DOCSLIB.ORG

Species Failure Profile for Trees Common to the Ohio River Valley

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Species Failure Profile for Trees Common to the Ohio River Valley ID-253 University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Species Failure Profile for Trees Cooperative Extension Service Common to the Ohio River Valley William M. Fountain, University of Kentucky Horticulture; Julie Beale, University of Kentucky Plant Pathology; Stacey Borden, University of Kentucky Arborist; Steve Foltz, Cincinnati Zoological and Botanical Garden; Lindsey Purcell, Purdue University; and David Vandergriff, University of Tennessee ree failures, especially in urban where the branch is attached to the about your tree, the prudent thing to and recreational areas, can result trunk or larger branch and where the do is to have your tree(s) inspected by inT harm to human life and property. foliage is attached. Branch failures often a qualified arborist. Arborists with the It is important, however, to recognize occur at the branch union (bifurcation, International Society of Arboriculture that the environmental and sociological branch crotch) where the branch joins (ISA) Certified Arborist® credential or benefits provided by trees significantly the trunk. Branches with a tight branch the Tree Risk Assessment Qualifica- outweigh the limited risks presented by union (V-shaped branch union) fre- tion® (TRAQ) are trained to detect and trees. Defects and species profiles that quently have included bark, making the mitigate defects in trees. increase the potential for failure often branch union weak. Lateral branches Note: This guide is intended as an aid can be observed or detected; many de- that are vertical are called co-dominant to identifying genetically influenced fects are associated with certain species, leaders. These branches grow longer and characteristics that may lead to failure referred to as the species failure profile. increase in weight more rapidly than of trees or parts of trees: site character- When trees fail, they fail in one of more horizontal branches, resulting in istics (i.e. soil volume, aspect, percent three general patterns: whole tree failure, greater loads on the branch union. slope, etc.); environmental characteris- failure at the trunk, or branch failure. Trees species are genetically variable tics (i.e. wind speed, duration, loading; Whole tree failure frequently occurs in their ability to produce strong parts drought; temperature, moisture, etc.); because of confined roots; cut roots and remain structurally sound. These and loss of strength caused by other resulting from activities such as trench- variabilities involve wood strength, factors (i.e. diseases, insect, animal ing; decay or death of roots; or soil failure susceptibility to fungal wood decay or- damage). Failures can and will occur where healthy roots lose the ability to ganisms, and the likelihood of a species for reasons other than those listed. The anchor the tree and pull out of the soil. to produce structurally branch unions. time of failure cannot be predicted. Trunk failures frequently occur at The following table details species Trees are biological organisms that the point where decay organisms have failure profiles associated with species accumulate defects throughout their weakened the trunk. Certain species are common to the Ohio River Valley. Not lives. Not all of these defects can be more prone to wood decay organisms all members of a species will have all of observed or detected, even with the than others. Wind hitting a tree’s crown the defects associated with the species. most advanced equipment available. transfers force to the trunk. Without Many only result when the tree is grow- defects in the trunk, breakage will usu- ing in a less than ideal location. ally occur about half way between the Property owners have a duty and soil and the bottom of the canopy. obligation to inspect the trees on their Address correspondence to: Like trunk failures, branch failures property to ensure that they do not Bill Fountain ([email protected]) occur at defects or half way between have obvious defects. If you are unsure Glossary attachment–the point where a branch arises from the trunk (stem) butt rot–decay of the lower trunk, trunk flare, or buttress roots. or another branch, also known as branch attachment, bifurca- buttress root–roots at the trunk base that help support the tree tion, or crotch. and equalize mechanical stress. borer–an insect that feeds in xylem tissue. Flatheaded borers canker–localized diseased area on stems, roots, or branches that is (Agrilus spp., Chrysobothris spp.) are beetle larvae that usually often shrunken and discolored. feed in the most recent annual growth ring and can result in CODIT–acronym for Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees. death of the branch; roundheaded borers (Acanthocinus spp., codominant leader–forked branches that are nearly the same Oberea spp., Saperda spp., Synanthedon spp.) are moth or beetle size in diameter arising from a common junction. These branch larvae that usually feed throughout the xylem often resulting in unions often have a V-shaped union (as opposed to a U-shaped branch failure. union) and often have included bark. Cooperative Extension Service | Agriculture and Natural Resources | Family and Consumer Sciences | 4-H Youth Development | Community and Economic Development compartmentalization–natural defense process in woody plants sapwood rot–decay located in the sapwood. Bark and/or cam- by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that bium may be damaged or dead. A common sign is the presence act to limit the spread of diseases and decay organisms. Often of numerous, small fruiting bodies on the bark. referred to as CODIT. soil failure–the inability of soil to provide sufficient resistance to dynamic loading–force that is created on a branch or other plant prevent roots from sliding out of the soil resulting in whole part that changes with time and motion (i.e. wind, climbers, rig- tree failure. This occurs more frequently when soil is saturated. ging operations, etc.). Contrast with static loading. Contrast with root failure. girdling root–root that encircles all or part of a tree trunk or other species failure profile–known types of failure associated with a roots, constricting vascular tissue and inhibiting secondary species. growth and the movement of water and photosynthates. static loading–constant load exerted by a mass due to its weight heartwood rot–any of several types of fungal decay of tree (i.e. snow, ice, epiphytes, gravity, etc.). Contrast with dynamic heartwood, often beginning with infected wounds in the living loading. portions of wood tissue. Also called heart rot. sudden branch drop–unexpected failure of large branches, usu- included bark–bark that has become imbedded in the branch ally on hot, calm, days and evenings. Failures are generally at union (bifurcation, crotch) between the branch and trunk or the union between a mature, over-extended, horizontal branch between codominant stems. Included bark is associated with and trunk. This type of failure is rare but has been more closely failure of branches and codominant stems. associated with some genera (i.e. ash, beech, buckeye, chestnut, internal decay–wood (xylem) that is undergoing decomposition elm, Japanese pagodatree, maple, oak, pine, poplar, sycamore, by fungi or bacteria. sweetgum, tree of heaven, tulip poplar, willow) and inappropri- load–see dynamic loading, static loading. ate water relations. It is associated with extreme drought fol- mechanical damage–injury by mowing equipment, construction lowed by the breaking of the drought. It is thought to occur as a equipment, animals, etc., with the potential for the introduc- result of wood drying and shrinking (cracking) during drought tion of pathogens (especially fungi) with the ability to colonize followed by rehydration and the resulting weight increase. It is wounds, resulting in internal decay. often associated with other defects (wetwood, included bark, risk–the likelihood of an event occurring (tree or tree part falling etc.). It is difficult to impossible to identify branches with the and striking a target) compounded with the consequences of potential to fail. this event occurring. target–people, property, or activities that could be injured, dam- risk assessment–the systematic process used to identify, ana- aged, or disrupted by a tree failure. lyze, and evaluate the likelihood of tree failure and associated whole tree failure–failure of an entire tree at or near the soil line consequences. resulting from uprooting (soil failure), root decay (root failure), root failure–breaking of the roots, usually from internal decay or decay of the lower portion of the trunk. resulting in whole tree failure. Contrast with soil failure. Table 1. Species failure profiles for trees common to the Ohio River Valley Observed Frequency of Species Common Name Failure Defects Abies concolor white fir Low Codominant leaders, whole tree failure due to cankers, internal decay, butt & root rot Abies nordmanniana Nordmann fir Low Codominant leaders, whole tree failure due to cankers, internal decay, butt & root rot Acer spp. maples Maples often have codominant leaders (due to opposite leaf ar- rangement) often with included bark, surface roots (potential for decay resulting from mechanical damage), girdling roots, sudden branch drop, cankers. Most species are poor compartmentalizers, verticillium wilt resulting in death and wood decay. Acer buergerianum trident maple Low Potential for codominant leaders with included bark. Smaller size reduces risk of harm. Acer campestre hedge maple Low Potential for
Load more

Recommended publications
  • European Hornbeam Carpinus Betulus ‘Fastigiata’
    Smart tree selections for communities and landowners European Hornbeam Carpinus betulus ‘Fastigiata’ Height: 35’ Spread: 25’ Site characteristics: Sun to partial shade; prefers moist, well-drained soils Zone: 5a - 7a Wet/dry: Tolerates drought, heavy soil and alkaline soils Native range: Europe, Western Asia Salt: Sensitive pH: 5.0 - 8.2 Shape: Narrow when young, becoming oval Other: Narrow branching angles Additional: Transplant in spring, somewhat slow to establish from bare root Pests: Some occasional dieback Bert Cregg, MSU Bert Cregg, Bert Cregg, MSU Bert Cregg, Bugwood.org Hungary, of West Univ. Norbert Frank, Content development: Dana Ellison, Tree form illustrations: Marlene Cameron. Smart tree selections for communities and landowners Bert Cregg and Robert Schutzki, Michigan State University, Departments of Horticulture and Forestry A smart urban or community landscape has a diverse combination of trees. The devastation caused by exotic pests such as Dutch elm disease, chestnut blight and emerald ash borer has taught us the importance of species diversity in our landscapes. Exotic invasive pests can devastate existing trees because many of these species may not have evolved resistance mechanisms in their native environments. In the recent case of emerald ash borer, white ash and green ash were not resistant to the pest and some communities in Michigan lost up to 20 percent of their tree cover. To promote diverse use of trees by homeowners, landscapers and urban foresters, Michigan State University Extension offers a series of tip sheets for smart urban and community tree selection. In these tip sheets, we suggest trees that should be considered in situations where an ash tree may have been planted in the past.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of Planning and Zoning
    Department of Planning and Zoning Subject: Howard County Landscape Manual Updates: Recommended Street Tree List (Appendix B) and Recommended Plant List (Appendix C) - Effective July 1, 2010 To: DLD Review Staff Homebuilders Committee From: Kent Sheubrooks, Acting Chief Division of Land Development Date: July 1, 2010 Purpose: The purpose of this policy memorandum is to update the Recommended Plant Lists presently contained in the Landscape Manual. The plant lists were created for the first edition of the Manual in 1993 before information was available about invasive qualities of certain recommended plants contained in those lists (Norway Maple, Bradford Pear, etc.). Additionally, diseases and pests have made some other plants undesirable (Ash, Austrian Pine, etc.). The Howard County General Plan 2000 and subsequent environmental and community planning publications such as the Route 1 and Route 40 Manuals and the Green Neighborhood Design Guidelines have promoted the desirability of using native plants in landscape plantings. Therefore, this policy seeks to update the Recommended Plant Lists by identifying invasive plant species and disease or pest ridden plants for their removal and prohibition from further planting in Howard County and to add other available native plants which have desirable characteristics for street tree or general landscape use for inclusion on the Recommended Plant Lists. Please note that a comprehensive review of the street tree and landscape tree lists were conducted for the purpose of this update, however, only
    [Show full text]
  • Charbrook Nursery
    charbrook nursery Plant List Spring-Summer-Autumn 2020 Name Size Wholesale Red Maple 1.5"-2" $200.00 Acer rubrum `Brandywine`, `Frank Jr.`, `Franksred` TM, `Sun Valley` 2"-2.5" $260.00 Single-stem 2.5"-3" $380.00 3"-3.5" $500.00 3.5"-4" $670.00 4"-4.5" $860.00 Sugar Maple 1.5"-2" $250.00 Acer saccharum `Fall Fiesta`, Flashfire 2"-2.5" $300.00 2.5"-3" $380.00 Autumn Blaze Maple 2.5"-3" $360.00 Acer rubrum 'Autumn Blaze' x 'Freemanii' 3"-3.5" $470.00 3.5"-4" $640.00 4"-4.5" $850.00 Shadblow Serviceberry 4'-5' $195.00 Amelanchier x grandiflora 'Autumn Brillance' 5'-6' $240.00 Multi-stem 6'-7' $285.00 7'-8' $420.00 8'-10' $630.00 10'-12' $855.00 Yellow Birch 1"-1.5" $180.00 Betula alleghaniensis 1.5"-2" $250.00 2"-2.5" $350.00 2.5"-3" $460.00 Sweet Birch 1.5"-2" $210.00 Betula lenta 2"-2.5" $300.00 2.5"-3" $400.00 Paper Birch 1.5"-2" $210.00 Betula papyrifera 2"-2.5" $300.00 Betula papyrifera `Varen` 2.5"-3" $400.00 Charbrook Nursery 71 Gates Road Princeton, MA 01541 Page 1 Franz Fontaine Hornbeam 2"-2.5" $320.00 Carpinus betulus `Franz Fontaine` 2.5"-3" $460.00 3"-3.5" $620.00 American Hornbeam 2"-2.5" $300.00 Carpinus caroliniana 2.5"-3" $390.00 3"-3.5" $510.00 Northern Catalpa 2.5"-3" $360.00 Catalpa speciosa 3"-3.5" $470.00 3.5"-4" $690.00 4"-4.5" $900.00 Giant Dogwood 2"-2.5" $280.00 Cornus controversa `June Snow` 2.5"-3" $350.00 Tamarack 10'-12' $400.00 Larix laricina 12'-14' $530.00 (Spring dig only) 14'-16' $710.00 Crab Apple 1.5"-2" $210.00 Malus x `Donald Wyman` , `Schmidtcutleaf` TM, `Snowdrift` 2"-2.5" $260.00 American Hophornbeam
    [Show full text]
  • Foundation Arboretum Wespelaar Year Report 2019
    Foundation Arboretum Wespelaar Year Report 2019 2019 started with an early spring: by mid-March the early magnolias were in full flower. Temperatures kept rising and the heat record was broken in July, making the summer of 2019 one to be recorded in history books. Luckily, small rain showers and increased irrigation capacities ensured that we lost very few plants. In March 2019, the construction of the Artois Pavilion started in the Artois Meadow, at the end of two important vistas. The design is inspired by the old pavilion along the canal in the Park of Wespelaar. In the new Arboretum de Marche, a total of 189 trees have been planted in the past two years. In collaboration with Natagora, five ponds were created and a 5ha plot was sown with wild seed to create a meadow of native grasses and flowers. The building permit for the visitors centre and technical facilities was obtained. 2019 was a very active year for both Arboretum Wespelaar and Arboretum de Marche, as is described in more detail in this Year Report. Arboretum Wespelaar – Year Report 2019 1 THE COLLECTIONS ‘Patty’ can be planted in the Arboretum in due time. The living collection of woody plants in the Arboretum currently (as of 30 January 2019) Once again, our winter was not worth contains 5,116 specimens representing 2,340 mentioning and by mid-March we could have different taxa (versus 16,376 specimens and opened the Arboretum for our visitors because 4,955 taxa on the whole of the estate). These the early magnolias were already in full flower! numbers include the 629 new accessions on On March 11th however, we had a serious the estate during 2019 of which 108 (or 17%) storm with accompanying damage and much are of documented wild origin.
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Fagaceae Trees
    CHAPTER 5 5 Fagaceae Trees Antoine Kremerl, Manuela Casasoli2,Teresa ~arreneche~,Catherine Bod6n2s1, Paul Sisco4,Thomas ~ubisiak~,Marta Scalfi6, Stefano Leonardi6,Erica ~akker~,Joukje ~uiteveld', Jeanne ~omero-Seversong, Kathiravetpillai Arumuganathanlo, Jeremy ~eror~',Caroline scotti-~aintagne", Guy Roussell, Maria Evangelista Bertocchil, Christian kxerl2,Ilga porth13, Fred ~ebard'~,Catherine clark15, John carlson16, Christophe Plomionl, Hans-Peter Koelewijn8, and Fiorella villani17 UMR Biodiversiti Genes & Communautis, INRA, 69 Route d'Arcachon, 33612 Cestas, France, e-mail: [email protected] Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Universita "La Sapienza", Piazza A. Moro 5,00185 Rome, Italy Unite de Recherche sur les Especes Fruitikres et la Vigne, INRA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France The American Chestnut Foundation, One Oak Plaza, Suite 308 Asheville, NC 28801, USA Southern Institute of Forest Genetics, USDA-Forest Service, 23332 Highway 67, Saucier, MS 39574-9344, USA Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Universitk di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 1lIA, 43100 Parma, Italy Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Alterra Wageningen UR, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, P.O. Box 47,6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA lo Flow Cytometry and Imaging Core Laboratory, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101,
    [Show full text]
  • Koelreuteria Bipinnata Chinese Flame-Tree1 Edward F
    Fact Sheet ST-336 November 1993 Koelreuteria bipinnata Chinese Flame-Tree1 Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson2 INTRODUCTION A yellow carpet of fallen petals, delicate leaflets which cast a mosaic of welcoming shade, and large clusters of persistent rose-colored, papery capsules all help to make Chinese Flame-Treetree a very popular landscape tree over a wide area of the south (Fig. 1). One of only a few yellow-flowering trees for the mid- and deep-south landscape. This broad-spreading, deciduous tree reaches a height of 40 to 60 feet and eventually takes on a flat-topped, somewhat irregular silhouette. It is often used as a patio, shade, street, or specimen tree. The small, fragrant, yellow flowers appear in very showy, dense, terminal panicles in early summer, and are followed in late summer or fall by large clusters of the two-inch-long "Chinese lanterns". These papery husks are held above the foliage and retain their pink color after drying and are very popular for use in everlasting flower arrangements. The bark on Chinese Flame-Tree is smooth and light brown when young, becoming ridged and furrowed as the tree matures. Easily distinquished from Koelreuteria paniculata since Koelreuteria bipinnata has more upright branches and has twice compound leaves, whereas Koelreuteria paniculata has single pinnate compound leaves. Figure 1. Young Chinese Flame-Tree. GENERAL INFORMATION USDA hardiness zones: 7 through 10A (Fig. 2) Origin: not native to North America Scientific name: Koelreuteria bipinnata Uses: container or above-ground planter; large Pronunciation: kole-roo-TEER-ee-uh parking lot islands (> 200 square feet in size); wide bye-pih-NAY-tuh tree lawns (>6 feet wide); medium-sized parking lot Common name(s): Chinese Flame-Tree, islands (100-200 square feet in size); medium-sized Bougainvillea Goldenraintree tree lawns (4-6 feet wide); recommended for buffer Family: Sapindaceae 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Koelreuteria Paniculata 'Fastigiata'
    Fact Sheet ST-339 November 1993 Koelreuteria paniculata ‘Fastigiata’ ‘Fastigiata’ Goldenraintree1 Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson2 INTRODUCTION This cultivar of Goldenraintree probably grows 30 feet tall with a four to six-foot spread (Fig. 1). Although the species has a reputation for being weak wooded, this selection may stay together due to the tight, compact growth habit. It is rarely attacked by pests and grows in a wide range of soils, including high pH soils. Goldenraintree tolerates dryness and casts little shade because of the narrow growth habit. It would make a good tree particularly where overhead or soil space is limited, due to its narrow crown and adaptive abilities. The tree grows moderately and bears few flowers. It is not as showy as Koelreuteria bipinnata but is much more cold-tolerant. However, it is less cold tolerant than the species. GENERAL INFORMATION Scientific name: Koelreuteria paniculata ‘Fastigiata’ Pronunciation: kole-roo-TEER-ee-uh pan-ick-yoo-LAY-tuh Common name(s): ‘Fastigiata’ Goldenraintree Family: Sapindaceae USDA hardiness zones: 5B through 9 (Fig. 2) Origin: not native to North America Uses: wide tree lawns (>6 feet wide); medium-sized tree lawns (4-6 feet wide); recommended for buffer strips around parking lots or for median strip plantings Figure 1. Middle-aged ‘Fastigiata’ Goldenraintree. in the highway; specimen; sidewalk cutout (tree pit); residential street tree; tree has been successfully grown in urban areas where air pollution, poor drainage, compacted soil, and/or drought are common Availability: grown in small quantities by a small number of nurseries 1. This document is adapted from Fact Sheet ST-339, a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.
    [Show full text]
  • Picea Omorika Cultivation and Uses
    Picea omorika From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Kingdom: Plantae Division: Pinophyta Picea omorika ( Serbian Spruce ) is a rare, local Class: Pinopsida spruce, endemic to the Drina River valley in western Serbia and eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina Order: Pinales near Višegrad. It was originally discovered near the Family: Pinaceae village of Zaovine on the Tara Mountain in 1875, č ć Genus: Picea and named by the Serbian botanist Josif Pan i ; the epithet omorika is simply the Serbian word for P. omorika Species: "spruce"; hence, the scientific name means"Spruce- spruce". It is a medium-sized evergreen tree growing to 20–35 m tall, exceptionally to 40 m tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m. The shoots are buff-brown, and densely pubescent (hairy). The leaves are needle-like, 10–20 mm long, flattened in cross-section, and dark blue-green above, and blue-white below. The cones are 4–7 cm long, fusiform (spindle-shaped, broadest in the middle), dark purple (almost black) when young, maturing dark brown 5–7 months after pollination, and have stiff scales. Cultivation and uses Outside of its native range, Serbian Spruce is of major importance in horticulture as an ornamental tree in large gardens, valued in northern Europe and North America for its very attractive crown form and ability to grow on a wide range of soils, including alkaline, clay, acid and sandy soil, although it prefers moist, drained loam. It is also grown to a small extent in forestry for christmas trees, timber and paper production, particularly in northern Europe, though its slow growth makes it less important than Sitka Spruce or Norway Spruce.
    [Show full text]
  • State of New York City's Plants 2018
    STATE OF NEW YORK CITY’S PLANTS 2018 Daniel Atha & Brian Boom © 2018 The New York Botanical Garden All rights reserved ISBN 978-0-89327-955-4 Center for Conservation Strategy The New York Botanical Garden 2900 Southern Boulevard Bronx, NY 10458 All photos NYBG staff Citation: Atha, D. and B. Boom. 2018. State of New York City’s Plants 2018. Center for Conservation Strategy. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 132 pp. STATE OF NEW YORK CITY’S PLANTS 2018 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 INTRODUCTION 10 DOCUMENTING THE CITY’S PLANTS 10 The Flora of New York City 11 Rare Species 14 Focus on Specific Area 16 Botanical Spectacle: Summer Snow 18 CITIZEN SCIENCE 20 THREATS TO THE CITY’S PLANTS 24 NEW YORK STATE PROHIBITED AND REGULATED INVASIVE SPECIES FOUND IN NEW YORK CITY 26 LOOKING AHEAD 27 CONTRIBUTORS AND ACKNOWLEGMENTS 30 LITERATURE CITED 31 APPENDIX Checklist of the Spontaneous Vascular Plants of New York City 32 Ferns and Fern Allies 35 Gymnosperms 36 Nymphaeales and Magnoliids 37 Monocots 67 Dicots 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report, State of New York City’s Plants 2018, is the first rankings of rare, threatened, endangered, and extinct species of what is envisioned by the Center for Conservation Strategy known from New York City, and based on this compilation of The New York Botanical Garden as annual updates thirteen percent of the City’s flora is imperiled or extinct in New summarizing the status of the spontaneous plant species of the York City. five boroughs of New York City. This year’s report deals with the City’s vascular plants (ferns and fern allies, gymnosperms, We have begun the process of assessing conservation status and flowering plants), but in the future it is planned to phase in at the local level for all species.
    [Show full text]
  • Aesculus Flava (Yellow Buckeye, Sweet Buckeye) Aesculus Flava Is a Medium to Large Deciduous Tree
    Aesculus flava (Yellow buckeye, sweet buckeye) Aesculus flava is a medium to large deciduous tree. The palmate compound leaves turn yellow in the fall. Large yellow flower appears in mid spring. Do not use this specimen as a street tree because of the litter produced by the falling leaves. Used as a shade tree. Landscape Information Pronounciation: ESS-kew-lus FLAY-vuh Plant Type: Tree Heat Zones: 5, 6, 7, 8 Hardiness Zones: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Uses: Screen, Specimen, Shade Size/Shape Growth Rate: Moderate Tree Shape: oval Canopy Symmetry: Symmetrical Canopy Density: Dense Canopy Texture: Coarse Height at Maturity: Over 23 Spread at Maturity: 8 to 10 meters Time to Ultimate Height: More than 50 Years Plant Image Aesculus flava (Yellow buckeye, sweet buckeye) Botanical Description Foliage Leaf Arrangement: Opposite Leaf Venation: Pinnate Leaf Persistance: Deciduous Leaf Type: Palmately Compound Leaf Blade: 5 - 10 cm Leaf Shape: Oval Leaf Margins: Serrate Leaf Textures: Coarse Leaf Scent: No Fragance Color(growing season): Green Color(changing season): Yellow Flower Flower Showiness: True Flower Size Range: 7 - 10 Flower Type: Panicle Flower Image Flower Sexuality: Monoecious (Bisexual) Flower Scent: No Fragance Flower Color: Yellow Seasons: Spring Trunk Trunk Has Crownshaft: False Trunk Susceptibility to Breakage: Generally resists breakage Number of Trunks: Single Trunk Trunk Esthetic Values: Not Showy Fruit Fruit Type: Nut Fruit Showiness: True Fruit Size Range: 1.5 - 3 Fruit Colors: Brown Seasons: Spring Aesculus flava (Yellow buckeye, sweet
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Illinois Native Trees
    Technical Forestry Bulletin · NRES-102 Checklist of Illinois Native Trees Jay C. Hayek, Extension Forestry Specialist Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Sciences Updated May 2019 This Technical Forestry Bulletin serves as a checklist of Tree species prevalence (Table 2), or commonness, and Illinois native trees, both angiosperms (hardwoods) and gym- county distribution generally follows Iverson et al. (1989) and nosperms (conifers). Nearly every species listed in the fol- Mohlenbrock (2002). Additional sources of data with respect lowing tables† attains tree-sized stature, which is generally to species prevalence and county distribution include Mohlen- defined as having a(i) single stem with a trunk diameter brock and Ladd (1978), INHS (2011), and USDA’s The Plant Da- greater than or equal to 3 inches, measured at 4.5 feet above tabase (2012). ground level, (ii) well-defined crown of foliage, and(iii) total vertical height greater than or equal to 13 feet (Little 1979). Table 2. Species prevalence (Source: Iverson et al. 1989). Based on currently accepted nomenclature and excluding most minor varieties and all nothospecies, or hybrids, there Common — widely distributed with high abundance. are approximately 184± known native trees and tree-sized Occasional — common in localized patches. shrubs found in Illinois (Table 1). Uncommon — localized distribution or sparse. Rare — rarely found and sparse. Nomenclature used throughout this bulletin follows the Integrated Taxonomic Information System —the ITIS data- Basic highlights of this tree checklist include the listing of 29 base utilizes real-time access to the most current and accept- native hawthorns (Crataegus), 21 native oaks (Quercus), 11 ed taxonomy based on scientific consensus.
    [Show full text]
  • Pruning Young Trees Proper Pruning Is Essential in Developing a Tree with a Strong Structure and Desirable Form
    Pruning Young Trees Proper pruning is essential in developing a tree with a strong structure and desirable form. Trees that receive the appropriate pruning measures while they are young will require less corrective pruning as they mature. Keep these few simple principles in mind before pruning a tree: • Always have a purpose in mind before making a cut. Each cut has the potential to change the growth of the tree. • Poor pruning can cause damage that lasts for the life of the tree. Learn where and how to make the cuts before picking up the pruning tools. • Trees do not heal the way people do. When a tree is wounded, it must grow over the damage. As a result, the wound is contained within the tree forever. • Small cuts do less damage to the tree than large cuts. Correcting issues when a tree is young will reduce the need for more drastic pruning later. 2 Making the Cut Pruning cut location is critical to a tree’s growth and wound closure response. Make pruning cuts just outside the branch collar to avoid damaging the trunk and compromising wound responses. Improper pruning cuts may lead to permanent internal decay. 1 If a large branch must be shortened, prune it back to a secondary branch or a bud. Cuts made between buds or branches may lead to stem decay, sprout production, and misdirected growth. 3 Pruning Tools Small branches can be cut easily with hand pruners. Scissor-type or bypass-blade hand pruners are preferred over the anvil type as they make cleaner, more accurate cuts.
    [Show full text]