCAs), 236 Sarstoon River, 191 defi ning national park, 13 Sarstoon-Temash National Park, 136, evictions, 74 192, 199 First People, 142 Satan, 3 indigenous stewardship area, 192 Savage, James, 2, 8 nature, 15–22 Savannahs, xv, 263 nonrecognition of First People, Amboseli, 37–41 142–146 disturbances and, 135 place names, 12 Maasai and, 26–27, 37, 39 protected areas (PAs), 236 protests and, 153 Pygmy, 65 Pygmies and, 65 tabula rasa, 18 Savory, Allan, 135 traditional ecological knowledge Schaller, George, 41 (TEK), 108 Scheduled Tribes and Other wilderness, xxviii, 15–16, 19–20, Traditional Forest 253 Dwellers Bill, The, 127 Senama, 89 Schindler, Paul, 141 Senate Appropriations Committee, Schmidt-Soltau, Kai, 253–254 204 S. C. Johnson Co., 210 Sengwer, 197 Scoones, Ian, 134–135 Serengeti, xv, 11–13 Scott, Colin, 116 debate over use of, 26 Scott Polar Research Institute, 89 disturbances and, 134 Seacology, 241 evictions and, 26 Sea cucumbers, 214–215, 218 Grzimek and, 23–26, 30, 41 Second Continental Summit of inhabitation of, 24–25 Indigenous Peoples and Mkomazi and, 30–34, 42 Nationalities, 177 Ngorongoro and, 26, 29–30 Seligmann, Peter, 48, 55, 178 Serengeti Shall not Die (Grzimek), 25 anthropologists’ warnings and, Sesana, Roy, 142–143, 146–151 214–215 Sex, 28, 71 cargo mentality and, 213–214, 218, Shamba, 27 220 Shark fi ns, 214–215 exclusionary policies and, 95 Sheep, 5–8, 35, 37, 113, 185 334 Index

Shell Oil, 55, 176 Suriname, 57 Shimshali, 271 Sururu, 186 Shona, 271 Survival International, xxv, 154 Shoshone, 11 Sustainability Sica, Iktomi Lila, 238–239 BINGOs and, 46–47 Sierra Club, 7–11, 165 Declaration of Belem and, 114–115 Sightline Institute, 111 elephant culling and, 51 Singh, Joe, 95 evictions and, xxi (see also Singwisti, 11 Evictions) Sirikit, Queen of Thailand, 104 exclusionary policies and, 79–99 Slan, Piren, 257 (see also Exclusionary policies) Slavery, 69–70, 125, 150 Integration Conservation and Snaring, 67, 102, 120, 300n2 Development Projects (ICDPs) and, Society for the Preservation of the 83 Wild Fauna of the Empire, 12, 26 subsistence-hunting practices and, Society of American Foresters, 252 81–82 Soligas, 120, 303n2 technology and, 81–82 Solnit, Rebecca, xxviii, 15 traditional ecological knowledge Solomon Islands, 215, 240 (TEK) and, 107–118 Soltani, Sayyad, 35–36 United Nations Conference on Somare, Michael, 213 Environment and Development Somboko, Suzanne, 72 (UNCED) and, 117–118 South Africa, xviii utilitarianism and, 110 African Parks Foundation (APF) World Parks Congress and, and, 226 155–161 foreign aid and, 252 World Summit and, 41–43 mapping and, 196–197 Suwarez, Luis, 94 Restitution of Land Rights Act and, Suzuki Foundation, 204 148 Swahili, 57 Southern Ethiopia Wildlife Swidden agriculture, 135–139 Conservation Project, 225 Switzerland, xvi, xxv, 71, 153–154 Southern National Parks Symbiosis, 40 Rehabilitation Project (SNPRP), 225 Tabard Inn, 48 Spinage, Clive, 88–89, 235 Taber, Andrew, 244–245 Stalin, Joseph, 24 Tabula rasa, 18 Stallone, Sylvester, 299n8 Tabus, 215, 236, 240 Starvation, 4, 72, 147 Tagbanwa, 240 Steamships, 5 Taita, 27 Stein Valley, 19 Taj Hotel Group, 123 Sting, 204 Tangail, 257 Stone Age cultures, 21–22 Tanzania, xv, 256 Suarez, 95 Maasai and, 26–27, 30–34, 41 Sudan, 226 Mkomazi Reserve and, 30–34 Sumu, 195 protests and, 156 Suri, 223–224 Tanzanian Supreme Court, 31 Index 335

Tapajos National Forest, 194 Thompson, Charles, 10 Tarahumara, 20 Thoreau, Henry David, 18, 92 Tarngire National Park, 30 Tigers, 127–132 Tatajuba, 256 Timsales Ltd., 188 Tatwa, 42 Tinet, 187 Tawahka, 195 Tingit, 107, 108 Tawake, Alifereti, 192 Tinglit, 177, 235 Tconi, Tobee. See Sesana, Roy Todas, 173 Technology, 105 Toledo, Victor, 109 biodiversity and, 81 Tongarivo, 11 bioprospecting and, 218–220 Torres Strait Islanders, 151 Geographic Information Systems Toshaos (chiefs), 95 (GIS), 194–197 Tourism, xviii, xxv, 21 global positioning satellite (GPS) Adivasi and, 119, 123 receivers, 192, 205 balanced approach to, 269 reductionism and, 110 Basarwa and, 148 rotational clearings and, 135–139 BINGOs and, 58 traditional ecological knowledge exclusion policies and, 85 (TEK) and, 107–118 Gabon and, 250, 254–257, 260 two toolboxes and, 116 gorillas and, 69 Western culture and, 94 Indian Field Days and, 10 Tenaya, 2–3, 9–10, 113, 152, 233 Maasai and, 25–27, 32–33, 37–42 Ten Commandments, 87 Mursi and, 223–226, 231–233 Terborgh, John, 136, 235 merchandising nature and, 254–257 BINGOs and, 81 protests and, 177 biological Armageddon and, 79 Pygmies and, 67, 69 Colchester and, 89–91 safaris, 23–24, 41, 256 exclusionary policies and, 79–93 Tagbanwa and, 240 rainforests and, 79–91 Uganda and, 67 Teret, 186 Yosemite Valley and, 4–5, 10, Teribe, 195 12–13 Terra nullius doctrine, 12 Traditional ecological knowledge Texaco, 47, 55 (TEK), xxix, xxviii, 105, 303n2 Thailand, xii balance and, 108 Bangkok meeting and, xv–xvi Declaration of Belem and, 114–115 Karen and, xix, 101–105 deﬁ ned, 108 merchandising nature and, 257 Four Directions Council and, rotational clearings and, 137 108–109 Sirikit and, 104 holism and, 109, 116–118 Thapar, Valmik, 129 hunting and, 112 Theme of Indigenous and Local land stewardship and, 69 Communities, Equity and Protected legal character of, 108–109 Areas (TILCEPA), 172–173 natural capital and, 107–118 Theroux, Paul, 101 oral transmission of, 108 Third Congress of the World protests and, 166, 177 Conservation Union, xv–xvii reductionism and, 110 336 Index

Traditional ecological knowledge India and, 128 (TEK) (cont.) Mau Forest and, 185–186 spirit and, 110 United Nations, xvii stewardship and, 107 dismissal of indigenous peoples by, United Nations Conference on 153–156, 162–163 Environment and Development General Assembly, xxv, 162–163, (UNCED) and, 117–118 281–283 United Nations Declaration on the International Decade of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and, World’s Indigenous Peoples and, 286–287, 291–292 162–163 Western science and, 109–110 Milne Bay project and, 212–213 Tragopan, 243 Ogiek and, 188 Train, Russell, 52, 93 United Nations Conference on Transnational conservation. See Environment and Development Conservation (UNCED), 117–118 Transvaal, 11 United Nations Conference on Trade Tribal blending, 28 and Development, 177 “Tribal People in Bank Financed United Nations Declaration on the Projects” (World Bank), 157 Rights of Indigenous Peoples, xvii, Tri–national Dja-Odzala-Minkebe xxiv–xxv (Tridom) Park, 252 Articles of, 284–295 “Trouble with Wilderness, Getting evictions and, 285 Back to the Wrong Nature, The” General Assembly and, 281–283 (Cronon), 17–18 labor and, 287–288 Tsinshai, 177 land stewardship and, 291–292 Tswana, xii protection of children and, Tuareg, xii, 173 288–289 Turner, Jack, 19 protest rights and, 163, 167, Turton, David, 225–230 179–180 Tutsi, 66–67 security and, 284–285 Twa people. See Batwa self-determination and, 284–295 Txuccaramae, Megaron, 206 traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and, 286–287, 291–292 Uganda, xix, xxvi, 63 transparency and, 290 Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park United Nations Decolonization (NNNP) and, 71–75 Committee, 155–156 Pygmies and, 65–66 United Nations Development tourism and, 67 Program (UNDP), 47, 52, 168, Ujamaa Community Resource Trust, 216, 220 34 United Nations Environmental Ulikoro, 228 Program (UNEP), 52, 118, 272 Uluru, 171–172 United Nations Educational, Scientiﬁ c United Kingdom and Cultural Organization African colonialism and, 23–26 (UNESCO), 224 The Criminal Tribes Act and, 128 United Nations Forum on Indigenous foreign aid and, 251 Issues, 155 Index 337

United Nations Human Rights Vanuatu, 215, 240 Commission, xxv, 162–163 van Vlissingen, Paul, 223, 226–229 United Nations Research Institute for Venezuela, 89, 98 Social Development, 134 Vesco, Robert, 50 United Organization for Batwa Vienna Declaration and Programme Development, 70 of Action, 282–283 United States, xvii, 5 Vilcabamba, 73, 94–95, 206 Civil War of, 4 Village Engagement Teams (VETs), conservation model of, 11–22 216 foreign aid obstacles and, 251–261 Violence, ix, xix, 257 UN voting record of, 179 Botswana and, 144–145 wildlife conservation and, 24 British rule of India and, 128 United States Agency for Cintas Largas and, 202 International Development ecoguards and, 68, 72 (USAID), xxiii, 226 eviction resistance and, 11 BINGO policies and, 47, 53 ﬁ nal solution and, 10 exclusionary policies and, 82–83 gun ownership and, 268 foreign aid obstacles and, 251 Kayapo and, 203 Gabon and, 251–252 Savage and, 2–3 Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs) war of extermination and, 1–6 and, 245 Mursi and, 229 Wadi Dana Nature Reserve, 174 Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park Wadi Rum, 256 (NNNP) and, 71, 74 Waithaka, John, 41 protest pressure and, 168 Wai Wai, 95–96 Pygmies and, 71, 74 Wal-Mart, 210, 226 United States Army, 8 Walton, Rob, 226 United States Bureau of Land Walton, Ron, 210 Management, 259 Wane Kreek Reserve, 176 United States Bureau of Mines, 259 Wapishana, 95–96, 206 United States Department of the War of extermination, 1–6 Interior, 9 Warthogs, 184 United States Forest Service, 137, 259 Washington Post, 59, 147 United States State Department, 250, Wasserman, Lew, 50 257, 260 Water United States Treasury Department, Adivasi and, 124–130 204 Altamira-Xingu River Complex and, United States War Department, 9 203–204 Universal Declaration of Human balanced policies and, 267, 269 Rights, 284 Basarwa and, 141–147 University of Arizona, 139 BINGOs and, 52 University of California, 8, 113, 195 disturbances and, 133, 138–140 University of the Paciﬁ c, 240 drought and, xxii, 37, 40, 231 Untouchables, 121, 128–129 exclusion policies and, 85, 94, 96 Upik, xx Gabon and, 256 Utilitarianism, 86, 110 Karen and, 102 338 Index

Water (cont.) Weston, Edward, 15–16 land stewardship and, 236, Weyerhauser, 56 239–240 Wigglesworth, Michael, 264 Maasai and, 25, 27, 31–40 Wildcat, Daniel, 58 mapping and, 193, 196 Wild dogs, 31 Mau Forest and, 183, 188 Wildebeest, 23, 29, 37, 39–40 Mursi and, 223–224, 228, 231 Wilderness nature and, 21 Amboseli and, 37–41 Ogiek and, 183, 188–189 American conservation model of, protests and, 158–161, 166, 168, 11–22 177 anthropology/conservation biology Pygmies and, 69 confl ict and, 16–19 Seligmann fi asco and, 211, 215, 220 defi nition of, ix Soligas and, 303n2 exclusionary policies and, 79–99 traditional ecological knowledge Fay on, 253 and, 107, 112, 116–117 myths of, 12–19, 30 United Nations Declaration on the nature and, 15–22 Rights of Indigenous Peoples and, protected areas (PAs) and, xx–xxii 290, 292 (see also Protected areas (PAs)) Waterbucks, 223 romanticism and, 1–2, 8, 11–18, Watkins, Carleton, 15–16 235 Watson, Thomas, 50 semantics of, xxviii, 15–16, 19–20, Wawona, 5 253 Weather, 79, 224 Wilderness Act, 11, 18, 93 Websites, xxv Wild Foundation, 177 Weed, Charles Leander, 4, 15–16 Wildlife. See also Specifi c animal West, Paige, 17, 21 Amboseli and, 37–41 Western, David, 41 bush meat and, xxvi–xxvii, 72–73, Western culture, xxix 76, 85, 157, 185, 253 agriculture and, xv disturbances and, 133–140 arrogance of, 3, 6–7, 94 extinctions and, 24 (see also bushmen and, 144–146 Extinctions) cargo mentality and, 213–221 fi shing and, 215 (see also Fishing) Declaration of Belem and, 114–115 fl agship species and, xi, xxvii, 66 defi ned, xi Gabon and, 252 equality and, 118 Grzimek and, 23–26 nature as place, 92–93 human confl ict and, 40 paternalism of, 84–85 hunting and, 38 (see also Hunting) reductionism and, 110 Maasai attitude toward killing of, science-based approach of, 94 28 traditional ecological knowledge mapping of, 193 (TEK) and, 107–118 Nrogonrogo Game Reserve and, 26, “two toolboxes” and, 116 29–30 utilitarianism and, 110 Omo National Park and, 223–233 vertical thinking of, 109 Project Tiger and, 127, 129–132 Whites Only policy and, 11 protection of, 24, 243 Index 339

Serengeti and, 24–26 Global Environment Facility and, symbiosis and, 40 47, 212 (see also Global wasting of, 23–24 Environment Facility (GEF)) World Wildlife Charter and, 49–50 Global Forest Alliance and, 54 Wildlife Conservation Act, 186 Integrated Conservation and Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Development Projects (ICDPs) and, xxii, xxv, 209, 265 29 Baka and, 74 Karen and, 101–102 as BINGO, 51 mapping and, 198 Bronx Zoo and, 51, 72 merchandising nature and, 256 disturbances and, 133 Mursi and, 229 exclusionary policies and, 79–80, Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park 94, 97–98 (NNNP) and, 71 Fay and, 71–72, 249–251 Operational Manual Statement foreign aid and, 252 (OMS) and, 157 Gabon and, 253–254, 260–261 protests and, 154, 157 Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs) Wolfensohn and, 210 and, 244–246 World Commission on Protected Maasai and, 38 Areas (WCPA), 161, 164, 170 Milne Bay and, 221 World Congress on National Parks Miwok and, 12 and Protected Areas, 272 Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park World Conservation Congress, 61, (NNNP) and, 71, 74 166 territorial issues and, 57 World Council of Indigenous Peoples, violence of, 72 155 Working Paper on Protected Areas World Forestry Congress, 172 and Human Displacement, 98 World Parks Commission, xx–xxi Wildlife Management Areas, 142 World Parks Conference, xviii Wildlife Protection Act, 123–124, World Parks Congress, xv 126, 132 land stewardship and, 235 Williams, Raymond, 15 protests and, 155–161, 172–174 Windex, 210 World Rainforest Movement, 173 Wolfensohn, James, 210 World Resources Institute and Forest World Bank, xxii–xxiii Trends, 165, 252 Adivasi and, 123 World Summit on Sustainable Altamira-Xingu River Complex and, Development Plan of Action, 203–204 41–43 Amboseli National Park and, World Trade Organization, 172, 177 38–39 WorldWatch magazine, 45, 61–62 BINGOs and, 47, 53–54 World Wide Fund for Nature India characterization of indigenous (WWF-I), 123–125 peoples by, 304n1 Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF), exclusionary policies and, 82–83, xxii–xxiv, 212, 221 96–97 abusive policies of, 45 foreign aid obstacles and, 252 Adivasi and, 123–127 Gabon and, 254, 260 Agenda 21 and, 170, 274–276 340 Index

Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) Yanomani, 89 (cont.) Yellowstone National Park, 9, 11, as BINGO, 48–51 239 celebrity donors and, 49–50 Yeoman, Guy, 183, 185 conservation objectives of, 276–277 Yeravas, 120 exclusionary policies and, 89, 94, Yokut, 8 97 Yosemite band, 2, 7 foreign aid and, 252 Yosemite Grant, 5 founding of, 49 Yosemite National Park, 16, 259 Gabon and, 252–254 accommodation policies and, 10 Global 200 project and, 263–264 agriculture in, 8 Global Forest Alliance and, 54 American conservation model and, Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs) 11–22 and, 244, 246 as business, 7 indigenous rights and, 274–276 creation of, 4–5, 9 inﬂ uence of, 50–51 as Indian-free park, 5–7 Kayapo and, 204 Muir and, 6–9, 11, 13 leaked ﬁ eld reports and, 61–63 National Park Service and, 9 Maasai and, 30 protected areas (PAs) and, xxi Milne Bay and, 221 tourism and, 4–5, 10, 12 Miwok and, 12 war of extermination in, 1–6 Nature Trust and, 50 Yosemite Valley, xix, xxi, 152, principles of partnership and, 235 277–280 Bridal Veil Falls, 4 Project Tiger and, 129 Bunnell’s admiration of, 2–4 protests and, 165–166 El Capitan, 2 public relations (PR) issues and, 51 Creator’s handiwork and, 2 Pygmies and, 76 development in, 4–5 Statement of Principles, xxiv, exclusionary model and, 11 271–280 geysers and, 22 territorial issues and, 57 Glacier Point, 9 World Wildlife Charter and, 49–50 Half Dome, 13 Worldwide Fund for Nature Inspiration Point, 2 International, 57 Mariposa Grove, 5, 8–9 World Wilderness Congress, Miwok and, 1–14 177–178 Savage attack and, 2–3 World Wilderness Council, 179 sheep removal and, 7–8 World Wildlife Charter, 49–50 Sierra Club and, 7–9 World Wildlife Fund United States traditional ecological knowledge (WWF-US), xxiv, 57–62 (TEK) and, 113 Worthington, Barton, 91 as unoccupied wilderness, 8 Wyoming, 9 Wilderness Act and, 11 Yunnan, xii Xade, 141 Yupic, 177 Xingu River, 202–204 Yupik, 19 Index 341

Zaire Declaration on the Protection of Traditional Ways of Life, 155 Zambia, 41, 144, 226–227 Zanibu, 243 Zaninka, Penninah, 70 Zapatistas, 176–177 Zebras, 23, 37–40, 134, 223, 231 Zephyrin, Kalimba, 68 Zerner, Charles, 238 Zimbabwe, 41, 144, 171 Zimmerman, Barbara, 204–206 Zion, 11 Ziploc, 210 Zoque, 271