1389 3 19
( Carpinus betulus L. ) 5 4 3 2 1 * ( ) 1 . 2. 3. 4. 5 . 1389 12/9/ : 1388 3/6/ :
) ( Carpinus betulus L. ) . ( 100 10 . . 79 41/ PCA . . . . Coryloideae Carpinus betulus : . 6 Betulaceae . 6 Betulaceae . . (Chen, 1994) 130
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Prosopis (. Furlow, 1987; Taktajan, 1980; Thorn, 1992 ) Betulaceae Tabari . Prosopis Ostrya, Carpinus, ) Corylaceae ( Alnus, Betula ) ( 2008 ) Dahlgren, ) ( Corylia, Ostryopsis Acer velutinum Corylaceae (. 1983 ( Betula, Alnus ) Betulaceae . ( Carpinus, Ostrya, Ostryopsis ) Carpinoideae Sorbus ) ( 2003 ) ( Corylus ) Coryloideae ( torminalis (. Takhtajan, 1980 ) Poormaidani . Betulaceae Coryloideae ( 2004 ) Mirzaee-Nadoushan Ostrya Scopoli Corylus L. Carpinus L. : 4 ( Carpinus ) . Ostryopsis Decne . 35 Coryloidae ( . Chen, 1994 ) Chen, ) (. 2004 . ( 1384 ) .( 1355 ) . 12 4/ Jones ) 4/7 .( & Wilkins, 1971 . . . 112 2/ . . 3 ( 2003 ) Harris ( . Aas et al., 1994 ) 1(. )
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1: ( UTM ) ( UTM ) 39 S 20710 0554087 1266 39 S 3018 05543 750 39 S 0307320 4188 388 . 10 . Miles et ) 100 . ( al., 1995 . 20 20 ( Ward ) . . ( PCA ) Espahbodi 1388 ) Humphreys, 1991; ) et al., 2003 Casler, 1995; Berdahl et al., 1999; Backhaus et al., 2(. ( ) .( 2000 ( ) : 2 a 1 b 2 c 3 d 4 e 5 f 6 g 7 h 8 i 2 9 G 10 K 11 l 12 m 13 n 14 o 15
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1 : ( ) . ( PCA ) 79 41/ . % 1 . ( ) ) ( ) .( 3 ) . ( . . . . 2( ) 2 ( a ) 4.( ) L05 . . 5
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: 3 Sig 005 10 /300 5/067 526 /00 Ns 6392 /425 311 /206 (a) 000 /00 1/280 8/677 (b) 009 5/843 2/445 011 610 /00 242 /00 005 1/052 500 /00 016 /00 277 /992 99 /115 2 0/000 049 261 /00 004 184 /00 095 00 /000 1/304 2/131 00 /000 1/460 3/034 00 /000 18 /532 17 /655 001 15 /714 10 /211 300 /00 Ns 141 013 0/11 /00 57 /800 22 /867 4: 14.10 ±0.74 b 13.50 ±0.71 a 13.10 ±0.32 a 10.06 ± 0.35 a 16.74 ± 26.64 a 9.76 ± 0.69 a (a) 4.86 ± 0.32 c 3.55 ± 0.06 a 4.28 ± 0.19 b (b) 4.05 ± 0.46 a 4.71 ± 0.54 b 4.19 ± 0.38 a 1.11 ± 0.07 b 0.89 ± 0.17 a 1.01 ± 0.19 ab 1.35 ± 0.26 a 1.65 ± 0.22 b 1.39 ± 0.06 a 13.28 ± 1.54 b 8.91 ± 5.33 a 10.37 ± 0.41 a 2 0.65 ± 0.07 b 0.46 ± 0.01 a 0.45 ± 0.02 a 0.46 ± 0.04 b 0.43 ± 0.13 b 0.33 ± 0.03 a 3.81 ± 0.16 b 3.34 ± 0.30 a 3.96 ± 0.18 b 2.51 ± 0.16 b 2.22 ± 0.33 a 3.00 ± 0.16 c 7.53 ± 0.49 b 8.30 ± 0.67 c 6.43 ± 1.17 a 4.71 ± 0.65 a 6.05 ± 0.16 b 4.95 ±1.14 a 0.059 ±0.085 a 0.059 ± 0.092 a 0.015 ± 0.002 a 10.10 ± 1.20 a 11.50 ± 1.18 b 9.40 ± 1.90 a .
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Location
Golestan - Maravetappe - Golidagh 1
s Golestan - Minoodasht - Love i
s Gilan - Hasht Par y 1.00000
l
a
n a
r
o
f
2
e 0.00000
r
o
c
s
r o
t c a f
R -1.00000
G
E R
-2.00000 -1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 REGR factor score 1 for analysis 1 : 2
1 10 ) ( G1-G10) Ward 3: .( 1 10 ) ( L1-L10 ) ( 10 1 ) ( H1-H10 .( )
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Fener, ) (. 2000; Jian-Xan et al., 2005 .( Sattarian, 2006 ) . ( 1388 ) Jones & ) Ĥ ( Wilkins, 1971 . . . . . ( ) ( ) ( ) Schimedt & Levin, 2003; ) . ( Hidumayi, 2003; Levin, 1985 . . ( . 1355 ) ( b ) 431 . . . . (. 1388 ) ( Celtis australis L. ) ) . ( 17:1:88 99 . ( 1998 ) Hugget . .( 1384 . ) . . 516
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Fener, M. (2000). The Ecology of Regenaration in Plant Communities 2 nd Edition 2000. CABI . . . . Publishing New york, ISBN 0-85199-432-6. Parrotia ) ( . 1388 ) 410p. . ( persica Furlow, J.J. (1987). The Carpinus caroliniana complex in the north America, A multivariate .189 178 9 : analysis of geographical variation Syst. Bot. 12: 21-40. Aas, G., Aier, J., Baltisberger, M. and Matzger, S. (1994) . Morphology, isozyme variation, Harris P.J.C., Pasiecznik N.M., Smith, S.J., cytology , and reproduction of hybrids between Billington, J.M. and Ramirez, L. (2003). Sorbus aria (L) Crntz and S.torminalis (L). Differentitation of prosopis juliflura and P. Crantz helv, 104 : 195-214 pallida using foliar characters and ploidy. Forest Ecology and Management, 180:153- Backhaus, K., Erichson, B., Plinke, W. and 164 Weiber, R. (2000) . Multivariate Analyse methoden: eine anwendung sorientierte Huggett, R.J. (1998) . Fundanental of einfuhrung springrer, Berlin etc. Biogeography. London and New york, ISBN 0-41 5-1 5499-5 (pbk). 261p. Berdahl J.D., Mayland, H.F., Asay K.L., and Jefferson, P.G. (1999) . Variation in Humphreys, M.O. (1991) . A genetic approach to argonomic and morphological traits among the multivariate differntitation of perennial rye Russian wild Rye accessions. Journal of crops grass ( Lolium prenne L.) populations. science, 39: 1890-1895. Heredity, 66:437-443. Casler, M.D. (1995). Pattern of variation in a Hutchinson, J. (1967). The genera of flowering collection of perennial rye grass. Journal of plants, vol. 2. Clarendon Press, Oxford Crop Sciense, 35:11679-1171 .
Jian-Xun, L., Xiao-Lu., Z., and Wan-Chun, G. Chen, Z.D., & Jianhua, Li. (2004 ). Phylogenetics (2005). Biogeography difference in cone, and biogeography of Alnus (Betulaceae) needle and seed morphology among natural inferred from sequences of nuclear ribosomal Picea asperata populations in Western China. DNA region. Plant Sci. 165 (2): 325-335. Forestry studies in china 7:1-6. Chen, Z.D., Manchester, S.R & Sun, H.Y. Jones, D., and Wilkins, D. (1971). Variation and (1999). Phylogeny and evolution of the Adaptation in Plant species. london, Betulaceae inferred from Heinemenn, 184 p. Chidumayo, E.N. (2006). Fitness implications of Miles, L.M., Jeanne, A.M., and Robert, D.W. clonal integration and leaf dynamics in a (1995). Provenance and progeny variation in stoloniferous herb, Neslonia canescens (Lam). growth and frost tolerance of Casuarinna Spreng (Nelsoniaceace). Journal of Evol ecol, Cunninghminana in Callifornia, USA. Forest 20:59-73 Ecology and Management, 76:161-171. Dahlgren, A. (1983) . General aspects of Poormaidani, A., and Mirzaie-nodoushan H. angiosperm evolution and macro systematics. (2004). Genetic variation and Cluster analysis Nord. J. Bot. 3: 119-149 on varius. black saxul (Haloxylon iphyllun ) genotypes. Iranian Journal Of Rangelands and Espahbodi, K., Mirzaie-Nodoushan, H., Tabari, Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research, M. and Akbarinia, M. (2003). Investigation 12:1-15 of genetic variation in wild service tree (Sorbus torminalis L. Crantz) using fruit Sattarian, A. (2006). Contribution to the characteristics. Iranian Journal of Rangelands Biosystematics of Celtis L. (Celtidaceae) with and forests Plant Breeding and Genetic special Emphasis on the African species. Research, 11:201-218.
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(Boiss.) seedlings. Journal of Taiwan Forest Schmidt, K.P., and Levin, D.A. (1985) . The science,23:9-13 comparative of reciprocally sown populations Taktajan, A. (1980 ). Diversity and classification of Phlox drummondii Hook. I. Survivorships, of flowering plants. Columbia University fecundities, and finite rates of increase. Press, New York . Journal of Plant Evolution, 39:396-404. Tabari, M., Yosefzade., H., Espahbodi, K., and Thorne, T.F. (1992) . Classification and geography Jalili, G.A. (2008). The effect of seed source of the flowering plants. Bot. Rev. 58: 226-257. on the leaf morphology of Acer velotinum
72
Journal on Plant Science Researches, Serial 19, 5th year, Number 3, Autumn 2010
The Survey of diversity in leaf, breack and fruit morphological characters of Carpinus betulus in various geographical conditions
Akhondnezhad, S1., Nejad sattari, T2., Sattarian, A3., Asri, Y4., Bagerieh najar., M5
1. Ph.D. student of plant systematic, Dep. of Biology, Islamic Azad Univ., Tehran, Iran 2. Dep.of Biology, Islamic Azad Univ., Branch Olom Tahgigat,Tehran, Iran Biology 3. Gonbad Kavoos University, Faculty of siecence, Gonbad, Iran. Research 4. Institue of Forests & Rangelans, Tehran, Iran. 5. Dep.of Biology, Golestan University, Faculty of siecence, Gorgan, Iran.
Abstract Geographical variation of Carpinus betulus based on leaf and fruit morphology determined by used multivariate analysis, three plant populations of the species from north of iran ,consist of Golidagh maravetapeh,loveh minodasht and Hasht par were sampled. Ten trees with at least 100 meters interval distance were selected from north of iran, consist of Golidagh maravetapeh,loveh minodasht and Hasht par from each population, and some of leaf and fruit charecters were determined.leaf samples were collected from middle crown early july Leaves were mixed together. Leaves were selected randomly for detail studies. Results indicated that without leaf length, number of serration and weight of seed, significantly difference among the populations, were seen. First five components justified 79.41 of total observed variance. Length of bract and width of leaf in first component and penducle length and width in second components showed the major role in the observed variance based on principle components analysis. Geographical variation especially in leaf morphology traits in Carpinus betulus is concluded.consisting that leaf length and weight of seed are less effected by environmental factors, they may be used as distinative in identifying Carpinus species.
Keywords : Coryloidae, Carpinus betulus , Cluster analysis, Geographical variation
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