Studies on Pollen Morphology of Selected Species of Convolvulaceae in Chikkamagaluru Taluk of Karnataka-State, India

Home , Ipomoea aquatica, Ipomoea cairica, Ipomoea hederifolia, Ipomoea indica, Ipomoea quamoclit

International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X

STUDIES ON POLLEN MORPHOLOGY OF SELECTED SPECIES OF CONVOLVULACEAE IN CHIKKAMAGALURU TALUK OF KARNATAKA-STATE, INDIA

SUDHAMA V. N 1*, SUNIL KUMAR T.S 2

1&2 Department of P.G. Studies in Botany, I.D.S.G. Government College, Chikkamagaluru-577102, Karnataka- State, India *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] ------Abstract The Convolvulaceae is a beautiful family and widely distributed in cold regions, temperate, subtropical and tropical areas all over the world. Ipomoea is one of the dominant genera in the family convolvulaceae. Morphology has been the major criterion for plant classification over a long period of time. During the last century, with the help of light and electron microscopes, internal morphological features played an increasingly important role in elucidating phylogenetic relationship. Pollen morphology of selected species of Convolvulaceae family in Chikkamagaluru is an attempt to study morphological characteristics of pollen grains and to compare and co-relate differences and similarities in pollen grains belonging to Convolvulaceae family. Fresh polliniferous material was collected from eight Convolvulaceae species. The pollen morphology types studied following acetolysis method. Then observed under compound microscope and phase contrast microscope to study the structure and size of pollen grain. In the present investigation, the pollen morphology of eight plant species from Convolvulaceae family has been identified and studied. Ipomoea hederifolia. L, Ipomoea quamocilt. L, Ipomoea indica (Burm.f), Ipomoea carnea. Jace, Argyreia cuneata.L, Ipomoea aquatic. Forssk, Ipomoea cairica.L, and Ipomoea obscuta.L. Pollen morphological characters related to pollen shape all the members shows oblate-spheriodal with spinose exine and pantoporate aperture. All the pollen grains of Convolvulaceae members having radial symmetry, echinate ornamentation with circular outline. This data base useful in identification, comparison of different species within the same family and identification, comparison of pollen grains of different species belongs to Convolvulaceae family in rest of the study area.

Key words: Convolvulaceae, pollengrains, morphology, Chikkamagaluru

1. Introduction

The Convolvulaceae (morning glory family) is a beautiful family which is widely cultivated as ornamentals (Rajurkar et al., 2011). Convolvulaceae has about 250 species worldwide (Perveen et al,. 1989) and 60 species in Iran (Ghahreman 1994). The family is widely distributed in cold regions, temperate, subtropical and tropical areas all over the world. Ipomoea is one of the dominant genera in the family convolvulaceae.

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There have been some attempts to use pollen features in the delimitation of the genera in the family Convolvulaceae (Saen souk, 2007, wills 1973 and Mabberey, 1987). Tellera and Daners (2003) studied of 75 species pollen grains and described three main pollen types. Osman and Abdel Khalik (2005) studied the pollen morphology of Convolvulaceae in Egypt and recognized three main pollen types.

The pollen morphology of some species of Convolvulaceae was first carried out by Hallier (1893) who recognized Psiloconiea and Echinconiea as two main group. Gamble (1933) divided the family into two groups based on spinulose or non-spinulose pollen grains, with further division on the basis of apertural types. Erthman (1953) distinguised the pollen of Convolvulaceae into two distinct types, viz Ipomoea (Echinoconiea) and Convolvulus (Psiloconiea) type. O' Donell (1955) separated the genera convolvulus and calystegia R.BR, based on Hallier's aperture descriptions. Pollen morphology studies of 22 species of the genus Convolvulus from South West Asia and Arabian Penisula was carried out by Perveen and his Co-workers (1989). They found that the studied pollen grains are mostly trizonocolpate, occasionally tetra or hexazonocolpate, prolate spheroidal to oblate-spheroidal rarely prolate and tectum punctate-scabrate. Menemen and Jury (2002) studied pollen grains of nine species of convolvulus from Morocco and reported that all pollen grains were trizonocolpate, suboblate, oblate-spheriodal, prolate- spheroidal. Prolate and the nexine are thinner than the sexine (Menemen and Jury 2002).

Hallier (1893) was the first to divide the family on the basis of pollen features into two groups, Echinoconiae and Psiloconiae. The genus Convolvulus was put in Psiloconiae, in which the pollen has either a psilate or granulated surface. In the division of Gamble (1923), the family was divided into two groups on the basis of echinate and non-echinate pollen grains with the genus convolvulus included in the latter one.

Erdtman (1952) separated the Convolvulaceae pollen grains into two groups, namely Ipomoea type and other types, in which he included the genus convolvulus. The Ipomoea type possesses pollen grains which are polyporate with a thick exine and are echinate, where as the convolvulus type is distinctly perforate. O'Donell (1955) separated the genera Convolvulus and calystegia. On the basis of Hallier's aperture descriptions, but he reported that in convolvulus the pollen is 3-colpate. Lewis and Oliver (1965) stated that their findings agree with those of Hallier, but not those of O 'Donell. Sengupta (1972) carried out a comprehensive study in the family and divided the Convolvulaceae into four main pollen types based on the number and distributed of apertures.

Morphology has been the major criterion for plant classification over a long period of time. During the last century, with the help of light and electron microscopes, internal morphological features played an increasingly important role in elucidating phylogenetic relationship (Carquist, 1996, Verdcourt 1963, Mabberly, 49

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1987, Austin and Huaman, 1996, Manos et al,. 2001) Andrews (1956) in his Anglo-Egytian Flora of Sudan reported twenty-two species belonging to the genus Ipomoea. Pollen morphology of Convolvulaceae family in Chikkamagaluru is an attempt to study morphological characteristics of pollen grains and to compare and co- relate differences and similarities in pollen grains belonging to Convolvulaceae family.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Study area and plant collection:

The field survey was conducted in Chikkamagaluru Taluk of Chikkamagaluru District,Karnataka State for collection of Convolvulaceae family members. The plants were identified using the flora of the presidency of Madras by J.S. Gramble.

2.2 Methodology:

Fresh polliniferous material was collected from eight Convolvulaceae species. The pollen morphology types studied following acetolysis method (Endtman 1952). The anthers of the collected flowers were crushed in 70% alcohol in centrifuge tube and it was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 2000rpm. Water was decant off acetolysis mixture slowly to the residue sample. It was kept in hot water bath at 80ºC for 2-3 minutes. It was then centrifuged again for 20 minutes. After centrifugation the residue sample was mounted in glycerine jelly. Then observe the slide under compound microscope and phase contrast microscope under 10X and 40X magnification and recorded the structure and size of pollen grain and taken a photograph of pollen grains with digital camera fitted phase contrast microscope.

3. Results and Discussion

In the present investigation, the pollen morphology of eight plant species from Convolvulaceae family has been identified and studied. Ipomoea hederifolia. L, Ipomoea quamocilt. L, Ipomoea indica (Burm.f), Ipomoea carnea. Jace, Argyreia cuneata.L, Ipomoea aquatic. Forssk, Ipomoea cairica.L, and Ipomoea obscuta.L.

The pollen morphology study showed interrelationships among different species with respect to operculum, multibridging at the colpi region.

Pollen morphological studies revealed that the species of convolvulus like Ipomoea hederifolia.L has a longer size of pollen grain (R=34.80000µm and S=3804.59µm2). And the species of Ipomoea obscuta.L has a smaller size of pollen grain (R=20.60000µm and S=1333.16µm2). The species of Ipomoea cairica. L (R=21.80000µm and S=1493.12µm2), Ipomoe aquatica.Forssk (R=23.40000µm and S=1720.20µm2), Argyreia

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cuneata. L(R=23.60000µm and S=1749.73µm2), Ipomoea carnea.Jace (R=26.80000µm and S=2256.25µm2), Ipomoea indica (Burm.f) (R=30.20000µm and S=2865.25µm2), Ipomoea quamoclit. L (R=32.40000µm and S=3297.91µm2) are the medium size of pollen grains when compared to Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea obscuta species. Pollen morphological characters related to pollen shape all the members shows oblate- spheriodal with spinose exine and pantoporate aperture. All the pollen grains of Convolvulaceae members having radial symmetry, echinate ornamentation with circular outline.

The descriptive photomicrographies are complied, the pollen morphological, spine length and shapes parameters of Convolvulaceae members are shown in table-1and Plate-1

TABLE 1: Pollen Morphological parameters, spine length and shapes of Convolvulaceae members: Sl. Spine Spine shape Species name R (µm) S (µm2) no. length(L)µm 1 Ipomoea hederifolia. L 34.80000 µm 3804.591µm2 4.049µm Conical

2 Ipomoea quamoclit. L 32.40000 µm 3297.915µm2 3.676µm Bottle

3 Ipomoea indica (Burm.f) 30.20000 µm 2865.255µm2 3.862µm Conical

4 Ipomoea carnea. Jace 26.80000 µm 2256.255µm2 5.517µm Conical

5 Argyreia cuneata. L 23.60000 µm 1749.739µm2 3.492µm Conical

6 Ipomoea aquatica. Forssk 23.40000 µm 1720.209µm2 3.130µm Conical

7 Ipomoea cairica. L 21.80000 µm 1493.012µm2 4.005µm Bottle

8 Ipomoea obscuta. L 20.60000 µm 1333.165 µm2 2.154µm Conical

Plate-1: General pollen characteristics of family Convolvulaceae:

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4. Conclusion:

The using of this palynological study reveals some pollen diagnostic criteria as palynological evidence in taxonomy of eight species of convolvulaceae is mainly worthful and measurements seen by light microscopes can be depend upon in this kind of delimitation.

The pollen class, pollen measurements, equatorial measurements (µm) P/E ratio. Pollen outline (polar view, equatorial view, P/E view) are not palynological criteria to depend on as diagnostic characters, because there is high degree of a similarities between the examined species and there is no clear differences in the diagnostic features exhibited.

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The ecto aperture and endo aperture features of the pollen grains examined are the only palynological evidences that can be depend on to categorize the convolvulaceae species examined into two main categories. The first category includes those having present coastae in their endoaperture, while the second type with absent costae. The second category includes, those having absent fastigia in their ectoaperture which includes the remaining species.

The pollen grain from eight different plant species of convolvulaceae family in different areas of chikkamagaluru district was studied, and the data base was made. The pollen source of Ipomoea indica, Ipomoea obscuta, Ipomoea aquatica, Argyreia cuneata, Ipomoea hederifolia, Ipomoea quamoclit, Ipomoea cairica, Ipomoea carnea different pollen types where recognized.

In this study reveals the difference between the shape, size and the spines show reliable variation in size, shape and surface distribution and pollen aperture characters of different plant species pollen grains in the same family of convolvulaceae.

This data base useful in identification, comparison of different species within the same family and identification comparison of pollen grains in rest of the study area.

5. References:

1. Andrews, F.W (1956). The flowering plants of the Ango-Egyptian Sudan. T. Buncle and co. Ltd. Arbroath, Scotland, Vol 3: 259-275.

2. Cronk QCB, Clark GCS (1981). The Northeast European pollen Flora, 28. Convolvulaceae. Review of palaeobotany and palynology, 33, 117-135.

3. Darbyshire, I., Kordofani, M., Imadelin, F and Pickering, H. (2015). The plants of sudan and south sudan. An annotated checklist. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

4. Erdtman G. (1960). The autolysis method, revised description. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 54, 561-564.

5. Gamble J S. (1923). Flora of the presidency of Madras. V. Adlard and West Newman, London. PP. 769-962.

6. Ghahreman A. (1979-2006). Flore de l’Iran. A project by the Research Institute of forests and range lands (Iran) and Tehran University, published by RIFR, Ministry of Reconstruction Jahad, volumes1-24.

7. Govil, C.M. (1971). Morphological studies in the family Convolvulaceae. I: Development and structure of the seed coat, J. Indian Bot. SOC. (50): 32-39.

8. Hallier H. (1893). Versuch einer naturiichen Gliederung der Convolvulaceae auf Morphologischerund anatomischer Grunlage Bot, Jahrb 16, 453-591. 53

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9. Lewis WH, Oliver R L. (1965). Relignment of calystegia and convolvulus (Convolvulaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 52, 217-222.

10. Mabberley DJ. (1987). A plant book. University press. Cambridge.

11. Manos, P.S. and Miller, R.E. (2001). Phylogenetic analysis of Ipomoea, Argyreia, Stictocardia and Turbina suggests a generalized model of morphological evolution in morning glories. Syst. Bot. 26(3).

12. Menemen Y, Jury SL. (2002). Pollen studies on some species of the Genus convolvulus. L, (Convolvulaceae) from Morcco, Turkish Journal of Botany. 26, 141-148.

13. O’Donell CA. 1959. Convolvulaceae argentines. Lilloa 29, 87-311.

14. Osman AK, Abdel Khalik KN. (2005). Palynological study on some species of Convolvulaceae and its taxonomic significance Taeckholmia. 25, 47-60.

15. Perveen A, Al-Alavi AH, Hossain SZ. (1989). A contribution to the palynological survey of the genus convolvulus from South West Asia and Arabian Peninsula. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 21(1), 197-209.

16. Rajurkar AV, Tidke JA, Patil GV, (2011). Studies on pollen morphology of Ipomoea species (Convolvulaceae). Research in plant Biology-1(5), 41-47.

17. Saensouk.S. (2007). The familyConvolvulaceae in Muand District, Nong Khai Province, Thailand, KKU Res. J. 12(3), 237-243.

18. Sengupta S. (1972). On the pollen morphology of Convolvulaceae with special reference to taxonomy. Review of palaeobotany and palynology, 13(34), 157-212.

19. Verdcourt, B. (1963). Convolvulaceae. In: C.E. Hubber, Ar and DE. Milne-Redea (eds), Flora of East Tropical Africa. London.

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