Professional Papers

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Professional Papers Professional Papers Chiropractic of Today Editor's note: The following statement was pre­ All systematic endeavors to restore and main­ pared in 1966 by five distinguished educators in tain health constitute the healing arts. Their main the chiropractic profession with the intent of con­ branches in this country are medicine, osteopathy, cisely setting forth the basic tenets of chiropractic and chiropractic. as a healing art, a clinical science, a concept of therapeutics, an educational discipline, and an A few decades ago the terms "healing art" and organized profession as they view it. Certainly this "medicine" were synonymous. With the advent of paper merits careful study by every member of the the age of chemistry and the importance given to profession. The authors welcome any comments the germ theory, a large segment of the healing regarding the contents of this statement. Corres­ profession concentrated more and more upon pondence should be addressed directly to one or chemotherapy, forgetting the heritage of manipula­ more of the authors. tion dating from the time of Hippocrates, and los­ ing sight of the structural concept in health and By: HELMUT BITTNER, D. C. disease, thus separating itself into what today is 118 Eastwood Circle called "medicine". As a result it remained for Spartanburg South Carolina 39302 early osteopathy and, subsequently, chiropractic, with its unique methods of structural analysis and WILLIAM D. HARPER, D. c. adjusting, to revive the lost art and place it on a Texas Chiropractic College 5912 Spencer Highway scientific basis. Pasadena, Texas 77505 Chiropractic, in contrast with medicine and the A. EARL HOMEWOOD, D. C. osteopathy of today, does not employ drugs or sur­ Los Angeles Chiropractic College gery. In its approach it endeavors to establish and 920 E. Broadway Glendale, California 91205 maintain optimal physiological activity by correct­ ing abnormal structural relationships. Its goal is JosEPH JANSE, D. C. to organize the body in such a manner as to enable National College of Chiropractic it to utilize its own biological resources for a return 200 East Roosevelt Road Lombard, Illinois 60148 to normal function. Its focal point of concern is with the integrity of the nervous system, because C. w. WEIANT, D. c. the nervous system integrates and coordinates all 809 Terrace Place Peekskill, New York 10566 function in the body in response to internal and external environmental change. Any mechanical, THE ACA JOURNAL OF CHIROPRACTIC, NOVEMBER 1973 Vol. VII, s-Bl chemical, and/or psychological irritation of the early, strictly empirical phases. One recalls, for neurological component is capable of producing example, the futile efforts in the medical profession dysfunction and thus initiating disease in the sus­ during the early days of bacteriology to discover a ceptible individual. bacterial cause for almost all disease. The vast Traditionally, chiropractic is associated with the catalogue of discarded drugs is another example of detection and correction of disrelated segments of the unavoidable resort to empiricism. Currently, the skeletal system, especially those of the spinal one may point to the propensity among the general column and pelvis. The successful application of practitioners of medicine to prescribe antibiotics such procedure by Daniel David Palmer constitut­ routinely and indiscriminately and to employ the ed the discovery of chiropractic. As the profession corticosteroids without fully understanding the evolved, it became increasingly evident that dis­ nature of their action and their iatrogenic threat. related structures, particularly subluxated verte­ It is, therefore, understandable that in the early brae, are a prime source of disturbance to the period of chiropractic, overly enthusiastic claims neurological bed and constitute a threat to health were made and naive, far-flung hypotheses were not to be ignored. Further study and clinical ex­ propounded which in the light of new facts have perience demonstrates that the spinal factor itself had to be modified or discarded. Another typical has its origin in the complexities of gravitational occurrence in those days was the predilection for and occupational strain, structural asymmetries, loosely applied terminology and poorly understood and reflex action initiated by noxious stimuli in expressions. Many misconceptions stem from the both the internal and the external environment. emphasis given to one meaning of a word, to the The practitioner of chiropractic advises and pre­ neglect of others more often used and generally scribes relative to such habits and environmental accepted. Perhaps the most conspicuous examples factors as may tend to generate these adverse were the confounding of "philosophy" with prin­ influences. ciple, and "principle" with theory, and the coining The chiropractor is concerned with the integrity of new words for conventional meaning. At this of the entire body, the spinal column remaining his point it should be emphasized that to achieve primary interest. His armamentarium may include maximum clarity in defining the position of chiro­ measures other than manual adjustment, provided practic today, we shall avoid in the following dis­ that these are drugless and nonsurgical in char­ cussions the pitfalls to which we have called atten­ acter. tion, by committing ourselves to the usage of the term theory to apply to the explanation of chiro­ Retrospect practic. In view of the fact that the profession of chiro­ Moreover, in our formulation of theory, we shall practic is now seventy years old; has benefited mil­ be governed by the requirements of science. We lions of ailing people throughout the world; and are fnlly aware that in all human attempts to re­ ranks second numerically in the healing arts, it is store and maintain health there are intangible appropriate that its development be reviewed and factors which defy scientific investigation and ex­ critically evaluated. planation, but until this obstacle has been over­ Its inception dates from the initial experiment come (and it may well be that it will never be in 1895 of Daniel David Palmer of Davenport, overcome), we must leave these matters to philoso­ Iowa, who ingeniously saw a relationship between phy. vertebral subluxation and ensuing pathology. His However, chiropractic is also a true science in subsequent provocative announcements attracted its own right in that it utilizes in the most meticu­ widespread attention. Among the many who lous way the scientific achievements provided by sought instruction in this new therapeutic approach all relevant sciences to explain the phenomena of were numerous medical and osteopathic practi­ health and disease. It also uses a scientific method­ tioners. ology to pursue further investigation in this field. It was ouly natural, as is the case in all new pro­ Chiropractic As Science fessional efforts, that the pioneers of chiropractic had to seek their way by trial and error. Lacking The question may now be asked, what is science the guideposts of precedent and an adequate body and when is an effort scientific? Traditionally, of scientific data, they had to forge new procedures science has been regarded as classified or system­ and grope for satisfying interpretations of the as­ atized knowledge. The intent of science is the yet-unexplained phenomenon of their clinical suc­ acquisition of truth. Science would question both cess. Consequently, there was the tendency both to theory and dogma when left empirical. It deals I. oversimplify the rationale and to miss the fnll bio­ with facts and propositions verifiable by standard­ logical implications of the measures employed. ized objective evidence. These trends have their parallels in the history of In a broader sense, however, science is more than the other schools of healing, especially during their classified knowledge. It is an attitude of objective Vol. VII, 8-82 THE ACA JOURNAL OF CHIROPRACTIC, NOVEMBER 1973 inquiry, a method of investigation, and a process of to discover the unique manipulative measure most reasoning which guides the inquiry and controls efficient or best adapted to certain conditions and the interpretation. It organizes isolated facts into types of patients. Special experinlents have check­ meaningful relation with each other and arrives at ed the immediate effect of the adjustment upon a synthesis within the largest possible frame of heart rate, blood count, blood pressure, and other reference. This indeed is the supreme goal of physiological phenomena. Other experiments have science. Nothing better illustrates this process measured the extent to which a correction at one than the various factors out of which has develop. spinal level alters the status at another level; ed the science of chiropractic. 3. Statistics: A far-reaching program of statis­ First of all, it is a body of classified knowledge. tical research is in progress under the auspices of The essentials of the basic sciences from the nu­ the Department of Research and Statistics of the cleus of chiropractic education. From these, the American Chiropractic Association, to evaluate the basic sciences, come the data which support the results of chiropractic therapy in specific types of theory of chiropractic and shape the practice. Such cases. knowledge is supplemented by additional knowl­ Finally, chiropractic is stringently bound by the edge garnered from chiropractic centers in various rules of logic. It reasons by induction and deduc­ parts of the world. tion, applies
Recommended publications
  • Chiropractic in Lancaster County by J
    Chiropractic in Lancaster County By J. Calvin Wenger, D. C. The Chiropractic profession was birthed nationwide in Davenport, Iowa in September 1895. It all started when a magnetic healer, Daniel David Palmer, noticed an unusual derangement in the cervical-thoracic spine of a deaf janitor by the name of Harvey Lillard. He performed a manipulation in this area and Mr. Lillard’s hearing was restored. Thus began a process of patient care that eventually evolved into what today is known as the chiropractic profession. A friend of Daniel Palmer, Rev. Samuel Weed, was fluent in Greek and suggested the procedure be called chiropractic, a practice performed by the use of hands. During the next decade the first chiropractic school was established which is still operating and known now as the Palmer University of Chiropractic. Dr. David Palmer's son, Dr. B. J. Palmer, was an unusual and charismatic leader who succeeded his father and became known as the developer of chiropractic. His son Dr. David Pamler became a 3rd generation leader in the profession and married a Lancaster County native, Dr. Agnes High Palmer. In recent years, two other Palmer higher educational institutions have been established in San Jose, California and Port Orange, Florida. Incidentally and interestingly, the other major manipulative health profession, osteopathy, was also discovered in the Mid-West in the latter 1800's in Swiftwater, Missouri by a practitioner by the name of Andrew Still. The major premise of the chiropractic profession is that dysfunctional spinal articulations and pelvic structures will initiate disturbances with the function of the nervous system in a particular spinal area which in tandem negatively influences the normal functions of the body in that particular area.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Chiropractic
    THE EVOLUTION OF CHIROPRACTIC ITS DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT BY A. AUG. DYE, D.C. (P.S.C., 1912) COPYRIGHTED 1939 Published by A. AUG. DYE, D.C. 1421 ARCH STREET PHILADELPHIA, PENNA. Printed in U. S. A. C O N T E N T S Chapter Title Page 1 Introduction—Discoverer of Chiropractic............................ 9 2 The Discovery of Chiropractic............................................. 31 3 “With Malice Aforethought” ............................................... 47 4 Early Development; Early School........................................ 61 5 Early Controversies; The Universal Chiropractors’ Asso- ciation; Morris and Hartwell; The Chiropractic Health Bureau; Lay Organization ................................................ 81 6 Medicine vs. Chiropractic.................................................... 103 7 The Straight vs. the Mixer ................................................... 113 8 The Straight vs. the Mixer ................................................... 127 9 The Straight vs. the Mixer; the Final Outcome .................... 145 10 The Chiropractic Adjustment; Its Development ................... 157 11 Chiropractic Office Equipment; Its Development ................ 175 12 The Spinograph; Its Development........................................ 189 13 Chiropractic Spinal Analyses; Nerve, Tracing; Retracing; the Neurocalometer .......................................................... 203 14 The Educational Development of Chiropractic; Basic Science Acts....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • ISM White Paper on Chiropractic
    Institute for Science in Medicine WHITE PAPER CHIROPRACTIC PREPARED BY JANN J. BELLAMY, JD EDITED BY STEPHEN BARRETT, MD AUGUST 2012 Institute for Science in Medicine (ISM) is an international, educational and public-policy or- ganization comprised of health care professionals, scientists, and researchers who agree that the best science available should be used to determine health policy and to establish a standard of care that both protects and promotes the public health. We necessarily oppose policies which erode a science-based standard of care and thereby significantly expose the public to fraudulent, worthless, or harmful medical practices and products. AFFILIATIONS Jann J. Bellamy is presently a Fellow, Director, and Secretary of the Institute for Science in Medicine. She is an attorney, and also a columnist for Health News Florida. She founded and heads a non-profit, Campaign for Science-Based Health- care, and is a contributor to Science-Based Medicine. Stephen Barrett is presently a Fellow, Director, and Vice President of the Institute for Science in Medicine. He is a retired psychiatrist who operates the Quackwatch website. Copyright 2012 by Institute for Science in Medicine, Inc. Permission to reproduce in its entirety is hereby granted, provided that it is not altered, not distributed for commercial purposes, and this notice is includ- ed. All other rights are reserved. WP-2 Chiropractic is a licensed health care profession in the United States. Its core principle is that misalignments (“subluxations”) of the spinal bones (vertebrae) cause ill health and disease and that detecting and correcting them can relieve symptoms and improve overall health.
    [Show full text]
  • New York Chiropractic College
    2020 NEW YORK CHIROPRACTIC COLLEGE Finger Lakes School of Acupuncture & Oriental Medicine School of Health Sciences and Education Saturday, August 1, 2020 New York Chiropractic College 2360 State Route 89 Seneca Falls, New York 13148 COMMENCEMENT ORDER OF EXERCISES Prelude “Pomp and Circumstance” Elgar Opening of the Exercise Hunter A. Mollin, D.C., Grand Marshal Associate Professor, Chiropractic Clinical Sciences Welcome Michael A. Mestan, D.C., Ed.D. President Recognition of Awards and Academic Excellence Michael A. Mestan, D.C., Ed.D. Presentation of Candidates Anne E. Killen, D.M. Executive Vice President of Academic Affairs Administration of Oaths Doctor of Chiropractic, Karen A. Bobak, D.C., Ed.D. Acupuncture & Oriental Medicine, Bryan Isacks, M.S. Applied Clinical Nutrition, Peter G. Nickless, D.C., Ph.D. Conferring of the Degrees Michael A. Mestan, D.C., Ed.D Closing Remarks Michael A. Mestan, D.C., Ed.D Closing of the Exercise Hunter A. Mollin, D.C., Grand Marshal Faculty Congratulatory Remarks BOARD OF TRUSTEES Frank S. Lizzio, B.S., D.C. Chairman David Bennett, D.C., J.D. John A. Palmucci, B.S., M.B.A. Timothy J. Brown, B.B.A. James P. Powell, D.C. Joanne Cancro, B.S., D.C Virginia Robbins, M.S., J.D. Menzo Case, B.S Rick Rosa, B.S., D.C. Margaret Ferber, B.S., M.B.A. Julie Scarano, B.A., D.C. Susan Fries, B.S., M.B.A Ray Tuck, B.S., D.C. Vincent A. Justino, B.S., D.C. Charles Ventresca, D.C. Michael A. Mestan, D.C., Ed.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Benchmarks for Training in Naturopathy
    Benchmarks for training in traditional / complementary and alternative medicine Benchmarks for Training in Naturopathy WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Benchmarks for training in traditional /complementary and alternative medicine: benchmarks for training in naturopathy. 1.Naturopathy. 2.Complementary therapies. 3.Benchmarking. 4.Education. I.World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 15996 5 8 (NLM classification: WB 935) © World Health Organization 2010 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected] ). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: [email protected] ). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Chiropractic 1 Chiropractic
    Chiropractic 1 Chiropractic Chiropractic medicine Daniel David Palmer (founder) Invented in 1895 in Davenport, United States Chiropractic education World Federation of Chiropractic Schools · Accreditation Alternative medical systems • Acupuncture • Anthroposophic medicine • Biochemic tissue salt • Bowen technique • Chiropractic • Homeopathy • Naturopathic medicine • Osteopathy • Zoopharmacognosy Traditional medicine • Ayurveda • Chinese • Japanese • Korean • Mongolian • Siddha • Tibetan • Unani Previous NCCAM domains • Mind–body interventions • Biologically based therapies • Manipulative therapy • Energy therapies • v • t [1] • e Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine which is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mechanical disorders of the neuro-musculoskeletal system. Chiropractors place an emphasis on manual therapy including spinal manipulation and other joint and soft tissue techniques. Exercises and lifestyle counseling is also common practice. Traditional chiropractic, based on vitalism, assumes that spine problems interfere with the body's general functions and innate intelligence, a notion that brings criticism from mainstream health care. D. D. Palmer founded chiropractic in the 1890s, and his son B. J. Palmer helped to expand it in the early 20th century. Some modern chiropractors now incorporate conventional medical techniques, such as exercise, massage, and ice pack therapy, in addition to chiropractic's traditional vitalistic underpinnings. Chiropractic is well established in the U.S., Canada
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of Historical Scholarship in Chiropractic
    0008-3194/2001/113–136/$2.00/©JCCA 2001 JC Keating Chiropractic History A brief history of historical scholarship in chiropractic Joseph C Keating, Jr., PhD* This paper provides a cursory overview of attempts to Cet article fournit un résumé succinct des tentatives de discover, preserve and disseminate the history of the découverte, préservation et diffusion de l’historique chiropractic profession, up to and including the de la profession chiropratique, jusqu’à et incluant organization of the Association for the History of l’organisation de l’Association de l’histoire de la Chiropractic (AHC). A surprisingly wide range of chiropraxie (AHC). Un éventail étonnamment large de materials have been available for many decades, but matériels est disponible depuis des dizaines d’années, sustained efforts at historical scholarship are more mais les efforts soutenus vers une documentation recent (past quarter century). The quality of these works historique sont plus récents (25 dernières années). La has been uneven, but has improved with the emergence qualité de ces travaux est inégale, mais elle s’est of chiropractic scholarly periodicals and interest from améliorée avec l’émergence de revues chiropratiques non-chiropractor investigators. Affiliates of the spécialisées et l’intérêt de chercheurs non- American-based AHC are located in Australia and chiropraticiens. Des antennes de l’AHC, basée aux Canada; organized historical scholarship in other États-Unis, se trouvent en Australie et au Canada; une regions of the world has yet to develop. Several étude historique organisée dans d’autres régions du substantial archival resources for historical monde reste encore à développer. Plusieurs sources investigations are available, and merit greater scrutiny d’archives substantielles pour recherches historiques and support within the profession.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Integrative Medicine? Su
    Subclasses of IM Overview of 1. Complete Medical Systems - Traditional Chinese Medicine (acupuncture, Integrative Medicine herbs, energy therapies) - Ayyurveda 2. Mind-body Therapies Linda Chun MD - meditation OSU Center for Integrative Medicine - hypnosis, guided imagery - art or music therapy - yoga, tai chi What is integrative Subclasses of CAM medicine? 3. Biologically-Based Therapies - herbal and dietary supplements • Evolved from Complementary and - nutrition Alternative Medicine (CAM) - functional medicine • CbiCombines ma itinstream me dilthidical therapies 4. Manipulative & Body-Based Methods and CAM therapies - massage • Goal of incorporating complementary - osteopathic or chiropractic manipulation therapies for which there is high-quality 5. Energy Therapies scientific evidence of safety and efficacy - Reiki • Different from alternative medicine - Qi Gong - Therapeutic Touch 1 Integrative Medicine Why Integrative? • Economic burden of chronic disease • Healing-oriented medicine worsening with aging population • Attention to patient’s whole being • Conventional medicine too dependent on • Consideration of spiritual and emotional costly high-tech approaches, including aspects pharmaceuticals • Focus on supportive and preventative care • CAM provide patients with greater autonomy Integrative Medicine Why Integrative? • Emphasis on physician-patient relationship • Patients may desire more natural or less- as partnership invasive therapies • Exploration of natural approaches to healing • Current medical system not sustainable •
    [Show full text]
  • How Many Chiropractic Schools? an Update
    Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic Chiropractic History Volume 27, No. 2 - 2007 9 How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update GLENDA WIESE, Ph.D* and ALANA CALLENDER, M.S. Estimates of the number of chiropractic schools that have been in existence have been as high as six hundred. The authors identified 436 different school names from 1897 until the publication of an earlier list in 1988. Since that time, the authors have identified an additional 157 school names, for a total of 593. Allowing for name changes, mergers, acquisitions and satellite schools the figure for the past 110 years is much smaller, nearer 250. An updated list of these institutions is the major part of this paper. The schools are categorized by country and state, location and dates of operation, when known. Estimates of the number of chiropractic schools that have refers to) the authors migrated to an Access database. The been in existence have been as high as six hundred (1). One use of this database allows the authors to easily identify all chiropractor testifying before a Senate Committee in 1926 colleges by date, state, college president, key word, or any claimed there had been as many as 200 schools in the state of Michigan (2). Although these claims were exaggerated at the time, the number six hundred may not be far off the mark today if one considers the international colleges, as well as college name changes and variations. The authors originally published an historical directory of chiropractic schools and colleges in 1985 (3) and updated their work in 1988 (4) by adding additional schools and colleges, providing a directory by state and province, and an analysis of the growth of the number of chiropractic schools.
    [Show full text]
  • The Triumph of Chiropractic - and Then What?
    The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare Volume 7 Issue 3 May Article 9 May 1980 The Triumph of Chiropractic - and Then What? Walter I. Wardwell University of Connecticut Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw Part of the Alternative and Complementary Medicine Commons, and the Social Work Commons Recommended Citation Wardwell, Walter I. (1980) "The Triumph of Chiropractic - and Then What?," The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare: Vol. 7 : Iss. 3 , Article 9. Available at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw/vol7/iss3/9 This Article is brought to you by the Western Michigan University School of Social Work. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE TRIUMPH OF CHIROPRACTIC - AND THEN WHAT? Walter I. Wardwell University of Connecticut The evolution of chiropractic from a marginal health profession to the strongest and most popular alternative to orthodox medicine in the United States is examined and compared with osteopathy and naturopathy. Evidence is offered that 1974 was the landmark year for recognition of chiropractors (e.g., accreditation of colleges, reim- bursement for services under Medicare) and relaxation of the American Medical Association's policy of active and overt opposition (e.g., elimination from its code of ethics of the tabu on professional association. The pub- lic policy question of the future status of chiropractors is raised and alternatives considered. It is concluded that the most likely outcome, as well as the best for all concerned, is for chiropractic to evolve to a "limited medical" professional status comparable to that of dentis- try, podiatry, optometry, and psychology.
    [Show full text]
  • BJ Palmer CHRONO 04 05 15
    1 Preparation of this data base was made possible in part by the financial support of the National Institute of Chiropractic Research 2950 North Seventh Street, Suite 200, Phoenix AZ 85014 USA (602) 224-0296; www.nicr.org Notes on BJ Palmer & the Palmer School word count: 85,988 filename: BJ Palmer CHRONO 04/05/15 Joseph C. Keating, Jr., Ph.D. Color Code: 6135 N. Central Avenue, Phoenix AZ 85012 USA Red & Magenta: questionable or uncertain information (602) 264-3182; [email protected] Green: for emphasis Permission to Quote: 1878-79: DD's brother TJ publishes the Greenfield (Iowa) 1920 (June 5): Fountain Head News [A.C. 25] [9(38)] includes: Greenback Patriot (Gielow, 1981, p. 30) May 14, 1920. Jos. A. Sanford, D.C., San Francisco, California 1879: DD's brother TJ publishes the Muscatine Patriot (Gielow, Dear Doctor: I have your letter of May 8th, relative to the 1981, p. 30) suggestion of Dr. Murdock and the writeup in THE FHN, as well as of other interesting information. I am going to publish your letter in 1880-86: DD's brother TJ publishes the What Cheer Patriot THE FHN. (Gielow, 1981, p. 30) Relative to permission to use THE FHN printed matter for your advertising campaign – go ahead – that is just what it is printed for. 1880: DD's daughter Jessie is born in What Cheer IA (Rehm, Use anything you find in THE FHN that will help you. I am, 1980, p. 271) Chiropractically yours, -BJ ___________________________________________ 1881 (Apr 14): DD notes bees have all died of freezing Year/Volume Index to the Journal of the National Chiropractic temperatures (Gielow, 1981, p.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origins and Professional Development of Chiropractic in Britain
    University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF SOCIAL & HUMAN SCIENCES School of Social Sciences The Origins and Professional Development of Chiropractic in Britain By Francis James Howitt Wilson DC, MSc, FCC, FHEA, FEAC, FBCA Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2012 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF SOCIAL & HUMAN SCIENCES SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Doctor of Philosophy THE ORIGINS AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHIROPRACTIC IN BRITAIN By Francis James Howitt Wilson In June 2001 the title ‘chiropractor’ came to be protected under British law and those who called themselves chiropractors attained a position of increased legitimacy within British society. Yet the details of chiropractic’s journey to statutory recognition have not been thoroughly explored in contemporary literature. The origins and development of chiropractic in Britain have received meagre attention from historical scholars.
    [Show full text]