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Grammar Tonya N PACIFIC LINGUISTICS School of culture, History and Language College of Asia and the Pacific THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY __________________________________________________________ Out of print books in pdf format This PDF document may be copied, printed and stored for use in libraries and for personal use. It may not be reproduced for sale or distribution. Pacific Linguistics Home Page: http://www.pacling.com 623 Mali (Baining) grammar Tonya N. Stebbins Mali (2,200 speakers) is a Papuan language spoken on the Gazelle Peninsula, East New Britain Province Papua New Guinea. It is a member of the Baining language family. The family is comprised of five languages: Kaket, Mali, Simbali, Ura and Kairak. Baining people share a common non-Austronesian ancestral language and similar cultural practices (such as fire dances). An interesting feature of these languages is that they show a great deal of influence from their early Austronesian neighbors. As detailed in the grammar, Mali has characteristics of both the Western Oceanic branch of Austronesian and Trans New Guinea. This is the first comprehensive grammar for a language from the family and provides a framework for further comparative and descriptive research in the region. The grammar was produced in cooperation with members of the Mali (Baining) community and has been published alongside a dictionary and text collection (also available from Pacific Linguistics). 2011 ISBN 9780858836297 437 pp Mali (Baining) grammar: a language of the East New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea Pacific Linguistics 623 Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in grammars and linguistic descriptions, dictionaries and other materials on languages of the Pacific, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, East Timor, southeast and south Asia, and Australia. Pacific Linguistics, established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund, is associated with the School of Culture, History and Language in the College of Asia and the Pacific at The Australian National University. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Publications are refereed by scholars with relevant expertise, who are usually not members of the editorial board. FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: I Wayan Arka and Malcolm Ross (Managing Editors), Mark Donohue, Nicholas Evans, David Nash, Andrew Pawley, Paul Sidwell, Jane Simpson, and Darrell Tryon EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD: Karen Adams, Arizona State University Marian Klamer, Universiteit Leiden Alexander Adelaar, University of Melbourne Harold Koch, The Australian National Peter Austin, School of Oriental and African University Studies Frantisek Lichtenberk, University of Byron Bender, University of Hawai‘i Auckland Walter Bisang, Johannes Gutenberg- John Lynch, University of the South Pacific Universität Mainz Patrick McConvell, The Australian National Robert Blust, University of Hawai‘i University David Bradley, La Trobe University William McGregor, Aarhus Universitet Lyle Campbell, University of Hawai’i Ulrike Mosel, Christian-Albrechts- James Collins, Northern Illinois University Universität zu Kiel Bernard Comrie, Max Planck Institute for Claire Moyse-Faurie, Centre National de la Evolutionary Anthropology Recherche Scientifique Matthew Dryer, State University of New York Bernd Nothofer, Johann Wolfgang Goethe- at Buffalo Universität Frankfurt am Main Jerold A. Edmondson, University of Texas Ger Reesink, Radboud University, Nijmegen at Arlington Lawrence Reid, University of Hawai‘i Margaret Florey, Resource Network for Jean-Claude Rivierre, Centre National de la Linguistic Diversity Recherche Scientifique William Foley, University of Sydney Melenaite Taumoefolau, University of Karl Franklin, SIL International Auckland Charles Grimes, SIL International Tasaku Tsunoda, University of Tokyo Nikolaus Himmelmann, Universität zu Köln John Wolff, Cornell University Lillian Huang, Shih-chien University, Taiwan Elizabeth Zeitoun, Academica Sinica Bambang Kaswanti Purwo, Universitas Atma Jaya Mali (Baining) grammar: a language of the East New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea Tonya N. Stebbins Pacific Linguistics College of Asia and the Pacific The Australian National University Published by Pacific Linguistics School of Culture, History and Language College of Asia and the Pacific The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Copyright in this edition is vested with Pacific Linguistics First published 2011 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Author: Stebbins, Tonya N. Title: Mali (Baining) grammar / Tonya N. Stebbins. ISBN: 9780858836297 (pbk.) Notes: Includes bibliographical references. Subjects: Baining language ― Grammar. Baining (Papua New Guinean people) ― Languages. Dewey Number: 499.12 Copyedited by Lila San Roque/Robert Mailhammer Typeset by Jeanette Coombes Cover design by Julie Manley Printed and bound by Addcolour Digital Pty Ltd., Fyshwick, Canberra For Julius Tayul. Ai, gumamēk, ngu tu gusnēng bange. Table of contents Acknowledgements xv List of abbreviations xvii Map 1: Area map of East Papuan languages xx Map 2: Local map of Papuan languages in East New Britain Province xxi Chapter 1: Introduction: the language and it’s speakers 1 1.1 Geographic location and history 2 1.2 Previous writing on the Baining people 2 1.3 Dialects of Mali 3 1.4 Present day language contact 4 1.5 Language vitality 4 1.6 Social organisation 5 1.7 Subsistence 5 1.8 Fieldwork situation 6 1.9 About the data 7 1.10 Theoretical orientation 8 Chapter 2: Typological overview 10 2.1 Phonetics and phonology 10 2.2 Word classes and morphological categories 12 2.3 Nominals 13 2.4 Directionals 14 2.5 Clause and predicate structure 14 2.6 Modification to the clause 15 2.7 Clause linking 15 2.8 Discourse organisation 16 2.9 Expansion of the lexicon 16 Chapter 3: Phonetics and phonology 17 3.1 Consonants 17 3.1.1 Prenasalised voiced stops: /mb/, /nd/, /ŋg/ 18 3.1.2 Voiceless stops: /p/, /t/, /k/ 19 3.1.3 Fricatives: /β/, /s/ 20 vii viii 3.1.4 Nasals: /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ 21 3.1.5 Approximants: /w/, /ɹ/, /j/, /ɰ/ 22 3.1.6 The lateral /l/ and trill /r/ 23 3.1.7 Minimal pairs 24 3.2 Vowels 24 3.3 Phonotactics 26 3.3.1 Syllable types 26 3.3.2 Consonant clusters in the onset 27 3.3.3 Intervocalic consonant clusters 28 3.3.4 Mali baby talk 28 3.4 Morphophonology 29 3.4.1 Phonological and morphophonological processes affecting consonants 29 3.4.2 Phonological processes affecting vowels 32 3.5 Stress 33 3.6 Phonology of clitics and compounding 34 3.6.1 Phonological words 34 3.6.2 Cliticisation and clitic groups 35 3.6.3 Grammatical words 37 3.7 Graphemes in the Mali orthography 38 3.8 The ‘Catholic’ orthography first used to write Mali 40 3.9 Information about the transcription process 40 Chapter 4: Basic syntactic categories and the tense marking system 41 4.1 Basic syntactic relations 41 4.1.1 Split-S marking 41 4.1.2 Marking core arguments 42 4.1.3 Concordial pronouns 44 4.1.4 Verbs of transfer and speech act verbs 46 4.1.5 Verbless clauses 48 4.2 Tense marking system 51 4.2.1 Tense marking on the verb 51 4.2.2 Coding tense through the verb and the concordial pronoun 53 Chapter 5: Word classes 58 5.1 Lexical word classes 58 5.1.1 Verbs 59 5.1.2 Nouns 61 5.1.3 Adjectives 63 5.1.4 Adverbs 66 5.1.5 Ideophones 67 5.2 Minor word classes 67 5.2.1 Prepositions 67 5.2.2 Directionals 68 ix 5.2.3 Pronouns heading an NP 69 5.2.4 Concordial, associative and possessive pronouns 72 5.2.5 Contrastive pronouns and the topic position 75 5.2.6 Demonstratives 76 5.2.7 Determiners 87 5.2.8 Markers of aspect and status 88 5.2.9 Clause combining morphology 91 5.2.10 Discourse markers 93 5.2.11 Interjections 94 Chapter 6: Derivation and valency changing 95 6.1 Acategoriality and conversion 95 6.1.1 Noun/verb pairs 96 6.1.2 Noun/adjective pairs 97 6.1.3 Verbal uses of adjectives 97 6.2 Reduplication 98 6.2.1 Reduplication and onomatopoeia 98 6.2.2 Reduplication to form nouns 98 6.2.3 Reduplication to form verbs 98 6.2.4 Reduplication of adjectives 98 6.3 Compounding 99 6.3.1 Verb + noun compounds that make nouns 99 6.3.2 Verb + noun compounds that make verbs 99 6.3.3 Verb + verb compounds that make verbs 99 6.4 Derivation of adverbs 100 6.5 Transitivity and valency changing 100 6.5.1 Transitivity and valency decrease using -mes 100 6.5.2 Transitivity decrease using -na 101 6.5.3 Reciprocals 102 6.5.4 Reflexives 103 6.5.5 Strategies for encoding causation 103 Chapter 7: Prepositions and associated constructions 105 7.1 Simple prepositions in Mali 105 7.1.1 daer ‘over’ 105 7.1.2 gēl ‘with’ 106 7.1.3 gēlēm ‘near’ 106 7.1.4 mēni ‘on’ 107 7.1.5 mēt ‘within’ 107 7.1.6 na ‘from, PREP’ 108 7.1.7 nani(a) ‘for’ 110 7.1.8 pa ‘LOC, BEN’ 110 7.1.9 pem ‘in’ 111 x 7.1.10 pēt ‘at’ 112 7.1.11 sa ‘to, with’ 113 7.1.12 sēng ‘at the bottom of’ 114 7.1.13 tēm ‘THEME, GOAL, PATH’ 115 7.2 Morphologically complex prepositions 117 7.2.1 Other initial position prepositions 118 7.2.2 The lexicalised complex preposition snania 119 7.2.3 Complex location phrases based on sēva and nēva 120 7.3 Structure and distribution of PPs 120 7.4 Prepositional verbs and nouns 120 7.4.1 Formulaicity and lexicalisation in prepositional verb constructions 121 7.4.2 Stative intransitive prepositional verbs 126 7.4.3 Active intransitive prepositional verbs 128 7.4.4 Transitive prepositional verbs 128 7.4.5 Prepositional nouns 131 7.5 Semantic contribution of prepositions to prepositional verbs and nouns 132 7.5.1 Semantic contribution
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