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The Survey of Diversity in Leaf, Breack and Fruit Morphological Characters of Carpinus Betulus in Various Geographical Conditions

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The Survey of Diversity in Leaf, Breack and Fruit Morphological Characters of Carpinus Betulus in Various Geographical Conditions ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻮم ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ، ﺷﻤﺎره ﭘﻴﺎﭘﻲ 19 ، ﺳﺎل ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ، ﺷﻤﺎره 3 ، ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ 1389 ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮگ، ﻣﻴﻮه و ﺑﺮاﻛﺘﻪ ﻣﻤﺮز ( .Carpinus betulus L ) در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ * ﺳﻮﻧﺎ آﺧﻮﻧﺪﻧﮋاد1، ﻃﺎﻫﺮ ﻧﮋادﺳﺘﺎري2، ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﺳﺘﺎرﻳﺎن3، ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﻋﺼﺮي4 ، ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﺎﻗﺮ ﺑﺎﻗﺮﻳﻪ ﻧﺠﺎر 5 5 1 . داﻧﺸﺠﻮي دﻛﺘﺮي زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ( ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ) داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻮم ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺗﻬﺮان .2 داﻧﺸﻴﺎر، ﮔﺮوه زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻮم ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺗﻬﺮان .3 اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر، ﮔﺮوه ﺟﻨﮕﻠﺪاري، ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ آﻣﻮزش ﻋ ﺎﻟﻲ ﮔﻨﺒﺪ ﻛﺎوس، ﮔﻨﺒﺪ ﻛﺎوس .4 اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر، ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎ و ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﺗﻬﺮان، ﺗﻬﺮان 5 . اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﮔﺮوه زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن، ﮔﺮﮔﺎن درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: /6/3 1388 ـ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: 9/12/ 1389 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﺗﻨﻮع ﺻﻔﺎت ﺑﺮگ و ﻣﻴﻮه در ﺳﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻤﺮز ( .Carpinus betulus L ) (ﮔﻠـﻲ داغ ﻣـﺮا وه ﺗﭙـﻪ ، ﻟـﻮه ﻣﻴﻨﻮدﺷﺖ و ﻫﺸﺖ ﭘﺮ) ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﻫﺎي آﻣﺎري ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮه ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر از ﺳﻪ روﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ، ﺗﻌﺪاد 10 ﭘﺎﻳﻪ از ﻫﺮ روﻳﺸﮕﺎه و ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ 100 ﻣﺘﺮ از ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ در اواﻳﻞ ﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﺎه اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮگ، ﺷﺎﺗﻮن و ﺑﺮاﻛﺘﻪ و ﻣﻴﻮه از اواﺳ ﻂ ﺗﺎج ﮔﻴﺎه ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ ﺟﻤ ﻊ آوري و ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ آﻧﻬﺎ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻃﻮل ﺑﺮگ، و وزن داﻧﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﺪه، ﺗﻔـﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨـﻲ داري ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ دﻳﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﭘﻨﺞ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ اول PCA ﺣﺪود 41/79 درﺻﺪ وارﻳﺎﻧﺲ ﻫﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼـﺎص د اده اﺳـﺖ . در ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ اول، ﻃﻮل ﺑﺮاﻛﺘﻪ و ﻋﺮض ﺑﺮگ و در ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ دوم ﻃﻮل و ﻋﺮض ﻣﻨﻘﺎرك اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي را در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴـﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺻﻔﺎت از ﺧﻮد ﻧﺸﺎن داده اﺳﺖ . ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺧﻮﺷﻪ اي ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﺸـﺎن داد ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات وارﻳﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺧﻮﺷﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮي ﺷـﺪه از ﺳـﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ در دو ﮔـﺮوه ﻣﺠـﺰا ﺟـﺎي ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻧﺸﺎن داد، در ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺑﺮگ و داﻧﻪ و ﺑﺮاﻛﺘﻪ و ﺷﺎﺗﻮن ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻤﺮز ﺗﻨـﻮع درون ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘﻲ وﺟﻮد دارد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان از ﺻﻔﺎت ﻃﻮل ﺑﺮگ و وزن داﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄـﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه در ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻤﺮز اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮد. ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : ﺗﻨﻮع ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ، ﻣﻤﺮز، Carpinus betulus ، ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺧﻮﺷﻪاي، Coryloideae ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ و ﻣﺮﻛﺰي و ﺟﻨـﻮﺑﻲ اروﭘـﺎ ، ﺗﻴﺮه Betulaceae ﻳﻚ ﺗﻴﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺑـﺎ 6 ﺷﻤﺎل اﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ، ﺷﺮق آﺳﻴﺎ، اﻛﺮاﻳﻦ، روﺳـﻴﻪ ، ﻗﻔﻘـﺎز و اﻳـﺮان ﺟﻨﺲ و 130 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ (Chen, 1994) . اﻛﺜﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺗﻴﺮه Betulaceae داراي 6 ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻴﺮه در ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﺪل ﺟﻬﺎن در ﻧﻴﻤﻜﺮه ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪه ﻣﺤﻘﻘــﻴﻦ اﻳــﻦ ﺗﻴــﺮه را ﺑــﻪ دو زﻳﺮﺗﻴــﺮه ﺗﻘﺴــﻴﻢ ﻛــﺮده اﻧــﺪ 64 * Email: sona.han @yahoo.com ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮگ، ﻣﻴﻮه و ﺑﺮاﻛﺘﻪ ﻣﻤﺮز ( Furlow, 1987; Taktajan, 1980; Thorn, 1992 .) ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺟــﻨﺲ Prosopis را در ﻣﺮﻛــﺰ و ﺟﻨــﻮب اﻣﺮﻳﻜــﺎ ارزﻳــﺎﺑﻲ از ﻣﺤﻘﻘــﻴﻦ ﺑــﻪ ﻋﻨــﻮان ﺗﻴــﺮه ﻫــﺎي ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﻞ Betulaceae ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ و ﺻﻔﺎت ﺑﺮگ را ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﺑـﺮاي ﺗﻔﻜﻴـﻚ ( Alnus, Betula) و Ostrya, Carpinus, ) Corylaceae ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﻫــﺎي ﺟــﻨﺲ Prosopis ﻛــﺎﻓﻲ داﻧﺴــﺘﻨﺪ. Tabari و Corylia, Ostryopsis ) در ﻧﻈــﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘــﻪاﻧــﺪ ( ,Dahlgren ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ( 2008 ) ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژي ﺑﺮگ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﭘﻠـﺖ 1983 .) ﻃﺒﻖ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺨﺖ ﺟﺎن Corylaceae ﻳﻚ ﺗﻴـﺮه ﻣﺠـﺰا Acer velutinum ﻧﺘﻴﺠــﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨــﺪ ﻛــﻪ ﺑﺮﺧــﻲ از ﺻــﻔﺎت از Betula, Alnus ) Betulaceae ) ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺑﻪ دو زﻳﺮ ﺗﻴﺮه ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺑﺮگ در روﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ د اراي ﺗﻔﺎوت Carpinus, Ostrya, Ostryopsis ) Carpinoideae) و ﻣﻌﻨﻲ داري ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜـﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ. اﺳـﭙﻬﺒﺪي و ﻫﻤﻜـﺎران Corylus ) Coryloideae ) ﺗﻘﺴـــﻴﻢ ﺑﻨـــﺪي ﻣـــﻲ ﺷـــﻮد ( 2003 ) در ﺑﺮرﺳــﻲ ﺗﻨــﻮع ژﻧﺘﻴﻜــﻲ ﺑﺎراﻧــﻚ ( Sorbus ( torminalis (. Takhtajan, 1980 ) ﺑﺎ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژي ﺑﺮگ و ﻣﻴـﻮه ﺗﻨـﻮع را Coryloideae ﻳﻜﻲ از دو زﻳﺮﺗﻴﺮه Betulaceae ﺷﺎﻣﻞ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﮔﺰارش ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ Poormaidani و 4 ﺟـﻨﺲ: .Ostrya Scopoli ، Corylus L. ،Carpinus L و Mirzaee-Nadoushan ( 2004 ) ﺗﻨـــــﻮع ژﻧﺘﻴﻜــــــﻲ در Ostryopsis Decne ﻣـــﻲﺑﺎﺷـــﺪ. ﻣﻤـــﺮز ( Carpinus)، ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮ ژﻳﻚ در ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ Coryloidae ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً 35 ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ از ﺗﺎغ را ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ در راﺳﺘﺎي اﻫﺪاف ﻓﻮق و در ﻛــﻞ دﻧﻴــﺎ دارد ( Chen, 1994 ) . اﻳــﻦ ﺟــﻨﺲ در اروﭘــﺎ، ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪم ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ روي ﺗﻨﻮع ژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻤﺮزﻫﺎي ﺷـﻤﺎل آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎي ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ و در ﺷـﺮق آﺳـﻴﺎ ﭘـﺮاﻛﻨﺶ دارد ( ,Chen ﻛﺸﻮر ﺗﺤﻘﻴـﻖ ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ در ﻧﻈـﺮ دارد ﺗـﺎ ﺑﺮاﺳـﺎس ﺻـﻔﺎت 2004 .) ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻤـﺮز ﻋﻤـﺪﺗﺎً ﺑﺼـﻮرت ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮگ و ﻣﻴﻮه و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﻫﺎي ﭼﻨـﺪ درﺧﺖ ﻳـﺎ درﺧﺘﭽـﻪ ﺑـﻮده و در اﻳـﺮان در ﻧﻘـﺎط ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮه، ﺗﻨﻮع ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ را در ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ ﻫـﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻤﺎل از ﺟ ﻠﮕﻪ ﺗﺎ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﺎن ﺑﻨﺪ و ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آن ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ. از ارﺳﺒﺎران و آﺳﺘﺎرا ﺗﺎ ﮔﻠﻴﺪاغ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر دارﻧﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي از آﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻣﻤـﺮز در اﻳـﺮان ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑـﺮاي ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ آن در ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻮر و دره زرﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﮔﺎن ﺗﺎ ﻫـﺰار اﻫـﺪاف ﺟﻨﮕـﻞ ﻛـﺎري در ﺷـﻤﺎل اﻳـﺮان ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻣﺤﻘﻘـﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺮ ارﺗﻔﺎع از ﺳﻄﺢ درﻳﺎ دﻳﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ (ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ، 1355). ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ (ﻣﺼﺪق، 1384)، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ دﻗﻴـﻖ اﻳـﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ و ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳـﻚ ﻫﻤـﻮاره ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﻛﺎري ﻣﻮﻓﻖ اﻟﺰاﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ رﺳﺪ. ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ و اﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ( Jones ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت آﻣﺎري ﺟﻨﮕﻞﻫﺎي اﻳـﺮان در ﺣـﺪود /4 12 Wilkins, 1971 &). ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ درﺧﺘـﺎن ﻣﻤـﺮز ﺑـﺎ ﭘـﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮن ﻫﻜﺘﺎر ﻳﻌﻨﻲ 7/4 درﺻﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺸﻮر اﻳـﺮان را ﺟﻨﮕـﻞ وﺳﻴﻊ ﻫﻤﻮاره دﺳﺘﺨﻮش ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮاﺗﻲ در ﺻﻔﺎت ﻇﺎﻫﺮي ﺧـﻮد ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎ اﻳـﻦ ﻣﻴـﺰان ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ وﺳﻴﻊ روﻳﺸـﮕﺎه ﻫـﺎي ﻣﻤـﺮز در ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺷـﺖ درﺧﺘـﺎن و ﻣـﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺷــﻤﺎل اﻳــﺮان، ﺟﻬــﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇــﺖ و ﻣــﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ اﺻــﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ ﺿﺮوري ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ. ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬـﺎي ﺷـﻤﺎل روﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ، ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻧﻴﺎزﻫـﺎي اﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳـﻚ و اﻳﺮان از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭼﻴـﺮه ﻣﻤـﺮز و راش ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﺷـﺪه ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻄ ﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻨﻮع ژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ آن ﺿﺮوري ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ رﺳـﺪ. ﻳﻜـﻲ از ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ در ﻫﺮ ﻫﻜﺘﺎر از ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻬﺎي ﺷﻤﺎل /2 112 درﺧﺖ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ روﺷﻬﺎي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻨﻮع ژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻤﺮز ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻮﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﺻﻔﺎت ﺑـﺮگ و ﻣﻴـﻮه ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( Harris . ( Aas et al., 1994 و ﻫﻤﻜـﺎران ( 2003 ) ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠﺎم اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ 3 روﻳﺸـﮕﺎه ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ از ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺻﻔﺎت ﺑـﺮگ ، ﺗﻨـﻮع درون ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘـﻲ دو ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ از ﻣﻤﺮز در ﺷﻤﺎل اﻳﺮان اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪ ( ﺟﺪول .)1 .)1 65 ﺳﻮﻧﺎ آﺧﻮﻧﺪﻧﮋاد و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ﺟﺪول :1 ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ روﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﺳﺘﺎن روﻳﺸﮕﺎه ارﺗﻔﺎع از ﺳﻄﺢ درﻳﺎ روﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﺮض ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ( UTM ) ﻃﻮل ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ( UTM ) زون ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﻲ داغ ﻣﺮاه ﺗﭙﻪ S 20710 0554087 1266 39 ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﻟﻮه ﻣﻴﻨﻮدﺷﺖ S 3018 05543 750 39 ﮔﻴﻼن ﻫﺸﺖ ﭘﺮ S 0307320 4188 388 39 اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﻣﻌﻨـﻲ داري اﺛﺮﻫـﺎي از ﻫﺮﻳﻚ از روﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد 10 ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ از آزﻣﻮن ﻻﻧﺪاي وﻳﻠﻜﺲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. از آزﻣﻮن ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت و ﺑﺎ ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ 100 ﻣﺘﺮ از ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ( Miles et داﻧﻜﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴـﻪ ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻫـﺮ ﻳـﻚ ا ز ﺻـﻔﺎت ﺑـﻴﻦ al., 1995) اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ از ﻫﺮ درﺧـﺖ و در ﻫـﺮ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﺷـﺪ. از ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺗﺠﺰﻳـﻪ روﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻌﺪاد 20 ﻋﺪد ﺑﺮگ و 20 ﻋﺪد ﻣﻴـﻮه از ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ﺧﻮﺷﻪ اي (ﺑﻪ روش Ward ) ﮔﺮوه ﺑﻨﺪي ﻫﺎ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ و ﺗﻨﻮع ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ ﺗـﺎج ﺟﻤـﻊ آوري ﺷـﺪ. در ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ از در ﺑــﻴﻦ و درون ﺟﻤﻌﻴــﺖﻫــﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳــﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ.ﺗﺠﺰﻳــﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺑﺮگ،ﺑﺮاﻛﺘـﻪ ، ﺷـﺎﺗﻮن و ﻣﻴـﻮه اﻧـﺪازه ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ ( PCA)، ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮرﻫﺎي ﺑﺮگ ﺑـﺮاي ﮔﻴﺮي ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ( ﻳﻮﺳﻒ زاده و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران، 1388؛ Espahbodi ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع ژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدﻳـﺪ ( ;Humphreys, 1991 et al., 2003 ) ( ﺟﺪول .)Casler, 1995; Berdahl et al., 1999; Backhaus et al., 2 ﺑــﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴــﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴــﺖﻫــﺎ ﺑﺮاﺳــﺎس ﻛــﻞ ﺻــﻔﺎت 2000). اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﺪه از آزﻣﻮن ﺗﺠﺰﻳـﻪ وارﻳـﺎﻧﺲ ﭼﻨـﺪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴـﺮه ﺟﺪول 2 : ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ از ﺑﺮگ و داﻧﻪ و ﺑﺮاﻛﺘﻪ و ﺷﺎﺗﻮن درﺧﺖ ﻣﻤﺮز ( ﺣﺮوف اﺧﺘﺼﺎري ﺑﺮﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ) ردﻳﻒ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺣﺮف اﺧﺘﺼﺎري 1 ﻃﻮل ﺑﺮگ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ a 2 ﻋﺮض ﺑﺮگ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ b 3 ﺗﻌﺪاد رﮔﺒﺮگ ﻫ ﺎي ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﺑﺮگ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ c 4 ﻃﻮل دﻣﺒﺮگ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ d 5 ﻃﻮل ﺷﺎﺗﻮن ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ e 6 ﻋﺮض ﺷﺎﺗﻮن ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ f 7 ﻃﻮل ﻣﻨﻘﺎرك ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ g 8 ﻋﺮض ﻣﻨﻘﺎرك ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ h 9 ﺗﻌﺪاد دﻧﺪاﻧﻪ در 2 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ i 10 ﻃﻮل ﺑﺮاﻛﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ G 11 ﻋﺮض ﺑﺮاﻛﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ K 12 ﻃﻮل د اﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ l 13 ﻋﺮض داﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ m 14 وزن داﻧﻪ ﮔﺮم n 15 ﺷﻴﺎرداﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ o 66 ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮگ، ﻣﻴﻮه و ﺑﺮاﻛﺘﻪ ﻣﻤﺮز ﺷﻜﻞ 1 : ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ از ﺑﺮگ و ﻣﻴﻮه درﺧﺖ ﻣﻤﺮز ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻨــﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑــﻪ ﻣﻨﻈــﻮر ﺗﻌﻴــﻴﻦ ﻣﻬﻤﺘــﺮﻳﻦ ﺻــﻔﺎت ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮه (آزﻣﻮن ﻻﻧﺪاي وﻳﻠﻜﺲ) ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ در اﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ از ﺗﺠﺰﻳـﻪ ﺑـﻪ اﺳﺎس ﻛﻞ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ ( PCA ) اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﻲ دار در ﺳﻄﺢ 1 % وﺟﻮد دارد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰو ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛـﻪ ﭘـﻨﺞ ﻣﺆﻟﻔـﻪ اول ﺣـﺪود 79/41 ﺻﻔﺎت ﻃﻮل ﺑﺮگ و وزن داﻧﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ درﺻﺪ وارﻳﺎﻧﺲ ﻫﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص داده اﻧ ﺪ. در ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه، ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻌﻨﻲ داري ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ دﻳﺪه ﺷﺪ (ﺟـﺪول ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ اول (ﻃـﻮل ﺑﺮاﻛﺘـﻪ و ﻋـﺮض ﺑـﺮگ) در ﻣﺆﻟﻔـﻪ دوم 3). (ﻃﻮل و ﻋﺮض ﻣﻨﻘﺎرك) اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي را در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد رﮔﺒﺮگ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺻﻔﺎت از ﺧﻮد ﻧﺸﺎن داد. در ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﺳﻮم ( ﻃﻮل ﻓﺮﻋﻲ، ﻋﺮض ﺑﺮگ، ﻃـﻮل وﻋـﺮض ﻣﻨﻘـﺎرك در ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ ﺷﺎﺗﻮن وﺗﻌﺪاد رﮔﺒﺮﮔﻬﺎي ﻓﺮﻋـﻲ) ﻧﻘـﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﺘـﺮي را اﻳﻔـﺎ ﻫﺸﺖﭘﺮ ﮔﻴﻼن در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﺎ ﻳﺮ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ ﻫـﺎ از ﻣﻴـﺰان ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻤـﻮدار ﭘـﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ ﻫـﺎي درﺧﺘـﻲ در ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﺑﻮد . اﻳﻦ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻃﻮل ﻓﻀﺎي ﻣﺤﻮر ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس دو ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ اول ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ از ﺷﺎﺗﻮن، ﻃﻮل دﻣﺒﺮگ، ﻃﻮل داﻧﻪ و ﻋﺮض داﻧﻪ در ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺖ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﻟﻮه ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ را ﺑﻪ ﺧـﻮد اﺧﺘﺼـﺎص دادﻧـﺪ .
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