Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic Chiropractic History Volume 27, No. 2 - 2007 9 How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update GLENDA WIESE, Ph.D* and ALANA CALLENDER, M.S. Estimates of the number of chiropractic schools that have been in existence have been as high as six hundred. The authors identified 436 different school names from 1897 until the publication of an earlier list in 1988. Since that time, the authors have identified an additional 157 school names, for a total of 593. Allowing for name changes, mergers, acquisitions and satellite schools the figure for the past 110 years is much smaller, nearer 250. An updated list of these institutions is the major part of this paper. The schools are categorized by country and state, location and dates of operation, when known. Estimates of the number of chiropractic schools that have refers to) the authors migrated to an Access database. The been in existence have been as high as six hundred (1). One use of this database allows the authors to easily identify all chiropractor testifying before a Senate Committee in 1926 colleges by date, state, college president, key word, or any claimed there had been as many as 200 schools in the state of Michigan (2). Although these claims were exaggerated at the time, the number six hundred may not be far off the mark today if one considers the international colleges, as well as college name changes and variations. The authors originally published an historical directory of chiropractic schools and colleges in 1985 (3) and updated their work in 1988 (4) by adding additional schools and colleges, providing a directory by state and province, and an analysis of the growth of the number of chiropractic schools. Since that time the authors have identified approximately one hundred additional schools, colleges, or variations of names of schools and colleges that they thought should be added to the historical record. The authors have also expanded their list to include international schools, in addition to those originally reported in the United States and Canada. The appendix to this paper contains the schools Mecca College of Chiropractic. identified in 1985 and in 1988, as well as the names of the more recently identified schools and colleges, for a total of 593 institutions. During the eighteen years in which the authors worked as librarians, archivist, curator, or research administrator for Palmer College of Chiropractic their increasing access to technology made the process of recording the schools more streamlined. From a file drawer (which one author still © 2007 Association for the History of Chiropractic. *Address all correspondence to Glenda Wiese, Ph.D., Palmer College of Chiropractic, 1000 Brady St., Davenport, IA 52803; [email protected]. Compressed Chiropractic University and the American Hospital. Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender 90 Ratledge System of Chiropractic Schools. Parker Chiropractic. other category that the authors identify as being potentially for the sake of conciseness. In many instances the address useful. The authors continued to rely on announcements in unknown to the authors. Brackets around a date indicate and advertisements in the Palmer College Archives, but dates of existence where opening and closing dates are not also received additional school names from colleagues who certain. A date flanked by the symbol – indicate a date the sent potential additions. The internet has also been a useful school was in operation, when no other date information is resource for identifying schools currently in operation, known. especially international schools. The authors continue to The authors wish to acknowledge and thank the many update the list and encourage readers to report any errors or people who sent us additions during the past eighteen years. additions, which will be incorporated into a future update. They include, but are not limited to, Walter Wardwell, Bill As in the authors’ former school directories, no attempt Rehm, Russell Gibbons, Joseph Keating, Jr., Rolf Peters, has been made to credit sources or to corroborate the sources’ Robert Jackson, and Jetta Nash. The authors also wish to accuracy. When sources give conflicting information on acknowledge the in-kind support of Palmer College of dates, the authors chose to report the broadest range of Chiropractic, and the resources of the David D. Palmer dates. Street addresses have been omitted from this listing Health Sciences Library and its Special Collections. REFERENCES 1. Lin, Phyllis Lan, The Chiropractor, Chiropractic, and Process: A Chiropractic Schools and Colleges,” Research Forum 1985, 1(3): 79- Study of the Sociology of an Occupation (Ann Arbor, MI: University 94. Microfilms, 1973). 4. Ferguson, Alana C. and Glenda C. Wiese, “How Many Chiropractic 2. Chiropractic and Osteopathic Licensure in the District of Columbia. Schools? An Analysis of Institutions That Offered the D.C. Degree,” (United States Government Printing Office, 1926). Chiropractic History, 1988, 8(1):26-36. 3. Wiese, Glenda C. and Alana C. Ferguson, “Historical Directory of Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic Chiropractic History Volume 7, No. - 007 91 Chiropractic Schools Listed by State Palmer Chiropractic School Palmer College of Chiropractic - West Pasadena College of Chiropractic Alabama Quantum University School of Chiropractic R.A. Ratledge College of Chiropractic Carver Chiropractic College of the South Ratledge Chiropractic College Southern Chiropractic College Ratledge System of Chiropractic Schools San Diego School of Chiropractic, Inc. Arkansas San Francisco Chiropractic College San Francisco College Progressive College of Chiropractic San Francisco College of Chiropractic San Francisco College of Chiropractic & Drugless Physicians California Scholz Sierra States University; Sierra State University Berkeley Chiropractic College Sinclair College of Chiropractic Bullis and Davis School of Chiropractic, Neuropathy, Southern California College of Chiropractic Ophthalmology Southern California College of Chiropractic Physicians and Bullis Chiropractic School (and Sanatorium) Surgeons Cale College of Chiropractic Southern California University of Health Sciences Cale College of Naturopathy Standard College of Chiropractic, Inc. California Chiropractic College State College of Chiropractic and Naturopathic Physicians California College of Electro-Mechano Therapy Storey’s School of Chiropractic California College of Natural Healing Arts University of Pasadena, College of Chiropractic Chiropractic College of America West Coast Chiropractic College Chiropractic Sanitarium and School for Drugless Therapeutics Western (School) College of Chiropractic Chiropractors, Incorporated Western College of Chiropractic and Drugless Therapy Cleveland Chiropractic College Western University of Chiropractic Clewell Chiropractic College College of Chiropractic Physicians and Surgeons Colorado College of Drugless Healing College of Drugless Physicians Carver College or Carver Chiropractic University College of Medical and Drugless Surgeons Colorado Chiropractic University Columbia College of Chiropractic Colorado College of ChiropracticDenver Chiropractic Institute, Columbia College of Chiropractic and Inc. Naturopathy Denver School of Chiropractic Continental Chiropractic College Hunt Chiropractic School and Cure Dr. H.B. Moore MIU University Colorado College of Chiropractic Drown College of Chiropractic Pueblo College of Chiropractic Eclectic College of Chiropractic Rocky Mountain College of Chiropractic and Psychology Golden State Chiropractic College Spears Post-Graduate College of Chiropractic- Spears Sanitarium Golden State College of Chiropractic University of Natural Healing Arts Hollywood College of Chiropractic Western College of Chiropractic Kinetic Drugless College of Chiropractic Life Chiropractic College - West Connecticut Los Angeles College of Chiropractic Los Angeles College of Natural Healing Central College of Chiropractic Metropolitan College of Chiropractic Natural College of Drugless College of Chiropractic, The Physicians Connecticut College of Chiropractic Natural Institute and Sanitarium of California Eastern Chiropractic Institute or College Northern California College of Chiropractic University of Bridgeport College of Chiropractic Oakland Chiropractic College University of the Healing Arts Pacific College of Chiropractic and DruglessTherapeutics Pacific School of Chiropractic Delaware Pacific States Chiropractic College Palmer and Mitchell School of Chiropractic Columbia Institute of Chiropractic Palmer Mitchell College of Chiropractic Royal Institute of Chiropractic Reprinted by permission of the Association for the History of Chiropractic How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender 92 District of Columbia Progressive College of Chiropractic-Illinois Rock Island Chiropractic College Capitol School of Chiropractic Rubel College of Chiropractic, Inc. Carver College or Carver Chiropractic University Sanipractic-The Howard Post Graduate School Central Chiropractic College Standard School of Chiropractic Chiropractic Research University Wellington University Eastern Chiropractic College Evans School of Chiropractic Indiana Frelinghuysen University, The National University of Therapeutics Bebout College of Chiropractic Riley Chiropractic College Bremer Chiropractic College