Researcher Endnotes
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Introduction: A Terrible Affliction roughly $100 billion a year Jeffrey N. Katz, “Lumbar Disc Disorders and Low-Back Pain: Socioeconomic Factors and Consequences,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 88, supp. 2 (2006): 21–24, http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.E.01273. “In an effort to resolve my back problems” Andrea Gardner, in correspondence with the author, June 12, 2016. “optimism bias” “The Back Page,” The Back Letter 29, no. 12 (2014): 144, doi: 10.1097/01.BACK.0000459121.79124.4f. especially when in the presence of a health care provider “The Back Page,” The Back Letter 29, no. 8 (2014): 96, doi:10.1097/01.BACK.0000453382.81786.22; and Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011): 263. “There’s this very mechanical view of the human body” Richard A. Deyo, MD, MPH, in discussion with the author, June 15, 2010. Chapter One: Back Pain Nation 31.4 million people each year “Overconfidence Continues to Plague Spine Care—Are There Any Innovative Ways of Countering This Risky Bias?” The Back Letter 31, no. 4 (2016): 37–43, doi:10.1097/01.BACK.0000482344.95364.61. Revision date: February 22, 2017 Page !1 he noted in British Medical Journal Peter R. Croft et al., “Outcome of Low Back Pain in General Practice: A Prospective Study,” BMJ 316 (1998): 1356, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ bmj.316.7141.1356. In a paper published in the Archives of Internal Medicine in 2006 Janet K. Freburger et al., “The Rising Prevalence of Chronic Low Back Pain,” Archives of Internal Medicine 169, no. 3 (2009): 251–258, doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.543. In 1992, roughly 4 percent Timothy S. Carey et al. “Care-Seeking Among Individuals With Chronic Low Back Pain,” Spine 20, no. 3 (1995): 312–317, http://journals.lww.com/ spinejournal/Abstract/1995/02000/ Care_Seeking_Among_Individuals_With_Chronic_Low.9.aspx. “regular folks who happened to answer the phone” Tim Carey, MD, in discussion with the author, June 17, 2009. Historically, primary care doctors have prescribed Sabrina Tavernise , “C.D.C. Painkiller Guidelines Aim to Reduce Addiction Risk,” The New York Times, March 15, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/16/health/cdc-opioid-guidelines.html. 50 percent chance of having a second MRI Freburger et al., “The Rising Prevalence of Chronic Low Back Pain.” “The system was designed” Nortin Hadler, Stabbed in the Back: Confronting Back Pain in an Overtreated Society (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009). Damocles’ sword Nortin M. Hadler, Raymond C. Tait, and John T Chibnall, “Back Pain in the Workplace,” JAMA 297, no. 14 (2007): 1594, doi:10.1001/jama.297.14.1594. Revision date: February 22, 2017 Page !2 legislators liberalized disability laws in 1984 Freburger et al., “The Rising Prevalence of Chronic Low Back Pain.” the number who claimed “musculoskeletal disease” David H. Autor and Mark G. Duggan, “The Growth in the Social Security Disability Rolls: A Fiscal Crisis Unfolding,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, no. 3 (2006): 71–96, http://www.nber.org/papers/ w12436. spends $143 billion on medical care Social Security and Medicare Boards of Trustees, “A Summary of the 2016 Annual Social Security and Medicare Trust Fund Reports,” Table 2, Social Security Administration, accessed July 14, 2016, https://www.ssa.gov/ oact/trsum/. about a third of which can be attributed Social Security Administration, Annual Statistical Report on the Social Security Disability Insurance Program, 2014, SSA Publication No. 13-11826 (Washington, DC: 2015): 6, https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ statcomps/di_asr/2014/di_asr14.pdf. Per capita, the United Kingdom spends Daniel Martin, “Britain Leads the World in Handing Out Disability Cash,” Daily Mail, December 26, 2012, http:// www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2253509/Benefits-Britain-UK-leads-world-doling- disability-cash-spending-twice-U-S-times-Japan.html#ixzz4DkhFIT2v. The idea that you should be compensated Gregory P. Guyton, “A Brief History of Workers’ Compensation,” The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal 19 (1999): 106–110, http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1888620/pdf/IowaOrthopJ-19-106.pdf. In 1871, in a wily political move Ibid. Revision date: February 22, 2017 Page !3 The idea caught on Ibid. Everything changed in 1934 Hadler, Stabbed in the Back, 105. “diskal rupture” William Jason Mixter and Joseph S. Barr, “Rupture of the Intervertebral Disc with Involvement of the Spinal Canal,” New England Journal of Medicine 211 (1934): 210–215, doi:10.1056/NEJM193408022110506. almost nine hours a day in a seated position “Your Office Chair Is Killing You,” BloombergBusinessweek Magazine, April 29, 2010, http://www.businessweek.com/ magazine/content/10_19/b4177071221162.htm. “are engineered, physically and socially, to be sitting-centric” Brigid M. Lynch and Neville Owen, “Too Much Sitting and Chronic Disease Risk: Steps to Move the Science Forward,” Annals of Internal Medicine 162, no. 2 (2015): 146–147, doi:10.7326/ M14-2552. When circulation is inadequate Christoph Handschin and Bruce M. Spiegelman, “The Role of Exercise and PGC1" in Inflammation and Chronic Disease,” Nature 454, no. 7203 (2008): 463–469, doi:10.1038/nature07206. roughly a quarter of the population reported United Health Foundation, America’s Health Rankings (Minnetonka, MN: United Health Foundation, 2014), http:// cdnfiles.americashealthrankings.org/SiteFiles/AnnualDownloads/ Americas%20Health%20Rankings%202014%20Edition.pdf. The World Health Organization reports “Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health Problem,” World Health Organization, accessed July 14, 2016, http://www.who.int/ dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/. Revision date: February 22, 2017 Page !4 Researchers have found an independent relationship Aviroop Biswas et al., “Sedentary Time and Its Association With Risk for Disease Incidence, Mortality, and Hospitalization in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Annals of Internal Medicine 162, no. 2 (2015): 123–132, doi:10.7326/M14-1651. The World Health Organization says World Health Organization, Global Health Risks (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009), Part 2, 10. Recent studies also show that long sitting Biswas et al., “Sedentary Time and Its Association With Risk for Disease Incidence, Mortality, and Hospitalization in Adults.” Sitting around for most of the day I-Min Lee et al., “Effect of Physical Inactivity on Major Non-communicable Diseases Worldwide: An Analysis of Burden of Disease and Life Expectancy,” The Lancet 380 (2012): 219–229, doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(12)61031-9. “Sitting too much is not the same as exercising too little” “Your Office Chair Is Killing You,” Bloomberg Businessweek. Obesity is associated with Rahman Shiri et al., “The Association Between Obesity and Low Back Pain: A Meta-Analysis,” American Journal of Epidemiology 171, no. 2 (2010): 135–154, doi:10.1093/aje/kwp356. Bone mass loss is Meghan McGee-Lawrence et al., “Suppressed Bone Remodeling in Black Bears Conserves Energy and Bone Mass during Hibernation,” The Journal of Experimental Biology 218 (2015): 2067–2074, doi:10.1242/jeb.120725; and “Use It or Lose It? Some Spines Are Immune to the Ill Effects of Extended Rest and Inactivity,” The Back Letter 31, no. 2 (2016): 18, doi:10.1097/01.BACK.0000480367.47859.61. Revision date: February 22, 2017 Page !5 When the British Medical Journal published a study Peter T. Katzmarzyk and I-Min Lee, “Sedentary Behavior and Life Expectancy in the USA: A Cause-deleted Life Table Analysis,” BMJ Open 2, no. 4 (2012), doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000828. Chapter Two: A Tale of Two Tables More than thirty-five million Americans William B. Weeks et al., “Public Perceptions of Doctors of Chiropractic: Results of a National Survey and Examination of Variation According to Respondents’ Likelihood to Use Chiropractic, Experience With Chiropractic, and Chiropractic Supply in Local Health Care Markets,” Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics 38, no. 8 (2015): 533–544, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2015.08.001; and “The Back Page,” The Back Letter 30, no. 11 (2015): 132, doi:10.1097/01.BACK.0000473210.94357.80. roughly $7 billion Matthew A. Davis et al., “US Spending on Complementary and Alternative Medicine During 2002–08 Plateaued, Suggesting Role in Reformed Health System,” Health Affairs 32, no. 1 (2013): 45–52, doi:10.1377/hlthaff. 2011.0321. About nine million see PTs Steven R. Machlin et al., “Determinants of Utilization and Expenditures for Episodes of Ambulatory Physical Therapy Among Adults,” Physical Therapy 91, no. 7 (2011): 1018–1029, doi:10.2522/ ptj.20100343. spending $13.5 billion Ibid. Revision date: February 22, 2017 Page !6 The Cochrane Collaboration makes it very clear Sidney M Rubinstein et al., “Spinal Manipulative Therapy for Acute Low-back Pain,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9 (2012), doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008880.pub2; Sidney M Rubinstein et al., “Spinal Manipulative Therapy for Chronic Low-back Pain,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2 (2011), doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008112.pub2; Bruce F. Walker et al., “Combined Chiropractic Interventions for Low-back Pain,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4 (2010), doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005427.pub2; and Anita Gross et al., “Manipulation or Mobilisation for Neck Pain,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1 (2010), doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004249.pub3. they were unidentifiable on X-rays David Chapman-Smith, The Chiropractic Profession: Its Education, Practice, Research, and Future Directions (Des Moines, Iowa: NCMIC Group, 2000). a group of experienced chiropractors could not muster consensus Simon Singh and Edzard Ernst, Trick or Treatment: The Undeniable Facts about Alternative Medicine (New York: W.W. Norton, 2008), 171. World Health Organization’s list of contraindications World Health Organization, WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Chiropractic (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2005), 21, http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/Chiro- Guidelines.pdf. In Trick or Treatment Singh and Ernst, Trick or Treatment, 171.