UNDERWATER EXPEDITIONS Edited by Rob Palmer 1st Edition, November 1986 2nd Edition, January 1987 3rd Edition, April 1990 ISBN 0-907649-31-9 Published by the Expedition Advisory Centre Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) 1Kensington Gore London SW7 2AR Tel: +44 (0)20 7591 3030 Fax: +44 (0)20 7591 3031 Email: [email protected] Website: www.rgs.org 2 Underwater Manual CONTENTS 1. AN INTRODUCTION TO UNDERWATER EXPEDITIONS - Rob Palmer 5 1.1 Administration 1.2 Planning 1.3 Aims 1.4 Personnel 1.5 Communication 1.6 References 1.7 Useful addresses 2. DIVING POLITICS - Nic Flemming 11 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Legal and political permission to dive at the desired place 2.3 Legal and political permission to conduct the required research 2.4 Confirmation of suitable diving training and medical standards for all personnel, recognised by the country 2.5 Confirmation that equipment and diving methods used comply with diving methods used in the country 2.6 Confirmation that any code of practice used is acceptable in the country 2.7 Conclusions 2.8 References and bibliography 3. THE LOGISTICS OF DIVING EXPEDITIONS - Rob Palmer 16 3.1 The Expedition Base 3.2 Choice of site 3.3 Catering 3.4 Transport 3.5 Organisation of diving 4. EQUIPMENT FOR UNDERWATER EXPEDITIONS – Rob Palmer 21 4.1 Obtaining equipment 4.2 Transporting equipment 4.3 Taking equipment by air 4.4 What equipment to take 4.5 Wetsuits or drysuits 4.6 Tanks and Compressors 4.7 Depth guages 4.8 Maintenance 4.9 Spares and tools 4.10 References 5. PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF UNDERWATER STILL PHOTOGRAPHY 26 ON EXPEDITIONS - David George Underwater Manual 3 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Value of underwater photography 5.3 Pre-expedition phase 5.4 Expedition phase 5.5 Post-expedition phase 5.6 Bibliography 6. MEDICINE - Peter Glanvill 40 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Preparation 6.2 Medical problems 6.4 Dangerous marine animals 6.5 General principals of management 6.6 Care of the ears 6.7 Decompression Sickness 6.8 Sea sickness 6.9 References 7. HIGH ALTITUDE DIVING - John Leach 51 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Area 7.3 Logistics 7.4 Decompression 7.5 Acclimatisation 7.6 General points 7.7 References 8. BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION ON DIVING EXPEDITIONS - Bob Earll 55 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Experience and commitment 8.3 Initial inquiries and preparations 8.4 Expedition-related activities 8.5 The questions to be answered 8.6 Methods 8.7 Other Aspects 8.8 Conclusions 8.9 References 9. BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION PROJECTS: 65 A PRACTICAL APPROACH - Elizabeth Wood 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Preliminary Ideas 9.3 Researching the project 9.4 Drawing up a work programme 9.5 Possible projects /and methodology 9.6 References 4 Underwater Manual 10. SCIENTIFIC COLLECTION TECHNIQUES - Bernard Picton 73 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Collecting methods 10.3 Habitat recording 10.4 Field notes, drawings and photographs 10.5 Preservatives and preservation 10.6 Storage and transport 10.7 Conclusion 10.8 References 11. UNDERWATER GEOMORPHOLOGY - Nic Flemming 77 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Shoreline processes 11.3 Nearshore and offshore seated studies 11.4 Submarine caves 11.5 Quaternary Landscapes 11.6 Coral Reefs 11.7 Volcanic and igneous processes 11.8 Conclusion 11.9 References 12. OBSERVATIONS ON THE DIRECTION OF UNDERWATER 82 ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECTS ABROAD - Mensun Bound 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Ethics 12.3 Team composition 12.4 Team selection 12.5 Alcohol, drugs and smoking 12.6 Discipline and morale 12.7 Money management and insurance 12.8 Literary release 12.9 Appraisal of a new site 12.10 A typical Oxford University MARE dive 12.11 Logging and documenting of finds 12.12 Equipment 13. CONTRIBUTORS 135 Underwater Manual 5 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO UNDERWATER EXPEDITIONS Rob Palmer Department of Geography, University of Bristol In common with all types of expedition to a particular climatic or physical region, underwater expeditions have their own logistical and administrative problems. Underwater expeditions can take place in tropical, temperate or arctic waters, and thus the logistical aspects of such expeditions can stray well beyond the sphere of the underwater realm itself. This volume makes no attempt to discuss the surface logistics of extreme environmental surface conditions, instead the reader is recommended to obtain the relevant Expedition Advisory Centre (EAC) publications that cope with such conditions, and use those in conjunction with this volume. Nor will we try and unravel too many of the problems of human relationships, fundraising, or other similar administrative and logistical aspects of expedition organisation, which are covered in more detailed form in the Expedition Planner's Handbook and Directory, except where these have a direct relationship to diving expeditions. Equally so, there are extreme aspects of underwater research and exploration which have no place in a general publication such as this. Diving to extreme depths (i.e. over 60 m) or using gas mixtures, or saturation diving, cannot adequately be covered. Very few amateur diving expeditions will consider using such techniques, however. 1.1 ADMINISTRATION The general administration of a diving expedition will be very similar to a standard surface expedition, varying on a local scale to meet with local diving regulations or surface environment. The logistics of general expedition organisation are covered very well in Nigel Gifford's Expeditions and Exploration and the EAC's Expedition Planner's Handbook and Directory. The use of these publications in conjunction with this manual is thoroughly recommended; the human side of expedition planning is as important as the eventual objectives in the smooth running of a project, and fundraising and administration is too complex a procedure to gloss over in a few lines. 1.2 PLANNING It is often not realised that the field stage of an expedition is a bit like an iceberg; the fun bit is the piece that sits above the sea, the bulk of the monster is underneath, out of sight. Expeditions are like that too, for the field stage to be successful, someone is going to have to put in a lot of hours of unpaid tedious work long beforehand to make sure all has at least the semblance of smoothness in the field. The same goes for after the expedition returns. The post-expedition phase of result analysis, writing up, publishing reports, returning equipment and materials, usually takes as long as the prior organisation. Expect an expedition to last at least eighteen months, or even longer, in real terms, for a field phase of four to six weeks. Prior research is extremely important. All the relevant maps, charts and previous information on your expedition area and its underwater aspects should be gathered together at an early stage. 6 Underwater Manual Local diving regulations may well be one of the main deciding factors in early planning, and it is a good idea to make early contact with a reputable diving organisation (perhaps an academic one, if the expedition has an academic content, or a sporting one, if the expedition is simply exploratory in nature) in the host country, to check whether the planned underwater work is both practicable and legal. Some countries, for example, have strict rules regarding decompression diving (eg. the Philippines) or diving in any form at all (Spain, Greece). Often such problems can be overcome with prior diplomacy, but they need to be known about before such discussion can take place at all. The UK's own Health and Safety Executive rules can apply to diving from British vessels abroad, if such diving is professional in nature (i.e. someone is being paid) or if it takes place within the UK. for payment. It is possible to be exempted from many of the regulations if the diving is taking place for scientific purposes, as most expedition diving will be, and information on this is available from the Underwater Association. There will also be organisations within the host country who will have an interest in your work: museums, research establishments or environmental organisations. It is probably very much in your own interest to make an early contact with these also, as they can give both practical (and occasionally logistical) help both before, during and after your field stage. Some background research before you contact these, perhaps through prior workers in the field, or through research establishments in the UK, might be advisable. It is equally possible to get involved in someone else's political, social or personal animosities in your field area if you make prior contact with the wrong people, or in the wrong way! 1.3 AIMS The aims of the expedition should be clearly and unambiguously defined. Is it sporting; ie do you intend to dive in a remote and undived area simply to see what is there, and possible to record it by photography and simple mapping? Does it have a valid research motive, be it biological, archaeological or whatever? Be honest with yourself, the term "expedition" is one of the most over-used in the adventure world today. If you are simply wanting an adventurous holiday, go to a specialist travel company. Your life will be much easier, and you will probably enjoy yourself more, for less outlay in both time and cash. If you are really planning a genuine expedition ("journey or voyage with definite purpose" - Popular Oxford Dictionary) then decide what that purpose is, and if it is a valid one. Once you have decided, you will be involving many people in your decision, both team members and others within the diving world.