Carpinus Betulus L

Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group

Tree factsheet images at pages 3, 4, 5

Carpinus betulus L. taxonomy author, year Linnaeus 1753 synonym - Family Betulaceae Eng. Name Hornbeam, European hornbeam Dutch name Haagbeuk subspecies - varieties - hybrids - cultivars, frequently used (7e rassenlijst Bomen) ‘Fastigiata’ street tree ‘Frans Fontaine’ street tree (male cultivar)

references Weeda, 2003, vol.1 (Dutch) Wachter, H. 1989. Hainbuch Carpinus betulus (in German). in: Schmidt, P. 1989. Nederlandse boomsoorten II, Syllabus Vakgroep Bosbouw Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen Plants for a Future Database: www.pfaf.org/index.html morphology crown habit tree, oval max. height (m) 15-20 max. dbh (cm) >150 actual size Great Britain year …, d(…) 290, Easton Lodge, Essex, England actual size The Netherlands year 1830-1840, d(130) 102, h 19 year 1860-1870, d(130) 89, h 25 year 1870-1880, d(130) 111, h 20 leaf length (cm) 5-11 leaf petiole (cm) 7-10 leaf colour upper surface green leaf colour under surface green leaves arrangement alternate flowering April flowering plant monoecious (sometimes dioecious) flower monosexual flower diameter (cm) 0,1-0,2 flower male catkins length (cm) 3,5-5 pollination wind fruit; length samara; 3-4 cm fruit petiole (cm) 0,5 seed; length nut; 1 cm seed-wing length (cm) 0,2-0,3 weight 1000 seeds (g) 30-50 seeds ripen September seed dispersal wind

habitat natural distribution Europe, Iran, Turkey, Kaukasus in N.W. Europe since 1000 B.C. natural areas The Netherlands forests geological landscape types The Netherlands loss-covered terraces, ice pushed ridges (Hoek 1997) forested areas The Netherlands natural, loamy soils. area Netherlands < 1700 (2002, Probos) % of forest trees in the Netherlands < 0,7 (2002, Probos) soil type pH-KCl indifferent soil fertility nutrient medium to rich light highly shade tolerant shade tolerance 4.0 (0=no tolerance to 5=max. tolerance) drought tolerance 2.7 (0=no tolerance to 5=max. tolerance) waterlogging tolerance 1.7 (0=no tolerance to 5=max. tolerance) plant communities in the Netherlands Querco-Fagetea (klasse der Eiken-Beukenbossen op voedselrijke grond): -Luzulo luzuloides-Fagetum (Veldbies-Beukenbos) -Stellario-Carpinetum (Eiken-Haagbeukenbos)

management status Europe frequent indigenous species in forests and landscape status The Netherlands infrequent indigenous species in forests, landscape and urban environment application nature tree, street tree, hedges, coppice propagation seed; named cultivars by grafting, cuttings regeneration planting; natural regeneration from seed optimal gap size for regeneration 1-2x tree length first plantation Netherlands resprouting after cutting good growth rate (M.A.I. in m 3ha -1j-1) diseases generally free from diseases insects Apocheima pilosaria, Pale Brindled Beauty (Perentak)

wood wood Hornbeam (Haagbeuk) wood structures key characteristics of pores diffuse porous. radial pore files. vol. mass heartwood (kg/m3) (550-)750(-850) (12% moisture content) elastic modulus (N/mm 2) 12.700

durability heartwood fungus 5 heartwood color grey-white sapwood color grey-white contents products tools, flooring, musical instruments, cutlery, turnery

non-timber products leaves and branches food for animals

Ülo Niinemets and Fernando Valladares. 2006. Tolerance to shade, drought, and waterlogging of temperate Northern Hemisphere trees and shrubs. Ecological Monographs 76:521–547

Hornbeam as an ornamental tree, Rhenen

flowering tree in early spring, Wageningen

leaves

Flowering branch Hornbeam trees in woodland, Doorwerth, Fonteinallee photography 5x © Leo Goudzwaard, Wageningen University

2x Hornbeam stems

Hornbeam fruits

Thomé, 1885