How Many Chiropractic Schools? an Update

Home , Daniel David Palmer, Naturopathy

Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic Chiropractic History Volume 27, No. 2 - 2007 89 How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update

GLENDA WIESE, Ph.D* and ALANA CALLENDER, M.S.

Estimates of the number of chiropractic schools that have been in existence have been as high as six hundred. The authors identified 436 different school names from 1897 until the publication of an earlier list in 1988. Since that time, the authors have identified an additional 157 school names, for a total of 593. Allowing for name changes, mergers, acquisitions and satellite schools the figure for the past 110 years is much smaller, nearer 250. An updated list of these institutions is the major part of this paper. The schools are categorized by country and state, location and dates of operation, when known.

Estimates of the number of chiropractic schools that have refers to) the authors migrated to an Access database. The been in existence have been as high as six hundred (1). One use of this database allows the authors to easily identify all chiropractor testifying before a Senate Committee in 1926 colleges by date, state, college president, key word, or any claimed there had been as many as 200 schools in the state of Michigan (2). Although these claims were exaggerated at the time, the number six hundred may not be far off the mark today if one considers the international colleges, as well as college name changes and variations. The authors originally published an historical directory of chiropractic schools and colleges in 1985 (3) and updated their work in 1988 (4) by adding additional schools and colleges, providing a directory by state and province, and an analysis of the growth of the number of chiropractic schools. Since that time the authors have identified approximately one hundred additional schools, colleges, or variations of names of schools and colleges that they thought should be added to the historical record. The authors have also expanded their list to include international schools, in addition to those originally reported in the United States and Canada. The appendix to this paper contains the schools Mecca College of Chiropractic. identified in 1985 and in 1988, as well as the names of the more recently identified schools and colleges, for a total of 593 institutions. During the eighteen years in which the authors worked as librarians, archivist, curator, or research administrator for Palmer College of Chiropractic their increasing access to technology made the process of recording the schools more streamlined. From a file drawer (which one author still

*Address all correspondence to Glenda Wiese, Ph.D., Palmer College of Chiropractic, 1000 Brady St., Davenport, IA 52803; [email protected]. Compressed Chiropractic University and the American Hospital. Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender

Ratledge System of Chiropractic Schools.

Parker Chiropractic. other category that the authors identify as being potentially for the sake of conciseness. In many instances the address useful. The authors continued to rely on announcements in unknown to the authors. Brackets around a date indicate and advertisements in the Palmer College Archives, but dates of existence where opening and closing dates are not also received additional school names from colleagues who certain. A date flanked by the symbol – indicate a date the sent potential additions. The internet has also been a useful school was in operation, when no other date information is resource for identifying schools currently in operation, known. especially international schools. The authors continue to The authors wish to acknowledge and thank the many update the list and encourage readers to report any errors or people who sent us additions during the past eighteen years. additions, which will be incorporated into a future update. They include, but are not limited to, Walter Wardwell, Bill As in the authors’ former school directories, no attempt Rehm, Russell Gibbons, Joseph Keating, Jr., Rolf Peters, has been made to credit sources or to corroborate the sources’ Robert Jackson, and Jetta Nash. The authors also wish to accuracy. When sources give conflicting information on acknowledge the in-kind support of Palmer College of dates, the authors chose to report the broadest range of Chiropractic, and the resources of the David D. Palmer dates. Street addresses have been omitted from this listing Health Sciences Library and its Special Collections.

REFERENCES

1. Lin, Phyllis Lan, The Chiropractor, Chiropractic, and Process: A Chiropractic Schools and Colleges,” Research Forum 1985, 1(3): 79- Study of the Sociology of an Occupation (Ann Arbor, MI: University 94. Microfilms, 1973). 4. Ferguson, Alana C. and Glenda C. Wiese, “How Many Chiropractic 2. Chiropractic and Osteopathic Licensure in the District of Columbia. Schools? An Analysis of Institutions That Offered the D.C. Degree,” (United States Government Printing Office, 1926). Chiropractic History, 1988, 8(1):26-36. 3. Wiese, Glenda C. and Alana C. Ferguson, “Historical Directory of Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic Chiropractic History Volume 27, No. 2 - 2007 91

Chiropractic Schools Listed by State Palmer Chiropractic School Palmer College of Chiropractic - West Pasadena College of Chiropractic Alabama Quantum University School of Chiropractic R.A. Ratledge College of Chiropractic Carver Chiropractic College of the South Ratledge Chiropractic College Southern Chiropractic College Ratledge System of Chiropractic Schools San Diego School of Chiropractic, Inc. Arkansas San Francisco Chiropractic College San Francisco College Progressive College of Chiropractic San Francisco College of Chiropractic San Francisco College of Chiropractic & Drugless Physicians California Scholz Sierra States University; Sierra State University Berkeley Chiropractic College Sinclair College of Chiropractic Bullis and Davis School of Chiropractic, Neuropathy, Southern California College of Chiropractic Ophthalmology Southern California College of Chiropractic Physicians and Bullis Chiropractic School (and Sanatorium) Surgeons Cale College of Chiropractic Southern California University of Health Sciences Cale College of Naturopathy Standard College of Chiropractic, Inc. California Chiropractic College State College of Chiropractic and Naturopathic Physicians California College of Electro-Mechano Therapy Storey’s School of Chiropractic California College of Natural Healing Arts University of Pasadena, College of Chiropractic Chiropractic College of America West Coast Chiropractic College Chiropractic Sanitarium and School for Drugless Therapeutics Western (School) College of Chiropractic Chiropractors, Incorporated Western College of Chiropractic and Drugless Therapy Cleveland Chiropractic College Western University of Chiropractic Clewell Chiropractic College College of Chiropractic Physicians and Surgeons Colorado College of Drugless Healing College of Drugless Physicians Carver College or Carver Chiropractic University College of Medical and Drugless Surgeons Colorado Chiropractic University Columbia College of Chiropractic Colorado College of ChiropracticDenver Chiropractic Institute, Columbia College of Chiropractic and Inc. Naturopathy Denver School of Chiropractic Continental Chiropractic College Hunt Chiropractic School and Cure Dr. H.B. Moore MIU University Colorado College of Chiropractic Drown College of Chiropractic Pueblo College of Chiropractic Eclectic College of Chiropractic Rocky Mountain College of Chiropractic and Psychology Golden State Chiropractic College Spears Post-Graduate College of Chiropractic- Spears Sanitarium Golden State College of Chiropractic University of Natural Healing Arts Hollywood College of Chiropractic Western College of Chiropractic Kinetic Drugless College of Chiropractic Life Chiropractic College - West Connecticut Los Angeles College of Chiropractic Los Angeles College of Natural Healing Central College of Chiropractic Metropolitan College of Chiropractic Natural College of Drugless College of Chiropractic, The Physicians Connecticut College of Chiropractic Natural Institute and Sanitarium of California Eastern Chiropractic Institute or College Northern California College of Chiropractic University of Bridgeport College of Chiropractic Oakland Chiropractic College University of the Healing Arts Pacific College of Chiropractic and DruglessTherapeutics Pacific School of Chiropractic Delaware Pacific States Chiropractic College Palmer and Mitchell School of Chiropractic Columbia Institute of Chiropractic Palmer Mitchell College of Chiropractic Royal Institute of Chiropractic Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender

District of Columbia Progressive College of Chiropractic-Illinois Rock Island Chiropractic College Capitol School of Chiropractic Rubel College of Chiropractic, Inc. Carver College or Carver Chiropractic University Sanipractic-The Howard Post Graduate School Central Chiropractic College Standard School of Chiropractic Chiropractic Research University Wellington University Eastern Chiropractic College Evans School of Chiropractic Indiana Frelinghuysen University, The National University of Therapeutics Bebout College of Chiropractic Riley Chiropractic College Bremer Chiropractic College School of Modern, Liberal, and Progressive Therapeutics Central States College of Chiropractic Standard School of Chiropractic College of Universal Sciences Washington D.C. School of Chiropractic Evansville College of Chiropractic, Inc. Fort Wayne Chiropractic College, The Florida Genetic Chiropractic College Indiana Chiropractic College Florida College of Chiropractic Indianapolis Chiropractic College Mitchell College of Chiropractic International University of Chiropractic Palmer College of Chiropractic Florida Lincoln Chiropractic College Nebraska Indiana Chiropractic College Georgia Oliver College of Chiropractic O’Neil College of Chiropractic or Chiropractic College Atlanta Chiropractic College O’Neill-Ross College of Chiropractic Atlantic Chiropractic College Pennsylvania Chiropractic College Goshea Chiropractic Institute Peskin College of Chiropractic Grant Chiropractic College Ross College of Chiropractic Life Chiropractic College United College of Chiropractic Life College United States College of Chiropractic Life University School of Chiropractic Iowa Illinois American School of Chiropractic A. Henry School of Chiropractic Ball Sanitarium and Health School American College of Mechanotherapy Barnett School of Chiropractic American Institute of Chiropractic American University of Brown’s Sanitarium Chiropractic Chiropractic Psychopathic Sanitarium Chicago Chiropractic College Chiropractic School and Cure Chicago College of Mechano-Therapy Colombian School of Chiropractic and Natural Cure, The Chicago University of American Sciences Davenport College and Sanitarium of Chiropractic Chiropractic University of Chicago Davenport College of Chiropractic Columbia College of Chiropractic Davenport School of Chiropractic Eclectic College of Chiropractic Des Moines School of Chiropractic Howard Post-Graduate School, The Howard System of Chiropractic Howard School of Chiropractic International University of Chiropractic Illinois Kiro-Practic University and Adjusting Parlors Interstate College of Chiropractic Kent College of Chiropractic Iowa College of Chiropractic Lincoln College Langworthy School of Chiropractic Lindlahr College of Natural Therapeutics Loban Chiropractic College National College of Chiropractic National School of Chiropractic National School of Chiropractic National School of Chiropractic and Institute of Adjustments National School of Drugless Therapy Palmer College of Chiropractic National School of Sciences Palmer Infirmary & Chiropractic Institute; National University of Health Sciences Palmer School and Cure Palmer - Gregory School of Treatment Palmer School and Infirmary of Chiropractic,The Peerless College of Chiropractic Palmer School of Chiropractic Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic Chiropractic History Volume 27, No. 2 - 2007 93

Palmer School of Correspondence International College of Spondylotherapy Palmer’s School of Magnetic Cure Lansican College of Chiropractic Parker College of Chiropractic of School of Chiropractic Michigan Chiropractic College Sharp and Carlson School of Chiropractic Michigan College of Chiropractic, Inc. Smith’s Davenport School of Chiropractic Michigan Kiropractic College Universal Chiropractic College Michigan Mechanical College of Chiropractic Volmer School of Chiropractic National College of Chiropractic Wiegart School of Chiropractic Wells Academy of Chiropractic(s) Wolverine College of Chiropractic Kansas Minnesota Carver Chiropractic College and Sanitarium Chiropractic College and Sanitarium A. McCardy School of Chiropractic Chiropractic University – Kansas Brainerd School of Chiropractic Colvin Chiropractic College or College of Chiropractic Carroll School of Chiropractic Darling and Baker’s Chiropractic College Chiropractic Institute Darling and Campbell Chiropractic College Chiropractic Institute and College Darling and Darling Chiropractic College Chiropractic School and Cure Dr. H.S. Miller School of Advanced Chiropractic, Inc. College and Cure of Chiropractic Foy’s Chiropractic College Fairmont Chiropractic College and Cure Harris Chiropractic College Gould’s Chiropractic College and Cure Kansas School of Chiropractic Hammerele Chiropractic College, P.W. Kansas State Chiropractic College International University of Chiropractic Ratledge College of Chiropractic Lincoln Chiropractic College Wichita College of Chiropractic Marshoto School Wichita College of Kiropractic Midwest College of Chiropractic Minneapolis Institute of Chiropractic and Natural Healing Kentucky Minnesota Chiropractic College Minnesota College of Non-Medical Therapy International College of Chiropractic, Inc. Minnesota School of Chiropractic Modern School of Chiropractic Louisiana National School of Neuropathy and Psycho-Magnetic Healing, The Louisiana Chiropractic College Northwestern College of Chiropractic Ortho Chiropractic College Maryland Private Chiropractic Institute Ramsay College of Chiropractic Columbia College of Chiropractic Reaver School of Chiropractic Maryland College of Chiropractic Reisland College of Chiropractic Metropolitan Institute of Chiropractic St. Paul College of Chiropractic St. Paul College of Chiropractic and Mental Therapeutics Massachusetts St. Paul Institute of Chiropractic and Natural Healing (Sanitarium and College) Boston College of Chiropractic (School and Clinics) Wentworth Chiropractic College Inc. New England College of Chiropractic Zenith School of Chiropractic Oxford School of Chiropractic Riley School of Chiropractic Mississippi Washington School of Chiropractic Mississippi State Chiropractic College Michigan Missouri Alma Chiropractic College in Michigan Detroit Chiropractic College Booker T. Washington Chiropractic College Detroit Chiropractic Institute Central Chiropractic College, The Hewitt’s Sanatorium and College Chiropractic College, The International College of Chiropractic Chiropractic Institute of Kansas City Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender

Chiropractic Institute, The Atlantic States Chiropractic Institute Chiropractic University Bronx School of Chiropractic Chiropractic University (and the American Hospital) Chiropractic Institute of New York Cleveland Chiropractic College Chiropractic University of New York College of Chiropractic Research Foundation or College of Columbia Chiropractic College Chiropractic Columbia College of Cosmotherapy College of Chiropractic, The Columbia Institute of Chiropractic Hughes College of Chiropractic Continental School of Chiropractic Hunter School of Chiropractic Cosmopolitan College of Chiropractic Logan Basic College of Chiropractic Darling and Darling Chiropractic College Logan College of Chiropractic Eastern Chiropractic Institute Mid-west School of Chiropractic Eastern Institute of Chiropractic, Inc. Missouri Chiropractic College or Missouri College of Eastern States Chiropractic Institute Chiropractic Empire Institute of Chiropractic Missouri Chiropractic Institute Institute of the Science and Art of Chiropractic Ratledge College of Chiropractic International College of Chiropractic Spino-Neural (or Neuro) Chiropractic College International School of Chiropractic Springfield Chiropractic College( the School of Efficiency) International School of Chiropractic St. Louis Chiropractic College Interstate College of Chiropractic Western Chiropractic College Manhattan College of Chiropractic Metropolitan Institute of Chiropractic Montana Metropolitan School of Chiropractic National Eclectic Institute James Chiropractic College New York Chiropractic College Jones Chiropractic College New York College of Chiropractic Montana Chiropractic College New York Eastern Institute of Chiropractic New York School of Chiropractic Nebraska Premier School of Chiropractic Standard School of Chiropractic or Institute Langworthy Institute of Chiropractic Lincoln Chiropractic College Nevada Nebraska Chiropractic College or College Chiropractic Western Academy of Science Nevada Chiropractic College

New Jersey North Dakota

American School of Chiropractic College of Chiropractic and Cure College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy Eastern Chiropractic Institute Ohio Eastern College of Chiropractic First National University of Neuropathy and Allied Sciences, Inc. Akron College of Chiropractic Mecca College of Chiropractic Bloodgett Chiropractic College; Nature Science College of Chiropractic var. Blodgett Chiropractic College New Jersey College of Chiropractic Central College of Chiropractic New Jersey College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy Central States College of Physiatrics and Chiropractic Cleveland Chiropractic College New York Deshler College of Chiropractic Dickinson Chiropractic College or College of Chiropractic Academy of Chiropractic Haney, Dr. W.J. Advanced School of Chiropractic International College of Chiropractic Allen Chiropractic School Inter-State Chiropractic College Amalgamated Chiropractic College(s) Metropolitan and Cleveland College American College of Chiropractors Metropolitan Chiropractic College American School of Chiropractic, Inc. Nesmith College of Potomac University American School of Chiropractic Ohio State Chiropractic College American School of Naturopathy and Chiropractic, The Reaver School of Chiropractic Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic Chiropractic History Volume 27, No. 2 - 2007 95

Scientific Chiropractic College National Chiropractic College Standard College of Chiropractic Neff College Pennsylvania College of Chiropractic Oklahoma Pennsylvania School of Chiropractic Philadelphia College of Chiropractic Carver Chiropractic College Pittsburgh College of Chiropractic Carver Chiropractic College or College of Chiropractic Union College of Chiropractic Carver College of Relatolity Universal Chiropractic College or College of Chiropractic Carver College of Relatology Washington School of Chiropractic Carver-Denny Chiropractic College Carver-Denny Chiropractic College and Infirmary South Carolina Chiropractic Institute of Oklahoma City Crabtree Chiropractic School Sherman College of Straight Chiropractic Johnson Chiropractic College Northwestern School of Chiropractic South Dakota Oklahoma Chiropractic College and Chiropractic Adjusting Parlors Chiropractic Institute Oklahoma Chiropractic University Oklahoma City Chiropractic Institute Tennessee Oklahoma College of Mechano-Therapy Oklahoma Institute of Chiropractic Nashville College of Chiropractic Palmer - Gregory College of Chiropractic Tennessee Academy of Arts & Sciences, Inc. Palmer Chiropractic College Palmer Gregory Chiropractic College and School of Physio Texas Therapy Palmer-Gregory Chiropractic College Chiropractic College, The Ratledge System of Chiropractic Cisco Chiropractic College Southwestern Chiropractic Institute Dallas Chiropractic College Temple of Knowledge Chiropractic College or Institute Fort Worth Chiropractic College Grant School of Chiropractic Oregon Parker College of Chiropractic Richmond University of Chiropractic D.D. Palmer School of Chiropractic San Antonio Chiropractic College Gorby-Henkley School of Chiropractic Southeastern College of Natural Healing Arts and Sciences Marshes’ School and Cure Southwestern Chiropractic College or Institute Oregon College of Chiropractic Physicians and Surgeons Southwestern College of Chiropractic Oregon Peerless Chiropractic College Texas College of Chiropractic Oregon State Chiropractic College Pacific Chiropractic College Utah Pacific School of Chiropractic or Chiropractic College, Inc. Peerless College of Chiropractic and Neuropathy Medlin School of Health Portland College of Chiropractic Salt Lake College of Chiropractic Portland College of Chiropractic Physicians and Orthopedic Salt Lake Drugless Physician’s Institute Surgeons Utah Chiropractic College, (Inc.) Western States Chiropractic College Western States College Washington Willamette Chiropractic College Grace University Pennsylvania Northwestern College of Chiropractic Rest View Chiropractic College Adio Institute of Straight Chiropractic Seattle College of Chiropractic American Chiropractic College or College of Chiropractic Spokane School of Chiropractic Central College of Chiropractic in Pennsylvania Universal Sanipractic College Doughty-Marsh College of Chiropractic University of Chiropractic Lafayette Institute Western Drugless College Marchand College of Chiropractic Western Therapeutic College Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender

West Virginia Royal Blue College of Chiropractic Toronto Chiropractic College George F. Murry’s Private School of Chiropractic Université Du Québec Á Trois-Rivières – School of Chiropractic Murray’s School of Chiropractic Denmark Wisconsin Copenhagen School of Chiropractic Antigo College of Chiropractic Danish Chiropractic School Central College of Chiropractic University of Southern Denmark Milwaukee Chiropractic College Wisconsin Chiropractic College France

Australia French Chiropractic Institute Institute Francaise de Chiropractic Academy of Chiropractic Medicine Institut Franco-European de Chiropratique Ashfield College of Chiropractic British and Australian Institute of Naturopathy Japan Chiropractic and Osteopathic College Chiropractic and Osteopathic College of Australasia Chukyo College of Chiropractic Chiropractic College of Australasia Fukenbara Institute of Chiropractic Chiropractic College of Australia Japan School of Chiropractic Chiropractic, Osteopathic and Naturopathic College of South Kokusai Chiropractic College Australia Nippon Chiropractic College College of Naturopathy and Chiropractic RMIT University Chiropractic Unit-Japan International College of Chiropractic Shiokawa College of Chiropractic Laws College for Naturopathy and Chiropractic Takyachi College of Chiropractic Macquarie University Centre for Chiropractic Tokyo Chiropractic College Murdoch University Universal Chiropractic College NSW College of Chiropractic PAX Chiropractic College Korea Philip Institute of Technology Progressive School of Chiropractic Hanseo University – RMIT Unit Queensland College of Natural Therapeutics Queensland Institute of Natural Science Mexico RMIT University Chiropractic Unit Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology Daniel David Palmer Spanish American School of Chiropractic South Australia Chiropractic College Escuela Mexicana de Quiropractica South Pacific College of Natural Therapeutics School of Chiropractic at the State University of Ecatepec Valley Southern School of Naturopathy (UNEVE) Sydney College of Chiropractic Universidad Estatal del Valle de Ecatpec (UNEVE)

Brazil New Zealand

Feevale Central University School of Chiropractic New Zealand College of Chiropractic University of Anhembi Morumbi School of Chiropractic Philippines Canada Fajardo School of Chiropractic Canadian Chiropractic College Far Eastern Chiropractic College Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College National Chiropractic College Duval School of Toronto Imperial College of Chiropractic South Africa Manitoba School of Chiropractic National University of Therapeutics Durban Institute of Technology Ontario Chiropractic College; Ontario College of Chiropractic Technikon Natal Robbins Chiropractic Institute of College Technikon Witwatersrand Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic Chiropractic History Volume 27, No. 2 - 2007 97

University of Johannesburg Advanced School of Chiropractic -1918-1923- Sweden New York, NY

Ackermann College of Chiropractic Akron College of Chiropractic Skandinaviska Kiropraktorhogskolan 1922-[1932] Akron, OH United Kingdom Allen Chiropractic School Anglo-European College of Chiropractic 1917-1920- British College of Chiropractic New York, NY Looker College of Osteopathy & Chiropractic combined with America Institute of Chiropractic Manchester College of Osteopathy and Chiropractic McTimoney Chiropractic College Alma Chiropractic College in Michigan McTimoney Chiropractic School 1920-[1922]- National College of Osteopathy and Chiropractic Limited Detroit, MI Oxford College of Chiropractic University of Glamorgan, School of Applied SciencesUniversity Amalgamated Chiropractic College(s?) of Surrey, European Institute of Health and Medical Sciences [1918] New York, NY West Germany American Chiropractic College or College of Chiropractic Kollege Der Studiegesellschatt fuer Physiotherapy and 1924-1938- Chiropractic Philadelphia, PA

American Chiropractic Drugless College Chiropractic Schools Listed Alphabetically [1923]

American College of Chiropractors A. Henry School of Chiropractic, The New York, NY -1909- Peoria, IL American College of Mechanotherapy -1907-1920 A. McCardy School of Chiropractic Chicago, IL 1904- became Eclectic College of Chiropractic, Inc. in 1920 Minneapolis, MN American Institute of Chiropractic Academy of Chiropractic [1911-1918] 1921- Rock Island, IL New York, NY American School of Chiropractic Academy of Chiropractic Medicine var. American College of Chiropractic -1985- var. American School of Chiropractic & Nature Cure Darwin, NT, Australia 1903-(1918) Cedar Rapids, IA Ackermann College of Chiropractic -2001- American School of Chiropractic, Inc. Stockholm, Sweden var. American School of Chiropractic 1905-[1931] Adams Chiropractic Institute New York City, NY [1919-1925] American School of Chiropractic Adio Institute of Straight Chiropractic var. American School of Naturopathy 1977-1984 var. American School of Naturopathy and Chiropractic Levittown, PA 1896-1914 became Pennsylvania College of Straight Chiropractic New York, NY Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender

Moved to New Jersey in 1914 1949-[1965] Indianapolis, IN American School of Chiropractic var. American School of Naturopathy Berkeley Chiropractic College var. American School of Naturopathy and Chiropractic 1922-1932 1914-1932- Berkeley, CA Butler, NJ Formerly in New York, NY Black Hills College of Chiropractic -1926 American University of Chiropractic var. American University of Chicago Bloodgett Chiropractic College 1913-1931- var. Blodgett Chiropractic College Chicago, IL [1927] Cleveland, OH Anglo-European College of Chiropractic 1965- Booker T. Washington Chiropractic College Bournemouth, Dorset, England, UK 1946-[1951] Kansas City, MO Antigo College of Chiropractic var. Antigo School of Chiropractic Boston College of Chiropractic (School and Clinics) var. Antigua School of Chiropractic -1913- -1912-[1947] Boston, MA Antigo, WI Brainerd School of Chiropractic Ashfield College of Chiropractic [-1918] Ashfield, NSW, Australia Minnesota

Aspeur/Feevale Bremer Chiropractic College see Feevale Central University School of Chiropractic 1922-[1925] Fort Wayne, IN Atlanta Chiropractic College [1927]-1928 British and Australian Institute of Naturopathy Atlanta, GA Became the Chiropractic and Osteopath College of Australasia Australia Atlantic Chiropractic College Georgia British College of Chiropractic [1925] Atlantic States Chiropractic Institute London, UK 1945-1964 transferred to Plymouth, UK Brooklyn, NY Merged with Columbia Institute of Chiropractic in 1964 Bronx School of Chiropractic -1920’s -1940 Atlantic States College of Chiropractic New York, NY

Ball Sanitarium and Health School Bullis and Davis School of Chiropractic, Neuropathy, 1919- Ophthalmology Colfax, IA var. Bullis & Davis School of Neuropathy, Ophthalmology and Chiropractic Barnes Sanitarium and School of Chiropractic [1911] [1923-1925] Los Angeles, CA

Barnett School of Chiropractic Bullis Chiropractic School (and Sanatorium) 1913-1923- 1913-1920 Iowa Oakland, CA formerly Oakland Chiropractic College; Oakland College of Bebout College of Chiropractic Chiropractic Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic Chiropractic History Volume 27, No. 2 - 2007 99

Burton College of Chiropractic Carroll School of Chiropractic -1916-1938- Cale College of Chiropractic Minneapolis, MN Var. Gale College of Chiropractic 1925-1931 Carver Chiropractic College Los Angeles, CA -1937- became Southern California College of Chiropractic Oklahoma City, OK

Cale College of Naturopathy Carver Chiropractic College and Sanitarium 1927-1933 -1915-1919 Los Angeles, CA Wichita, KS became Chiropractic College of America became Colvin Chiropractic College in 1919

California Chiropractic College Carver Chiropractic College 1913-1941 var. Carver College of Chiropractic Long Beach, CA 1907 [1908] -1958 Oklahoma City, OK California Chiropractic College formerly Carver-Denny Chiropractic College 1913-1963 merged with Logan College of Chiropractic in 1958 Oakland, CA Carver Chiropractic College of the South California Chiropractic College -1920- 1909-1963 Montgomery, AL San Francisco, CA Carver Chiropractic Institute California Chiropractic College 1913-1940 Carver College of Relatolity Los Angeles, CA Var. Carver College of Relatology Merged with Los Angeles College of Chiropractic -1938-1940- Oklahoma City, OK California Chiropractic College 1913-1940 Carver College or Carver Chiropractic University San Jose, CA -1924- Denver, CO California College of Electro-Mechano Therapy [1925] Carver College or Carver Chiropractic University Washington, DC California College of Natural Healing Arts 1938-1946 Carver-Denny Chiropractic College Los Angeles, CA var. Carver-Denny Chiropractic College and Infirmary formerly Chiropractic College of America merged with 1906-1907 [1908) Continental Chiropractic College and Los Angles College of Oklahoma City, OK Chiropractic in 1946 became Carver Chiropractic College

Canadian Chiropractic College Central Chiropractic College var. Canadian College of Chiropractic 1920-1923- -1913-1931- Washington, DC Hamilton, ON, Canada Central Chiropractic College, The Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College 1922-[1924] 1945- Kansas City, MO Toronto, ON, Canada Became Cleveland Chiropractic College

Capitol School of Chiropractic Central College of Chiropractic Washington, DC [1926] Hartford, CT Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender

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Central College of Chiropractic Victoria, Australia in 1963 [1926] Melbourne, Australia Cleveland, OH formerly Chiropractic and Osteopathic College of Australasia

Central College of Chiropractic Chiropractic College, The Milwaukee, WI 1934- St. Louis, MO Central College of Chiropractic in Pennsylvania -1925- Chiropractic College, The Pennsylvania 1908-1925 San Antonio, TX Central Scientific College of Chiropractic became Texas Chiropractic College in 1925 -1925- Chiropractic Institute Central States College of Chiropractic Duluth, MN -1921-1940 Indianapolis, IN Chiropractic Institute South Dakota Central States College of Physiatrics and Chiropractic 1941-1962 Chiropractic Institute and College Eaton, OH -1904- St. James, MN Chicago College of Mechano-Therapy -1910- Chiropractic Institute of Kansas City Chicago, IL -1912-[1914] Kansas City, MO Chicago University of American Sciences -1918-1925- Chiropractic Institute of New York 1944-1968 Chiropractic and Osteopathic College New York City, NY 1966-[1977]- formerly the Institute of the Science and Art of Chiropractic Formerly the Chiropractic, Osteopathic and Naturopathic College formed by merger of Eastern Chiropractic Institute, New York of South Australia School of Chiropractic, and Standard School of Chiropractic in Wayville, SA, Australia 1944 affiliated with National College in 1968

Chiropractic and Osteopathic College of Australasia Chiropractic Institute, The 1959-[1977]- [1911] South Melbourne, VIC, Australia Kansas City, MO Carnegie, VIC, Australia renamed Chiropractic College of Australasia in the mid-sixties. Chiropractic Institute of Oklahoma City Oklahoma City, OK Chiropractic College Missouri Chiropractic, Osteopathic and Naturopathic College of South Australia Chiropractic College and Sanitarium -1966 1919-1922 Wayville, SA, Australia Wichita, KS became Chiropractic and Osteopathic College

Chiropractic College of America Chiropractic Psychopathic Sanitarium 1933-1938 Davenport, IA Los Angeles, CA formerly Cale College of Naturopathy Chiropractic Research University became California College of Natural Healing Arts in 1938 1922-1927- Washington, DC Chiropractic College of Australia -1963-1969- Chiropractic Reserve University Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic Chiropractic History Volume 27, No. 2 - 2007 101

Chiropractic Sanitarium and School for Drugless Therapeutics 1924- Santa Ana, CA Kansas City, MO formerly Central Chiropractic College Chiropractic School and Cure 1897-1902 Cleveland Chiropractic College; Cleveland Chiropractic College Davenport, IA of Los Angeles 1955- Chiropractic School and Cure Los Angeles, CA -1904- formerly Ratledge Chiropractic College Duluth, MN Clewell Chiropractic College Chiropractic School and Cure 1913-1935 1902-1905- San Diego, CA St. Paul, MN, became Western University of Chiropractic moved to Minneapolis in 1905 College and Cure of Chiropractic Chiropractic University, The -1904- -1922-1925- Minnesota Kansas City, MO College of Chiropractic, The Chiropractic University (and the American Hospital) Feb. 7, 1936 1908-[1927] Hartford, CT Kansas City, MO College of Chiropractic, The Chiropractic University – Kansas -1936-1938- var. Chiropractic University of Kansas City St. Louis, MO -1931- Kansas College of Chiropractic and Cure Lisbon, ND Chiropractic University of Chicago -1921- College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy Chicago, IL -1916 New Jersey Chiropractic University of New York became Mecca Chiropractic College in 1916 1918-1919 New York, NY College of Chiropractic Physicians and Surgeons became New York College of Chiropractic in 1919 1930-1943- Los Angeles, CA Chiropractors, Incorporated formerly Southern California College of Chiropractic 1920-[1921] Los Angeles, CA College of Chiropractic Research Foundation or College of Chiropractic Chukyo College of Chiropractic Sept. 1935-1943 -1982- St. Louis, MO Nagoya, Japan became Logan College of Chiropractic

Cisco Chiropractic College College of Chiropractic Physicians and Surgeons 1978-1979 var. College of Naturopathic Physicians & Surgeons Cisco, Texas 1930-1938 became Southwestern Chiropractic College in 1979 Los Angeles, CA became Southern California Chiropractic College Cleveland Chiropractic College 1923-1925- College of Drugless Healing Cleveland, OH 1939-1945 became Metropolitan Chiropractic College Los Angeles, CA Cleveland Chiropractic College became College of Drugless Healing, Naturopathy Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender

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College of Drugless Physicians Sacramento, CA -[1943] California Columbia College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy 1953-1955 College of Mecca of Chiropractic Sacramento, CA see Mecca College of Chiropractic formerly Columbia College of Chiropractic, Alameda

College of Medical and Drugless Surgeons Columbia College of Cosmotherapy 1920-1921- -1909- Los Angeles, CA New York City, NY

College of Original Chiropractic Columbia Institute of Chiropractic -1925- 1919-1977 New York, NY College of Naturopathy and Chiropractic merged with Atlantic States College of Chiropractic -1975-1976 became New York Chiropractic College Sydney, NSW, Australia Columbia Institute of Chiropractic, in Delaware College of Scientific Chiropractic Delaware

College of Universal Sciences Columbia University of Physicians, Inc. Indiana 1922

Colombian School of Chiropractic and Natural Cure, The Colvin Chiropractic College 1903- var. Colvin College of Chiropractic Cedar Rapids, IA -1919-1943- Wichita, KS Colorado Chiropractic University Formerly Carver Chiropractic College 1923-1935 Denver, CO Colyer Chiropractic College became University of Natural Healing Arts -1923-

Colorado College of Chiropractic Connecticut College of Chiropractic see main entry at Marycrest International University -1932-1940- Connecticut Columbia Chiropractic College became New York School of Chiropractic -1923- New York, NY Continental Chiropractic College 1936-1943 Columbia College of Chiropractic Berkeley, CA 1946-1954 Baltimore, MD Continental Chiropractic College; var. Continental College of was a satellite of Columbia Institute in New York Chiropractic consolidated with Columbia Institute of Chiropractic of New -1935-1946 York in 1954 Los Angeles, CAmerged with California College of Natural Healing Arts and Los Angeles College of Chiropractic in 1946 Columbia College of Chiropractic -1916- Continental School of Chiropractic Elgin, IL [1921]-[1925] New York, NY Columbia College of Chiropractic 1933-1953 Copenhagen School of Chiropractic Alameda, CA Copenhagen, Denmark became Columbia College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy Columbia College of Chiropractic Cosmopolitan College of Chiropractic 1943 var. Cosmopolitan School of Chiropractic Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic Chiropractic History Volume 27, No. 2 - 2007 103

1920- Davenport, IA New York Reorganized from Davenport College of Chiropractic in 1916 became Smith’s Davenport School of Chiropractic Coyler Chiropractic College -1923- Davray Neuropathic Institute

Crabtree Chiropractic School Delta Chiropractic College Chickasha, OK Denver Chiropractic Institute, Inc. D.D. Palmer School of Chiropractic var. Denver Institute of Chiropractic 1903-1911 var. Denver College of Chiropractic Portland, OR var. Denver School of Chiropractic became Peerless College of Chiropractic and Neuropathy 1931-1932- Denver, CO Dallas Chiropractic College -1903-1925- Denver School of Chiropractic Dallas, TX -1938- Denver, CO Daniel David Palmer Spanish American School of Chiropractic var. Escuela Mexicana de Quiropractica Des Moines School of Chiropractic var. Escuela Hispanoamerican De Quiropractica Daniel David -1918-[1923] Palmer (EHQ) Des Moines, IA 1925-1927-1933 Mexico City, Mexico Deshler College of Chiropractic [1926] Danish Chiropractic School Deshler, OH var. Danish Chiropractors School 1948-1951 Detroit Chiropractic College Denmark -1913-1968- Detroit, MI Darling and Baker’s Chiropractic College Affiliated with National in 1968 -1912-1925- Wichita, KS Detroit Chiropractic Institute var. Detroit Institute of Chiropractic Darling and Campbell Chiropractic College [1914]-1918- -1922- Detroit, MI Wichita, KS Dickinson Chiropractic College Darling and Darling Chiropractic College var. Dickinson College of Chiropractic 1915-1917- -1922-[1926] Wichita, KS Columbus, OH

Darling and Darling Chiropractic College Dimayuga Chiropractic College 1915-1917- [1923] New York Doughty-Marsh College of Chiropractic Davenport College and Sanitarium of Chiropractic var. Dorighty Marsh College -1932-1938- -1924-1940- Davenport, IA Philadelphia, PA

Davenport College of Chiropractic Dr. H.S. Miller School of Advanced Chiropractic, Inc -1916 var. Dr. S.H. Miller School of Advanced Chiropractic, Inc. Davenport, IA -1938-1943- Topeka, KS Davenport School of Chiropractic Dr. H.B. Moore 1916-(1917)- [1914] Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender

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San Diego, CA Eastern Institute of Chiropractic Dr. Harley Institute, The see Eastern Chiropractic Institute -1925- Eastern States Chiropractic Institute Drew College of Chiropractic Manhattan, NY 1933 Eclectic College of Chiropractic Drown College of Chiropractic 1907-1923- var. Drown College of Chiropractic and Drown College of Radio Chicago, IL Therapy & Natural Healing Absorbed American College of Mechanotherapy in 1920 1949 Hollywood, CA Eclectic College of Chiropractic Formerly Pasadena College of Chiropractic 1922-1948 1916-1924 Became Hollywood College of Chiropractic Los Angeles, CA merged with Los Angeles College of Chiropractic in 1923 Duluth School of Chiropractic -1925- Empire Institute of Chiropractic 1919-[1925]- Durbin Institute of Technology New York, NY South Africa Escuela Mexicana de Quiropractica Duval School of Toronto var. Escuela Hispanoamerican De Quiropractica Daniel David Toronto, ON, Canada Palmer (EHQ) see Daniel David Palmer Spanish American School of D’Youville College Chiropractic 2003- Buffalo, NY Evans School of Chiropractic [1921] Eastern Chiropractic College Washington, DC Washington, DC Evansville College of Chiropractic, Inc. Eastern Chiropractic College -1927- New York, NY Evansville, IN

Eastern Chiropractic Institute Evolutionary Academy of Scientific Ease var. Eastern College of Chiropractic -1912- 1913-1923 Newark, NJ Fairmont Chiropractic College and Cure Moved to New York to form Eastern Chiropractic Institute in -1904- 1923 Fairmont, MN

Eastern Chiropractic Institute Fajardo School of Chiropractic var. Eastern Institute of Chiropractic, Inc -1923- 1918-1944 Manila, Philippines New York, NY Absorbed Eastern College of Chiropractic in New Jersey in 1923 Far Eastern Chiropractic College Merged with New York School of Chiropractic and Standard Dec. 1. 1923-1924- School of Chiropractic in 1944 to form Chiropractic Institute of Manila, Philippines New York Far Eastern Physical Therapy Institute Eastern Chiropractic Institute or College 1925 Feevale Central University School of Chiropractic Hartford, CT 1998- Eastern College of Chiropractic Nuovo Hamburgo, Brazil New Jersey Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic Chiropractic History Volume 27, No. 2 - 2007 105

First National University of Neuropathy and Allied Sciences, Inc. Los Angeles, CA [1926]-[1930] merged with LACC in 1926 Newark, NJ Formed by the merger of New Jersey College of Osteopathy, Gorby-Henkley School of Chiropractic New Jersey College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy -1908- Oklahoma Florida College of Chiropractic Portland, OR [1913- Formerly Palmer & Mitchell College of Chiropractic, Los Gordon School of Chiropractic Angeles, CA, St. Petersburg, FL Goshea Chiropractic Institute -1950- Fort Wayne Chiropractic College, The Savannah, GA -1912- Indiana Gould’s Chiropractic College and Cure -1905- Fort Worth Chiropractic College St. Paul, MN 1922 Stillwater, MN Fort Worth, TX Grace University Foy’s Chiropractic College [1930] [1910] Seattle, WA Topeka, KS Grant Chiropractic College Francis School of Chiropractic 1940-1949 Columbus, GA Frelinghuysen University, The -1920- Grant School of Chiropractic Washington, DC Waskom, TX

Fukenbara Institute of Chiropractic Guthrie Chiropractic College 1982- Ikuta-Ku, Kobe, Japan Hammerele Chiropractic College, P.W. 1905 Genetic Chiropractic College St. Paul, MN -1942-1943- New Albany, IN Haney, Dr. W.J. [1914] George F. Murray Private School of Chiropractic Cleveland, OH var. George F. Murry’s Private School of Chiropractic -1913--1925- Hanseo University – RMIT Unit Belington, WV 1997- Seoul, Korea German Chiropractic College Harris Chiropractic College Gillespie Institute Wichita, KS

Golden State Chiropractic College; Hewitt’s Sanatorium and College var. Golden State Chiropractic College and School of [1912] Physiotherapy White Cloud, MI 1927-1938- Berkeley, CA Hollywood College of Chiropractic became Sierra States University 1949-1963 Hollywood, CA Golden State College of Chiropractic formerly Drown College of Chiropractic 1923-1926- merged with LACC in 1963 Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender

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Howard Post-Graduate School, The International Basic Technique Institute -1924- Chicago, IL International Chiropractic and Physicians Surgeons College

Howard School of Chiropractic International College of Chiropractic var. Howard College of Chiropractic var. International Chiropractic College -1914-1922 1948-1955 Chicago, IL Dayton, OH

Howard System of Chiropractic International College of Chiropractic 1909 [1910] Davenport, IA Detroit, MI

Hughes College of Chiropractic International College of Chiropractic St. Louis, MO 1920-[1921] New York, NY Hunt Chiropractic School and Cure -1909- International College of Chiropractic Fort Collins, CO 1975- Bundoora, VIC, Australia Hunter School of Chiropractic [1923]-1938- International College of Chiropractic and Healing Springfield, MO International College of Chiropractic, Inc. Illinois Kiro-Practic University and Adjusting Parlors 1938-[1943]- -1906-1910- Lexington, KY Chicago, IL International College of Spondylotherapy Imperial College of Chiropractic var. International College of Chiropractic Spondylotherapy Canada -1910-1913- Detroit, MI Indiana Chiropractic College var. Indiana School of Chiropractic International School of Chiropractic 1911-[1923] 1922 Anderson, IN New York City, NY

Indianapolis Chiropractic College International School of Chiropractic and Healing [1921] Indiana International School of Chiropractic var. International College of Chiropractic Institut Franco-European de Chiropratique -1932- var. French Chiropractic Institute Buffalo, NY 1996- Paris, France International University of Chiropractic formerly Institute Francaise de Chiropractic -1909-1920- Minneapolis, MN Institute Francaise de Chiropractic 1984 – 1996 International University of Chiropractic Paris, France 1920 name changed to Institut Franco-European de Chiropratique Iowa

Institute of the Science and Art of Chiropractic International University of Chiropractic -1930-1945 1921 New York, NY Indianapolis, IN became Chiropractic Institute of New York in 1945 Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic Chiropractic History Volume 27, No. 2 - 2007 107

Interstate Chiropractic College 1982- 1922- Hamburg, West Germany

Inter-State Chiropractic College Konkler Chiropractic Institute 1919-[1922] Cleveland, OH Lafayette Institute 1947-[1950] Interstate College of Chiropractic Philadelphia, PA Davenport, IA Langworthy Institute of Chiropractic Interstate College of Chiropractic Lincoln, NE New York, NY Langworthy School of Chiropractic Iowa College of Chiropractic Cedar Rapids, IA -1915- became American School of Chiropractic (and Nature Care) Des Moines, IA Lansican College of Chiropractic James Chiropractic College [1913] var. James College of Chiropractic Lansing, MI Montana Laws College for Naturopathy and Chiropractic Japan School of Chiropractic 1973-[1977]- Japan Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Johnson Chiropractic College Life Chiropractic College Oklahoma 1974-1987 Marietta, GA Jones Chiropractic College became Life College Montana Life Chiropractic College – West Kansas City School of Chiropractic 1982- San Lorenzo, CA Kansas School of Chiropractic formerly Pacific States Chiropractic College -1914-1925- Topeka, KS Life College 1987-1997 Kansas State Chiropractic College Marietta, GA 1943-1974 formerly Life Chiropractic College Wichita, KS became Life University Amalgamated with Texas Chiropractic College on August 9, 1958, Amalgamated with National in 1974 Life University School of Chiropractic 1997- Kent College of Chiropractic Marietta, GA var. Kent Chiropractic School formerly Life College 1908-1938- Chicago, IL Lincoln Chiropractic College -1922-1923- Kinetic Drugless College of Chiropractic Lincoln, NE [1926] Los Angeles, CA Lincoln Chiropractic College -1924- Kokusai Chiropractic College Minneapolis, MN 1995 Japan Lincoln Chiropractic College Kollege Der Studiegesellschatt fuer Physiotherapy and 1926-1968- Chiropractic Indianapolis, IN Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender

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Manhattan College of Chiropractic Lincoln College 1919 [1917-1921] New York, NY Chicago, IL Manitoba School of Chiropractic Lindlahr College of Natural Therapeutics -1938-1940- 1916-1930 Winnipeg, MB, Canada Chicago, IL Merged with Progressive College of Chiropractic – Illinois in Mankato School 1927

Marchand College of Chiropractic Loban Chiropractic College 1912-1922 1910 Philadelphia, PA Davenport, IA formerly Doughty-Marsh College became Universal Chiropractic College Marshoto School Logan Basic College of Chiropractic -1902- 1906-1955 Marshoto, MN St. Louis, MO became Logan College of Chiropractic in 1955 Marshes’ School and Cure 1904-1909 Logan College of Chiropractic Portland, OR 1955- became Pacific College of Chiropractic Chesterfield, MO formerly Logan Basic College of Chiropractic Marycrest International University Colorado College of Chiropractic Looker College of Osteopathy & Chiropractic 2000-2002 -1922- Denver, CO Manchester, England, UK Maryland College of Chiropractic Los Angeles College of Chiropractic 1925-1928 1911-2000 Baltimore, MD Los Angeles, CA Glendale, CA in 1946 McTimoney Chiropractic College Whittier, CA in 1982 Abingdon, Oxford, UK absorbed Hollywood College of Chiropractic Formerly McTimoney Chiropractic School became Southern California University of Health Sciences McTimoney Chiropractic School Los Angeles College of Natural Healing Eynsham, Oxford, UK -1938- became McTimoney Chiropractic College Los Angeles, CA Mecca College of Chiropractic Louisiana Chiropractic College var. Mecca Chiropractic College [1968-1969] 1919-1943 New Orleans, LA Newark, NJ formerly The New Jersey College of Chiropractic Macquarie University Centre for Chiropractic 1990- Medlin School of Health Sydney, NSW, Australia 1914 Salt Lake City, UT Major College of Chiropractic 1925 Metropolitan and Cleveland College Cleveland, OH Manchester College or School of Osteopathy and Chiropractic formerly Metropolitan Chiropractic College England, UK Metropolitan Chiropractic College -Feb. 27, 1926- 1945- Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic Chiropractic History Volume 27, No. 2 - 2007 109

Cleveland, OH formerly Cleveland Chiropractic College Minnesota Chiropractic College became Metropolitan and Cleveland College 1912-1946 Minneapolis, MN Metropolitan College of Chiropractic formerly Minnesota College of Non-Medical Therapy 944-1946 San Francisco, CA Minnesota College of Non-Medical Therapy formerly San Francisco College of Chiropractic 1908-1909 name changed back to San Francisco College of Chiropractic Minnesota became Minnesota Chiropractic College Metropolitan Institute of Chiropractic Delaware, MD Minnesota School of Chiropractic Minneapolis, MN Metropolitan Institute of Chiropractic -1923- Mississippi State Chiropractic College New York, NY 1965 Mississippi Metropolitan School of Chiropractic 1912- Missouri Chiropractic College New York City, NY var. Missouri College of Chiropractic merged into the New York School of Chiropractic 1920-1964 St. Louis, MO Michigan Chiropractic College (Branch of Grand Rapids) Merged with Logan in 1964 1909-1938- Detroit, MI, Missouri Chiropractic Institute Grand Rapids, MI, St. Louis, MO became Ross College of Chiropractic (Ft. Wayne, IN) Mitchell College of Chiropractic Michigan College of Chiropractic, Inc. 1913? var. Michigan College of Chiropractic St. Petersburg, FL -1901-1940- see also Florida College of Chiropractic Grand Rapids, MI Modern School of Chiropractic Michigan Kiropractic College Brainerd, MN -1910 Grand Rapids, MI Montana Chiropractic College Montana Michigan Mechanical College of Chiropractic 1909 Murdoch University Coldwater, MI 2002- Perth, WA, Australia Midwest College of Chiropractic -1925-1940- Murray’s School of Chiropractic St. Paul, MN var. Murry’s School of Chiropractic Minneapolis, MN -1913- Bellington, WV Mid-west School of Chiropractic Missouri NSW College of Chiropractic -1975 Milwaukee Chiropractic College Absorbed by Sydney College of Chiropractic -1910-1911- Sydney, NSW, Australia Milwaukee, WI Nashville College of Chiropractic Minneapolis Institute of Chiropractic and Natural Healing var. Chiropractic College of Nashville -1906 var. Nashville College of Drugless Therapy, Inc., The Minneapolis, MN 1925-1943- Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender

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Nashville, TN National School of Neuropathy and Psycho-Magnetic Healing, Nashville School of Neurotherapy The -1899- National Chiropractic College Minneapolis, MN -1927- Philadelphia, PA National School of Sciences Chicago, IL National Chiropractic College 1923-1924- National School of Spinology Manila, Philippines Circa 1912

National College of Chiropractic National University of Health Sciences 1920-1943- 2000- Chicago IL Lombard, IL 1943-2000 formerly National College of Chiropractic Lombard, IL formerly National School of Chiropractic National University of Therapeutics became National University of Health Sciences Canada

National College of Chiropractic National University of Therapeutics -1914- Washington, DC Detroit, MI Natural College of Drugless Physicians National College of Chiropractic (Correspondence course) California 1906- taken over by the National College of Chiropractic and National Natural Institute and Sanitarium of California College of Drugless Physicians 1905-1951 Los Angeles, CA National College of Drugless Physicians 1930-1963 Nature Science College of Chiropractic var. Natural Science College of Chiropractic National College of Osteopathy and Chiropractic Limited New Jersey -1931- Preston, England Nebraska Chiropractic College var. Nebraska College of Chiropractic National Eclectic Institute 1908-1927- [1926]-1938- Lincoln, NE New York City, NY Nebraska Indiana Chiropractic College National Metropolitan 1921-[1923] Indianapolis, IN National School of Chiropractic 1906-1908 Neff College Davenport, IA Philadelphia, PA 1908-1920 Chicago, IL Nesmith College of Potomac University became National College of Chiropractic in 1920 Ohio Nevada Chiropractic College National School of Chiropractic and Institute of Adjustments Las Vegas, NV Davenport, IA New England College of Chiropractic National School of Drugless Therapy -1912-1915 1920- Boston, MA Chicago, IL New Jersey College of Chiropractic formerly National School of Chiropractic 1917 Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic Chiropractic History Volume 27, No. 2 - 2007 111

Newark, NJ Northwestern College of Chiropractic New Jersey College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy 1941-1999 1910-1916 Minneapolis, MN Hoboken, NJ St. Paul, MN in 1974 became College of Mecca of Chiropractic in 1916 Bloomington, MN in 1985 Began as an extension of the Minnesota Chiropractic New York Chiropractic College Became Northwestern Health Sciences University 1977- New York, NY Northwestern Health Sciences University Old Brookville, NY in 1980 1999- Seneca Falls, NY in 1991 Bloomington, MN formerly Columbia Institute of Chiropractic Northwestern School of Chiropractic New York College of Chiropractic Oklahoma -1922- New York, NY Oakland Chiropractic College formerly Chiropractic University, the var. Oakland College of Chiropractic var. Oakland School of Chiropractic New York Eastern Institute of Chiropractic -1905-1918 -1927- Oakland, CA New York, NY became Bullis Chiropractic School (and Sanatorium)

New York School of Chiropractic Ohio State Chiropractic College -1920-1944- Ohio Bronx, NY formerly Cosmopolitan School of Chiropractic Oklahoma Chiropractic College and Chiropractic Adjusting Parlors New York School of Chiropractic -1905- 1916-1944- Oklahoma City, OK New York, NY Formerly Connecticut College of Chiropractic Oklahoma Chiropractic University Merged with Eastern Chiropractic Institute and Standard School 1907-1908- of Chiropractic in 1944 Oklahoma City, OK

New Zealand College of Chiropractic Oklahoma City Chiropractic Institute; Oklahoma Chiropractic 1994- Institute Newmarket, Auckland, New Zealand -[1914-1923] Oklahoma City, OK Nippon Chiropractic College 1995 Oklahoma College of Mechano-Therapy Tokyo, Japan Oklahoma

North West College of Chiropractic Oklahoma Institute of Chiropractic -1908-1912- North Western Chiropractic School Oklahoma

Northern California College of Chiropractic Oliver College of Chiropractic 1978-1980 1980’s Palo Alto, CA Marion, IN Sunnyvale, CA became Palmer College of Chiropractic - West O’Neil College of Chiropractic var. O’Neil Chiropractic College Northwestern College of Chiropractic 1911-1949 -1932- Fort Wayne, IN Seattle, WA Merged with Ross Chiropractic College to become O’Neil-Ross Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender

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Chiropractic College San Lorenzo, CA Becomes Life-West in 1982 O’Neill-Ross College of Chiropractic -1937- Palmer and Mitchell School of Chiropractic Fort Wayne, IN var. Palmer-Mitchell College of Chiropractic Los Angeles, CA Ontario Chiropractic College moved to St. Petersburg, Fla., as Florida College of Chiropractic var. Ontario College of Chiropractic -1925- Palmer Chiropractic College Ontario, Canada 1908-1909 Oklahoma City, OK Oregon College of Chiropractic Physicians and Surgeons or Orthopedic Surgeons Palmer Chiropractic School, The 1917-1923 1903-1904 Oregon Santa Barbara, CA

Oregon State Chiropractic College Palmer Chiropractic University System var. Oregon State College of Chiropractic 1991-2006 -1925- formed by administrative amalgamation of Palmer College of Oregon Chiropractic (IA) and Palmer-West (San Jose); later included Palmer Florida (Port Orange) became Palmer College of Ortho Chiropractic College Chiropractic (with three campuses) Minneapolis, MN Palmer College of Chiropractic Oxford College of Chiropractic 1961- Nr. Bicester, England, UK Davenport, IA formerly Witney School of Chiropractic formerly Palmer School of Chiropractic part of Palmer Chiropractic University System, 1991-2006 Oxford School of Chiropractic Massachusetts Palmer College of Chiropractic – West 1980- Pacific Chiropractic College Sunnyvale, CA var. Pacific College of Chiropractic San Jose, CA 1909-1932 formerly Northern California College of Chiropractic Portland, OR part of Palmer Chiropractic University System, 1991-2006 formerly Marshes’ School and Cure formed by merger of Peerless College of Chiropractic and Neuropathy and Pacific College of Palmer College of Chiropractic Florida Chiropractic became Western States College in 1932 October 2002 – Port Orange, FL Pacific College of Chiropractic and Drugless Therapeutics part of Palmer Chiropractic University System, 2002-2006 1927-1955- Berkeley, CA Palmer-Gregory Chiropractic College -1908-1913 Pacific School of Chiropractic Oklahoma City, OK var. Pacific School of Chiro-practic merged with St. Louis College of Chiropractic [1905-1910] Oakland, CA Palmer Gregory Chiropractic College and School of Physio formerly Oakland School of Chiropractic Therapy, The Oklahoma City, OK Pacific School of Chiropractic var. Pacific Chiropractic College, Inc. Palmer - Gregory College of Chiropractic -1913 var. Palmer - Gregory School of Chiropractic Portland, OR 1907-1910 Merged with Peerless to become Pacific Chiropractic in 1913 Oklahoma City, OK Pacific States Chiropractic College Palmer - Gregory School of Treatment 1976-1982 Chicago, IL Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic Chiropractic History Volume 27, No. 2 - 2007 113

Palmer Infirmary and Chiropractic Institute became Drown College of Chiropractic 1902-1904 Davenport, IA Peerless College of Chiropractic formerly Palmer School and Infirmary of Chiropractic, The formerly American College of Mechano-Therapy (founded 1907) Eclectic College of Chiropractic in 1922 Palmer School and Cure 1922-1927 1897-1902 Chicago, IL Davenport, IA became Palmer Infirmary and Chiropractic Institute in 1902 Peerless College of Chiropractic and Neuropathy 1910-1913 Palmer School and Infirmary of Chiropractic,The formerly Portland Chiropractic College 1904-1921 merged with Pacific College of Chiropractic to become Pacific Davenport, IA Chiropractic College formerly Palmer Infirmary and Chiropractic Institute Oregon became Palmer School of Chiropractic Pennington Chiropractic School Palmer School of Chiropractic 1921-1961 Pennsylvania Chiropractic College Davenport, IA 1950 formerly Palmer School and Infirmary of Chiropractic Indianapolis, IN became Palmer College of Chiropractic Pennsylvania College of Chiropractic Palmer School of Correspondence 1950 Davenport, IA Philadelphia, PA

Palmer’s School of Magnetic Cure Pennsylvania College of Straight Chiropractic June 1896 1984-1993 Davenport, IA Levittown, PA became Palmer School and Cure formerly Adio Institute of Straight Chiropractic

Park Island Chiropractic School Pennsylvania School of Chiropractic -1912- Peskin College of Chiropractic Parker College of Chiropractic Fort Wayne, IN 1982- Irving, TX Philadelphia College of Chiropractic Philadelphia, PA Parker College of Chiropractic var. Parker School of Chiropractic Phillip Institute of Technology var. Parker Chiropractic School 1975-1995 1905-1906 Bundoora, VIC, Australia Ottumwa, IA Formed from merger of Preston Institute of Technology with the State College of Victoria at Coburg merged with PAX Chiropractic College the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology to form RMIT 1933-1959 University Melbourne School of Chiropractic, Osteopathy and became Sydney College of Chiropractic Complementary Medicine Sydney, NSW, Australia Pittsburgh College of Chiropractic Pasadena College of Chiropractic -1912-1919 1973-1988- Pittsburgh, PA Pasadena, CA Merged with Universal Chiropractic College in 1919 formerly University of Pasadena College of Chiropractic became Southern California College of Chiropractic Portland College of Chiropractic Pasadena College of Chiropractic var. Portland Chiropractic College 1922-1948 1902-1907 Pasadena, CA Portland, OR Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender

114 became Peerless College of Chiropractic and Neuropathy R.A. Ratledge College of Chiropractic 1921- Portland College of Chiropractic Physicians and Orthopedic Long Beach, CA Surgeons -1922- Ramsay College of Chiropractic Portland, OR [1926] Minneapolis, MN Potomac University Ratledge Chiropractic College Potter School of Clinical Chiropractic Los Angeles, CA

Premier School of Chiropractic Ratledge College of Chiropractic New York, NY Missouri

Preston Institute of Technology Ratledge College of Chiropractic 1981-1982 1909-1911 Merged with the State College of Victoria at Coburg to form Arkansas City, KS The Phillip Institute of Technology Bundoora, Victoria, Australia Ratledge College of Chiropractic var. Ratledge System of Chiropractic Schools Private Chiropractic Institute 1907-1955 St. Paul, MN Tulsa, OK in 1908 Kansas Progressive College of Chiropractic Los Angeles, CA in 1911 became Cleveland Chiropractic -1919- College- Los Angeles in 1955 Fort Smith, AR Reaver School of Chiropractic Progressive College of Chiropractic-Illinois 1945-1952 1921-1927 Dayton, Ohio Chicago, IL Roswell, MN in 1952 formerly Howard College Absorbed by Lindlahr College of Natural Therapeutics in 1927 Reisland College of Chiropractic Duluth, MN Progressive School of Chiropractic var. Progressive School Rest View Chiropractic College -1914-1927- var. Rest View School and Clinic Hobart var. Rest View University of Chiropractic var. Rest-View University of Chiropractic, Inc. Pueblo College of Chiropractic 1906-1943- 1923- Seattle, WA Pueblo, CO Reynard School of Chiropractic Quantum University School of Chiropractic 1995 Richmond University of Chiropractic Pico Rivera, CA 1938-1943- Formerly Southern California College of Chiropractic Hereford, TX

Queensland College of Natural Therapeutics Riedl Chiropractic Institute 1958-[1977]- Formerly the National College of Naturopaths and Chiropractors Riley Chiropractic College Brisbane, NSW, Australia var. Riley School of Chiropractic -1921- Queensland Institute of Natural Science Washington, DC -[1977]- became The Riley School of Spinal Therapy Mapleton, Queensland, Australia Riley School of Chiropractic Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic Chiropractic History Volume 27, No. 2 - 2007 115

-1925- Salt Lake Drugless Physician’s Institute Boston, MA Salt Lake City, UT

RMIT University Chiropractic Unit - Japan San Antonio Chiropractic College 1995- Texas Tokyo, Japan San Diego School of Chiropractic, Inc. RMIT University 1910-1914- 1992- San Diego, CA Formed by merger of Philips Institute of Technology with the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology San Francisco Chiropractic College Bundoora, VIC, Australia [1927]-1944 San Francisco, CA Robbins Chiropractic Institute became Metropolitan College of Chiropractic var. Robbins Chiropractic College var. Robbins Chiropractic School San Francisco College -1910-1913 1924-1925 Sault St. Marie, ON, Canada San Francisco, CA became San Francisco College of Chiropractic & Drugless Rock Island Chiropractic College Physicians -1914- Rock Island, IL San Francisco College of Chiropractic June 13, 1922-1951 Rocky Mountain College of Chiropractic and Psychology San Francisco, CA Denver, CO formerly West Coast Chiropractic College became Metropolitan College of Chiropractic Ross College of Chiropractic or Chiropractic College -1907-1929 San Francisco College of Chiropractic & Drugless Physicians Fort Wayne, IN 1925-1946 combined with Michigan College of Chiropractic in Ft. Wayne San Francisco, CA merged with O’Neil Chiropractic College to become Ross-O’Neil formerly San Francisco College Ross-O’Neil College of Chiropractic Sanipractic-The Howard Post Graduate School Fort Wayne, IN -1922- see O’Neil-Ross Chicago, IL Royal Blue College of Chiropractic Scholz var. Royal Blue School of Chiropractic Los Angeles, CA -1921-1925- Winnipeg, MB, Canada School of Chiropractic at the State University of Ecatepec Valley (UNEVE) Royal Institute of Chiropractic 2002- Wilmington, DE Mexico City, Mexico School of Modern, Liberal, and Progressive Therapeutics, A Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology Washington, DC 1975-1992 Renamed RMIT University Scientific Chiropractic College Melbourne, Victoria, Australia -[1912]- Cincinnati, OH Rubel College of Chiropractic, Inc. 1922-1923 Seattle College of Chiropractic Chicago, IL var. Seattle School of Chiropractic -1920-1927 Salt Lake College of Chiropractic Seattle, WA var. Salt Lake School of Chiropractic Utah Sharp and Carlson School of Chiropractic Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender

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1911-1913 Davenport, IA Southern California College of Chiropractic became Davenport College of Chiropractic 1988-1995 Pico Rivera, CA Sharp School, The formerly Pasadena College of Chiropractic 1915 became Quantum University School of Chiropractic

Sherman College of Straight Chiropractic Southern California Chiropractic College 1973 1938-1947 Spartanburg, SC became Los Angeles College of Chiropractic formerly ADIO Southern California University of Health Sciences Shiokawa College of Chiropractic 2000- 1982-1995 Whittier, CA Tokyo, Japan formerly Los Angeles College of Chiropractic

Sierra States University Southern Chiropractic College var. Sierra State University 1922-[1923] formerly Golden Gate Chiropractic College; Golden State Montgomery, AL Chiropractic College 1938-1951- Southern School of Naturopathy San Francisco, CA 1961-[1977]- Los Angeles, CA in 1951 Kew, Victoria, Australia

Sinclair College of Chiropractic Southwestern Chiropractic College 1900-1912 var. Southwestern Chiropractic Institute Santa Rosa, CA Sweetwater, TX

Skandinaviska Kiropraktorhogskolan (Scandinavian College of Southwestern Chiropractic Institute Chiropractic) Oklahoma City, OK Solna, Sweden Southwestern College of Chiropractic Smith’s Davenport School of Chiropractic 1979-1983? [1928] Cisco, TX Davenport, IA formerly Cisco Chiropractic College formerly Davenport School of Chiropractic Spears Post-Graduate College of Chiropractic- South Australia Chiropractic College 1948- -1976- Spears Sanitarium South Australia, Australia Denver, CO

South Pacific College of Natural Therapeutics Spino-Neural (or Neuro) Chiropractic College 1974-1977- -1925- Stanmore, NSW, Australia Missouri

Southeastern College of Natural Healing Arts and Sciences Spokane School of Chiropractic -1943- [1914] Dallas, TX Spokane, WA

Southern California College of Chiropractic Springfield Chiropractic College (the School of Efficiency) var. Southern California College of Chiropractic Physicians & 1915-1923- Surgeons Springfield, MO 1929-1947 Changed to Hunter School of Chiropractic formerly Cale College of Chiropractic 1925-1929 St. Claire Chiropractic College became College of Chiropractic Physicians & Surgeons see Sinclair College of Chiropractic var. College of Naturopathic Physicians & Surgeons Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic Chiropractic History Volume 27, No. 2 - 2007 117

St. Louis Chiropractic College [1938] 1909-1919 San Jose, CA St. Louis, MO Stebbins Chiropractic College St. Paul College of Chiropractic 1912 -[1916] Storey’s School of Chiropractic St. Paul, MN [1909-<1921] California St. Paul College of Chiropractic and Mental Therapeutics 1941 Strong’s Chiropractic College St. Paul, MN -1925

St. Paul Institute of Chiropractic and Natural Healing (Sanitarium Sydney College of Chiropractic and College) 1959-1990 St. Paul, MN Sydney, NSW, Australia Formerly the Sydney College of Chiropractic and Osteopathy Standard College of Chiropractic Formerly the PAX Chiropractic College 1923-1938- Merged with Macquarie University to become the Centre for Akron, OH Chiropractic

Standard College of Chiropractic, Inc. Takyachi College of Chiropractic var. Standard Chiropractic College, Inc. -1982- 1922-1938 Tokyo, Japan Oakland, CA Technikon Natal Standard College of Chiropractic, Inc. 1988- var. Standard Chiropractic College, Inc. Durban, South Africa 1922-1939 San Jose, CA Technikon Witwatersrand 1993- Standard College of Chiropractic, Inc. Doorntonetein, South Africa var. Standard Chiropractic College, Inc. 1922-1937 Temple of Knowledge Chiropractic College Sacramento, CA Temple of Knowledge Chiropractic Institute Standard College of Chiropractic, Inc. -1910- var. Standard Chiropractic College, Inc. Oklahoma City, OK 1922-1955- San Francisco, CA Tennessee Academy of Arts & Sciences, Inc. Tennessee Standard School of Chiropractic Washington, DC Texas College of Chiropractic var. Texas Chiropractic College Standard School of Chiropractic 1925- pre 1923 San Antonio, Texas Chicago, IL Pasadena, Texas formerly The Chiropractic College Standard School of Chiropractic var. Standard Chiropractic Institute Tokyo Chiropractic College var. Standard Institute of Chiropractic 1995 1919-1944 Tokyo, Japan New York, NY Merged with Eastern Chiropractic Institute and New York School Toronto Chiropractic College of Chiropractic in 1944 var. Toronto College of Chiropractic 1920-[1926] State College of Chiropractic and Naturopathic Physicians Toronto, ON, Canada Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender

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U.S. College of Chiropractic University of Chiropractic -1925- aka Restview Sanitarium Seattle, WA Union College of Chiropractic -1925- University of Glamorgan, School of Applied Sciences Pittsburgh, PA 1997- Pontypridd, Wales, UK United College of Chiropractic var. United College of Chiropractors University of Johannesburg -1913 [1914] Johannesburg, South Africa Marion, IN University of Natural Healing Arts United States College of Chiropractic 1923-1964- -1925- Denver, CO Indianapolis, IN Formerly Colorado Chiropractic University

Universal Chiropractic College University of Pasadena, College of Chiropractic April 1910-1912 1973-[1980] Davenport, IA Pasadena, CA Pittsburgh, PA Became Pasadena College of Chiropractic

Universal Chiropractic College University of Surrey, European Institute of Health and Medical 1924-1944 Sciences Davenport, IA 1997- Pittsburgh, PA Guildford, Surrey, England, UK

Universal Chiropractic College University of the Healing Arts, The College of Chiropractic 1995 1935-1938 Tokyo, Japan Hartford, CT

Universal Chiropractic College University of Southern Denmark Universal College of Chiropractic 1994- 1917-1931- Odense, Denmark Pittsburgh, PA Pittsburgh College of Chiropractic Utah Chiropractic College, (Inc.) -1923-1925- Universal Sanipractic College Salt Lake City, UT [1926] Seattle, WA Volmer School of Chiropractic (1903)-1904- Universidad Estatal del Valle de Ecatepec (UNEVE) Iowa var. School of Chiropractic at the State University of Ecatepec Valley Washington D.C. School of Chiropractic 2000- var. Washington School of Chiropractic Mexico City, Mexico 1912- [1926] Washington, DC Université Du Québec Á Trois-Rivières – School of Chiropractic 1993- Washington School of Chiropractic Trois-Rivières, PQ, Canada Boston, MA

University of Anhembi Morumbi School of Chiropractic Washington School of Chiropractic Sao Paola, Brazil var. Washington Chiropractic College University of Bridgeport College of Chiropractic -1914-1918- 1991- Washington, PA Bridgeport, CT Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic Chiropractic History Volume 27, No. 2 - 2007 119

Waterloo College of Chiropractic Western States Chiropractic College 1967- Wellington University Portland, OR -1929- Chicago, IL Western Therapeutic College Washington Wells Academy of Chiropractic(s) 1912-1922- Western University of Chiropractic Kalamazoo, MI 1935-1943 Lansing, MI San Diego, CA formerly Clewell Chiropractic College [1911-1938] Wentworth Chiropractic College Inc. Duluth, MN Wichita College of Chiropractic var. Wichita Chiropractic College West Coast Chiropractic College 1909-1914 -1940- Wichita, KS Oakland, CA Wichita College of Kiropractic West Coast Chiropractic College -1909- var. West Coast College of Chiropractic Wichita, KS July 22, 1922-1933- Oakland, CA Wiegart School of Chiropractic became San Francisco College of Chiropractic Waterloo, IA

Western Academy of Science Willamette Chiropractic College var. Western Academy [1925-1926] -1919-1923- Portland, OR Nebraska William J. Kelly Chiropractic College and Cure Western College of Chiropractic var. Western School of Chiropractic Wisconsin Chiropractic College 1920-1923 1923-1932- San Francisco, CA Milwaukee, WI became Western College of Chiropractic and Drugless Therapy Witney School of Chiropractic Western Chiropractic College Oxford, England, UK -1927-1943 Kansas City, MO Wolverine College of Chiropractic Michigan Western College of Chiropractic -1943- Zenith School of Chiropractic Denver, CO [1905] Duluth, MN Western College of Chiropractic and Drugless Therapy var. Western College of Chiropractic 1923-1927 San Francisco, CA

Western Drugless College Washington

Western States College 1932-1967 Portland, OR formerly Pacific Chiropractic College became Western States College of Chiropractic