DOCSLIB.ORG

Legal Status of Traditional Medicine and Complementary/Alternative Medicine: a Worldwide Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Legal Status of Traditional Medicine and Complementary/Alternative Medicine: a Worldwide Review Legal Status of Traditional Medicine and Complementary/Alternative Medicine: A Worldwide Review © World Health Organization 2001 This document is not a formal publication of the World Health Organization (WHO), and all rights are reserved by the Organization. The document may, however, be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and translated, in part or in whole, but not for sale or for use in conjunction with commercial purposes. The views expressed in this documents by named authors are solely the responsibility of those authors. Acknowledgements The World Health Organization (WHO) acknowledges its indebtedness to our Member States, regional offices, and WHO Member State representative offices for actively providing data on the practice and legal status of traditional and complementary/alternative medicine in their countries and regions. Thanks is also expressed to those international professional organizations, such as the World Federation of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Societies, World Federation of Chiropractic, World Chiropractic Alliance, and Liga Medicorum Homeopathica Internationalis, who provided valuable information specific to their relevant therapies. We especially thank Mr Neil Cummings (Canada), Mr Josh Gagne (USA), Ms Sophie Lasseur (France), Ms Yong Li (China), Mr Stefano Maddalena (Switzerland), Ms Magali Ramillien (France), Ms Valerie Truong (Canada), and Mr Guoliang Zhang (China) for drafting and revising the document and Ms Kathleen Sheridan (Netherlands) and Ms Diane Whitney (USA) for editing the final draft. Appreciation is extended to the Norwegian Royal Ministry of Health and Social Affairs for providing the financial support to print this review. Contents Contents Acknowledgements.....................................................................................iii Foreword.................................................................................................. ix Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 Terminology........................................................................................... 1 Widespread systems of traditional and complementary/alternative medicine ....................................................... 2 The situation in the use of traditional and complementary/alternative medicine ....................................................... 3 Africa ....................................................................................................... 5 Angola .................................................................................................. 5 Benin .................................................................................................... 5 Botswana .............................................................................................. 6 Burkina Faso .......................................................................................... 7 Burundi ................................................................................................. 9 Cameroon.............................................................................................. 9 Cape Verde.......................................................................................... 10 Central African Republic......................................................................... 10 Chad................................................................................................... 11 Comoros.............................................................................................. 11 Congo................................................................................................. 11 Côte d’Ivoire ........................................................................................ 13 Democratic Republic of the Congo........................................................... 13 Equatorial Guinea.................................................................................. 13 Ethiopia............................................................................................... 14 Gabon................................................................................................. 15 Gambia ............................................................................................... 15 Ghana ................................................................................................. 16 Guinea ................................................................................................ 18 Guinea-Bissau....................................................................................... 19 Kenya ................................................................................................. 19 Lesotho ............................................................................................... 19 Liberia................................................................................................. 20 Madagascar ......................................................................................... 21 Malawi ................................................................................................ 22 Mali .................................................................................................... 22 Mauritania ........................................................................................... 25 Mauritius ............................................................................................. 26 Mozambique ........................................................................................ 26 Namibia............................................................................................... 27 Niger................................................................................................... 28 Nigeria ................................................................................................ 29 v Legal Status of Traditional Medicine and Complementary/Alternative Medicine: A Worldwide Review Rwanda............................................................................................... 31 Sao Tome and Principe .......................................................................... 31 Senegal ............................................................................................... 31 Seychelles ........................................................................................... 32 Sierra Leone......................................................................................... 32 South Africa......................................................................................... 33 Swaziland............................................................................................ 36 Togo................................................................................................... 36 Uganda ............................................................................................... 36 United Republic of Tanzania.................................................................... 37 Zambia................................................................................................ 38 Zimbabwe............................................................................................ 39 The Americas........................................................................................... 43 Argentina............................................................................................. 43 Bolivia................................................................................................. 43 Brazil .................................................................................................. 44 Canada................................................................................................ 45 Chile ................................................................................................... 52 Colombia ............................................................................................. 53 Costa Rica ........................................................................................... 53 Cuba................................................................................................... 54 Dominican Republic............................................................................... 55 Ecuador............................................................................................... 56 Guatemala ........................................................................................... 57 Honduras............................................................................................. 58 Jamaica............................................................................................... 59 Mexico................................................................................................ 60 Nicaragua ............................................................................................ 61 Panama ............................................................................................... 62 Peru.................................................................................................... 64 United States of America ....................................................................... 65 Venezuela............................................................................................ 71 Eastern Mediterranean............................................................................... 73 Algeria ................................................................................................ 73
Load more

Recommended publications
  • What Is Commonly Known As Salt -Nacl- Is a Deceivingly Simple
    K. Хуесо, В. Карраско. In sale Salus: соли и соленые болотные угодья Европы для сохранения здоровья УДК 577.151.01 DOI: 10.18101/2306-2363-2017-4-11-25 * IN SALE SALUS: HEALTH PROVISION FROM SALT AND SALINE WETLANDS IN EUROPE © Kortekaas K. Hueso Institute of Saltscapes and Salt Heritage (IPAISAL), Apartado de Correos 50 28450 Collado Mediano, Spain ICAI Higher Technical School of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Pontificia de Comillas Alberto Aguilera 25, Madrid, Spain © Vayá J-F. Carrasco Institute of Saltscapes and Salt Heritage (IPAISAL), Apartado de Correos 50 28450 Collado Mediano, Spain Among the often cited 14,000 uses of salt, many are related to wellness and health. Its different physical-chemical properties allow many health-related applications of salt itself, brine, mother lay and saline muds. Salt can be used as skin rubs or in blocks, for building halochambers; inhaled as aerosols or even ionised by lamps. Brine can be ingested or used for bathing and exercising in it. Mother lay is usually employed as a basis for cosmetics and skin treatments and muds are traditionally applied directly on the skin for similar ailments. Many of these applications have been known since the Antiquity and are still in use today. Some have disappeared or are only known at local scale, while others are growing in popularity, amid the surge of spa and wellness facilities worldwide. The also increasingly popular natural and alternative treatments have included salt-related healing. In this contribution, we will review among others the traditional uses of brine and salt for health provision; the therapeutic and wellness uses of mother lay and mud as a side activity for traditional salinas, some of which have built ad hoc spa and wellness centres; the now widespread phenomenon of salt caves and mines for halotherapy and the historical spas built around saline lakes, now in disuse.
    [Show full text]
  • Chiropractic in Lancaster County by J
    Chiropractic in Lancaster County By J. Calvin Wenger, D. C. The Chiropractic profession was birthed nationwide in Davenport, Iowa in September 1895. It all started when a magnetic healer, Daniel David Palmer, noticed an unusual derangement in the cervical-thoracic spine of a deaf janitor by the name of Harvey Lillard. He performed a manipulation in this area and Mr. Lillard’s hearing was restored. Thus began a process of patient care that eventually evolved into what today is known as the chiropractic profession. A friend of Daniel Palmer, Rev. Samuel Weed, was fluent in Greek and suggested the procedure be called chiropractic, a practice performed by the use of hands. During the next decade the first chiropractic school was established which is still operating and known now as the Palmer University of Chiropractic. Dr. David Palmer's son, Dr. B. J. Palmer, was an unusual and charismatic leader who succeeded his father and became known as the developer of chiropractic. His son Dr. David Pamler became a 3rd generation leader in the profession and married a Lancaster County native, Dr. Agnes High Palmer. In recent years, two other Palmer higher educational institutions have been established in San Jose, California and Port Orange, Florida. Incidentally and interestingly, the other major manipulative health profession, osteopathy, was also discovered in the Mid-West in the latter 1800's in Swiftwater, Missouri by a practitioner by the name of Andrew Still. The major premise of the chiropractic profession is that dysfunctional spinal articulations and pelvic structures will initiate disturbances with the function of the nervous system in a particular spinal area which in tandem negatively influences the normal functions of the body in that particular area.
    [Show full text]
  • Liste Représentative Du Patrimoine Culturel Immatériel De L'humanité
    Liste représentative du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l’humanité Date de Date récente proclamation Intitulé officiel Pays d’inscriptio Référence ou première n inscription Al-Ayyala, un art traditionnel du Oman - Émirats spectacle dans le Sultanat d’Oman et 2014 2014 01012 arabes unis aux Émirats arabes unis Al-Zajal, poésie déclamée ou chantée Liban 2014 2014 01000 L’art et le symbolisme traditionnels du kelaghayi, fabrication et port de foulards Azerbaïdjan 2014 2014 00669 en soie pour les femmes L’art traditionnel kazakh du dombra kuï Kazakhstan 2014 2014 00011 L’askiya, l’art de la plaisanterie Ouzbékistan 2014 2014 00011 Le baile chino Chili 2014 2014 00988 Bosnie- La broderie de Zmijanje 2014 2014 00990 Herzégovine Le cante alentejano, chant polyphonique Portugal 2014 2014 01007 de l’Alentejo (sud du Portugal) Le cercle de capoeira Brésil 2014 2014 00892 Le chant traditionnel Arirang dans la République 2014 2014 00914 République populaire démocratique de populaire Date de Date récente proclamation Intitulé officiel Pays d’inscriptio Référence ou première n inscription Corée démocratique de Corée Les chants populaires ví et giặm de Viet Nam 2014 2014 01008 Nghệ Tĩnh Connaissances et savoir-faire traditionnels liés à la fabrication des Kazakhstan - 2014 2014 00998 yourtes kirghizes et kazakhes (habitat Kirghizistan nomade des peuples turciques) La danse rituelle au tambour royal Burundi 2014 2014 00989 Ebru, l’art turc du papier marbré Turquie 2014 2014 00644 La fabrication artisanale traditionnelle d’ustensiles en laiton et en
    [Show full text]
  • Medical Balneology; Recent Global Developments
    Medical Balneology; recent global developments Müfit Zeki Karagülle, MD, PhD XXV (XXIX) Zjazd Balneologiczny Balneological Congress of the Polish Association of Balneology and Physical Medicine 10-13 September 2015, Polańczyk Balneology/ISMHBalneology/ISMH goesgoes globalglobal IntensifiedIntensified andand enrichedenriched globalglobal scientificscientific researchresearch inin BalneologyBalneology • Balneological articles published in peer reviewed international journals has been continually increasing since last decade • The authors from countries like Brazil, Japan, China, Taiwan, South Korea and India are publishing more in addition to classical European balneological countries like France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Austria • The contribution to this development from eastern European countries like Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Turkey is also increasing. ResearchResearch methodology;methodology; betterbetter qualityquality We comprehensively searched data bases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English between July 2005 and December 2013. By using JADAD calculation we evaluated also the quality of the RCTs evaluating balneotherapy and spa therapy for the treatment of low back. RandomizedRandomized controlledcontrolled trialstrials JadadJadad scores,scores, journalsjournals andand impactimpact factorsfactors Jadad Journal Author, (year) Journal quality impact treatment score factor Balogh et al. (2005) ForschendeKomplementärmedizin/Research in 1 1,279 Balneotherapy Complementary Medicine Leibetseder et al. ForschendeKomplementärmedizin/Research in 0 1,279 (2007) Spa therapy Complementary Medicine Demirel et al. (2008) Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal 2 0,613 Spa therapy Rehabilitation Kulisch et al. (2009) Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 5 2,134 Spa therapy Doğan et al. (2011) Southern Medical Journal 1 0,915 Spa therapy Kesiktaş et al. (2012) Rheumatology International 3 2,214 Spa therapy Tefner et al. (2012) Rheumatology International 3 2,214 Balneotherapy Gremeaux et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychotherapeutic Postural Integration (IPP)
    Member of the Fédération Française de Psychothérapie et Psychanalyse (FF2P) Institute Accredited by the European Association of Psychotherapy Psychotherapeutic Postural Integration (IPP) By Eliane and Claude Vaux Société Civile IFCC – SIRET 405 186 875 00036 – 102 Route du Polygone – 67100 Strasbourg Tel: 0033 (0)3 88 60 44 84 – Email: [email protected] – Site: www.ifcc-psychotherapie.fr 1 2 Short history The IFCC was founded in 1996 with enthusiasm and joy. Eliane Jung-Fliegans, clinical psychologist, and Claude Vaux, body psychotherapist, combined their expertise and their passion for this work since 1982 and decided to create a psychotherapy training course mainly focused on Gestalt Therapy and Postural Integration. At the time, Claude Vaux was working in Paris at the Triangle association, with Michel Sokoloff and Dominique Vayner. Triangle opens the field to new therapies from the USA and from India by organizing seminars and training courses. In this way, they bring to France a range of therapists known in Esalen, cradle of humanist psychology, such as Léonard Orr, creator of Rebirth, Paul Rebillot, founder of Experiential Gestalt, Alexander Lowen, founder of Bioenergetic Analysis, Gerda Boyesen, creator of Biodynamics, Harvey Jackins, founder of Co-Counseling, Jack Painter, creator of Postural Integration… Eliane, after obtaining a master’s degree in psychology, created the Cabinet of Humanist Psychology in Strasbourg, where she practices Gestalt Therapy and Creative Visualization. Little by little, the method they teach became more and more distinctive and eventually unified under the name of Psychotherapeutic Postural Integration. Claude and Eliane collaborate with Jack Painter and Paul Rebillot, but above all integrate into their training the Regenerative Movement taught by Itsuo Tsuda, whom Claude met in 1978.
    [Show full text]
  • What They Donâ•Žt Want You to Know About Planet X: Surviving 2012
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Communication Studies Faculty Publications Communication Studies 7-25-2014 What They Don’t Want You to Know About Planet X: Surviving 2012 and the Aesthetics of Conspiracy Rhetoric Ian Reyes University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Jason K. Smith Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/com_facpubs The University of Rhode Island Faculty have made this article openly available. Please let us know how Open Access to this research benefits you. This is a pre-publication author manuscript of the final, published article. Terms of Use This article is made available under the terms and conditions applicable towards Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth in our Terms of Use. Citation/Publisher Attribution Reyes, Ian and Jason K. Smith. "What They Don't Want You to Know About Planet X: Surviving 2012 and the Aesthetics of Conspiracy Rhetoric." Communication Quarterly, vol. 62, no. 4, 2014, pp. 399-415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2014.922483. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2014.922483 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Communication Studies at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Communication Studies Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “What They Don’t Want You to Know About Planet X: Surviving 2012 and the Aesthetics of Conspiracy Rhetoric” Ian Reyes Department of Communication Studies Harrington School of Communication and Media University of Rhode Island Davis Hall Kingston, RI 02881 [email protected] Jason K.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Auricular Acupuncture for Pain Management
    8/9/17 Objectives Pain Management with Auricular • Therapy/Auricular Acupuncture Overview of history of acupuncture • Review of types of acupuncture Karen Williams, MSN, RN, FNP-BC (K1) KDW Health Management • Discuss history and significance of Auricular Acupuncture/Auriculotherapy • Karen Sova, MSN, RN, ANP-BC, COHN-S (K2) Review particulars of Auricular Acupuncture/Auriculotherapy National Institutes of Health • Demonstrate Battlefield Acupuncture Protocol TNP 2017 • Case presentations BFA Workshop Disclosures Which One Am I Talking About?! • The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy of the Department of the Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense, or U.S. Government • Auriculotherapy • This course is for an introduction to auricular acupuncture only and is not for credentialing purposes. This course does not credential the participant • Auricular Therapy to perform auricular acupuncture • Auricular Acupuncture Auriculotherapy/Auricular Acupuncture History (continued) Evolves with Chinese Acupuncture • China – isolated from rest of world because of internal feuding for power. • Meridian based medicine - Seeks to restore harmony • 1800’s- Outside trade and influx of Christianity and Western medicine and balance: Qi - life force energy - travels along 12 main pathways or meridians within the body • 1822 - Qing Emperor orders teaching of acupuncture to stop at Imperial Medical college • Qi is profoundly disturbed by traumatic stress • Restrictions on acupuncture continued resulting
    [Show full text]
  • Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the UK and Germany Research and Evidence on Supply and Demand
    Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society/ Deutsch-Britische Stiftung für das Studium der Industriegesellschaft Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the UK and Complementary and Germany – Research and Evidence on Supply Demand Germany – Research Anna Dixon, Annette Riesberg,Weinbrenner, Susanne Omer Saka, Le Grand, Julian Busse Reinhard 2003 Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the UK and Germany Research and Evidence on Supply and Demand Anna Dixon1,3, Annette Riesberg2,3, Susanne Weinbrenner2, Omer Saka1, Julian Le Grand1, Reinhard Busse2,3 1 LSE Health and Social Care, Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom 2 Department of Health Care Management, Institute of Health Sciences, Technische Universität, Berlin, Germany 3 European Observatory on Health Care Systems and Policies Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society © Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN THE UK AND GERMANY Through its work in Germany and in the United Kingdom, the Anglo-German Foundation seeks to foster dialogue and co-operation between the two countries. It supports research projects, seminars and conferences promoting the exchange of experience and ideas in the social, political and economic areas. Die Deutsch-Britische Stiftung möchte mittels ihrer Tätigkeit in Deutschland und Grossbritannien den Dialog und die Zusammenarbeit der beiden Staaten fördern. Sie unterstützt gemeinsame Forschungsprojekte,
    [Show full text]
  • Anthroposophic Medicine in Paediatric Oncology in Germany: Results of a Population-Based Retrospective Parental Survey
    Pediatr Blood Cancer Anthroposophic Medicine in Paediatric Oncology in Germany: Results of a Population-Based Retrospective Parental Survey † ‡ Alfred Laengler,¨ MD1,2,, * Claudia Spix, PhD,3 Friedrich Edelhauser,¨ MD,2 David D. Martin, MD,4 § Genn Kameda, MD,1 Peter Kaatsch, PhD,3 and Georg Seifert, MD5 Background. Anthroposophic medicine (AM) is frequently status. Physicians played a relevant role for users of AM both in utilised in German-speaking countries as a complementary and alter- procuring information (24% vs. 11%; P < 0.001) and in prescribing native medicine (CAM) treatment approach. Procedure. This study medicines and therapies (73.0% vs. 34.9%; P < 0.001) compared to presents results of a retrospective parental questionnaire compar- users of other CAM. AM-users communicate more frequently with ing responses of AM-users and users of other CAM in paediatric their physicians about the use of CAM treatments (89.8% vs. 63.9%) oncology in Germany. The differences between these two groups and recommend CAM more often than other CAM-users (95.9% vs. are investigated with respect to usage, associated demographic char- 87%). Conclusions. AM plays a major role in paediatric oncology in acteristics and previous experience with CAM. Results. Ninety-eight Germany. Patients using AM sustain treatment and therapies consid- patients (27%) of the 367 CAM-users were exposed to anthropo- erably longer than patients using other CAM treatments. Furthermore, sophic treatments or therapies. Treatment duration amounted to a most families who had used AM before their child was diagnosed with median 619 days for AM and 225 days for other CAM treatments.
    [Show full text]
  • Here They Appear) for Non-Commercial Use Or Use Sincere Thanks and Acknowledgement Also Go To: Within Your Organisation
    Massage Therapy Code of Practice association of massage therapists page 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Code of Practice would not have come into © Association of Massage Therapists Ltd being without the effort, commitment and energy of a number of people. Special acknowledgement This material is copyright © Association of Massage is due to Rebecca Barnett, Tamsin Rossiter and Therapists Ltd (AMT). You may download, store in Desley Scott who researched and wrote most of the cache, display, print and reproduce the material in standards contained in this document. unaltered form only (retaining this notice, or links to it where they appear) for non-commercial use or use Sincere thanks and acknowledgement also go to: within your organisation. You may not deal with the material in a manner that might mislead or deceive • Alan Ford and Linda Hunter, any person. who drafted three of the Standards in the Code You may not reproduce this material without • Beth Wilson and Grant Davies acknowledging AMT's authorship. (Office of the Health Services Commissioner, Victoria) and Professor Michael Ward (Health Quality Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright and Complaints Commission, Queensland) who Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Requests for provided invaluable feedback and insight further authorisation should be directed to: • Colin Rossie, whose research and contributions Association of Massage Therapists Ltd to the Code of Practice Wiki helped to maximise PO Box 826 stakeholder engagement in the process Broadway NSW 2007 P: 02 9211 2441 • Annette Cassar and Jodee Shead, E: [email protected] who assisted in the review process • Linda White, Paul Lindsay and Katie Snell, who proofed the document • All those who took the time to read the draft Code and provide feedback.
    [Show full text]
  • HRI London 2019—Cutting Edge Research in Homeopathy: Presentation Abstracts June 14–16, 2019 London
    A1 HRI London 2019—Cutting Edge Research in Homeopathy: Presentation Abstracts June 14–16, 2019 London Homeopathy 2020;109:A1–A28. Oral Abstracts Conclusion: These recommendations are part of a program to improve good practice in supportive care. They A001. Homeopathy and Expert Consensus are indicative and do not replace in any way an individualised Recommendations – Unlikely Bedfellows? New Research in homeopathic consultation. They are very safe to use as there Homeopathy and Expert Consensus Recommendations in are no medicine interactions and no significant side effects of Oncological Supportive Care homeopathic medicine. This is the first time that such an Jean-Lionel Bagot1,2,3, Jean-Claude Karp4, Christiane approach has been implemented in homeopathy circles. The Messerschmitt5, Véronique Lavallée6, Ingrid Theunyssen7, same methodology could be used for other pathologies. Two Jean-Philippe Wagner8 years’ hindsight has shown that they are indeed comfortable 1Dept of Integrative Medicine, Saint Anne Hospital, Strasbourg, France bedfellows. 2Robertsau Radiotherapy Center, Strasbourg, France Keywords: Expert consensus, oncological supportive 3Main General Practice Surgery, Strasbourg, France care, homeopathy 4Troyes Hospital Centre, Dept of Oncology-Radiotherapy, Troyes, France 5Pharmacy des Grisettes, Montpellier, France A002. Homeopathy and Environmental Challenges 6General Practice Surgery, Résidence Pasteur, Le Haillan, France Leoni V. Bonamin1 7Breast Unit, City-Clinic Louise, Bruxelles, Belgium 1Graduation Program on Environmental and Experimental 8Andrée Dutreix Cancer Institute, Dunkerque, France Pathology, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil Context: Homeopathy is the integrative medicine Homeopathy is growing in areas beyond human medi- most widely used by patients with cancer in France. However, cine because of its capacity to act on all living systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Paranormal Beliefs: Using Survey Trends from the USA to Suggest a New Area of Research in Asia
    Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research - ISSN 2288-6168 (Online) 279 Vol. 2 No.4 August 2015: 279-306 http://dx.doi.org/10.15206/ajpor.2015.2.4.279 Paranormal Beliefs: Using Survey Trends from the USA to Suggest a New Area of Research in Asia Jibum Kim1 Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea Cory Wang Nick Nuñez NORC at the University of Chicago, USA Sori Kim Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea Tom W. Smith NORC at the University of Chicago, USA Neha Sahgal Pew Research Center, USA Abstract Americans continue to have beliefs in the paranormal, for example in UFOs, ghosts, haunted houses, and clairvoyance. Yet, to date there has not been a systematic gathering of data on popular beliefs about the paranormal, and the question of whether or not there is a convincing trend in beliefs about the paranormal remains to be explored. Public opinion polling on paranormal beliefs shows that these beliefs have remained stable over time, and in some cases have in fact increased. Beliefs in ghosts (25% in 1990 to 32% in 2005) and haunted houses (29% in 1990, 37% in 2001) have all increased while beliefs in clairvoyance (26% in 1990 and 2005) and astrology as scientific (31% in 2006, 32% in 2014) have remained stable. Belief in UFOs (50%) is highest among all paranormal beliefs. Our findings show that people continue to hold beliefs about the paranormal despite their lack of grounding in science or religion. Key Words: Paranormal beliefs, ghosts, astrology, UFOs, clairvoyance 1 All correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jibum Kim at Department of Sociology, Sungkyunkwan University, 25-2 Sungkyunkwan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-745, Republic of Korea or by email at [email protected].
    [Show full text]