I,' \1 l UII IW .10, 1 ~~... I. 7 D.D. Palmer's Adjustive Technique for the Posterior Apical Prominence: "Hit the High Places."
GARY BOVINE, DC*
In the early years of the chiropractic profession, 0.0. Palmer's examination for the subluxation inYolved finding the prominent spinous process, and the treatment was to adjust it or to rack it with a forceful thrust of his hands. This article discusses Palmer's examination methods, his adjustive thrust technique, and early witnesses of these procedures. Also discussed arc Palmer's evolving views on the subluxation's compression and enlarging effects on the intervertebral foramina, what has been referred to as "Palmer's forgotten theories." An analysis and discourse regarding the ori gins of Palmer's spinal adjustment is undertaken.
Introduction system to others, only to later complain in An examination showed a vertebra racked his writings that in his fifteen years of from its normal position. I reasoned that if teaching chiropractic, few were capable of that vertebra was replaced, the man's hearing learning it as a science, and that he could should be restored .. .I racked it into position by using the spinous process as a lever and not remember one chiropractor who under soon the man could hear as before. '
•Pri\JLc pr,u.:llct ofch1roprac11c. 233 U1\·1s1on StrC'Ct. Welland. ON L3b 4Al CanatJa Dr. D.D. Palmer does claim to be the first person to adjust vertebrae by hand, using the 'XJS.735-.3098 \'OICC,:905. 735·215.l (lall.) ~-m,.11L ht)\ine~ ia\\.on.ca spinous and transverse processes as handles, Chiropractic History Volume 34, No.I 8 thereby simplifying the replacing of verte on the IVF and the compressing, impinging brae. so as to create a science which he effects on the involved nerves appeared in 2 named Chiropractic. (p io) June 1902,in the newspaper, The Daven These movements arc done by the hands, using the transverse and spinous processes as port Times.3 In his 1906 book, Palmer 2 57 handles for adjusting. Palmer's Forgotten Theories: The Enlarged lntervertebral Foramina (IVF) We can sec Palmer's theories of the subluxation, pressure at the IVF, and his Figure 1. Compressed J.V.F., from Palmer, D.D. & latter theory of flexion subluxation causing Palmer, B.J. (1906). The science ofchiropra ctic: its enlargement of the IVF evolve in his writ principles and adjustments. Davenport, IA: PSC ings. The earliest documentation by Palmer Printery. \.. IIIIUIJfcli..;U\_; nl:-.lUJ )' Volume 34, l\n.1 9 tissues of the IVF and nerves. Palmer also displacemems, when they remain in a used the term displacement when referring strained position, are disease producers because of creating and continuing nerve to the subluxation. He was emphatic in tension. Nerve stretching is caused by pointing out that the subluxation did not separating the articular processes, en larging cause a compression or closure of the IVF the foramina. stretching the fasciae and other as other chiropractors were advertising and tissue. The intervertebral foramina arc nol teaching, but that it caused an enlargement occluded, closed up, narrowed or made smaller. of the IVF of the subluxated vertebra. On Forward flexing is a bending of the spine one occasion only he describes the fl ex ion so that the concavity is increased, while the subluxation causing the enlargement of the fibres of the opposite si de arc stretched. The IVF with a corresponding impingement of interspace between the laminae of the cervi the IVF and nerve above the subluxatcd cal are widened, and th e inforior articular processes of the vertebrae above slide vertebra by the superior facets of sa me. upward upon the articular processes of the That which is known to a physician as a vertebrae below. Flcxion is lhe most exten sprain , to a Chiropractor is a partial disloca sive of all the movements of the vertebral tion. a suh-luxation of vertebrae. That which column. Take your spine in hand, bend it is recognized today as a sprain, because or an between two vertebrae (the only place it can ovcrlifl. or an unexpected jolt, a sudden be llcxcd )of the dorsal until the articular shock or jerk which strains the spine, even to surfaces are in contact half and half. and you slipping a vertebrae ever so little, closes just wi ll have created a disease producing so much of the foramina next above the displacement, a subluxation, a chiropractic 98 vertebrae strained from its normal position. dislocation _s( P- > The resu lt is an impingemenL of the nerve 1 7 As I have already said, this gliding move which was before free. •r- RliJ ment can only be increased in one direction This is the only time that Palmer in the vertebrae named, and such always describes the foramina and impingement of increases the size of the intervertebral foram ina. The two articular surfaces of the arti cular the nerve above the subluxation is being processes lie face to face in close contact. impinged upon. They are held in this position hy pliant, Keating, who coined the phrase inextensile, strong, tough ligaments and will "Palmer's forgotten theories of chiroprac not readily yield in any direction except that 5 991 tic," has reviewed the theory of the of the usual gliding movemcnt. closure of the foramina ....Reducing the angle to the spinous process of the seventh luxated intervertebral articulation; diminish cervical vertebra the head is engaged in the ing the displacement of the articular proc extension device, and by slow, even, painless esses, replacing the two articular surfaces. traction the seventh cervical is caused to returns the enlarged foramina to its normal resume its normal position.'' 1 size. removes tension and irritation. (p.l04> Langworthy, Smith and Paxson also The following is Langworthy's 1905 wrote of the flexion subluxation, the description of the enlarged foramen: enlarged [VF, and the resulting stretching Stomach trouble, bowel troubles, head and irritation of its contents in their Mod aches. neuralgias. heart troubles. blood 7 troubles, rheumatism, etc., all have as their ernized Chiropractic in 1906. These cause an enlarged or constricted condition of students were taught by Palmer in I 899- the openings or spinal windows. through 1902. Whether the students learned of this which the nerves pass that control the blood theory from Palmer, or whether they origi supply and the vital action of the cells of the nated the theory first is unknown. Contrary organs which arc suffering with diseasc.6 to some historical views, Langworthy was Langworthy includes an illustration of a not the first to originate the concept of the C7 flexion subluxation. The caption states importance of the IVF and subluxation. that C7 is partially displaced, producing Langworthy wrote of the IVF and its catarrh. The illustration shows C7 as effects in October of 1903. 27 Palmer wrote flexed, with the C7-Tl IVF as enlarged, of it in June 1902.3 However, in reading and the C6-C7 I.V.F. as constricted. the Modernized Chiropractic book, the (Figure 2) authors wrote extensively on the subject, One of the illustrations shows the method far more than Palmer did later. of adjusting a seventh cervical. This bone is too close to the sixth cervical and as a natural consequence too far away from the first Palmer 's Examination and Adjustive dorsal vertebra. By this displacement, nerves Technique: Early Witnesses which supply the mucous membrane of the When Palmer first discovered his new throat and nose are irritated by abnormal method of treatment, he kept it secret. The pressure, causing catarrh in these parts. In making the correction, the applicator of the rooms in which he worked were darkened anatomical adjuster is applied at the proper with heavy drapes on the windows so that observations of his palpations and adjust ments could not be discerned by anyone in the room. Patients were adjusted lying face down on the floor, and would often leave with sore and bloody noses. Palmer was eventually convinced by his son Bartlett Joshua that the two of them could not possibly adjust everyone who needed chiropractic and that it should be taught to others.24 Palmer's early writings (1897) do not mention the use of the spinous process in treatment. This would appear later. An early description by Palmer of using the f igure 2. Langworthy flex ion subluxation, from Langworthy, S.M. ( 1905). Is chiropractic a fad? spinous process as a handle appeared in a Startling truths about this new-old science. Na1in11al full page newspaper ad in the Davenport Magazine, 21(4), 1-5. Times in 1902. 11 Our business is to remove this pressure on his examination and adjustive technique with our hands. Look at the spinal column which corroborate Smith's recollections. and sec that each vertebrae is provided with a A displacement is known by the contour handle called the spinal process. The Chiro of its angularity; the spinous process wi ll practor uses this handle as readily as a musi appear to be slightly elevated lo the chiro cian docs the keys of a piano, and lets nature practor who will hold his hand crosswise of assert itself through its provided means. 3 th e body and run his lingers along the spinal One of the earliest witnesses of the column - not too fast or too slow. Don't do adjustive technique for the prominent as osteopaths, who run their fingers along on spinous was Palmer's student Oakley each side of the spinal column to determine what processes are bent to the left or right Smith, from the 1899 class. Years later, in these have been foolers to the osteopaths. and 1932, Smith wrote the following prologue chiropractors have dropped into the same rut in his book on naprapathy. Smith's descrip don't do anything as an osteopath does. The tion of working with Palmer is informative. sliding of the upper surface upward beyond lt describes how Palmer quickly manually its normal limit causes the spinous process to become more prominent, and a slightly examined, diagnosed and adjusted the greater space will be found between the posterior apical prominence. spinous process of th e two vertebrae whose 5 104 I was convinced of the fact that cures articular surfaces arc di splaccd. cases good results have followed its applica spinal adjustments from Dr. Palmer or any tion, the percentage of failure has been too other Chiropractor will see at a glance that great. These failures have been recorded not the description of this spinal adjustment because the principle is at fault but because which the Bohemians give is nothing more or of the operator's ignorance of the real charac less than a description of a Chiropractic ter of certain luxations, together with his lack adjustment. of mechrmical facilities with which to prop erly apply the principle. ote that we speak Smith describes an adjustment given by of the movement of the high places in the the Bohemian Frank Dvorsky: spine and the operator's ignorance. Many of He had his son lie face downward on the these "would be" Chiropractors spend weeks porch: he passed a towel around his son's and sometimes months trying to "level chest. and taking one end in each hand placed down" a high place in the spine when as a his hands directly over the spine. Imagine my matter of fact the high vertebra is not luxated surprise when I saw him give a !>hort. quick, but simply appears so because or peculiar downward movement on the back. That luxations above or below it. An operator who looked like Chiropractic. and T listened for has no knowledge of the ..complex" or the clicking of the bones which so o~en ·'combination luxations" hut ,,.,hose only idea accompanies a successful Chiropractic is to level do,, n high places is a dangerous adjustment. I le gave several adjustments person to ca ll upon in case of sickness for he along different portions of the spine and is just as liable to do hann as good. 10 nearly every time I heard the vertebrae click. f confess I was surprised. 11 Palmer appeared to refute Langwo11hy's statement, explaining that there was more Another witness to Palmer's technique to chiropractic than adjusting the prominent was Alva Gregory. Palmer and Gregory had spinous process. formed the Palmer Gregory Chiropractic The "hit the high places" method would School in Oklahoma in 1907. The partner be alright if all vertebral columns were alike. ship lasted only a fow months. When Greg in health. in the outline of the distal ends of ory wrote his book, Spinal Adjustment, he the spinous processes. But on the contrary. would comment on his teacher's adjustive we find no two of rhem alike: so that, to technique in critical terms. Gregory referred depend upon the configuration of the spinous to Palmer's method as the 'Old method' and processes. alone. is often misleading. It is well to know the locality of the special describing it as quite uncomfortable, ailment we are expected to relieve. Knowing unpleasant, crude; and while effective in the locality, we should he specific in some cases, there were other methods that determining, by palpation, the nerve were more effective and much less disagree impinged upon. the vertebra di splaced, and able and uncomfortable to the patient. For the direction it should be moved in order to this reason Gregory stated that they seldom rack it into its normal position and then act accordingly. Hp. ~o> used this old method since learning so many better ones. Those that taught Gregory Oakley Smith described Palmer's adjust different techniques included chiropractors/ ment again in 1905, when he questioned naprapaths Oakley Smith and Daisy Challiss the originality of Palmer's discovery: Faust, as well as other naprapaths and I have taken the spinal adjustment that Dr Bohemian practitioners. 12 Palmer gives. I have taken the adjustment as the Bohemians give it. In both cases I was Andrew Davis D.O. also was taught the lying on my front, the operator's hands were technique by Palmer in October 1898 and placed on my spine, a quick downward wrote of it in his book Neuropathy. In refer mo,ement was given and the bones clicked. ence to adjusting the atlas, Davis describes: ln both instances there was a replacement or .. . while the patient is lying down. on the the vertebrae. The idea or fundamental prin side of the head, face or front side or the ciple upon which the Bohemians worked was body turned towards th e bench. Now, then. identically the same as that upon which Dr. with the head turned from you, you place the Palmer worked. Anyone who has ever taken hand with the fist closed and the little finger 13 knuckle under the mastoid process, and with Palmer would examine the spinal region a sudden movement downward, right arm for tenderness and positional changes to stiffened, we usually get a click in the neck. This must be with sufficient force to give the determine where to adjust. He commented 1 131 cervical region a spring. 1r ) on the difficulty of accurately palpating the spinal level, stating that the counting of Palmer wrote that using this method vertebrae was uncertain, especially in would produce tenderness over the tissues fleshy persons, and that counting of verte of the atlas spinous process, so this was brae was unreliable and a waste of time. 1 modified, and the adjustment was done on (p.37) the posterior arch. Palmer stated that the Palmer wrote that points of tenderness fist-closed method was no longer used, nor on either side of the spine do not always had it been used by him for many ycars.1 (p. 131 ) accompany subluxations, adding that they will always be found where nerves are Augustus Dye also described the early subjected to an over amount of heat, but chiropractic technique. Dye stated: lacking where heat is below normal. I(p.sssi In those early days, the principles of chiropractic as they were conceived were Palmer found it better to give the regional very simple, consisting of merely locating the location for adjusting rather than the num 'humps', along the centre of th e patient's ber of the vertebra. Palmer stated that it back, over the spinous processes or the verte was easy to locate the displacement and the brae, and their forcible reduction by a shove, affected nerve by noting the contour of the a push, a stiff arm adjustment. o extended 5 61 or diversified system or instruction was spinous processes and nerve palpation. (r· l given. 13 In reference to adjusting, Pal mer wrote that the art of adjusting is difficult to learn Palmer's Additional Examination without the personal instruction of a com petent teacher, and under his instruction Methods ' some get the idea and the knack at once Palmer's 1910 book, The Chiropractors while a few never learn to make an adjust-' Adjuster, has been rightfully described as ment icp.9osi being poorly indexed and having lack of organization. 14 B.J. Palmer's book on his Anatomical Description of the father's writings also has no index. Prominent Spinous Because of this, other descriptions of Palmer's examination and technique are Palmer described the anatomical reason scattered throughout the books, and one has for the posterior prominence of the spinous. to patiently search out this information. He was not suggesting that the entire verte The following are further examples: bra had shifted or subluxated into a poste Palmer stated that the chiropractor rior position. Some of the early chiropractic literature used illustrations showino the should trace swollen, longitudinally I:> contracted nerves for the purpose of locat posterior subluxation as a retrolisthesis. ing their impingement and tension. By Palmer described the vertebra as flexed; the palpation he determines the one or more inferior articulations were gliding over the spinous processes which project posterior superior articulations of the vertebra be low, of the normal outline. The projection of the and the spinous was in tum moving supe displaced spinous process is in the direc rior and posterior due to its anatomical tion of the bend; in the cervical it is shape. The greater space between the anterior, in the dorsal posterior and ventral spinous processes also gave the impression in the lumbar. scr-111 l of the spinous being more prominent. Ch1roprnc1ic History Volume 34, 'lo. I 14 (Figure 3 ) The sliding of the upper surface upward beyond its normal limit causes th e spinous processes to become more prominent. and a slightly greater spal'C will be found between the spinous process of the two , crtebrac 11 whose articular surfaces arc displaccd. r IO.\l By palpation we determine the spinous process out of alignment because of the displacement of the articular processes. Dis placing the articular surfaces causes tlexion: the bend is shown by th e projection of the spmous. process a bove t hc Iuxat1on. . icr ·,oo, In costiveness adjust the twelfth dorsal. for by its displacement the distance between its inferior articulating proces ·cs and those of the first lumbar arc increased. thereby stretching the nerves which innervate the kidneys.scr. 761 Tl aving located the twelfih dorsal by the means spoken of and a certain rate of motion best adopted to detem1ine such inequalities in the contour of the spine as are caused by slight or partial displacements, NOT A CLOS! G TOG f.:TllER. OT AN OCCLU STO [emphasis in original). A displacement displaces vertebrae. spreads them apart. docs 51 181 not draw them together. P· Figure 3. Subluxation, from Chiroprauic The chiropractor should trace sensiti ve. Principles and Technique, 194 7, Jansc swollen, longitudinally contracted nerves for the purpose of locating their impingement and tension. By palpation he determines the one or more spinous processes which project to the chiropractor, as they had existed posterior of the normal outline. The projec since birth and had nothing in common 5 04 tion of the displaced spinous process is in the with di sease. " Figure 4. Palmer adjustment, from Palmer, D.D. ( 1910) Text-book ofth e science, art and philosophy rd'chiroprac tic. Portl and, OR: Portland Printing Press. only does Palmer use the word thrust to as to increase the impingement, ham1 is done.1(p.Jo21 give a description of the adjustment. He states that the procedure is quick. Palmer The force and direction of early adjust used Webster's Dictionary for some of his ments by Palmer appeared to be from definitions. The Webster's Dictiona,y posterior to anterior, but there are examples ( 1870) definition of the word rack is "to of Palmer adding some variation to the stretch or strain; to extend by violence of direction of thrust: force; hence, to submit to violent treatment; lfthe adjuster will try throwing a vertebra to wrest. Wrest-to tum, to twist, especially, toward the shoulder indicated with a quick energetic move, then will find it efficacious to twist or extort by violence." and almost painless. Especially will it be The Chiropractic adjustment for typhoid considered so by those who have tried the consists of one move, one displaced vertebra "'rebound" or "recoil" movement. I presume to be replaced. and that is adjusted by one that you have your spine in hand. if so. thrust. l (p. 144 ) displace a middle dorsal laterally to the left. The Osteopath manipulates; the Chiro Stand on the left side and throw toward the practor does not. The former uses many right shoulder. It will be found easier to get movements with the hands, which amounts to the precise movement needed by throwing manipulation. the latter does his work by one the vertebra from. instcm.l of drawing it movement, does not manipulate. I here refer toward yourself. 1cr 69 1 (figure 4) to a Chiropractor who is specific, one who adjusts one vertebra with a special purpose. 1 Palmer stated that Dr. Jim Atkinson (p.1 44) taught him the principles of chiropractic. One simple movement, known as He does not state that Atkinson taught him adjusting, at the particular spot designated, adjustive techniques. Dr. Atkinson had fre replacing a displaced vertebra, often produces an entire change from a diseased quently informed Palmer that the replacing 1 260 condition to that of health. years. No historical information has yet hands thrust technique of Palmer. The clos been found on Atkinson. 15 Palmer also est manual techniques that resembled the would have been influenced by Osteopathy thrust were used by the masseuses or bone and their concept of the spinal lesion. He setters working in the Turkish and Algerian also practiced magnetic therapy, which baths and elsewhere: involved the laying on of the hands and the Shampooing is variously performed in use of massage. different countries. The most usual manner is simply pressing the hands and lingers upon the body and limbs. particularly near the Origins of Palmer's Spinal Adjustment extremities, so as to compress, but not to Lewit has stated that manipulation is pinch them. This is the general manner probably as old as mankind. In every coun practiced by the servants of the Asiatics, but try, there were lay healers who had the gift the barbers and the guides at the baths make also the joint,; and even the vertebrae of the to manipulate, as this was part of folk back crack by a sudden jerk, which to people medicine from time immemorial, the unaccustomed to it in their youth, is a rather Czechs being no exception (Lcwit, K. painful sensation. The Chinese and Malay 2008. Personal communication with the barbers particularly excel in this art. which author). Cyriax also offers the same infor however is very well known, and generally mation.16 practiced all over Asia, where it is thought a necessary substitute for t!xercise during the Palmer is to be given credit for being the hot weather. 19 first to utilize the thrust technique, naming The concluding performance of this part of it the adjustment, and incorporating it into the ceremony was perhaps the most disagree a therapeutic system of treatment which he able; but only momentarily so. The man ordered me round on my face, and then named chiropractic. The evidence indicates seemed to hurl himself down upon my spine that he used this method before the osteo in order lo crack it. and when this was done paths, and they in tum added it into their he knelt upon my shoulders pushing fo rcibly system of techniques. Palmer did give with hi s arms upon my loins-but as soon as credit to learning from the osteopaths, but he had got up again. all unpleasant sensations passed away.20 there is no evidence that osteopathic thrust techniques were used before Palmer's Other early writers, for example, Hippo 22 time. 17 As far as influences from bonesct cratcs21 and Edward Harrison , describe a ting, Palmer denied the accusations that he similar technique of manual contact on the stole or was influenced by Napravit, or spine of a prone patient, but there is no Bohemian boncsetting. However, the evidence of a quick thrust technique; Bohemian " thrust," which was described rather, the techniques were more of a pres by Langworthy, Smith, Paxson, Gregory, sure technique to the prominent vertebrae and also Faust, is a similar thrust technique involved. For example, one witness to Dr. as what Palmer uscd. 18 Also, Palmer, other Harrison's techniques describes prolonged, than quoting from a medical article on the steady pressure on the spine, often for up Sweet bonesctters, gives no mention to the to one hour, in attempting to realign and 23 many books and articles on boncsctting restore a spinal curvature or disorder. that were available during this time. Bone It is very possible that Palmer, as did the setting articles and books before Palmer's Bohemians, Turks, and other boncsetters time describe forcible manipulative tech and healers from various cultures, gradu niques on the extremities, and forcible ally evolved the method of thrust adjusting manipulative techniques to the spine, but independent of direct influences from any with very little resemblance to the crossed one. Prior to first using adjustive tech- "\HUIII"-' ..., -,. , l~V,l 17 niques, as a magnetic practitioner Palmer and would have read and known of the would use the laying on of hands to treat various methods that were being added to patients. One of the books Palmer had on the growing list of manipulative moves; he magnetic treatment described the massag was familiar with the osteopathic tech ing the neck and shoulders for treatment, niques, and yet he continued with his one and it is possible that massaging and adjustive movement, specifically the pressure on the patient evolved into adjust spinous process contact. The answer is that ing.24 Burtch had actually stated this theory to Palmer his method appeared superior to when he was discussing the possible all of the previous and new movements that method of how the Bohemians evolved the had developed. We read that he scoffed at thrust technique from earlier techniques of B.J. Palmer's recoil movement, Alma massage and rubbing: Arnold's painless adjusting, Oakley An Accidental Origin - Mr. Dvorsky says Smith's heavy adjusting procedures, and he that this idea of adjustment was conceived in stated he was pleased that the osteopaths the way most ideas are- by deviating little by were learning to use the chiropractic little from well known lines of thought. In rubbing the spine with the hands to relieve methods. lameness in the back, strong pressure B.J. Palmer also discarded other manipu produced a clicking sound which was accom lative methods, preferring the recoil adjust panied by a sense of relief. This co-incident ment which he had developed. Like his sound in the spine and cessation of pain was father, he stressed that the other techniques remarked upon and accounted for in their minds by deciding that a vertebra had been that were being utilized, such as the long displaced and was pressing on the spinal cord leverage techniques of the osteopaths and until the pressure of the hands reduced the Bohemian boncscttcrs were simple and bone to its nom1al position. Acting on this inferior. B.J. Palmer wrote the book, An hypothesis they devised a way or moving Exposition of Old Moves, 1911-1916, displaced vertebrae in the dorsal and lumbar regions.· 25 which was a collection of 179 photos of a wide range of manipulations, including Unfortunately Burtch did not hypothe long leverage techniques, and back tread size that this same possibility could have ing. B.J. referred to them as old moves and occurred with Palmer's discovery. The compared them to going into a museum to thrust could also have evolved from simple see the relics of bygone days, viewing them reasoning, as Palmer described when he as simple and childlike because he had stated that he had examined Lillard: outgrown them.26 His implication was that An examination showed a vertebra racked from its nonnal position. 1 reasoned that if these were archaic techniques, and were that vertebra was replaced, the man's hearing not as effective as the Palmer adjustment should be restored. With this object in view. and recoil being used. The Palmers had a half-hour's talk persuaded Mr. Lillard to their views that they had the better and allow me to replace it. T racked it into posi more specific method of treatment with the tion by using the spinous process as a lever and soon the man could hear as before. There thrust adjustment, and that the long lever was nothing 'accidental' about it, as it was age techniques and other methods were accomplished with an object in view. and the archaic and non specific. The dissenters, 1 expected was ohtained. (p.lHJ Langworthy, Smith, and Gregory, had the The question arises, why didn't Palmer opposing views that the Palmer method add to and further develop his manipulative was crude, painful, and not very effective, technique? He quoted the books Modern and their own thrust techniques, long lever ized Chiropractic, and Spinal Acfjustment age techniques, and other techniques 18 borrowed from the osteopaths and the IO Langworthy, S. M. (1904). Chiropractic Bohemian bonescttcrs were better methods, facts. Cedar Rapids, IA: Laurance Press. both in their application and in their results. Both views however, were important m 11 Smith, O.G. ( 1905). Chiropractic advancing the knowledge and scope of history. Backbone Journal of Chiropractic, chiropractic manipulative techniques. 2( 5-9), 70-71 . 12 Gregory, A. (] 912). Spinal treatment. Oklahoma City, OK: Palmer-Gregory Notes College. 1 Palmer, D.D. (1910) Text-book of the 13 Dye, A. A. ( 1939). The evolution of chi science, art and philosophy ofchiroprac tic. ropractic: its discove,y and development. Portland, OR: Pmiland Printing Press. Philadelphia, PA: A. Aug. Dye. 2 Palmer, D.D. & Palmer, B.J. ( 1906). The 14 Donahue, J. ( 1990). The man, the book, science of chiropractic: its principles and the lessons: The Chiropractor's Adjuster, adjustments. Davenport, IA: PSC Printery. 1910. Chiropractic History, 10 (2), 35-41. 3 Is chiropractic an experiment? (1902, 15 Bovine, G. (2013). John Atkinson (1854- June 14). Davenport (Iowa) Times, n.p. 1905): lhe English Bonescttcr of Park Lane: His visit to America, bonesetting techniques, 4 Keating, J.C. (1992).The evolution of and the Atkinson connection to chiropractic. Palmer's metaphors and hypotheses. Phi Chiropractic History. 33( I) 52-64. losophical Constructs for the Chiropractic 16 Schiotz, E.H. & Cyriax, J. ( 1975). Profession, 2( I), 9-19. Manipulation past and present. London: Heineman Medical Books. 5 Palmer, B.J. (192 1). The chiropractor's adjuster. A compilation of the writings of 17 Brantingham, J. & Snyder, R. (1997). D.D. Palmer. Davenport, IA: Palmer Did osteopathy "borrow" the chiropractic School of Chiropractic. short lever adjustment (the core of all modem manipulative techniques) without 6 Langworthy, S.M. ( 1905). ls chiropractic giving Palmer credit? Chiropractic History, a fad? Startling truths about this new-old 17( 1),41-50. science. National Magazine, 21(4), 1-5. 18 Bovine, G. {2011 ). The Bohemian thrust. 7 Smith, O.G., Langworthy, S.M., & Pax Frank Dvorsky, the Bohemian "napravit" son, M.C. ( 1905). Modernized chiroprac bonesetter. Chiropractic History, 31 (1 ), 39- tic. Cedar Rapids, IA: Lawrence Press. 46. 8 Smith, O.G. ( 1932). Naprapathic geneL 19 Capper, J. (1783). Observations on the passage to lndia through Egypt. London: ics. Self-pub I ished, 1-16 Faden. 9 Wardwell,W. ( 1992). Chiropractic: 20 [Campbell, T.]. (1875, February 3). Let history and evolution of a new profession. ters from Algiers The Marlburian, TO( 157), St Louis, MO: Mosby Year Book. 4. \.. nnopracrn.;: r11Mury Volume 34, o. I 19 21 Adams, F. (1849). The genuine works of chiropractic. Davenport IA: Bawden Bros. Hippocrates. London: Syndenham Society. Inc. 22 Harrison, E. ( 1827). Pathological and 25 Burtch, C.W. (1903). How old is chi ro practical observations on spinal disease. practic? Backbone Journal of Chiropractic, London: Thomas and George Underwood. 7(2), 43-45. 23 Tu son, E.W. ( 1841) . The cause and 26 Palmer, B.J. ( 1916). An exposition of treatment of curvature of the spine and old moves illustrated. Davenport, TA: disease of the vertebral column. London: Palmer School of Chiropractic. Churchill. 27 Langworth y, S.M. (1903). Why and 24 Gielow, V. (1981 ). Old Dad Chiro: a how. Backbone. 1(1), 1-3. biography of D.D. Palmer, founder of ·------· MISSION STATEMENTS A SSOCIATION FOR THR H ISTORY OF CHIROPRACTIC To gather, preserve, and disseminate the credible history of.the chiropractic profession. C HIROPRACTIC HISTORY: T HE A RCHIVES AND J OURNAL OF THE A ssocIATION FOR THE HISTORY OF CHIROPRACTIC To publish factual, scholarly papers pertaining to the history ofchiropracti c. On the web, go to www.historyofchiropractic.org ·------~