Effect of Different Media on the Growth, Yield and Quality of Water Spinach Under Container Gardening Preetesh Pandey, Jitendra

International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology (IJARBN) Volume 1, Issue I, May 2019

Effect of different media on the growth, a soilless growing medium which consists of yield and quality of water spinach under components such as peat moss, wood container gardening residues, sand, etc. These media are Preetesh Pandey, Jitendra Singh, Omesh designed to provide the necessary aeration, Thakur, Ritika Bhattacharjee drainage and water holding properties Dept. of Vegetable Science, Dept. of Plant required for plant growth in a container. An Pathology, I.G.K.V, Raipur, C.G. ideal potting medium should be free of Corresponding Author’s email- weeds and diseases, heavy enough to avoid [email protected] frequent tipping over and yet light enough to facilitate handling and shipping. The media Abstract should also be well drained and yet retain The increasing use of chemical sufficient water to reduce the frequency of fertilizers to grow vegetables such as watering. spinach has caused numerous problems Introduction related to the environment and human Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica health. Hence, using organic fertilizers Forsk) locally known as Karmatha bhaji including compost and vermicompost can be belongs to family convolvulaceae. It has a a more suitable alternative. Making use of short growth period and can be cultivated agricultural waste and returning them to the either in marshy land or flooded soils. cycle of nature rather than burying or Moreover, it has been found that water burning them is an effective approach to spinach has a high potential to convert help the environment. Soil organic matter. nitrogen from biodigester effluent into affects the chemical and physical properties edible biomass with high protein content of the soil and its overall health. Its (Sophea and Preston, 2001). composition and breakdown rate affect: the Water spinach is an herbaceous soil structure and porosity; the water aquatic or semi-aquatic perennial plant of infiltration rate and moisture holding the tropics or subtropics. It’s leaves are flat, capacity of soils; the diversity and biological and vary in shape depending on genotype, activity of soil organisms; and plant nutrient from heart-shaped to long, narrow and availability. Few foliage or flowering plants arrow-shaped. Narrow leaves are 1-2.5 cm are grown in field soil. Most are produced in wide and 20-30 cm long. The large,

International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology (IJARBN) Volume 1, Issue I, May 2019

attractive flowers have the typical open, Magnani et al. (2003) evaluated the trumpet shape of convolvulus or bindweed growth rate and qualitative characteristics of flowers. There are two major cultivars of 3 vegetable (lettuce, cabbage and water spinach, cauliflower) seedlings, grown with an • Ching Quat (known as "green stem") – organic method, were evaluated. The this has a narrow, pointed leaves and white organic method consisted of using coco-peat flowers and is adapted for moist soils. This as the growth medium and organic fertilizer can be grown in beds, provided there is for fertigation. This method was compared always plenty of moisture. with a traditional one based on a peat growth • Pak Quat (known as "white stem") – this medium and synthetic fertilizers for has broad, arrow-shaped leaves and pink fertigation. The results showed different flowers. It is adapted to aquatic conditions responses among the vegetables, regarding and also called "Water Ipomea". growth rate and quality. Lettuce grown with A container in gardening is a small, organic method presented an increase of enclosed and usually portable object used growth rate, fresh weight, leaf number and for displaying live flowers or plants. It may area, height, root/shoot ratio and nutrient take the form of a pot, box, tub, pot, basket, content compared to the traditional method. tin, barrel or hanging basket. On the contrary, cabbage and cauliflower, Effect of different media on growth grown with organic method, showed a parameters of water spinach reduction of growth rate, dry weight, leaf Lal et al. (2002) studied the effects number and area, chlorophyll content, height of farmyard manure (FYM; 0, 50 and 100 and nutrient content. t/ha-1) and irrigation (4, 5, 6 and 7 cm) on Reddy and Mallareddy (2004) the growth and yield of onion cv. Hisar-2. studied the acclimatization of 4 parwal Plant height, number of leaves plant-1, bulb (Trichosanthes dioica) genotypes, i.e. size and bulb yield increased with increasing Swarna Alaukik, elite selection-1, Swarna rates of farmyard manure and irrigation. The Rekha and male, studied in different interaction effects between FYM and substrates, i.e. vermiculite, soilrite, coco- irrigation were significant only for bulb size peat, coco-peat+sand in 3:1 and 2:2 ratio, and yield. and sand+vermiculite+coco-peat in 1:1:1 ratio, in the greenhouse. Swarna Alaukik

International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology (IJARBN) Volume 1, Issue I, May 2019 recorded the highest survival percentage in the substrates in order to monitor the (89.94%), followed by elite Selection-1 temperature of the media. The total solar (85.71%) and Swarna Rekha (81.42%), in radiation, the air temperature and relative coco-peat, whereas Male survived better in humidity were measured inside and outside vermiculite (64.28%). Shoot length (10.06 the greenhouse. The net radiation was also cm) and number of leaves (7.97) were measured inside the greenhouse just above higher in coco-peat than in any other the substrates. The effect of the nature of the substrate after 28 of growing period. different substrates on their thermal regimes Anshebo et al. (2004) observed high was examined on the basis of the collected heritability estimates for vine traits viz., data. Moreover, the connections between the length of vine, number of branches plant-1 substrate temperatures and the microclimatic and weight of foliage plant-1. The least variables were analysed. estimate of heritability was observed for Botrini et al. (2006) studied the number of tubers plant-1. The characters growth rate and quality of tomato seedlings such as number of branches plant-1, weight grown on 2 cocopeat growth media, with of single tuber, girth of tuber and length of organic fertirrigation, and the effects of tuber showed high heritability estimates these techniques on seedling development associated with high genetic advance after transplanting were evaluated. The daily indicating the presence of additive gene increase in fresh weight and height of effect. seedlings grown on cocopeat supplemented Arcidiacono et al. (2005) conduct with borlanda and natural fertilizers were trial on different substrates for soilless similar to those of seedlings grown with a cultivation in an open system were traditional system based on peat and compared. The experimental protocol synthetic fertilizers. At the time of includes three randomized blocks made of transplanting, the qualitative parameters of six rows of pots filled with six different the seedlings were the same for the substrates: Etna lapillus, expanded clay, traditional growth system and the organic perlite, peat, cocopeat, and sand. Then, system based on cocopeat with borlanda tomato plants were planted in each pot. In and natural fertilizers. the central pot of each row, thermoresistance Engida et al. (2007) studied high probes were installed at different locations heritability and expected genetic advances

International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology (IJARBN) Volume 1, Issue I, May 2019 were recorded for vine length, vine inter yield and quality in tomato, cucumber and node length, leaf area, above ground fresh capsicum than other substrate combinations and dry weights, number of storage root and in some cases were better than ready to plant-1, individual storage root weight, use mixes and conventional soil based storage root fresh yield plant-1. growing system. Singh et al. (2008) reported Khan et al. (2013) found that growth significant increase in vine length, number parameters including number of flowers of branches per plant and fruit yield with the plant-1, number of fruits plant-1 and fruit application of FYM and gypsum during the diameter were also found significantly two years of experimentation. Maximum different by the application of FYM and K fruit yield (195.2 qha-1) was observed at 20 t fertilizer. The mineral nutrition of tomato FYM and with the application of gypsum @ showed significant effect of FYM and K 100% GR (gypsum requirement). The yield levels on plant P and K. FYM and K levels under canal irrigated check was found to be also significantly improved soil K content. It 214.6 q ha-1. may be concluded that the Potassium Bhat et al. ( 2013) studied on a suitable applied @ 120 kg/ha along with the FYM growing substrate for organic greenhouse was effective in improving the tomatoes vegetable production. A number of attributes as well soil K content. combinations of vermicompost, coco-peat, sphagnum peatmoss, perlite, farm yard Luo et al. (2015) reported that the manure and avicumus were compared with germination rates of water spinach ready-to-use organic substrate for producing decreased with increasing biochar rates tomato, cucumber and capsicum under when biochar was added alone (76.9%– greenhouse conditions. Vegetative growth 83.7%), whereas the rates increased to parameters (average plant height, number of 83.6%–85.8% when biochar was added in leaves, chlorophyll index) and fruit yield combination with sap. Growth parameters of plant-1 were used to evaluate various water spinach and nutrient uptake by shoots growing substrates. overall, substrates and roots increased with increasing biochar containing vermicompost, coco-peat, perlite rates and reached the maximum values at the and sphagnum peat moss (2:1:1:1 or 1:1:1:1 biochar rate of 100 ml litter. There were v/v) produced significantly better growth, significant cubic relationships between the

International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology (IJARBN) Volume 1, Issue I, May 2019 uptake of nutrients (N, P, and K) and compost or urea. The biomass yield biochar rates, both with and without SAP response to fertilizer N was positive and addition. In order to avoid negative effects curvilinear and was greater for the on plant growth, the biochar application rate earthworm compost at the higher levels of should be controlled at an optimal level (100 application of N. Increasing application of ml litter). The SAP addition not only fertilizer N provoked linear responses in DM enhanced the positive effects of biochar content, which decreased, and in crude application on the properties of the protein content, which increased. Soil substrate, but also inhibited the excessive fertility was improved by the worm rise of pH and EC following biochar compost, but not by urea, as measured by additions, which led to better plant growth the organic matter, phosphorus and and enhanced nutrient uptakes by water potassium contents of the soil at the end of spinach. the trial. It appears that the most economical Effect on different media on yield water level of N is 40 kg/ha applied over the 28 spinach day growth period. Sophea and Preston (2001) Dixit and Kumar (2006) studied the conducted experiment to evaluate the effect effect of farmyard manure (FYM) and of different fertilizing practices on water macronutrients on the yield and nutrients spinach (Ipomoea aquatica, var. reptans) uptake by garlic. The treatments include: yield. The crop was located on a sandy, poor absolute control, control (FYM alone), soil derived from alluvial deposits (pH 5.45, 100% N, 100% NP, 100% NPK, 100% N 0.13%). There was no difference in fresh NPKS, 100% NPKSMg, 125% N, 125% biomass yield of water spinach between the NP, 125% NPK, 125% NPKS, 125% two treatments with bio digester effluent NPKSMg, 150% N, 150% NP, 150% NPK, (17.6 and 18.6 t ha -1, for total N and 150% NPKS and 150% NPKSMg. Results ammonia N, respectively). showed that in general, the 150% Hoang et al. (2005) studied to N.P.K.S.Mg recorded the maximum garlic evaluate the response of water spinach to bulb yield and increased nutrients (N, P, K, fertilization with increasing levels of S and Mg) uptake. nitrogen (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 kg N/ha over 28 days) in the form of earthworm

International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology (IJARBN) Volume 1, Issue I, May 2019

Bohme et al. (2014) reported that storage for six months. Results of this study the spinach yield was in average demonstrated that inexpensive waste approximately 20% higher on rockwool than materials can be utilized as biocarriers of an on coco-peat mainly due to a higher number oil-degrading consortium and that of fruits harvested but the fruits on rockwool immobilization on biocarriers can enhance were also longer than on coco-peat. the bioremediation of oil-contaminated Regarding the quality in the fruits grown on seawater. coco-peat a higher mineral content, in Surrage et al. (2010) revealed that particular K, P and Mg, was determined. In Forterra Royal GRO 1 (GRO 1; coconut both substrates significant differences coir/vermicompost) and Forterra Royal between the genotypes of bitter gourd. GRO 2 (GRO 2 aged pine bark/ coconut Nunal et al. 2014. conducted the coir/vermicompost) attained significantly effectiveness of cocopeat and rice hull higher marketable yields plant-1 compared powder obtained from agricultural wastes as with the plants grown in RW. A similar biocarriers for an oil-degrading bacterial trend was seen in the incidence of Blossom consortium. Scanning electron microscopy End Rot (BER) with GRO 1 and GRO 2 revealed colonization and strong attachment having reduced numbers of BER incidences of bacterial cells on the surface of both per plant when compared with RW. In carriers. Results of a 60-day in vitro conclusion, the addition of vermicompost to seawater bioremediation trial showed organic growing substrates is beneficial for significant oil reduction and high cultivable tomato growth and yield. bacterial counts in treatments augmented Hegde and Reddy (2012) study the with the carrier-attached bacterial consortia rapid regeneration protocol of brinjal was compared to treatments supplemented with conducted. The shoot tip and hypocotyl the same consortium in free living and explants from the in vitro grown sterile encapsulated forms. Significant degradations seedling were used for regeneration. In in both aliphatic and aromatic fractions were hardening, highest survival percentage obtained in treatments augmented with (100%) and healthy growth of plantlets were carrier-immobilized consortia. The observed in mixture of vermiculite, developed immobilized cells showed farmyard manure and coco-peat in 1:1:1 sustained activities and viabilities during ratio.

International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology (IJARBN) Volume 1, Issue I, May 2019

Khan et al. (2013) In vestigate the crude lipid (11.00+or-0.50%), crude fibre results indicated that application of FYM (17.67+or-0.35%) and available and various K levels had significant effect carbohydrate (54.20+or-0.68%), but low in on the growth, yield and nutrient content of crude protein content (6.30+or-0.27%). The tomatoes. The highest yield of tomatoes was leaves also have energy value (300.94+or- (39.05 t/ha) observed in the pots receiving 5.31 kcal/100 g) that is within the range FYM and 41.97 t ha-1 was found in the reported in some Nigerian leafy vegetables. treatment receiving K @ 120 kg/ha-1. The mineral element contents were high Sharma et al. (2014) studied the with remarkable concentration of K treatments consisting of two levels of (5,458.33+or-954.70 mg/100 g) and Fe vermicompost (0, 2.5 t ha-1), three levels of (210.30+or-2.47 mg/100 g). Also the leaves potassium (0, 10 kg ha-1, 20 kg ha-1) and content moderate concentrations of Na three levels of iron (0, 20 kg ha-1, 40 kg ha-1) (135.00+or-2.50 mg/100 g), calcium were applied to crop Trigonella foenum- (416.70+or-5.77 mg/100 g), Magnesium graecum var Rmt-1 as soil application. (301.64+or-12.69 mg/100 g) and P Results showed that application of (109.29+or-0.55 mg/100 g), with low Cu vermicompost, potassium and iron (0.36+or-0.01 mg/100 g), Mn (2.14+or-0.22 individually and in combination mg/100 g) and Zn (2.47+or-0.27 mg/100 g) significantly influenced the yield attributes contents. Comparing the mineral content and yield of the crop during both the years. with recommended dietary allowance, it was Effect on different media on Economic of showed that the plant leaves is good sources water spinach of K, Mn and Fe for all categories of people, Umar et al. (2007) carried while Mg is adequate enough for adult out analysis of the nutritional composition of female and children. From the result, water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk) Ipomoea aquatica Forsk leaves could be leaves were carried out using standard used for nutritional purposes, due to the methods of food analysis. The proximate amount and diversity of nutrients it contains. composition as well as mineral elements was Qiuzhuo et al. (2014) studied on determined. The leaves were found on dry water spinach which was grown on aquatic weight basis to have high moisture eco-nomic crops floating bed which (72.83+or-0.29%), ash (10.83+or-0.80%), harvested at regular time intervals. The total

International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology (IJARBN) Volume 1, Issue I, May 2019 harvest weight of water spinach was 11,907 importance. The present review aims to kg, which could achieve good economic present a brief overview of the medicinal benefits. A small parts of the water spinach use as well pharmacological value of the were transplanted to crab ponds. The plant. transplanted water spinach could not only Shamli and Chandra (2015) studied serve as food source for crab, but also purify the natural products, such as plant extract, the water quality in crab ponds. Based on either as pure compounds or as standardized efficient utilization and recycling of natural extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for resources and harmless discharge of wastes, new drug discoveries because of the the concept of circular economy was applied unmatched availability of chemical to agriculture system, and a recycling and diversity. Ipomoea aquatica Forsk (IAF), utilization mode of solid waste in ecological commonly called water spinach, belongs to agricultural park was realized, which could the family Convolvulaceae. The present provide a good sample for sustainable study reveals the antibacterial and development in ecological agricultural park. phytochemical analysis of various organic Malakar et al. (2015) reported that extracts (acetone and petroleum ether) of human race is dependent on the use of leaves of plant of Ipomoea aquatica forsk. traditional plant-based medicines as well as Acetone and Petroleum ether extracts of poly herbal preparations. And from the last Ipomoea aquatica Forsk were tested against few decades several research works are four common bacteria of medical carried out which confirms the potentiality importance using Disc Diffusion (DD) and of these natural sources as a good source of Well Diffusion (WD) assay. Acetone extract medications. Ipomoea aquatica was among showed the maximum zone of inhibition such plant having good nutraceutical when compared with petroleum ether extract applications and is commonly consumed as in both disc diffusion and well diffusion a vegetable and is commonly found in method. Phytochemical analysis of both the tropical Asia, India, Africa and Australia, extracts showed the presence of etc. The plant is considered to be a good carbohydrates, phenols, tannins, proteins source of vitamins, minerals, plant proteins, and terpenoids. The results obtained in the fibers, etc. as well as the plant is supposed to present study indicate that Ipomoea aquatica have tremendous pharmacological

International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology (IJARBN) Volume 1, Issue I, May 2019 could be a good source of anti-bacterial occurring at between 50 and 75 kg N ha-1. drug, relatively safe for consumption. For the unamended soil the response was Southavong et al. (2016) linear with the highest yield at 100 kg N ha- investigated the effect of biochar, charcoal 1. In the second harvest, the response to and biodigester effluent on growth of water effluent for the biochar amender was again spinach soil amender (biochar or charcoal or curvilinear with the peak at 5075 kg N ha-1 none) at 40 t ha-1 and level of effluent (0, 25, by contrast the response to effluent with the 50, 75 or 100 kg N ha-1) applied to samples charcoal amender was linear with maximum of soil held in fifteen litre capacity plastic yield requiring 100 kg N ha-1. On the un baskets. Sixty seeds of water spinach were amended soil there was no relationship planted in each basket. After germination, between effluent level and biomass yield. some seedlings were removed to balance the number in each basket (40 seedlings) for the Conclusion: rest of the experiment. The plants were Growing media are used in smaller irrigated every morning and evening. quantities and have a great role in the Measurements were made of height, number fertilizer program to achieve higher and of leaves, and weight of aboveground sustainable crop yields. There is enormous biomass after 28 days and again (regrowth) potential for container gargening systems to after a further 28 days. Both soil menders utilize organic waste products from other (biochar and charcoal) gave similar industries and, atthe same time, recycle improvements in water holding capacity, valuable nutrients. from 27.4% to 39.0 and 37.6, respectively. References Soil pH was increased from 4.7 to 6.6 due to Ahmadi, F. and Jarapour, M.2015. The addition of biochar and to 6.3 with charcoal. Functional Effect of Different Organic Biochar increased foliage yield of the water Matter on Spinach (Spinacia spinach in both the first and second harvests, oleracea).Journal of earth, environment and but there was no apparent effect on foliage health sciences, 1(1):1-4. growth from application of charcoal. In the Anshebo, T., Veeraragavathatham, D. and first harvest, there were curvilinear Kannan, M. 2004. Genetic variability and responses to biodigester effluent for biochar correlation studies in sweet potato [Ipomoea and charcoal amenders, with the peak

International Journal of Advanced Research in Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology (IJARBN) Volume 1, Issue I, May 2019 batatas (L.) Lam.]. Madras Agric. J. 91 (7): batatas (L.) Lam.] Indian J. Hort. 64(2): 420-424. 237-240. Arcidiacono, C., Emilio, D., Francesco, A. Hegde, V. and Reddy, R. 2012. Studies on and Mazzarella, A.D. 2005. Analysis of in vitro plant regeneration in brinjal thermal behaviour of the pot-substrate (Solanum melongena L.). International system for soilless cultivation. J. Rivista di Journal of Plant-Sciences Muzaffarnagar Ingegneria Agraria 36(1): 1-6. 7(1): 126-129. Bhat, N., Albaho, M., Suleiman, M., Hoang., T. C., Dung, N. T., Binh, D. V. Thomas, B., George, P. and Ali, S.I. 2013. and Preston, T. R. 2005. Effect on yield and Growing substrate composition influences composition of water spinach (Ipomoea growth, productivity and quality of organic aquatica), and on soil fertility, of vegetables. Asian Journal of Agricultural fertilization with worm compost or urea. Sciences 5(4): 62-66. J.Livestock Research for Rural Development Bohme, M. H., Pinker, I. and Edenharter, S. 17(10): 108. 2014. Greenhouse cultivation of bitter gourd Khan, Q.U., Ahmad, R., Jamil, M., (Momordica charantia L.) in mineral and Obaidullah, S., Latif, A., Khakwani, A., organic substrate .J. Acta Horticulturae Khan, G., Hashim, M. M., Muhammad, M. (1034): 227-232. R. and Muhammad, P. 2013. Assessment of Botrini, L., Magnani, G., Graifenberg, A., various growth, yield and nutritional and Marchetti, L. 2006. The organic parameters of tomatoes as affected by production of tomato seedlings. J. Colture farmyard manure fortified with potassium Protette 35(3): 77-84. fertilizer. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition Dixit, S. P. and Kumar, S. 2006. Effect of 12(12): 1066-1069. FYM and macro nutrients on yield and Lal, S., Yadav, A. C., Mangal, J. L., Singh, nutrient uptake by garlic. Journal of the A. and Batra, V. K. 2002. Effect of FYM Indian Society of Soil Science 54(3): 372- and irrigation levels on growth and yield of 374. onion cv. Hisar - 2. Haryana-Journal of Engida, T., Sastry, D. and Dechassa, N. Horticultural Sciences. 31(3/4): 256-258. 2007. Genetic variability for yield and other Luo, J., Yan, S., Zhou, Y. and Zhang, Z. agronomic traits in Sweet Potato [Ipomoea 2015. Effects of biochar and super absorbent polymer on substrate properties and water

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