Introduction to Habitability

Home , SpaceX Dragon 2, Underwater habitat

Introduction to Habitability • Required Crew Volumes • Human Physiological Adaptation to 0G • Workstation Design • Restraint Design • Ideal Cabin Layout • Habitability in Partial Gravity • Stowage • Various Examples

© 2019 David L. Akin - All rights reserved http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 1 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Mercury Spacecraft Interior Layout

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 2 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Gemini Spacecraft Cutaway

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 3 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Gemini 4 Crew Cabin

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 4 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Apollo Command Module Interior

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 5 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Apollo Command Module Interior

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 6 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Apollo Command Module Interior

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 7 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Apollo Spacecraft (Rescue Conﬁguration)

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 8 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Soyuz Interior

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 9 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Space Shuttle Flight Deck

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 10 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Space Shuttle Mid-Deck Panorama

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 11 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Space Shuttle Mid-Deck

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 12 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Orion Seating Arrangement

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 13 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Orion Control Interface

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 14 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support SpaceX Dragon Internal Conﬁguration

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 15 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support SpaceX Dragon 2 Notional Interior

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 16 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Crew Dragon User Interface

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 17 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Space Shuttle Flight Deck Interfaces

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 18 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Boeing CST 100 Notional Interior

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 19 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Starliner Development Interior

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 20 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support International Space Station

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 21 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Inﬂatable Lunar Habitat Concept

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 22 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Horizontal Habitat Interior

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 23 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Bounding the Problem

Environment Relative Gravity

Earth 1 Macrogravity

Mars 0.38 Partial Gravity Moon 0.16

Minor Bodies 10-2 – 10-4 Microgravity Orbit 10-5 – 10-6

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 24 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Habitat Design Size • Typically estimated per crew member – Microgravity habitat ﬁgure of merit m3/crew – Partial gravity habitat ﬁgure of merit m2/crew • Historical analysis – Most available habitat data is for partial gravity missions – Classic parametric function: “Celentano curves” volume duration = A 1 e B crew member ⇣ ⌘ – Standard form uses A=5 (“tolerable”), 10 (“performance”), 20 (“optimum”) m3/crew; B=20 days

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 25 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Required Space per Crew Member Volume Area

from Celentano, Amorelli, and Freeman, “Establishing a Habitability Index for Space Stations and Planetary Bases” AIAA 63-139, AIAA/ASMA Manned Space Laboratory Conference, Los Angeles, California, May 2, 1963 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 26 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support A Closer Look at Volume Rqmnts

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 27 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Data from Space Flight Experience

from Cohen, “Testing the Celentano Curve:…”SAE 2008-01-2027 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 28 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Correlation to Space Flight Experience

from Cohen, “Testing the Celentano Curve:…”SAE 2008-01-2027 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 29 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Total S/C Pressurized Volume Data

from Sherwood and Capps, “Long-Duration Habitat Trade Study:…” NASA Contract NAS8-37857, 1990 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 30 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Early Looks at Performance Data

from Fraser, “The Effects of Conﬁnement as a Factor in Manned Spaceﬂight”NASA CR-511, 1966 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 31 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Straight Power-Law Curve Fit (2008)

from Cohen, “Testing the Celentano Curve:…” SAE 2008-01-2027 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 32 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Cohen’s Fit to Data Maxima

from Cohen, “Testing the Celentano Curve:…” SAE 2008-01-2027 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 33 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Historical Data Fitted to Celentano

t 62 1 e 35 ⇥

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 34 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Historical Trends – Habitat Volume

ISS

Skylab

Shuttle + Spacelab

Shuttle + Spacehab

Shuttle

Lunar Module Apollo Mercury Gemini

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 35 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Data from 24 Lunar Mission Concepts

120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

Volume/crew (m^3) Optimum 20.0 Performance Limit Tolerable 0.0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Mission Duration (days)

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 36 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Focusing on Smaller Habitats

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 37 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Curve Fit to Small Hab Data Only

t 20 1 e 8 ⇥

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 38 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Required Habitat Volume vs. Crew Load

2500

y = 0.2155x + 2000 75.955 R2 = 0.9108 1500

1000 Volume (m^3)

500

0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Crew Load (person-days)

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 39 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Restricting Data to Durations≤180 Days

500

450

400

350

300 y = 0.2192x + 250 89.001 200 R2 = 0.1625

Volume (m^3) 150

100

0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Crew Load (person-days)

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 40 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Restricting Data to Crew Loads ≤200

500

400 y = 2.4789x - 100.42 R2 = 0.778 300

200

Volume (m^3) 100

0 0 50 100 150 200

-100 Crew Load (person-days)

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 41 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Pressure Vessel Shape and Orientation • Pressure hull - assumed to be cylindrical with ellipsoidal end caps – Toroidal configurations modeled as low L/D cylindrical • Orientation of internal outfitting could be “horizontal” (floors parallel to long axis) or “vertical” (floors perpendicular to long axis) • Assumption of consistent internal orientation – Enforced by physics for partial gravity systems – Standard practice for microgravity systems due to strong crew preferences from Skylab

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 42 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Challenge to Maximize Habitable Volume

• Assume “habitable volume” involves standing headroom • Human volume is rectangular; pressure vessels are curved

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 43 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Habitat Layout - Vertical or Horizontal?

• Geometric modeling of “packing factor” to ﬁt humans into cylindrical shapes

• Mass estimation for human-rated pressurized volumes from JSC-26096 (converted to metric) 2 1.15 M= 13.94 Asurface U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft⇥ Habitability MARYLAND 44 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Habitat Layout Trades - Floor Area

6000

5000

4000

3000 Mass (kg) 2000

1000

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Habitable Floor Area (m^2)

Vertical, 1 floor Horizontal, L=3 m Horizontal, L=5.5 m Horizontal, L=8 m Vertical, 2 floors Design Point U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 45 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Habitat Layout Trades - Useful Volume

6000

5000

4000

3000 Mass (kg) 2000

1000

0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Habitable Volume (m^3)

Vertical, 1 floor Horizontal, L=3 m Horizontal, L=5.5 m Horizontal, L=8 m Vertical, 2 floors Design Point

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 46 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Habitat Layout Trades - Accessible Wall

6000

5000

4000

3000 Mass (kg) 2000

1000

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Surface-Accessible Wall Length (m)

Vertical, 1 floor Horizontal, L=3 m Horizontal, L=5.5 m Horizontal, L=8 m Vertical, 2 floors Design Point U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 47 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Habitat Layout Trades - Total Volume

6000

5000

4000

3000 Mass (kg) 2000

1000

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 Total Interior Volume (m^3)

Vertical, 1 floor Horizontal, L=3 m Horizontal, L=5.5 m Horizontal, L=8 m Vertical, 2 floors Design Point

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 48 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Internal Layout for Horizontal Habitats

Single Floor Two Floors

Three Floors Four Floors U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 49 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Endcap Effect on Available Floor Area

Comparison is between single-deck habitats

✏ =1 ✏ =0.5 ✏ =0.25 ✏ =0 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 50 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Effect of Endcap Shape on Floor Area

✏ =0 ✏ =0.25

✏ =0.5 ✏ =1

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 51 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Endcap and Cylinder Effects on Mass

length = cylindrical diameter height ✏ = endcap radius

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 52 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Jump Height and Floor-Ceiling Distance • Ceiling heights are generally set to ensure that no inadvertent contact arises from any locomotion • Simple analysis: assume constant jump energy g Ej = mgh = mg0h0 = h0 = h ) g0

• Assuming a 0.5 m jump on Earth, this analysis predicts – Jump height on Mars = 1.4 m (3.4 m ceiling height) – Jump height on Moon = 3.1 m (5.1 m ceiling height)

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 53 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Advanced Jump Height Analysis • In jumping, leg strength is used for both supporting the body’s weight and accelerating it upwards • Assume that the total leg extension force Fj is constant (assumes no degradation of strength from space ﬂight) • In a lower gravity, more net force should be available for upwards acceleration

v0 F mg0 j = j vj Fj mg 2 1 vj sj = 2 Fj g m U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 54 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Results of Partial Gravity Jump Analysis

Simple % muscle Ratio of Advanced Jump analysis effort Earth jump analysis Location velocity jump available velocity jump Vj (m/sec) height (m) for jump Vj’/Vj height (m)

Earth 0.5 38 1 3.13 0.5

Mars 1.4 77 1.97 6.17 5.1

Moon 3.1 90 2.32 7.25 16.7

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 55 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Conclusion on Ceiling Height • The actual calculation of jump height will be more complicated than either of the techniques presented • In any event, it will be impractical to build partial gravity habitats with ceiling heights to preclude inadvertent contact • Microgravity habitats beneﬁt from lower ceiling heights to provide additional translation grasp points • Both partial gravity and microgravity habitats will probably adopt ~2.5 meter ceiling heights U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 56 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Multilevel Interior Access • Jumping analysis pertains here as well • Ascending a stairway on Earth – Step height 0.18 m – Vertical velocity 0.36 m/sec – Requires 280W for 80 kg human • At constant power, – Mars vertical velocity 1 m/sec; loft of 0.13 m – Lunar vertical velocity 2.2 m/sec; loft of 1.6 m • To what extent do we have to design to accommodate continued deconditioning? U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 57 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Stairways vs. Ladders • Stairways require dedicated deck space for horizontal length of run on both decks • At 40° rise angle, “standard” stairway will require footprint of 2.9 m x 0.75 m • For two deck, vertically oriented cylinder with 5 m diameter, this represents an 11% loss of both ﬂoor area and interior volume • Ladders present problem with translation between levels while carrying items, but take up less space

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 58 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Partial Gravity Sims of Ladder Use

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 59 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Initial Tests of Inclined Steps

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 60 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Motion Capture for Stair Climbing

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 61 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Impact of Jumping and Climbing • Ceiling surfaces will be well within reach of even a moderate “bounce” • Mobility modiﬁcations will be motivated by repeated head impacts • Multilevel access will be a unique solution for each gravitational environment – Lunar system may be just a single intermediate platform – Mars system may look like stairway with 0.5-0.7 meter riser heights • Need further research to better understand optimum stairway angles, riser heights, etc.

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 62 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Interior Accommodations • Partial gravity habitats use conventional interior spaces – Tasks divided between “standing”, “seated”, “reclining” – Orientation is ﬁxed by gravity vector • Microgravity workstations organized around neutral body posture – Pose assumed by body in microgravity when postural muscles are relaxed – Relative orientation ﬁxed mostly by convention and need

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 63 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Microgravity Neutral Body Posture

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 64 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Other Examples of ISS Body Posture

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 65 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Conclusion on Interior Accommodations

• Gravitational architecture only utilizes vertical surfaces – Floor and ceiling are used for support, transit, and secondary systems (e.g., lighting) – Strong desire in space architecture to take advantage of interstitial volumes created by ﬁtting rectangular living volumes into cylindrical/ellipsoidal pressure vessels • ISS experience indicates that crew readily performs in situ servicing rather than requiring ﬁxed workstations with nominal neutral body posture

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 66 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Overall Habitat Design Conclusions • If habitable volume is the metric of interest, vertical orientations are optimal unless full hemispherical end caps are chosen • Constant interior orientation is required in partial gravity and desirable for microgravity, but extended occupancy will mitigate demand for constant reference orientation • Unless extensive deconditioning occurs, human leg strength will create interesting design challenges for habitat interiors

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 67 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Overall Habitat Design Conclusions • Partial gravity and microgravity habitat interiors will tend to look alike – Common ceiling heights – General adoption of single reference orientation • They will not, however, function alike – nor will they function like Earth habitats – Differences in interior translation, interdeck access, work station design, etc. • The best way to understand habitat design experimentally is to provide equivalent gravitational environments (e.g., ballasted underwater testing) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 68 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support 0G Workstation Layout

From Nicogossian et. al., Space Biology and Medicine, Vol. II: Life Support and Habitability, AIAA, 1994 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 69 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Skylab Chair Restraint

From MSFC Skylab Crew Systems Mission Evaluation, NASA TM X-64825, 1974 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 70 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Skylab Table Restraints

From MSFC Skylab Crew Systems Mission Evaluation, NASA TM X-64825, 1974 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 71 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Isogrid Flooring Design

From MSFC Skylab Crew Systems Mission Evaluation, NASA TM X-64825, 1974 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 72 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Skylab Orbital Workshop Module

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 73 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Cleat Restraint System

From MSFC Skylab Crew Systems Mission Evaluation, NASA TM X-64825, 1974 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 74 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Skylab Triangle-Cleat Shoe

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 75 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support EVA Foot Restraints

From MSFC Skylab Crew Systems Mission Evaluation, NASA TM X-64825, 1974 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 76 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Skylab Exterior Conﬁguration

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 77 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Skylab Orbital Work Shop Interior

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 78 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Skylab Multiple Docking Adapter Layout

From MSFC Skylab Crew Systems Mission Evaluation, NASA TM X-64825, 1974 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 79 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Skylab Living Quarters Layout

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 80 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Skylab Sleeping Compartments

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 81 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Skylab Wardroom Layout

From MSFC Skylab Crew Systems Mission Evaluation, NASA TM X-64825, 1974 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 82 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Skylab Waste Management Compartment

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 83 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support ISS Stowage

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 84 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support ISS Stowage

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 85 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Stowage • Number of items stowed proportional to volume, crew size, duration, complexity of mission – Mercury: 48 items – Gemini: 196 – Apollo: 1727 – Shuttle: 2600 – Skylab: 10,160 – ISS: >20,000 • After you stow it, how do you ﬁnd it?

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 86 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Internal Cargo Integration

Angela Hart/0C4 281-244-2308

87 Cargo Transfer Bag (CTB)

• Cargo Transfer Bags (CTBs) are Nomex stowage bags that contain removable, reconfigurable dividers used for packaging cargo for launch, disposal or return. • CTBs are available in half, single, double, and triple sizes. • Each configuration has a zipper closure and a removable mesh netting restraint system located inside of the CTB.

88 Cargo Transfer Bags P/N 33111836-40 • Reference JSC 39207, Cargo Transfer Bag (CTB) Certification and Acceptance Requirements Document and JSC-39233 Rev. D, Cargo Transfer Bag (CTB) Interface Design Document (IDD) for actual CTB design, installation, volume, and interface requirements, ground handling, packaging and stowage requirements • CTBs are certified for launch/return stowage configurations inside hard side lockers (RSR/ Middeck) and TBD ATV/HTV strapping configurations.

89 Historical CTB Weights

CTB Total Bags Bag Tare Cargo Avg. Crew Used Kg (lbs) Kg (lbs) Provision Kg (lbs) Half 239 1.0 (2.2) 5.13 (11.3) 5.07 (11.2)

Single 223 1.81 (4.0) 10.26 (22.6) 9.42 (20.8)

Double 21 2.04 (4.5) 20.51 (45.2) N/A

Triple 15 2.81 (6.2) 30.76 (67.8) N/A

90 Example Oversized Item HX and FSE Dimensions: 38.5” x 24.5” x 17.5” Mass: 116 lbs

91 M01 Bags P/N SEG32105875-301 • JSC 28169, Interface Control Document (ICD) for International Space Station (ISS) Resupply Stowage Platform 1 Stowage System. • M01 bag is certified to carry 300 lbs of cargo (includes cargo and associated installation hardware) for RSP MPLM strapping configuration and TBD lbs for ATV/HTV strapping configuration. • Weight 10.64 lbs (empty bag). • Volume of M01 bag is 13 ft3. • A total of 6 Cargo Transfer Bag Equivalents • (CTBEs) can be stowed inside an M01 bag. • The external dimensions are: 35.3” (W) x 21.0” (D) x 32.2” (H).

92 M02 Bags P/N SEG32105876-301 • JSC 28169, Interface Control Document (ICD) for International Space Station (ISS) Resupply Stowage Platform 1 Stowage System. • M02 bag is certified to carry 90.8 kg (200 lbs) of cargo (includes cargo and associated installation hardware) for RSP MPLM strapping configuration and TBD lbs for ATV/HTV strapping configuration. • Weight 6.83 lbs (empty bag). • Volume of M02 bags is 8 ft3. • A total of 4 CTBEs can be stowed • inside an M02 Bag. • The external dimensions are: 35.3” (W) x 21.0” (D) x 20.0” (H).

93 M03 Bags P/N 33117683 • JSC 28169, Interface Control Document (ICD) for International Space Station (ISS) Resupply Stowage Platform 1 Stowage System. • M03 bag is certified to carry 226.8 kg (500 lbs) of cargo (includes cargo and associated installation hardware) for RSP MPLM strapping configuration and TBD lbs for ATV/HTV strapping configuration. • Weight 16.5 lbs (empty bag). • Volume of M03 bags is 22.0 ft3. • A total of 10 CTBEs can be stowed • inside an M03 Bag. • The external dimensions are: 35.3“ (W) x 21“ (D) x 52.5“ (L)

94 Example Oversized Item IELK (M1 Bag) Dimensions: 43.7” x 20.5” x 16.3” Mass: 79.4 lbs

95 M03 Bag Installation

• Some oversized hardware/bags96 may require special FSE. Food Containers

• Food Containers – – US Non-Collapsible, SEG48101834-301 15” x 12.0” x 4.85” – Collapsible, 17КС.260Ю 3200-0 14.875” x 12” x 4.875” (Collapsed) 14.875” X 12” X .59” (Uncollapsed) • Mass (Full) – 14.3 lbs • Mass (Empty) – – Non-Collapsible – 3.75 lbs – Collapsible – 2.2 lbs

97 Standard Waste Containers

• Bags (compressible) – KBO-M generally use for dry trash – Table Food Bag (TFB) and/or Rubber-Lined Bag (RLB) used for wet trash • Human waste containers (hard) – EDV and KTO • Hardware (ORUs, filters, fans, etc.) – Odd sizes and shapes

98 KBO-M

• Soft Trash Bag, OpNOM: KBO-M • PN: 11φ 615.8715-OA15-01 • Heavy duty rubberized cloth bag. Metal band around the top and rubber flaps to keep the trash inside. • Acceptable for undamaged alkaline batteries, some bio waste directly into container – i.e. kleenex; hazardous waste must be properly contained prior to insertion • Dimensions (Stowed) - 11.75” x 11.75” x 2” • Dimensions (Full) - 17” long x 11.5” diameter ring x 8” diameter • Mass (Full) – 17.5 to 20 lbs 99 Food Waste Bag

• Food Waste Bag, OpNOM: Food Waste Bag PN: 11 φ 615.8716-OA15 • Soft, rubberized cloth bag used to place table scraps, and other small wet waste items. This bag can be used for wet or dry trash. • Dimensions (Stowed) – 10” x 5” x 0.2” • Dimensions (Full) – 8” x 5” diameter • Mass (Full) – 2 lbs

100 Rubber Lined Bag

• Rubber Lined Bag, OpNOM: Rubber Lined Bag PN: 11φ615.8716-20A15, • Rubberized cloth lined bag can contain up to 3 full KBO-M bags or approximately 8 table bags. It has a draw string closure and is nominally closed tighter with the rubber ties known as “szkoo’tee”. Can be wiped down and reused. Preferred by crew for wet trash. Not as heavy duty as the KBO-M, but larger. • Dimensions (Stowed) - 11.75” x 11.75” x 2.2” (folded around KBO-M) • Dimensions (Full) – 25” x 15” • Mass (Full) – 23.7 lbs 101 EDV

• EDV, OpNOM: EDV PN: 11φ 615.8711-0А15-1 • Primarily used for urine and wastewater collection. Limited Life: 90-days of on-orbit operations (defined as any operations where the hydro-connector is connected/disconnected). • Dimensions (Stowed) - EDVs usually launched in set of 6 buckets and separately 6 lids. With rack attachment spike and lid – Top - 13.1” (Diameter) x 21.57” (H) – Bottom 9” (diameter) – EDV Bucket - 17.3” (H) x 13” (Diameter) – EDV lid - 4.1” (H) x 13” (Diameter) • Dimensions (Full) - Without rack attachment spike and lid – Top - 13” (Diameter) x 15.7” (H) – Bottom - 9”( Diameter) 102 • Mass (Full) – 58.4 lbs KTO

• Solid Waste Container, OpNOM: KTO PN: 11 φ 615.8720A55-0, • The KTO is used for solid waste and can contain biological waste. • Dimensions (Stowed) – – Body - 13” (H) x 13 “ (diameter) – Lid - 2” (H) x 13” diameter • Dimensions (Full) – 15” (H) x 13” diameter • Mass (Full) – 25.4 lbs

103 Example Stowage in Progress for Disposal

Rubber lined bags

Strapped ORUs

104 Example Stowage in MPLM for Launch

105 Historical Delivery Dates for Launch Integration

% Cargo Delivery Template Type Cargo 40 Launch minus (L-) 4 to 3 All cargo types, Hard mounted items months 10 L- 2 months All size CTBs/Mbags 35 L – 1 month All size CTBs/5 and 10 MLE bag, some hardmount, Middeck lockers 10 L-2 weeks All size CTBs/5 and 10 MLE bag, Middeck lockers 5 L-24 to 6 hours All size CTBs, Middeck lockers

106 Estimated Delivery Internal Cargo Types

% Cargo by % Cargo by Type Cargo Item Volume < 5 < 5 Hardmounted Items

15 35 Oversized Items (larger than triple CTB)

75 50 Cargo Transfer Bags (1/2, single, double, triple)

10 10 Non-bag items (food containers, waste containers, etc)

107 On-Orbit Estimates for Cargo Transfer

• Cargo operations minimum stay time is based on the time required to unload (Internal and External) – Internal Estimates: • Typical MPLM flight transfer estimated between 80 and 120 hours transfer (Approximately 200 CTBe) depending on the amount of cargo, that includes transferring the resupply items to ISS and stowing the return items in MPLM. • Cannot necessarily increase crew participation to increase hours. Inefficiencies in the operations due to limited working space. • Typically no more than 3 - 4 crew members dedicated to transfer • Typically no more than 6 hours per day/ 5 days per week. • Rack Transfer Estimates – Approximately 2 crew - 1 hour (2 crew hours) together to transfer 1 rack to ISS. Not including connecting up to the ISS utlities • Maximum stay time is the time to fill the vehicle with waste based on waste generation rates. – Increased capability improves operational flexibility 108 Standardized Stowage - CTBs

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 109 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Psychosocial Issues • Scheduling and planning • Recreation • Command structure • Issues affecting crew morale – Environment – Food and drink – Exercise – Hygiene – Noise – Lighting

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 110 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support International Space Station

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 111 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Analogue Habitats - NR-1 Submarine

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 112 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Interior Mockup of Alvin

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 113 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Habitability (continued) • Required Crew Volumes • Human Physiological Adaptation to 0G • Workstation Design • Restraint Design • Ideal Cabin Layout • Habitability in Partial Gravity • Stowage • Various Examples

© 2017 David L. Akin - All rights reserved http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 114 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Apollo Lunar Module Interior

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 115 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Apollo Lunar Module Interior

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 116 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Segmented Rover - Inboard Plan

Bhardwaj et. al., “Design of a Pressurized Lunar Rover - Final Report” NASA CR-192033, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 117 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Segmented Rover - Inboard Proﬁles

Bhardwaj et. al., “Design of a Pressurized Lunar Rover - Final Report” NASA CR-192033, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 118 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support TURTLE Interior Mockup - ENAE 484

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 119 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support LER Interior - Driving Stations

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 120 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Analysis of Sight Lines

Bhardwaj et. al., “Design of a Pressurized Lunar Rover - Final Report” NASA CR-192033, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 121 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Shuttle Windows (Fwd Flight Deck)

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 122 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support ISS Cupola (External)

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 123 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support ISS Cupola (Internal)

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 124 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support LER Interior - Bunks and Suitports

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 125 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Minimum Functional Habitats

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 126 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 127 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Design Space Subdivision Lunar Puptent Winnebago Igloo

Concepts

Available None Altair Lander Outpost Systems

Standalone Purpose Initial Exploration Extended Crew (+4) Contingency Outpost Expansion Outpost Dependent

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 128 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Exterior View

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 129 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Interiors

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 130 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support VR Walkthrough

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 131 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Exterior View

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 132 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Interiors

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 133 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support VR Walkthrough

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 134 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Exterior View

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 135 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Interiors

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 136 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support VR Walkthrough

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 137 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Lessons Learned • VR is a useful tool for rapid evaluation of concepts • Accurate registration in the head tracking is fundamental • Models must be very detailed in order to give a feel for the environment • Simultaneous hand tracking is a very desirable feature • Horizontal cylinders give a sense of tunnel vision • Vertical cylinders allow for better floor space usage, but provide less wall area • In vertical cylinders, vertical ladder should not be located in the center of the floor space U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 138 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Conclusions From Trades and Designs • Minimum functional habitat is feasible across the spectrum of possible designs – Inflatable – Horizontal cylinder – Vertical cylinder • An MFH which meets the mass limitations of this study will be quite small • Multilayer vertical configuration (clearly favored by parametric analysis) has much less design background (other than colonization concepts) • Significant utility to a full-scale mockup for evaluation

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 139 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Development of Final Design • Synthesis from preliminary designs, trade studies, virtual reality, and full-scale mockup tended to – 3.65 m diameter – Two full-diameter levels – Separation of operations and habitation functions • Operational assumptions – Four suitports for nominal ops plus inflatable airlock – Premium on stowage, multipurpose space, functionality • Design to MFH specifications for outpost; examine options in both growth (multihabitat) and isolated (self-sufficient habitat) directions

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 140 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Habitat Orthogonal Views

3.65 m

5.5 m

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 141 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Lower Deck Layout

CTB Stowage Racks Air Handling/ CO2 Scrubbing/ Heat Exchanger

Multipurpose Table

Berthing Hatch

Ladder to Upper Deck

Water Recycling U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 142 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Upper Deck Layout Galley Wall - Individual Crew Food Preparation Berths

Bathroom

Table and Seats CTB Stowage Racks Opened for Meals; Stowed Otherwise

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 143 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support ECLIPSE Mockup – Main Structure

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 144 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support ECLIPSE Mockup – Main Structure

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 145 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support ECLIPSE Mockup - Interiors

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 146 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support ECLIPSE Mockup - Interiors

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 147 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support ECLIPSE Crew 1

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 148 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support UMd Final MFH Design • 3.65 m diameter • 5.5 m tall • 4:1 ellipsoidal endcaps • Three module berthing ports (Cx standard) • Four suitports (two in berthing hatches) • Inﬂatable airlock U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 149 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Lower Deck Layout

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 150 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Upper Deck Layout

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 151 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Crew Berths • Personal sleeping berths • Individual stowage for 6 CTBs and 0.24 m3 of loose gear • Water wall - 215 kg of water provides 5 gm/cm2 radiation shielding (polyethylene door not shown) • Contingency waste management for 48 hours U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 152 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Crew Berths

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 153 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support 1-G Testing: HAVEN Habitat

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Progress Report #2 X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 154 1-G Testing: HAVEN Module • Two story habitat module (currently limited to one level) • Modular removable wall sections (8x45° sectors)enable total reconfiguration of the habitat • Multiple vertical hatch locations enables a wider variety of layouts to be implemented • 5m outer diameter provides 20 m2 floor area and 40 m3 in current configuration; double if upper level is added U N I V E R S I T Y O F Progress Report #2 X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 155 HAVEN Outfitting • HAVEN is designed to be highly modular and easily reconfigurable – Each interchangeable wall section is separately wired for power and lighting – Widespread use of pegboard panelling for quick additions of surface-mount items • Designed with dual hatches to upper level (centerline and next to the wall) for comparison • Potential access to storage volume between floor joists

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Progress Report #2 X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 156 2012 X-Hab: CHELONIA Concept

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Progress Report #2 X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 157 1G Habitat – Infrastructure Status • ECLIPSE and HAVEN habitats are outside in SSL “Moonyard” facility (i.e., parking lot) • Access to Moonyard has been blocked by snow until this week • Need to repair minor water damage, complete planned upgrades to HAVEN (e.g., doors, waterproofing, paint) • Performed feasibility assessment, and concluded it is not practical to add upper level to HAVEN under X- Hab 2014 • Human factors tests now feasible with moderating weather U N I V E R S I T Y O F Progress Report #2 X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 158 Underwater Habitat Three-View

18 ft

8 ft 8 ft

14.5 ft

13.4 ft

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Progress Report #2 X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 159 UW Hab Shell Construction

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Progress Report #2 X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 160 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Progress Report #2 MARYLAND X-Hab 2014 Horizontal Configuration

5.54 ft 5.54 ft

3.93 ft 3.93 ft

9 ft 9 ft 5.09 ft 5.09 ft 12 ft 12 ft

NBRF Floor

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Progress Report #2 MARYLAND X-Hab 2014 Vertical Configuration

9 ft

12 ft

NBRF Floor

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Progress Report #2 MARYLAND X-Hab 2014 Schematic of Hab Deck Structure • Standard 4ft. x 4 ft. grid pattern • Fiberglass extrusion floor panels • Specialized panels (e.g., passageways, equipment mounts) repositionable upon need • Works for horizontal and vertical layouts

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Progress Report #2 X-Hab 2014 MARYLAND 164 Partial Gravity Sims of Habitability

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 165 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Ballasting • An appropriate ballast distribution was calculated using body segment mass data for 50th percentile American males – 31% on the chest – 31% on the back – 13% on each thigh – 6% on each calf • Arm masses only require ~1-2 kg and are not generally ballasted to preserve arm dexterity

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 166 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Underwater Partial Gravity Simulation

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 167 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Partial Gravity Anthropometrics • Neutral body posture • Jumping capability • Access between levels – Stairs/ramps (35°, 67°, 78°) – Vertical ladder – Unencumbered and transporting 30-kg CTB at appropriate weight • Body segment parametric ballasting • Repeated at microgravity, 1/6 g (Moon), 3/8 g (Mars) U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 168 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support NBP: Microgravity

Keith H. Miller, ed., “Man-Systems Integration Standard" NASA-STD-3000, Rev. B July 1995. U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 169 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support NBP: Microgravity Overlay • Additional markers are needed • Qualisys was able to successfully track markers – Angle between wrist and elbow markers and horizontal: • Underwater: 175 degrees • Microgravity: 180 degrees – Angles are about 20 degrees from theoretical, which are +/- 10 U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 170 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support NBP: Lunar (1/6G)

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 171 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support NBP: Mars (3/8G)

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 172 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support NBP: Results Microgravity Lunar Mars

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 173 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Vertical Translation with CTB: Mars

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 174 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Steep (67°) Stairs

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 175 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Shallow (35°) Stairs with CTB: Mars

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 176 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Results on Vertical Transitions • Test subjects prefer steep (67°-78°) stairs over vertical ladder or shallow (35°) stairs • Desired step spacing increases with lower gravity, but decreases again with crew burden • Physical hardware used was “quick and dirty” - plans in work for system with variable slope, variable step spacing • Need handrails on ladders • Optical motion tracking difﬁcult due to camera failures, lack of camera coverage at walls U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 177 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support NASA Concept of Mobile Habitats

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 178 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support NASA Habitat Demonstration Unit

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 179 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Interior of Habitat Demo Unit (HDU)

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 180 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support HDU Robotics Workstation

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 181 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support HDU Glovebox

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 182 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support HDU Glovebox in Use

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 183 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support HDU General-Purpose Workstation

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 184 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support HDU Upper Deck (Habitation) Level

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 185 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support HDU Hygiene Module

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 186 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Hygiene Module Overhead Lighting

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 187 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support HDU Toilet Area

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 188 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support HDU Sink and Water Dispenser

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 189 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Mars Desert Research Station

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 190 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support MDRS Lower Level Floor Plan

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 191 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support MDRS Upper Level Floor Plan

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 192 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support HI-SEAS Mars Simulation Site

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 193 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support HI-SEAS Internal Visualization

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 194 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support HI-SEAS Lower Level Open Space

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 195 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support HI-SEAS Lower Level Floor Plan

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 196 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support HI-SEAS Upper Floor Plan

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 197 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support HI-SEAS Food Preparation Area

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 198 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support Halley VI Station - Antarctica

U N I V E R S I T Y O F Spacecraft Habitability MARYLAND 199 ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support