OCCIDENT ft ORIENT NecusletteK of the Ceaman Pnote&tant Institute of Anchaeology in Amman

Jondan - CnossHoads of CiuiUxations

The institute conducted two major was conducted on behalf of the projects during the past six months. German Institute of Archaeology - It organized, together with the Orient Section, which also financed the Vol. 3, No. 2 December 1998 Jordanian-German Project for the project. Logistical support was CONTENTS Establishment of a Conservation and provided by the DEI-Amman. A brief Restoration Center in Petra • 100 years of German 2 (CARCIP)". a large exhibition i archaeology in Jordan entitled Crossroads of Civilizations • German president in 9 - More than 100 Years of German Jordan Archaeological Activities in Jordan". • Babylonian civilization 10 The exhibition was displayed at the • New book on Mt. Nebo 11 Royal Cultural Center in Amman from November 12 to 28, and was . Esh-Shallaf Neolithic site 13 patronized by H. R. H. Crown Prince .' Ain Ghazal 1998 season 15 Hassan, the Regent. The opening ceremony on November 18 was • Tell Johfiyeh region sites 16 conducted by Mr Matthias • Re-visiting |abal es-Sela' 17 Ohnemuller (deputy head of The 1998 'Lehrkurs' scholars in Petra. . Bawwab al-Ghazal 20 mission, German Embassy, prehistoric site Amman) and by H. E. Mr Aqel Biltaji report on this survey is included in this • New museum at Baalbek 22 (Minister of Tourism and Antiquities). newsletter. More than 250 guests attended the Furthermore, in Sepember another • Umm Qais plateau survey 23 event. Special reports and more German expert started work at Umm • Fellows in residence 24 details on the exhibition can be found Qais. Ms Renate Barcsay-Regner, an in this Newsletter. • Excavations in old 25 architect, is supervising archaeological Jerusalem In October an archaeological research and conservation work on the . Quailibah/Abila theater dig 28 excavation was carried out at the western theatre of ancient Gadara. It is Pottery Neolithic site of esh-Shallaf, the smaller but far better preserved • Finns explore Jabal Haroun 30 which is situated near the Early Bronze theatre on the site. Built totally of black Age city of Khirbet ez-Zeraqon, c. 10 basalt, it dates from the Roman period, • Published twice a year by the German Protestant Institute of km north-east of Irbid in north Jordan. approximately to the early second Archaeology in Amman. The processing of the findings is century A D. Ms Barcsay-Regner is POBox 183, Amman 11118, underway, and a second and final working through the Department of Jordan. season of fieldwork is planned for late Antiquities of Jordan. She came to • Tel.5342924, Fax 5336924. March/early April 1999. Jordan on the Integrated Experts E-mail: [email protected] Also in October, and continuing into Programme which is offered by the • Editors: Hans-Dieter Bienert November, a major survey was carried Centrum for International Migration and Nadine Riedl. out west of the ancient site of Gadara (CIM) in Frankfurt/Main (Germany). • Technical and editorial (modern Umm Qais) by Ms Nadine Within the scope of this programme, assistance: Al Kutba, Publishers, Riedl, M.A. (assistant director of the German experts are assigned to Amman, Jordan; production by DEI-Amman, and research assistant at positions of importance for Rami al-Silawi the German Institute of Archaeology, development in various institutions. • Newsletter logo above by Berlin - Orient Section). This project, Documentation work and research on Samir Shraydeh. (the Umm Qais Hinterland Survey), (continued on page 32) OCCIDENT*. ORIENT - December 1998

Genraan Anchaeology in Jondan; An Exhibition on Mone Than lOO Yeans of Genman Archaeological AcffufCies in Che Hashemife Kingdom

By: Hans-Dieter Bienert, German Protestant Institute of Archaeology in Amman (Jordan), and Helge Fischer, CARCIP, Amman (Jordan)

For the first time in more than a Antiquities, conducted the formal Petra region. The first director of the century of German archaeological opening of the exhibition, which was German Protestant Institute of activities in )ordan, an exhibition has attended by more than 250 guests. Archaeology, Gustaf Dalman, was one been prepared to give an overview Sixty large panels with texts and of the first scholars who thoroughly of the wide spectrum of these German photographs informed the visitors studied the monuments of Petra at the activities in the Hashemite Kingdom about the different German projects. beginning of this century. German of Jordan. The exhibition has been The field studies and archaeological projects today not only deal with the jointly organized by the German activities undertaken by German earliest settlers in the region but also Protestant Institute of Archaeology in teams span from the early Neolithic focus on a new aspect which has been Amman (DEI) and the Jordanian- period (8th millennium B.C.), through introduced into the long-standing German Project for the Establishment the Bronze and Iron Ages, to the tradition of archaeological fieldwork: of a Conservation and Restoration Roman and Byzantine periods, and the care and protection of sites that Center in Petra (CARCIP). It was held further on to the Ottoman era. The are sometimes uncovered by at the Royal Cultural Center in Amman activities have focused on two generations of archaeologists, but from November 12to 28. Mr Matthias regions: Umm Qais, ancient Gadara, often left exposed to the destructive Ohnemuller, deputy head of mission where archaeological excavations elements of wind, weather, and at the German Embassy, and H. E. Mr have been undertaken by Germans for environmental degradation. This issue Aqel Biltaji, Minister of Tourism and the past 25 years, and the greater is now being addressed through a project financed by the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), and executed by the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ), and known as the Jordanian-German Project for the Establishment of a Conservation and Restoration Center in Petra (CARCIP). Now in its 6th year of implementation, the project is in the process of creating a Jordanian institution that can plan, supervise, and advise on conservation and restoration work on historical sites, not only in Petra but also throughout the entire country. It is being equipped with all the necessary tools, instruments, and testing and research facilities. It is also in the process of being staffed with highly skilled personnel, currently in the final stages of training, to execute demanding Tourism and Antiquities Minister Aqel Biltaji (left) is briefed on an exhibition display work that has to follow strict by DEI director H.-D. Bienert (centre) and CARCIP director Helge Fischer. international guidelines established OCCIDENTS. ORIENT - December 1998

by UNESCO, ICCROM (International 1886: Gottlieb Center for the Study of Preservation Schumacher under• and Restoration of Cultural Property), takes first investi• and BLfD (Bavarian State Conservation gations (survey) in Office). Gadara (modern Umm Qais) and The texts and photographs of the presents his results in exhibition were prepared by the 1890 in the different directors of the German monograph projects, whose participation is "Northern Ajlun". thankfully acknowledged. The exhibition could not have been carried 18 9 6-1902: out without their readiness to supply Gottlieb Schumacher photographs, drawings and carries out a car• summaries of their work. The tographical recording exhibition also covered the history of northern Jordan, and work of Jordanian partner published from 1908- institutions, such as the Department 1929 in 10 sheets of Antiquities of )ordan, the Institute The day before: preparing the exhibition panels. (maps of East-Jordan). of Archaeology and Anthropology of C. Steuernagel, Der Yarmouk University (Irbid), the Royal Adschlun, 1927. Institute of Inter-Faith Studies, and the Procedures in the Conservation and 1897-1898: RE. Brunnow, A. von Friends of Archaeology. Restoration of Historical Monuments"; Domaszewski, and J. Euting carry out Thirty large photographs of Monday 23rd of November: Prof. Dr. a registration-project for ancient excavations and a number of finds Zeidan Kafafi: "Jordanian-German monuments in southern Jordan. Their from sites of German archaeological Cooperation in Archaeology: Past, results are published in three volumes: activities enriched the exhibition and Present and Future"; Tuesday 24th of "Die Provincia Arabia", 1904-1909. presented the cultural heritage of November: Dr. Ziad al Sa'ad: "The 1900: Founding of the "Deutsches |ordan to a wider audience, and in so Evolution of Conservation Sciences in Evangelisches Institut fur Altertums- doing assisted efforts to understand Jordan." wissenschaft des Heiligen Landes" the past in order to preserve it for the Chronological overview of (DEI), at the Eisenacher Church future. Conference in Germany. German archaeological 1902: Equipping and furnishing the Four lectures held at the Goethe- activities in Jordan: Institute Amman accompanied the DEI in Jerusalem. 1806: Ulrich Jasper Seetzen exhibition: 1903: Official inauguration of the identifies Umm Qais with ancient DEI. Monday 16th of November: Dr. Gadara and rediscovers Gerasa 1902-1917: First director of the DEI Hans-Dieter Bienert: "A Historical (modern Jerash) for the West. was Gustaf Dal man. Of the many Overview of More Than 100 Years of Reverend F. A. Klein discovers the places he worked at, two were most German Archaeological Activities in Mesha stele. Jordan"; Tuesday 17th of November: important for him: Jerusalem and Dr. Helge Fischer: "Principles and 1837: The German geographer Petra. Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert visits 1916-1917: Theodor Wiegand and Petra, accompanied Garl Watzinger work in Petra under by the artist J. M. aegis of the German-Turkish Bernatz, who later Command for the protection of publishes the first historical monuments ("Deutsch - drawings of Petra in Turkisches Denkmalschutz- Stuttgart (Germany). kommando"). 1877: Founding of from 1921: Albrecht Alt serves as the "Deutscher Verein the director of the DEI, but with no lU zur Erforschung- permanent residence in Jerusalem; he Palastinas" (DVEP) works especially on histoncal subjects which - since 1878 - linked with geographical and has issued the topographical questions, from the ft periodical "Zeitschrift early periods to the Roman-Byzantine des The tourism and antiquities minister officially opens Deutschen era. the exhibition. Palastina-Vereins". 1963-1966: Siegfried Mittmann OCCIDENT &. ORIENT December 1998

starts a survey in northern Jordan, (Umm Qais), financed by the DEI and Staff members of the under the aegis of the DEI. the German Research Association DFG exhibition: 1964: Re-opening of the DEI in under the directorships of Ute Dr. Hans-Dieter Bienert (DEI- Jerusalem. Wagner-Lux (DEI) in cooperation with K. J. H. Vriezen (University of Utrecht, Amman), Dr. Helge Fischer (GTZ- 1964-1968: Martin Noth becomes Netherlands); S. Holm-Nielsen CARCIP), Ms May Sha'er (GTZ- the director of the institute. He (Copenhagen, Denmark); Th. Weber CARCIP), Mrs Nicola Gazzo (GTZ- devotes himself to historical, territorial, (DEI); A. Hoffmann (German CARC1P). Ms Nadine Tavitian (GTZ- topographical, and archaeological Archaeological Institute - DAI); P.C CARCIP), Ms Simone Reinert (GTZ- problems, especially in eastern Jordan. Bol (Liebieghaus, Frankfurt); S. Kerner CARCIP), Ms Nadine Riedl (DEI- 1965: The uncovering of a late (DEI); Nadine Riedl (DAI- DEI). Amman), Mrs Nadia Shugair (DEI- antique bath in Umm Qais by Ute 1985, 1986 and 1989: Excavations Amman), Mr Jamil Amira (DEI- Wagner-Lux (assistant director at the at Ain Zara (Kallirrhoe) at the Dead Amman), Dr. Roland Lamprichs DEI since 1964). Herbert Donner is Sea, conducted by A. Strobel (director (Dresden, Germany), Mr John appointed by the "Deutscher Verein of the DEI in Jerusalem) and Christa Meadows (La Trobe University, zur Erforschung Palastinas" to restore Clamer. Melbourne, Australia) 1984-1992: Excava- Sponsors and supporters tions at Khirbet ez- German Protestant Institute of Zeraqon conducted by Archaeology in Amman (DEI), S. Mittmann (Uni• Jordanian-German Project for the versity of Tubingen, B Establishment of a Conservation and Germany) in cooper• Restoration Center in Petra (CARCIP), ation with the Archa• German Archaeological Institute - eological Institute / Yarmouk University, Orient Section, Berlin, Germany (DAI), Irbid. Since then a Royal Institute of Inter-Faith Studies, if'r Institute of Archaeology and number of further archaeological projects Anthropology, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Department of Antiquities of have been conducted by German universities Jordan. Goethe-Institute Amman, German Embassy Amman, and General view of the exhibition (in foreg round holding and institutions, often German Foreign Office, Bonn paper, GPI assistant director Ms. Nadi ne Riedl). in cooperation with Jordanian counterparts, (Germany) and German Technical Cooperation (GTZ). the mosaic geographical map at e. g. Abu Snesleh, Feinan, Balu'a, Madaba (6th century). The project is Ba'ja, Basta, Petra, the Aqaba region, Financial support was received financed by the Volkswagen and, most recently, at esh-Shallaf in from the following institutions Foundation (Germany) and directed by Wadi Shellale. and private companies: the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 1993: German institutions are also [H. Cuppers (archaeologist) and H. becoming more concerned about the German Embassy Amman and Brandt (restorer)]. preservation of the unique cultural German Foreign Office, Bonn (Germany) 1960s: Manfred Lindner (Natur- heritage of Jordan. The German historische Gesellschaft Nurnberg, Technical Cooperation (GTZ) designed Hoechst a project which was launched in 1993, Germany) starts his research in Petra. Heidelberger Druckmaschinen and whose prime goal is the 1966: Excavation of the so-called establishment of a center to undertake BMW early Christian church in Madaba, preservation and conservation work Messe Munchen International conducted by Ute Wagner-Lux. at Petra and to function as a key Motor Trade Co. Ltd. 1967: Excavation of the Apostles institution for such work in the whole Church in Madaba, conducted by M. country. The project is funded by the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) Noth (inscriptions) and Ute Wagner- German government and Lux (mosaics/church). implemented by the GTZ (project manager: H. Fischer). It will be entirely 1968-1982: Director of the DEI: Ute operated by trained Jordanian Wagner-Lux. specialists and staff, whose objectives 1975: Founding of the Amman are to be able to independently plan, office of the DEI. execute and supervise conservation from 1975: Excavations and surveys and restoration work on historical by different teams start in Gadara monuments. OCCIDENTS. ORIENT - December 1998

Panels Displayed at the Exhibition Subject Compiled by

• Overview of German Archaeological DEI and CARCIP Activities since 1806: • Biography of Gustaf Dalman: Prof. Dr. Julia Mannchen (Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany) and Dr. Thomas Neumann (University of Halle, Germany) . History of the DEI: Dr. Hans-Dieter Bienert (DEI-Amman, Jordan) . History of CARCIP: Dr. Helge Fischer and Ms May Sha'er (CARCIP, Amman, Jordan) • History of the Orient Section of the DAI: Prof. Dr. Ricardo Eichmann (German Archaeological Institute, Orient Section, Berlin, Germany) • History of the Department of Antiquities: Staff members of the Department of Antiquities • History of the Royal Institute of Inter- Staff members of the Royal Institute of Inter-Faith Studies Faith Studies: • History of the Institute of Archaeology and Staff members of the Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, Yarmouk University, Irbid: Anthropology, Yarmouk University, Irbid • History of the Friends of Archaeology: Staff members of the Friends of Archaeology • Madaba: Excavation of the Church of the Dr. Ute Wagner-Lux (Basel, Switzerland) Apostles, 1967, and Excavation of the Church of al-Khadir, 1966: • Madaba: The Mosaic Map of Madaba: Prof. Dr. Herbert Donner (Kiel, Germany) • Umm Qais: Ancient Gadara: DEI-Amman staff • Umm Qais: The Large Terrace: Dr. Ute Wagner Lux (Basel, Switzerland) and Dr. Karel \Aiezen (Utrecht University, Netherlands) • Umm Qais: Several other excavations: Dr. Ute Wagner-Lux (Basel, Switzerland) and Dr. Karel Vriezen (Utrecht University, Netherlands) • Umm Qais: The Tiberiade Gate, the Tomb of the Demoniac, and the Five-Aisled Basilica: Dr. Thomas Weber (University of Mainz, Germany) • Umm Qais: Transportation of a Goddess: • Umm Qais: Domestic Quarters: DEI-Amman staff Dr. Susanne Kerner (Free University of Berlin, Germany) • Umm Qais: Water System: Dr. Susanne Kerner (Free University of Berlin, Germany) . Umm Qais: The Hellenistic City Wall: Prof. Dr. Adolf Hoffmann (German Institute of Archaeology, Berlin - University of Cottbus, Germany) • Umm Qais: The Hellenistic Sanctuary: Prof. Dr. Adolf Hoffmann (German Institute of Archaeology, Berlin - University of Cottbus, Germany) • Umm Qais: The Monumental Gate extra muros of Dipl. Ing. Claudia Buhrig (German Institute of Archaeology, Gadara from the Late Roman Period in the Context Berlin - University of Cottbus, Germany) of Urban Development: • Petra: Petra Proper and Greater Petra: Dr. Dr. Manfred Lindner, Nurnberg (Germany) The Activities of the Naturhistorische Gesellschaft Niirnberg, Germany: 6 OCCIDENT A ORIENT - December 1998

• Petra: Palaeo-environmental Investigations Hans Georg K. Gebel, M. A. (exoriente e. V. / Free University in the Greater Petra Area: of Berlin, Germany) • Petra: The Gods of the Nabataeans: Prof. Dr. Helmut Merklein and Dr. Wenning (Bonn University, Germany) • Petra: Petra Stone Preservation Project: Dr. Helge Fischer and CARCIP staff (Amman) • Petra: The River Tunnel in Petra: Dr. Klaus Grewe (Bonn, Germany) • Basta: A Joint Archaeological Project: Prof. Dr. Hans Jorg Nissen (Free University of Berlin, Germany) and Dr. Mujahed Muheisen (Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan) • Ba'ja: Early Neolithic Settlers in the Petra Mountains: Dr. Hans-Dieter Bienert (DEI-Amman) and Hans Georg K. Gebel, M. A. (ex oriente e. V. / Free University of Berlin, Germany) • Aqaba: Archaeological Survey and Excavation in the Prof. Dr. Ricardo Eichmann (German Institute of Archaeology, Maqass and Wadi Yitim Area: Orient Section, Berlin, Germany) and Dr. Lutfi Khalil (Jordan University, Amman) • Khirbet ez-Zeraqon - A City of the Early Bronze Age Prof. Dr. Siegfried Mittmann (University of Tubingen, (3000-2500 B.C.), Excavation Project 1984 - 1994: Germany), Prof. Dr. Moawiyah Ibrahim, and Prof. Dr. Zeidan Kafafi (Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, Yarmouk University, Irbid) • Khirbet ez-Zeraqon: The Underground Tunnel System Dr. Klaus Grewe (Bonn, Germany) . Esh-Shallaf - A Pottery Neolithic Settlement Dr. Hans-Dieter Bienert (DEI-Amman) and Prof. Dr. Dieter in Northern Jordan: Vieweger (Kirchliche Hochschule Wuppertal, Germany) • Abu Snesleh: A Prehistoric Site in Northern Jordan: Dr. Reinhard Bernbeck, Dr. Susanne Kerner, Dr. Roland Lamprichs, Dr. Gunnar Lehmann (Free Univiersity of Berlin, Germany) • Tell Johfiyeh: First steps towards an archaeological Dr. Roland Lamprichs (Dresden, Germany) and Dr.Ziad al- investigation of the Iron Age in northern Jordan: Sa'ad (Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology at Yarmouk University, Irbid) • Feinan: Early Copper from Feinan,Wadi Arabeh: Dr. Andreas Hauptmann (German Mining Museum and Tracing Ore and Metal Export by Modern Institute of Archaeometallurgy, Bochum, Germany) Analytical Methods: • Fidan 4: Excavations at Wadi Fidan 4: A Fourth Dr. Hermann Genz (University of Tubingen, Germany) Millennium Complex in the Copper Ore and Dr. Russell Adams (University of Bristol, U. K.) District of Feinan: • Balu'a - An Iron Age Settlement in the Lands of Moab: Dr. Udo Worschech (Friedensau, Germany) OCCIDENTS. ORIENT - December 1998

Splendid Exhibition Reuferos Wide Range of German Archaeological Projects in Jordan By: Rami G. Khouri, Amman (Jordan)

In 1806, nearly two centuries ago, Amman and the German-managed discovered this year at Khirbet Darieh, the German scholar Ulrich )asper and -financed Petra Stone Preservation south of Wadi Hasa, were on display Seetzen visited Jordan and Project, in cooperation with the for the first time ever. rediscovered' for western scholars the Jordanian Department of Antiquities. The first few panels by the Greco-Roman cities of Gerasa (Jerash) The exhibition, logically organized Department of Antiquities and the and Gadara (Umm Qais). He by project, was primarily composed German Protestant Institute revealed documented some of the antiquities of large, well printed and designed the very wide range of work underway in the detailed and methodical rnanner panels with text, photos and in the antiquities sector, with that is the hallmark of modern German drawings. Interspersed throughout the increasing attention being paid to scholarship — and ever restoration and since then the land of conservation of andent Jordan has welcomed a sites, along with the long and fruitful excavations. A photo procession of German of the newly restored scholars who have North Theatre at Jerash explored different and also reminds us that increasingly fascinating ancient sites can be dimensions of the used for cultural and antiquities of Jordan. economic purposes To coincide with the today, and that the visit to Jordan of the sites themselves are German president, a constantly changing splendid exhibition was and evolving under the arranged that reviews the hand of modern work of German scholars civilization and the in Jordan during the past handiwork of century and more. The archaeologists. exhibition simultaneously Pioneering work was captures the technical undertaken in the 19th marvels of the many and early 20th German scholarly centuries by such projects in Jordan, the German scholars as increasing relevance of Seetzen, Gottlieb archaeology to the Schumacher. Rudolph Jordanian economy and Briinnow and Alfred well-being, and the ever- von Domaszewski, and present mysteries and Gustaf Dal man (some puzzles from the past that Sites of German archaeological activities in Jordan. of Dal man's drawings make the antiquities of cultic niches at Petra sector so fascinating and enjoyable. hall are archaeological artifacts and were on display). German scholarship The exhibition, entitled "Crossroads black basalt stone sculptures that in Jordan in the modern era was first of Civilizations, more than 100 years dramatically remind us of the people conducted out of the GPI's Jerusalem of German Archaeological Activities who produced these objects in office, until the Amman office was in Jordan", was on display at the Royal antiquity — especially some striking opened in 1975 under the directorship Cultural Center in November 1998. It busts of individuals and several of Dr lite Wagner Lux. She had was organized by the German handsome stone lintels and tomb initiated the modern German projects Protestant Institute of Archaeology in doors. The new Nabataean stone busts at Umm Qais in 1965, and successive 8 OCCIDENTS. ORIENT - December 1998

German teams have worked there existing monuments were carved exact dates of the system, for the ever since. thousands of years ago. This is a scholars themselves have not yet been The exhibition reviewed some of the fascinating example of how Petra able to determine when the tunnels earliest modern German projects in today — as in ancient times — were dug and used. the 1960s, such as Wagner Lux's work continues to evolve and develop Near Zaraqon is the latest German at Madaba and Herbert Donner's study under the influence of the combined project at esh-Shallaf, where GPI of the Madaba mosaic map of the holy efforts of indigenous Jordanians and director Hans Dieter Bienert last year land, and covered all projects since their colleagues and partners from started excavating a Neolithic the opening of the GPI's Amman Western civilizations. settlement dating back over 7000 office. Umm Qais is the largest and The unspoken but dear lesson of this years. most continuous German project in exhibition, perhaps, is that the At the other end of the country is jordan, and its different aspects are principles that gave birth to the andent the German work at Feinan, in south all touched upon (excavations, cultures of the land of Jordan are still Jordan, which has stressed the surveys, reconstruction, museum valid and operative today — most examination of ancient mining and displays, and others). notably the principle of close smelting of copper. My personal German efforts in the Petra region cooperation with the people and favorite panel in the exhibition was were fully displayed, including studies expertise of other cultures. the one in which German scholars of the Nabataean water system, paleo- One of the striking dimensions of show how the Nabataeans portrayed environmental studies of the greater this exhibition was the wide range of their deities. Drawings and photos of Petra region in the 7th Millennium BC, projects undertaken with German niches, stone god-blocks, niches and and the major new Petra Stone cooperation. German assistance to sanctuaries bring this subject to life, Preservation Project headed by Dr Yarmouk University's Institute of and reveal new areas of scholarly Helge Fischer. This ongoing project Archaeology and Anthropology is one investigation where German brings together the best of German reason the institute has been able to individuals and institutions are active scholarship and technological carry out so many field projects (30 in Jordan. prowess, for it aims to develop the of them are identified on one map). Other projects covered in the panels technical and human expertise in A major German-Jordanian project include the study of the Chalcolithic near the university is the dig at Jordan to operate a permanent center and Middle Bronze Age small villages for the conservation of stone. The first Zaraqon, where a major Early Bronze at Abu Snesleh, south of Amman, and Age town has been unearthed. The efforts underway comprise the German work at Tell Johifiyeh, Balu'a, development of an artificial mortar that large system of underground tunnels Ba'ja, Zara, Basta, and the Aqaba area mimics the properties of the Nubian at Zaraqon is nicely explained — and The German Archaeological Institute sandstone at Petra, from which the the visitor can try and figure out the has also worked closely with the GPI in some cases, and their projects in other countries (Lebanon, Syria, Yemen) are mentioned in one panel. The exhibition was accompanied by four lectures at the Goethe Institute in Amman, and was organized with the support of the German Embassy and German Foreign Office, the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, and several individuals and other international archaeological institutes in Amman, with support from several German and Jordanian companies.*

H.-D. Bienert explains an aspect of the Umm Qais display to the minister of tourism and antiquities. OCCIDENT &. ORIENT - December 1998 9

Genraan President Visits Che Hashemfte Kingdom of Jowdan

President of the Federal Republic of of contacts between us", as Germany Prof. Dr. Roman Herzog and the president stressed Mrs. Herzog visited the Hashemite during his address. Kingdom of )ordan from November The German president's 17 to 19, 1998. The visit to the agenda included the Kingdom was part of a Mideast tour inauguration of a wastewater which also took him to Israel and treatment plant at Wadi al- Palestine. H. R. H. Crown Prince al- Arab, in the northern Hassan and H. R. H. Princess Sarvath governorate of Irbid. He was received the German president and also decorated with the Al Mrs Herzog on behalf of H. M. King Hussein Ben Ali Medal and Hussein. received an honorary The talks between the Crown Prince doctorate from the Jordan and the German president focused on University of Science and future developments in the Middle Technology (JUST) in Irbid. East and "what is conceivable once The president and Mrs the peace process stabilizes". Herzog also visited the According to official figures, )ordan is Roman city of Gerasa the largest recipient of German aid per (modern Jerash) where they capita. Both the Crown Prince and the were guided by the German president emphasized the fact Department of Antiquities that Jordan and Germany enjoy close and the German Protestant relations, "not only on the diplomatic Institute of Archaeology in level but also in terms of the network Amman* President and Mrs. Herzog at the Oval Plaza in Jerash.

The president's party enters Jerash through The president and Mrs. Herzog are briefed by GPI director H.-D. the South Gate. Bienert during their visit to Jerash. 10 OCCIDENT &. ORIENT - December 1998

"Tocuands Widen Undenstandfag of the Babylonian Ciuilixatian" By: Hans-Dieter Bienert, German Protestant Institute of Archaeology in Amman (Jordan)

The Iraqi National Commission for inaugurated under the auspices of the dealt with different subjects, such as Education, Culture and Science Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister, Mr. Tariq "Archaeology in the Near East - A Brief invited a number of foreign scholars - Aziz. The initial lecture was delivered Historical Survey", the "Historical Role mainly from Europe - to participate in by Prof. Dr. Ricardo Eichmann of Soil Salinization in Ancient an international conference on the (German Institute of Archaeology - Mesopotamia", and the "Early "Ziggurats and Temples of Neolithic Period in the

Babylon and Borsippa", H> EMBE9 1998 Middle East". which was held in The Iraqi colleagues were Baghdad from September pleased to see a large 15 to 20, 1998. The aim number of colleagues in their of the conference was to country, as almost all bring together scholars archaeological field projects whose research focuses on have been halted for years the ancient civilizations of by the military conflicts in the Mesopotamia. region. Even personal con• For most of the foreign tacts between archaeologists guests it was not easy to have been difficult to main• find their way to Baghdad. tain. Therefore, the con• The UN embargo still in ference was a good opp• place, they had to drive by ortunity for discussions on car for c. 900 km to reach archaeological and historical Baghdad. However, the Speakers during the conference in Baghdad. matters and also for border checks on both the renewing contacts. Jordanian and Iraqi sides were very Orient Section). Most of the The conference was followed by smooth, and after a 10-hour journey contributions to the conference three days of excursions. A daytrip most colleagues reached the Iraqi focused on the Ziggurats and the was organized to visit the ancient capital. The conference was history of Babylon. Some papers also cities of Kish, Babylon, and Borsippa. A two - day excursion was undertaken to sites in the north of the country, such as Nimrud, Tell Nimil, and Eski Mosul, where, at the latter, two Iraqi archaeologists were conducting archaeological excavations. At the end of the conference the Iraqi colleagues were thanked for their hospitality despite the difficult situation under which this conference was held. Most participants expressed their hope that relations in the region will improve soon and new archaeological fieldwork can resume in a country which is regarded as the birth-place of the early civilizations. The next Am m conference is scheduled for 2001, in an Iraq which they hoped would not suffer from sanctions anymore *

The conference participants in a group photo in Baghdad. OCCIDENT*. ORIENT- December 1998 U_

A Lange and Impnessiue Piece of Scbolawsbip on Mt. Nebo

Mount Nebo, New Archaeological 66 years, excavations, surveys and of churches and chapels that Excavations 1967-1997 scholarly and theological studies of the developed on and near the main site site of Mt. Nebo have taken place throughout the early Christian By Michele Plcclrtllo and Eugenlo almost without interruption. This centuries, the associated monastery, Alllata publication represents the latest and related sites in the vicinity. The Studlum Blbllcum Franclscanum manifestation of the tremendous successive monastic complexes in the Jerusalem, 634pp., Illustrated. amount of work that has gone into area are systematically reviewed, from the scholarly investigations of this holy the 4th to the 10th centuries AD, 2 volumes (text and plates) mountain, made famous primarily by giving us a more comprehensive the account in Deuteronomy 34 of perception of the revered nature of Reviewed by Rami G. Khourl Moses' death on the summit of Mt. this site throughout the first Christian Nebo and his burial in a nearby valley. millennium. This volume on the 1967-97 Perhaps it is due to the academic Churches and mosaics excavations will be followed up with tradition of their Franciscan order; or Mt. Nebo's churches, mosaics, a second book on the large monastery the important place of the Prophet funerary practices, and liturgical on the summit, and a third volume Moses in biblical tradition and the installations and furniture are reported on the regional survey that has been three Abrahamic faiths; or the very on in depth in the next six chapters, carried out by a Danish team. dramatic and always moving setting including a fascinating short study of and views at Mount Nebo. Whatever The authors mention "the windy iconoclastic and iconophobic traditions may be the reason, the authors of this summit of this mountain" in their that are visible today in the scrambled large and impressive piece of preface, and some 640 pages later the or defaced images of human and scholarship have produced a work of reader is left dazzled by a tour-de• animal forms in Byzantine or Umayyad nearly biblical proportions, in all force of new information and analysis era floor mosaics. More than one-third senses of the word. The large physical on the many different dimensions of of the 149 churches in Jordan with size, the comprehensive sweep of the this famous peak. The book starts with ancient mosaic floors show signs of material covered, the temporal and a few valuable background chapters intentional iconoclastic damage. spiritual nature of the subject matter, on the exploration of the mountain in The combination of concise, well and the profound, definitive quality the past two centuries, its place in organized text, many black and white of the scholarship all make this a most biblical tradition (including non-biblical and color photographs, fine drawings fitting second volume in the series that references, the Mesha Inscription from and plates, and an especially valuable was inaugurated a few years ago with Dhiban, the historicity of the Moses collection of aerial photographs make the single volume on the Franciscan traditions and their theological these central chapters of the book excavations at Umm er-Rasas (biblical significance), the question of the grave useful for both scholars who want Mepha'a). of Moses in Jewish literature, and early technical details and laypeople who pilgrims' texts starting from the 3rd The summit of Siyagha, as Mount may be more interested in a touristic and 4th Centuries AD. Nebo is known in Arabic, was granted visit to this holy mountain. into the perpetual care of the The next three chapters commence The section of color photographs of Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land the more technical archaeological the mosaics is particularly valuable, in 1932 by the late King Abdullah, analysis, reviewing the prehistoric because it is comprehensive, up-to- thanks to the enterprising efforts of periods, the Bronze Age and the Iron date, and beautifully reproduced; it brother Jerome Mihaic, a Ooatian who Age, the edifice at Rujm el- allows readers to enjoy some stunning was based in Jericho. Father Sylvester Mukhayyat, and — one of the most mosaic floors that are not otherwise Sailer, an archaeologist, first visited the fascinating chapters for the general accessible because they have been re- site in late 1931 and recognized that reader — the rediscovery and buried or removed for storage. The it could be the site of the Memorial to documentation of the Roman road full-page dose-ups of the Persian, Moses that had been described by between Esbus and Livias (Hesban Negro and other hunters and their early Christian pilgrims starting in the and the south Jordan Valley). animals are almost haunting in their 4th century AD. The bulk of the book reports on the capacity to connect us with human The first excavations were excavations of the Memorial of beings who lived in this land nearly a inaugurated in July 1933. For the past Moses. This comprises the complex millennium and a half ago. 12 OCCIDENTS. ORIENT - December 1998

Readers interested primarily in the antiquities and religious significance Memorial of Moses today. The religious and liturgical dimension of for followers of the three monotheistic publishers should consider making Mt. Nebo will find plenty to keep them faiths. these plans available to visitors in a reading, especially in the details of the Only one aspect of this publication slightly smaller form, and selling them liturgical installations and furniture occasionally falls slightly short of the on site to raise money for the excavated in the many churches (such very high quality of the overall work, maintenance of the Memorial. as altars, relics and reliquaries, pulpits, and this is the smoothness of the On the point of money, one of the and benches and seats, among English language. The work was rightly many impressive aspects of this others). translated from Italian into English, publication is that it was financed by A relatively long and richly making it accessible to a far wider several Italian private sector illustrated chapter on the Greek audience than would have read the companies, whose donations were inscriptions also provides a glimpse Italian version only. tax-deductible according to Italian law into one aspect of the excitement of The separate volume of plates (many (a good example of how the private archaeological research, as scholars large maps folded into two pockets) sector and the government can work together to protect antiquities and use individual words (and sometimes is valuable for both the scholar and single letters or numbers) to try to the lay person. The large size of the make them more easily piece together the facts of the past. plates, for one thing, makes it easy to understandable by the public). The sponsors of this publication are The book ends with several chapters study individual monuments, in many Ballestra SpA; Brevitours, Nebo of detailed information and many cases showing individual stones in Tourism, Testco; Massolini SpA; Opera photographs and drawings of objects walls and other structures. For another Romana Pellegrinaggi; and, Salini and coins excavated at Mt. Nebo, and thing, some of the plates help us to a chapter on the new architectural appreciate the evolution of the site Costruttori, whose generous and surveys at Siyagha. The last brief over the centuries. The color plate thoughtful contributions should be chapter appropriately offers ideas on showing the development of Mt. acknowledged with thanks." how to protect the entire area around Nebo from the 4th to the 8th Centuries Mt. Nebo, which is so rich in AD is a gem, as is the plan of the "Men of Dikes and Canals"

Conference on the Archaeology of Water in the Middle East

The German Protestant Institute of collected and stored, could offer ideas A farewell reception will be held at Archaeology in Amman (DEI) and the for handling the emerging water crisis. the German Protestant Institute of Orient Section of the German The international symposium will try Archaeology in Amman. The details Archaeological Institute (DAI) are to link past and present in this matter. of the conference as well as the jointly organizing an international Therefore lectures will discuss ancient precise schedule will be finalized symposium on the Archaeology of as well as current themes. soon. Water in the Middle East". The Archaeologists, historians, geog• For further information, please Movenpick Hotel in Petra will support raphers and hydrologists are invited contact one of the organizers: the conference and a number of other to participate in the conference, which institutions have shown interest in Germany: German Institute of will be held at the Movenpick Hotel Archaeology - Orient - Section, sponsoring it. in Petra (Wadi Musa). It will comprise Podbielskiallee 69-71, D-14195 three days of lectures and two days Water has always played a dominant Berlin, Tel.: 030-83008-0, Fax: 030- of excursions, of which one day will role in the Middle East, in the past as 83008-189, email:[email protected]. well as in the present. Growing be spent in the greater Petra region demands of rapidly growing to visit water installations of the Jordan: German Protestant Institute populations will result in the Nabataeans and to be briefed on of Archaeology, c/o German exploitation of all available sources. projects conducted by different teams Embassy, P. O. Box 183, Amman However, also ways of dealing with in the region. Another excursion on 11118, Jordan, Tel.: 00962-6- this scarce resource will have to be the final day of the conference will lead 5343924, Fax: 00962-6-5336924, developed. Studying ancient water the participants along the Dead Sea [email protected].• installations, and the way water was to the Baptism site and on to Amman. OCCIDENT A ORIENT - December 1998 13

Esb-SbalLaf - a Potteny Neolithic Site in Wadf SbeLlale

By: Hans-Dieter Bienert, German Protestant Institute of Archaeology in Amman (Jordan) and Dieter Vieweger, Kirchlkhe Hochschule Wuppertal (Germany)

The Pottery Neolithic period made circular or oval-shaped in Jordan (5500-4500 B.C.) is foundations have been still not very well known. Gosta excavated, and support such a Ahlstrom described it as "in a view. sense the Dark Age" of the In October 1998 a three- region's prehistory (Ahlstrom week season of excavations 1993, 103). The number of sites was conducted by the German dating to that period is still very Protestant Institute of small (e. g. Abu Thawaab, Ain Archaeology in Amman (DEI) er-Rahub). While the at the Pottery Neolithic site of settlements of the preceding esh-Shallaf, in Wadi Shellale, c. Pre-Pottery Neolithic B/C period 10 km northeast of Irbid. The (PPNB/C, 7600-5000 B.C.) excavations have been jointly covered areas of up to 15 ha, directed by the authors of this the sites of the Pottery Neolithic report. were much smaller and far less developed. The Pottery Neolithic site of esh-Shallaf was discovered by None of the outstanding Siegfried Mittmann (Tubingen architectural features of the University, Germany) when PPNB are repeated in the Pottery excavating at nearby Khirbet Neolithic period. On the contrary, it seems that at some ez-Zeraqon (1984-1994) and sites only semi-permanent Pottery Neolithic ceramic sherds from esh-Shallaf, surveying the region adjacent dwellings existed. Roughly with characteristic herring-bone incisions. to the Early Bronze Age city.

One of the excavated foundation structures at esh-Shallaf. 14 OCCIDENT*. ORIENT - December 1998

From the pottery he collected on the remains of a small wall, the larger one Australia). Most of the plant remains surface of a wadi terrace in Wadi (Tl) revealed more architectural in these samples were badly Shellale, it seemed that the site was a remains. So it was decided to open fragmented, but it was possible to small village or hamlet, dating to the up five squares of 5 x 5 m and two identify lentil, hulled barley, and a so-called Pottery Neolithic A (PNA, squares of 5 x 2.50 m, all adjacent to glume wheat (probably emmer). The 5500-4500 B.C.). The material trench Tl. However, the excavated most common seeds, however, were collected by the Zeraqon excavation walls are rather fragmentary, as in Astragalus, a typical steppe species team has been studied by Dr. Jens most squares only the lower-most which may have been used for fuel. Kamlah (Tubingen University, course of structures survives. It seems The absence of any wood charcoal also Germany) and will be published as at first glance that structures at esh- suggests that the landscape in the part of the regional survey conducted Shallaf were built on semi-circular or Neolithic may have been as barren as it is today. It is planned to continue the excavations in 1999 with a second season, and to clarify the extension of the architectural remains.

We would like to thank all of our staff members of the 1997 season: Ute Koprivc (Remscheid , Germany), Michael Schefzik (Miinchen, Germany), (org Hentzschel ( Rade vor m wald , Germany), |ohn Mea• dows (Northcote, Australia), Katja Riedel (Bremerhaven, Germany), Gerhard Reimann (Offenbach, Staff members of the 1998 season. Germany), and Oliver Korn (Krefeld, by Dr. Kamlah. Out of 1 18 pottery oval foundations, partly semi- Germany). We also extend our sherds, he could identify 96 as subterranean. The upper walls may gratitude to Dr. Wajih Karasneh, belonging to the Pottery Neolithic have been built of wood, reeds, or Inspector of Antiquities Irbid, who period. A few others date to the Early only tent-like material. helped us very much in organizing the logistics of the excavation. We also Bronze Age and the Roman-Byzantine Most of the excavated pottery thank Mrs Lina Khreis, the local period. The Roman-Byzantine sherds clearly resembles that of the so-called representative of the Department of may be related to the nearby so-called Yarmoukian period, with sherds Antiquities, for her help and support. Roman bridge. The research by bearing the characteristic "herring• All of them made this campaign a Mittmann and Kamlah initiated the bone" incisions. A red polished ware success. idea and interest to further investigate and bigger quantities of a rough ware the site. (storage jars and cooking pots) were Reference South of the so-called Roman bridge also found. Only a very small quantity AHLSTROM, G. W. The History of a test trench (Tl) of 27 m in length of animal bones was found; they still Ancient Palestine from the Palaeolithic and 1.5 m in width was opened to have to be analysed. Fifteen soil Period to Alexander's Conquest investigate the nature of possible samples were taken during the Sheffield: Academic Press 1993." architectural remains. Another test excavation, mainly from Loci 1 7 and trench (T2) of 10 by 1.5 m was dug 19 in the deep part of trench 1. They north of the Roman bridge. While the are being analysed by john Meadows second trench (T2) only exposed (La Trobe University, Melbourne, OCCIDENT A ORIENT - December 1998 IS

The 1PP8 Excavation Season at 'Ain Ghazal Neolithic Village By: Gary O. Rollefson, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington (U.S.A.) and Zeidan Kafafi, Yarmouk University, Irbid (Jordan)

Due to a very limited budget and than a meter of deposits), but because 1996) was not found in Square G-29. small crew, the objectives of the 1998 of the experiences in Caves 3 and 4, But a Late PPNB courtyard wall was season were limited. The principal once bedrock was neared the work exposed, as well as an assodated goal was to determine if several caves was suspended and the crew moved LPPNB cultic arrangement of stones in the upper part of the East Field had to Squares 0-46/47 (adjacent to N- that indicates a small outdoor shrine, been used by Neolithic residents of 46/47) to work on the large wall. Cave perhaps assodated with family-level Ain Ghazal. Five caves were selected 1 had a wall one meter high built at worship. This ritual arrangement initially, although eventually only four the entrance. It is not at all dear how consisted of a small circular stone were excavated (Caves 1, 3, 4 and deep into the hillside Cave 1 surrounded by six others (the number 5); Cave 2 proved to be too of seven stones was also shallow to have been used. found in the two temples If time permitted, excavation in the East Field in 1995 would also sample a wall and 1996), all of which whose top was just visible on were located in a semi• the surface in the northern circle of four standing part of the East Field. Another stones about 40 cm high. objective was to continue South of the courtyard wall, excavating a house partially a deep probe revealed exposed in 1996. more than 3 m of deposits Cave 3 was a small tubular down to MPPNB levels, opening, and bedrock was and several caches of reached soon after work charcoal should provide a began. Although the tube series of C-14 dates. continued into the hillside in The courtyard cultic installation. Small probes were sunk two different directions, it at the northern and was so small that human use at any penetrated, and the presence of the southern ends of the western wall of time in the past seemed wall indicates the probable presence a room deared in 1996 in Square F28 inconceivable, so the work here was of graves, although it is unlikely that These probes demonstrated that the suspended at the end of the first week. the burials are Neolithic (see below, house originally extended at least one The crew was moved to Square G-29 Cave 5). more room to the west, although how to see if there was an extension of Cave 5 provided numerous burials far will never be determined since this the house discovered in Sq. F-28 in (a minimum of six, just from the 1.5 part of the structure was destroyed 1996. x 3 m area sampled by the by the sewer line and perhaps even Cave 4 proved to have been used excavation), but the associated pottery earlier during the construction of the as a burial site for an adult and a child. indicated that all dearly post-date the Hejaz railway. Pottery was found with the burial, but Neolithic period (but just how much it has not yet been possible to date later remains to be determined). All The large wall in the northern East the ceramics. Bedrock was also of the burials were very mixed, and Field proved to be a terrace retaining reached quickly, and the opening did much animal bone was mingled with wall. The wall was very irregular and not penetrate into the hillside for more the human remains. A bronze pin was appears to have been built in at least than a meter, so work here also was recovered just above bedrock. Much three different phases. The entire wall ended in the 2nd week, and the crew of the cave remains to be explored, isca. 1 m high and is slightly battered, moved to Square N-46/47 to examine but this will not be an objective of the leaning into the hillside. No assodated a large wall emerging from the prehistoric Ain Ghazal project. architecture was found, but a series modern surface. The expected extension of the of courtyard surfaces were sampled. Cave 1 was relatively deep (more house in Square F-28 (exposed in The wall appears to be LPPNB in age." 16 OCCIDENT A ORIENT - December 1998

Some Inon Age Sites South-east of Tell Johfiyeh: An Archaeological Description

By: Roland Lamprichs, Dresden (Germany)

Although more than fifty years have to the west. In 1998, the description Except for Zambut Meleik (Fig. 2), passed since Nelson Glueck stated that concentrated on archaeological sites their actual state of preservation is "the areas north of the Zerqa ... have situated south - east of Tell Johfiyeh: unfortunately rather poor, and only a by no means been exhaustively Muntar Zibdeh, Muntar Yarin, Zambut few of the surface structures explored," his remark is still valid for Meleik, Deir Burak and Khirbet Fara mentioned by earlier reports could be some parts of the north Jordanian (Fig. 1). re-identified. Nevertheless, surface plateau during the Iron Age (c. 1200 The sites visited in 1998 have some finds and remaining surface structures - 586 B.C.). For the time being, common characteristics. They are all indicate that most of the sites may appropriate written sources are not seriously endangered by recent have contained some kind of "fortified available and only a few excavations developments in the area. Increasing building" dating (most likely) to the working on the Iron Age in this area domestic building activities and Iron Age, probably Iron Age I (Deir have been carried out. Further intense quarrying are the most serious Burak, Khirbet Fara) or Iron Age I and archaeological investigations are still threats to the sites. Some of them are II (Muntar Zibdeh, Muntar Yarin, required. already damaged in part. Zambut Meleik). Potsherds also A description of the Iron Age sites The sites are generally built on spurs indicate earlier (Bronze Age) and later in northern Jordan in 1996 (see or hilltops in cultivated areas (Roman, Byzantine and Islamic period) Occident &, Orient vol. 1, no. 2) and characterized by terrace farming. Most occupational phases. Since none of 1997 (see Occident &. Orient vol. 2, of them are of approximately the same the mentioned sites has been no. 2) focused on surface structures size, shape and date. Due to their excavated, however, exact dates and and surface finds at Tell Johfiyeh, a site locations on spurs or hilltops, some functions are unknown. situated some 7.5 km south - west of of the sites are in sight of each other Nelson Glueck suggested in the late Irbid, and its immediate surroundings and some offer a panoramic view. 1940s and early 1950s that some of the sites (Muntar Zibdeh, Muntar Yarin, Zambut Meleik) were part of an early watchtower system, but this proposal was not Ten irbid t O supported by the 1998 lourel-Ghul N observations. The sites may have Tell Kufr Yuba had a fortification element, but Zahara Soq ah ^ this was certainly not their only # Tell esh-Sheqaq function.The military charac• TeUBoiYaraH teristics of the sites appear to be • • mainly defensive, i.e., they 91 iBanning/Fawcat 1983) • sheltered the population of the TELL JOHFIYEH Q Tell el-Husn immediate vicinity rather than 9 (Banning/Fawcai 1983) providing a base for a military ' Hinzira effort against outside threats. The Munur Zibdeh distribution of the sites most likely

Ras Birqish • ~™ follows natural geographical •i Munur Yann contours, characterized by the A m Khirba Fara _ jfc- . „ UmmHarnl Zubijf » • •DarBurak transition area between the Ajlun hills and the north Jordanian plateau, with no apparent lines or borders. No surface evidence Fig.1. Archaeological sites south - east of Tell Johfiyeh. of weaponry was noted. OCCIDENTS. ORIENT - December 1998 17

In line with the Dr. Roland Lamprichs from observations made at Dresden (Germany). Tell Johfiyeh and its Provided that sufficent funds surroundings to the are available, the first season west, an interpretation at Tell Johfiyeh will take place of the sites visited in in 1999. 1998 as agricultural facilities or small clan Acknowledgements settlements seems most I would like to express my appropriate for the time gratitude to the Alexander being. This domestic von Humboldt-Stiftung for its function, however, does support. Logistical help not preclude a during my stay in Jordan defensive function in (September to December times of emergency. 1998) was given to me by Without further data, the Fig.2. Zambut Meleik (looking west). Prof. Dr. Zeidan Kafafi, line between private Yarmouk University, Irbid, and public functions, or defensive or provide this data. and Dr. H.-D. Bienert, German offensive, will remain unclear. It is The investigations in and around Tell Protestant Institute of Archaeology in hoped that future archaeological Johfiyeh are planned as a cooperative Amman.Thank you to all of them ! • investigations at Tell Johfiyeh and a effort between Dr. Ziad al-Sa'ad from systematic survey of the region will Yarmouk University (Irbid/Jordan) and High Noon on Jabal es-SeLa' 1998

By: Manfred Lindner, Naturhistorische Gesellschaft Niirnberg (Germany)

Since 1969 I had been on top of "eagle nests" not far from Buseirah, |abal es-Sela' between Tafileh and the capital of Edom, which he Shobak in southern Jordan four times, subjugated at the same time. and in 1980, I spent two days and an During the previous visits to )abal eventful night on the summit plateau. es-Sela', the main difficulty was the In 1980 I was 18 years younger than descent from the village of es-Sela', today, but still the mountain seemed high up on the plateau, several to have grown and become steeper hundred meters down to the foot of than before. In 1998, almost 30 years after my first visit, I wanted badly to the mountain. Arriving there with see Khirbet es-Sela' again. The weak knees after crossing Wadi Hirsh, impressive mountain lies like a the same elevation again had to be gigantic capsized ship between three climbed up. A staircase of nicely made higher massifs. The keel-less bottom but unfortunately high steps does lead slopes toward the south-east and is to the summit plateau, but in the noon covered with hundreds of Ordovician heat (one usually arrives around that hillocks, gorges and ditches. Besides time of day) it is like climbing in an Fig. 1. The "khandaq" leading up a kind of romantic love, there was to the plateau of Jabal es-Sela' oven (Fig. 1). In 1998 we were glad another very specific reason for the to see that a bulldozed road allowed visit. Due to the discovery of an in Assyrian script, was quickly driving down to the point of ascent. important relief, the place recently has identified with the Neo-Babylonian Mr, Jihad Darwish, head of the made archaeological headlines. The King Nabonidus, who conquered Department of Antiquities of Tafileh, rock-cut picture of a king ostensibly Edom in the 6th. century B.C. Nothing had graciously consented to adoring his gods and, as has been could have expressed that fact better accompany the small group of Mr. assumed so far, proclaiming his deeds than a relief at one of the Edomite Suleiman Farajat, Inspector of Petra, 18 OCCIDENT A ORIENT - December 1998

The plateau of jabal es-Sela' was extensively described by the author in 1989/97 and 1992. Summarizing, beside the "khandaq" most astonishing are more than twenty large cisterns of one and the same kind on the plateau. They are pear-shaped, carefully plastered, about 3 to 5 m deep, and provided with round openings. Rock-cut channels conducted the water of Fig.3. A gatehouse barred the entrance. winter rains into the reservoirs. In one case the rills made by the ropes "towers" with steps leading to them. to get water out of the cistern are still Their position at the rim suggests a visible. Two deep cisterns are near a defensive function, as does a rocky partly rock-cut and originally built cone with added masonry watching Fig.2. The relief, probably of King house near the entrance to the over the entrance. A pear-shaped hole Nabonidus, at the rock wall of khirbeh. It was published by Glueck on its top with a rectangular opening Jabal es-Sela'. in 1939 with a soldier standing at looks rather like a cache than a cistern, attention in front of it. The inside walls Prof. U. Hiibner of Kiel University which would have needed an were plastered and painted in white (Germany), Mrs. Elisabeth Schreyer, extended building and roof above it and red. Stucco painted in other and myself, to the top and around the to catch rain water. colours was seen by the author in khirbeh. All seemed to be going well; One place on the summit plateau 1980. Half rock-cut and most probably however, the king lacked sympathy, undoubtedly was of a cultic nature. completed by masonry were a few and asked for a sacrifice. Elisabeth, Approached by a lane with empty who had been to es-Sela' niches not reminiscent of before, slipped, fell down, broke Petraean enclosures for her ankle, and was not able to betyls, a rock with nine steps see the king illuminated by the ends in the void (Fig. 4). A sun at high noon, looking priest may be imagined, majestically and godlike over the walking up the stairs and subjected Edom (Fig. 2). praying, but even this plausible explanation is pure Whereas Prof. Hiibner allowed conjecture. At another place, himself detours across the very cautiously I also suggest heights, to me the ascent was a cultic significance. A rock- more strenuous than ever hewn platform reached by a before. I appreciate the twice-turned staircase and technically ingenious and two steps in front of a admirable staircase that winds "tabula" similar to the itself in small bends from the foot "mensa sacra" of the Great up to the gatehouse at the end High Place at Petra was of a defensible corridor (Fig. 3). inspected again in 1998 A few old women or young boys Fig.4. Nine steps end in a void. (Figs. 5 and 6). I wondered: familiar with the terrain might was it a sanctuary or just the have defended the plateau. Why rock-cut foundation of an Nelson Glueck, who surveyed es- important building with a similar one Sela' first, chose the term "khandaq", to the west of it, but without any not known to the present population other parallels on the whole plateau? any more, for the staircase leading Or was it also a catchment device to to the summit, is easy to answer. It fill the large adjacent cisterns? I am was a military man, Commander of ashamed to confess that I even the Arab Legion in Transjordan, thought it was the place where the Colonel F.C. Peake, "Peake Pashah", dead were exposed to climate and who accompanied the archaeologist animals before the bones were after the site had been seen from a buried. The water in the cisterns, of plane, and he quite naturally used the Fig.5. A twice-turned staircase on the course, would not be improved by military term for the narrow way up. path to the possible high place. such a custom. OCCIDENT A ORIENT - December 1998 It

Except for a few rock-shelters, occupation during those periods. there are only two artificial caves It seems logical to attribute the made by coarse tooling and staircase to the same people who without the refinery known from excavated the cisterns on the other Nabataean cave chambers. plateau. I slept in one of them in 1980, The heat of the sun was hardly and in the other the observant alleviated by the shade of the Nelson Glueck had described a "khandaq" when the visitors left Dushara throne which was via the stairs, which Mr. jihad will illuminated by the sun on have repaired for interested November 17, 1937, but not on archaeologists or even tourists. Easter 1977 when I looked for it King Nabonidus was not On closer examination I found a Fig.6. Cisterns, steps and a "mensa sacra" after illuminated anymore. Unlucky circle of twelve cupholes around the twice-turned staircase. Elisabeth had been x-rayed, a thirteenth one on the shoulder diagnosed and scheduled to be of the "throne" which might have white stones which might have operated on in the Islamic Hospital in been a bethyl after all (Fig.7). belonged to a built structure. Whereas Aqaba. High noon was over. Like in Unexpectedly there were no house nothing definite can be stated about the famous movie of the same title, it ruins or traces of foundations to be the origin of the (possibly) cultic ended with a definite decision. My found. In the middle of the plateau I places, the cisterns are of exactly the climbing with younger men had not noted a place with more cut or broken same type as others at the Edomite endangered the visit, only prolonged sites of Umm el-Biyara, it. 1 was able to point out a few details Ba'ja III, and Umm el-'Ala they had not known before. But I (es-Sadeh), the latter two found out it had to be my last climb discovered by groups of up jabal es-Sela'. The mountain is the Naturhistorische awaiting younger (and true) Gesellschaft Nurnberg archaeologists to reveal its secrets. under my direction. Iron IIC pottery was collected References from es-Sela' by these BARTLETT. J R., Edom and the groups and by S. Hart. To Edomites. Sheffield 1989. find three undeniable DALLEY. S., A. GOGUEL. The Sela' Edomite sherds from Sculpture: A new-Babylonian Rock storage jars and from a Relief in Southern Jordan. In: ADAJ4I, large platter just by 1997. 169-176. walking across the plateau was like receiving GLUECK, N., Explorations in Eastern a greeting from the Palestine III. In: AASOR 1939, 26-32. Fig.7. Twelve cupholes around a bigger thirteenth people living there HART, S., Sela': The Rock of Edom. one on the shoulder of the "Dushara throne". around the 7th/6th PEQ 1986, 91-95. Centuries B.C. (Fig. 8). LINDNER, M., Eine archaologische Situated near the Edomite Expedition nach Jordanien. In: capital of Buseirah, an Jahresmitteilungen NHG Nurnberg Edomite occupation of jabal es-Sela' was not 1973, 20-42. unexpected. After them, LINDNER, M., Es-Sela': Eine antike the Nabataeans did not Fliehburg 50 km nordlich von Petra. need such a stronghold. In: m.LINDNER, (Hrsg ), Petra und das According to Fawzi Konigreich der Nabataer. Bad Zayadine, Jabal es-Sela' Windsheim 1989/1997, 271-285. was referred to by some LINDNER, M., Edom Outside the medieval historians as an Famous Excavations: Evidence from early Mamluk place. That a Surveys in the Greater Petra Area. In: few Early Bronze, P. BIENKOWSKI (ed)., Early Edom and Nabataean, Roman and Moab. The Beginning of the Iron Age Late Islamic sherds were in Southern Jordan. Sheffield 1992, Fig.8. Typical Iron IIC (Edomite) sherds collected found there does not 143-166." from the surface on Jabal es-Sela'. indicate an extended 20 OCCIDENT*. ORIENT- December 1998

Bawwab al-Ghazal: Prehistoric Hunting and Herding at the Azraq Qaa

By: Philip Wilke and Leslie Quintero, University of California-Riverside (U.S.A.) and Gary O. Rollefson, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington (U.S.A.)

Research at the prehistoric site and included Epipaleolithic and rubble, and animal remains. The complex of Bawwab ai-Ghazal was Middle PPNB material, and perhaps number of stone alignments suggests undertaken in August 1998 as a joint Early PPNB and Pottery Neolithic that there may have been multiple- project by the University of California deposits as well. The densest surface family pastoral/hunting units using - Riverside, and the "Ain Ghazal distribution of artifacts was Bawwab al-Ghazal at the same time. Research Institute in Germany. The systematically collected (60 1 Ox IO• The presence of several probable goat project is an integral part of meter squares, or 6,000 sq. m ). This horn cores in these structures indicates investigations of the Neolithic use of surface collection produced over that the inhabitants were maintaining the desert margins and documentation 2,000 chipped stone tools and cores, herds of domesticated goats (and of early pastoral adaptations in Jordan and more than 220 beads made of probably sheep) at this time, which, that include research in the eastern green "Dabba marble", a red stone, according to the associated artifacts, desert region and the ]afr Basin. white limestone (?), bone, and shell. would date to the Late PPNB (6,500 - Bawwab al-Ghazal was initially located The surface collections produced a 6,000 B.C.). in the summer of 1997 within the very lopsided distribution of chipped Excavation also explored an isolated confines of the Azraq Wetland stone tool classes: more than half of area of Natufian material near the Reserve. Cooperation with the Royal the tools were bifacially worked eastern central margin of the site, next Society for the Conservation of Nature, knives, perhaps reflecting a heavy to a disturbed hearth feature. An 8 which oversees the Azraq Wetlands, dominance of butchering and hide sq. m. probe was opened to sample played a vital role in the research processing. Projectile points this apparent campsite, which project. themselves accounted for 17% of the produced several hearth features and The site consists of a modest tools, a figure that is more than double tool assemblages associated with occupational mound, or "mini tell," in the percentage of points from the animal remains. Some 40 lunates, active silt dunes on the margin of an large permanent settlements like Ain many with Helwan retouch, indicate ancient slough that formed a portion Ghazal, for instance. A third of the that this camp was used in the Early of the now-dry Azraq Lake. Although tools comprised all the other possible Natufian period, dating to ca. 11,500 absent today, relic wetland vegetation types, although among this "other" - 12,000 years ago. Curiously, no attests to the former presence of a group burins and drills were heavily later-period artifacts were found in this marsh environment. The current represented. deposit, and they were rare on the springs and ponds of Ain Soda and Site mapping also revealed the surface. Additional Epipaleolithic Ain Qasiyeh are 3 km to the west. presence of numerous stone areas were identified near the western Initial observations of the site in 1997 alignments, most of them trending in margins of the site, but these were noted extensive surface deposits of a SW-NE direction (or perpendicular not tested during the 1998 season. Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B artifacts, to the prevailing winds in the area). A deep excavation in the center of including an impressive number of Many of these alignments appear to the site, dominated by the low mound projectile points and stone beads. One have been the foundations for of midden deposits, reached bedrock subsurface probe from previous temporary shelters, with locally at a depth of one meter. The upper geological coring revealed a midden available calcrete evaporite blocks portion of the deposit consisted of deposit nearly a meter deep that serving as anchors for huts or heavily burned debris, including very contained numerous animal bones, windbreaks made of reeds and abundant animal bones, sintered flint including bones of probable domestic branches. One area of multiple stone tools, burned calcrete stones, and goat or sheep, and lithic artifacts. alignments was selected for pieces of basalt; occasional beads Stone alignments were noted on the excavation, and some 7-8 sq. m. in were also found in these layers. This surface of the site. one structure revealed low walls portion of the midden, which Initial site mapping undertaken in surrounding numerous superimposed evidently was repeatedly used as a August 1998 determined that the site surfaces or "floors" covered with dump after cleaning out nearby covered an estimated 1.25 hectares, abandoned lithic artifacts, rocky fireplaces, was especially rich in bird OCCIDENT A ORIENT - December 1998 21

bone. The maturity of the birds and were recovered in the surface have come from the Mediterranean identification of migratory species, and collection and during excavation; (5) or the Red Sea. Nearly 20 fragments the high percentage of juvenile shells used for a large proportion of of obsidian blades indicate dearly mammals (especially gazelle) may the beads were of gastropods locally some connection with Anatolia, more provide valuable than 400 km to the north, information on the the probable source of the seasonality of use of the obsidian. No evidence was Bawwab area by found, however, for on-site hunting and herding production of obsidian groups. A goat horn blades. Some distinctive core from this midden macrocrystaline was associated with a dinopyroxene pieces are late MPPNB/early known to occur 90 km LPPNB Byblos arrow• north-east of Bawwab, as head (ca 6,700 - 6,400 located by Betts in her B.C.), and adds surveys. considerable weight to In summary, the 1998 the probability that the season at Bawwab al- visitors to Bawwab at Ghazal greatly enhanced this time were our appredation of the use pastoralists who of this desert oasis area in hunted extensively to prehistoric times. From the support themselves. In initial reconnaissance in addition, the lower 1997, it seemed probable portion of the deposit that the site was used only contained an intact in the LPPNB period (6,500 hearth feature and a - 6,000 B.C.), but as a bead-production consequence of the 1998 assemblage consisting work it is clear that the of numerous flint bead range of time represented drills, stone bead by diagnostic artifacts blanks, and finished indudes the Early Natufian stone beads. through the LPPNB, and The presence of more even part of the Pottery than 200 beads and Neolithic period (after pendants throughout 5,500 B.C.). The attraction the Middle and Late for all of these people was PPNB deposits indi• the seasonably dependable cates that these water in the qaa and temporary inhabitants adjacent marshes, which in of Bawwab engaged in turn attracted local large bead production during fauna and migratory birds. their stay. This Excavation of LPPNB structure at Bawwab al-Ghazal. It is likely that this source conclusion is supported of water also supported rich pasturage by several factors independent of the available in the adjacent marsh, and that encouraged use of the Bawwab numerous beads themselves: (1) some of the recovered specimens environment by early pastoralists many of the beads were obviously show shaping/cutting for bead during the PPNB. Further work at broken during the manufacturing production; and (6) much of the bead- Bawwab will be designed to darify the process; (2) many bead blanks production debris at the site consisted relationship between the early reached various stages of shaping of "Dabba marble," a soft green stone, pastoralist people using this resource before drilling began, but were then a source of which was discovered on and the permanent populations living abandoned for unknown reasons; (3) the site. at the major farming settlements in many bead drills made on burin spalls The inventory of material from highland regions such as Ain were found; (4) several dusters of Bawwab reveals some long-distance Ghazal.a burins and burin spalls imply the contacts. One bead made of mother- production of spalls to be fashioned of-pearl, a fragment of a large dam into narrow drill bits, many of which shell, and several cowry shells must 22 OCCIDENT A ORIENT - December 1998

HeLfopolfs - Baalbek: the Ruins, 18P8-1PP8

By: Margarete van Ess, German Institute of Archaeology - Orient Section, Berlin (Germany) and Helene Sader, American University of Beirut (Lebanon)

The German Archaeo• 1 1 Deutschen logical Institute, Morgenlandischen together with the Gesellschaft also Lebanese Ministry of published a book Culture and Higher entitled "Baalbek Education and the Image and 'Direction Ge'ne'rale des Monument", which Antiquites du Liban" reviews the research (DGA), designed and in and around created a museum in Baalbek and sheds Baalbek, which was light on the historical inaugurated on Nov• and social aspects of ember 7, 1998. This the fascinating project was funded by monuments which the State of Lebanon, have attracted the German Ministry of visitors for centuries. Foreign Affairs, and the German Archaeological Partial view of the ruins of Baalbek. The Baalbek Institute in Berlin. Many museum is the first individuals and companies, both great courtyard of the Jupiter temple, of a series of site museums that the Lebanese and German, contributed to and the southern tower of the Ayyubid Department of Antiquities is planning the event. The opening took place in citadel. In the gallery 20 statues, to create. The German Archaeological the presence of the first lady, Mrs. pieces of architecture and small finds Institute is proud to have helped in Mona Hraoui, and Mr. von Hoessle, are exhibited, and the scientific results this first step." representative of the German of the excavations carried out during government. the past 100 years are explained using Exactly 100 years ago the German old photographs, reconstruction Emperor Wilhelm II visited Baalbek. drawings, and excavation plans. In the He was so impressed by the Ayyubid tower magnificent monuments that he Roman funerary immediately ordered the excavation objects found of the site. Since his visit German, in the vicinity of French and Lebanese archaeologists Baalbek are contributed to uncovering the displayed, and impressive ruins. In 1984 Baalbek was the Islamic- placed on the World Heritage List. Medieval qalaa In order to commemorate the is presented. centennial of the German excavations A brochure- in Baalbek, the DGA solicited the catalogue was cooperation of the German published in Archaeological Institute in Berlin to four languages create a site museum explaining and infor• Baalbek's history and monuments to mation boards the public. A bilateral agreement was were set up in signed and two areas of the ancient the ruins to site were prepared to house the guide visitors. permanent exhibition: one of the The Orient Some of the organizers and participants at the inauguration underground galleries underneath the Institut der of the Baalbek Museum. OCCIDENT &. ORIENT - December 1998 23

Umm Qqfs Sanuey 1998 - Landase on the 'And al- Ala

By: Nadine Riedl, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin (Germany) and German Protestant Institute off Archaeology, Amman (Jordan)

During October 1998, a survey was milestones was discovered one with a view over the Yarmouk Valley conducted on the Ard al-'Ala, a Roman mile from the city. According and the acropolis of Gadara. It triangular plateau of about 6 kmz to an inscription the road was belonged possibly to the type of situated between the Jordan Valley to constructed or, more likely, repaired fortified farmsteads which are the west and the city of Gadara during the reign of Caracalla, like many characteristic of farms of the Hellenistic (modern Umm Qais) to the east. Until other roads in the region. and Roman periods. A field tower now this area had only briefly which was located about 3 km been examined by G. from Gadara, on a low hill, was Schumacher (1890) and S. used exclusively for agricultural Mittmann (1970). However, the purposes. plateau was of major importance Like other structures, many in antiquity, due to its favourable agricultural installations seem to climatic and topographical have been damaged or covered conditions. Therefore, the aims of as a result of recent landuse. the survey were to study the However, two large wine presses history of landuse in the chora of were discovered in close Gadara more intensively, to proximity to the road and the city assess the relationship between itself. One press had been city and hinterland, and to obtain established on the site of a former information about possible pre- Roman cemetery, partly re-using Hellenistic human activities in the graves as collecting basins and a area. tomb chamber as a store room. To cover the area as thoroughly The wine press threfore can be as possible, sample squares were dated to the Late Roman or, more established within the borders of likely, to the Byzantine period. agricultural fields, as these were Both presses indicate (by their easy to locate on aerial size) wine production on a very photographs. The whole area was large scale. walked, and pottery was While limestone was available collected from sites as well as within the city limits, basalt had from 37 of a total of 116 fields. to be quarried outside on the Concerning the history of plateau. Traces of basalt quarrying landuse on the plateau, the Sounding at a military outpost overlooking the were found at different sites along following preliminary results Wadi el-'Arab the southern edge of the plateau. were obtained: A large basalt quarry is located at Along the northern and southern As most of the stones had been the western slope, about 3 km from edges of the plateau two relatively cleared from the cultivated fields, only the city. As far as pottery collected narrow roads constructed of basalt a few buildings are still preserved on from the surface can tell, the quarry stones were discovered. Although we the plateau. One of the structures is was used during the Roman and found a definitely Roman milestone a strong square tower overlooking the Byzantine eras. in its neighbourhood, the southern Wadi al-'Arab. Probably constructed The second aim was to obtain road turned out to be built probably in the Hellenistic period, the structure information on pre-Hellenistic human during the British Mandate. Obviously, could have served as an outpost to activities. While no pre-Hellenistic an old communications route had secure the hinterland of Seleucid pottery was discovered on the plateau been re-used several centuries later. Gadara. Another building was also itself (possibly due to the deep layers Along the northern road a group of situated on a commanding position of soil covering the fields) an Early 24 OCCIDENT&. ORIENT- December 1998

Bronze Age IV cemetery was Acknowledgements examine the entire western slope of documented at the western slope of the plateau towards the Jordan Valley. The project was financed by the the plateau. It consisted of more than German Archaeological Institute, one hundred shaft tombs, each with References Berlin (DAI). Logistical support was a single chamber cut into the soft MITTMANN, S., Beitrage zur given by the German Protestant limestone bedrock. Not far away Siedlungs- und Territorialgeschichte Institute, Amman (DEI). Members of (about 250 m as the crow flies) the des nordlichen Ostjordanlandes. the survey team were: Katrin Bastert- site of Khirbet et-Tabaq was recorded. Abhandlungen des Deutschen Lamprichs, Claudia Biihrig, Thorsten Its still standing basalt walls belong Palastinavereins, Wiesbaden 1970, Bunk, Christian Hartl-Reiter, Nasser to a Mameluk or early Ottoman 25-26 Hindawi, Elke Posselt, Nadine Riedl, settlement, but the ceramic evidence Isabelle Ruben. Our special thanks go SCHUMACHER, G, Northern 'Ajlun. also indicates an earlier settlement to Ruba Abu-Dalu, the representative "Within the Decapolis". London dating back to the Hellenistic period. of the Department of Antiquities, for 1890.B Some sherds resemble the pottery her cooperation and enthusiasm. finds of the Bronze Age cemetery, and indicate a connection between both A second survey season is sites. scheduled for the year 2000 to OCCIDENT A ORIENT - December 1998 25

The Excavations Underneath the Chawcb of the Redeemen in the Old City of Jerusalem, and the Authenticity of the Church of the Holy SepuLchne Site

By: Ute Wagner-Lux, Basel (Switzerland) and Karel ). H. Vriezen, University of Utrecht, Utrecht (Netherlands)

When Crown Prince Friedrich city walls (cf)ohn 19, 20:"... the place writes in his De bello iudaico (The Wilhelm of Prussia travelled to the where Jesus was crucified was near Jewish War), which deals with the first opening ceremony of the Suez Canal to the city"). war between the Romans and the Jews in the autumn of 1869, he also visited Not surprisingly, therefore, the route in 66-70 A.D., that Jerusalem was Constantinople. There he succeeded of the second wall has been a key fortified with three walls to the north in convincing the Ottoman sultan to question ever since the Old City (Bell. lud. 5,136). give him a piece of land in |erusalem became the site of archaeological The first wall enclosed the southern in order to build a church. He accepted investigation in the 19th century (c.f. part of the present-day Old City and the property on behalf of the adjoining land to the the King of Prussia, at a south as far as the Hinnom ceremony on the site on and Kidron Valleys. Its north 7 November. side ran between the Citadel

The site was the eastern Church of the Redeemer and the Temple Mount on part of the Muristan area the slope to the south of adjoining the Church of David Street (Bell. lud. the Holy Sepulchre to the 5,142-145). It would have south, and it contained been built in about 100 B.C. the ruins of the crusaders' In the 1st Century B.C., church of Santa Maria Jerusalem was extended to Latina, which was to be the north with the building rebuilt for the evangelical of the second wall. Josephus community. states in his brief description The foundation stone (Bell. lud. 5,146) that it for the new church was began at the "Gennath" Gate, not laid until 31 October which was part of the first 1893. It was placed on a wall, enclosed the northern large wall underneath the part of the city, and ended floor of the medieval at Fort Antonia. He does not church. The wall had been state its route in detail, and uncovered as rubble and many different alternatives debris were removed therefore have been from underneath the floor suggested; not all of these along the axis of the place the site of the Church church over the previous of the Holy Sepulchre few years, and was Groundplan and side view of the excavations underneath outside the city walls (cf the assumed to be part of the the Church of the Redeemer plan on p. 233 of K M. so-called second city wall Kenyon, Digging up of ancient Jerusalem. The second wall the work carried out by C Warren Jerusalem, New York 1974). formed the northern boundary of the (U.K.), H. Vincent (France) and C. The third wall was begun by Agrippa city at the time of Jesus, and was very Schick (Germany)). I, a grandson of Herod the Great, in important in authenticating the But what do we know about the 41-44 A.D. It was not completed until location of the Church of the Holy walls that surrounded Jerusalem in the shortly before the outbreak of war in Sepulchre. According to the gospels, first century A D ? The historian Flavius 66 A.D. (Bell. lud. 5,147-159), and the crucifixion took place outside the Josephus (37/38 A.D. - c. 110 A D.) ran either close to the current northern 26 OCCIDENT A ORIENT - December 1998

wall of the Old City or was uncovered underneath about 450 m further to the the western part of the north. church, and particularly The new church, named under the southern side- Church of the Redeemer, aisle. It consists of tesserae, was consecrated at a 1 to 3 cm large, mostly grey special service on 31 and white with some black October 1898, in the and red, and small marble presence of their imperial slabs. However, under the majesties of Germany. So, nave the mosaic had been just recently its centenary completely destroyed by was celebrated. pits, dug deep into the subsoil. In the fill of the pits The excavations fragments of the mosaic The architect Ernst W. were found, including a Krueger carried out fragment of a marble slab extensive restoration bearing a Greek and Arabic work between 1970 and inscription. 1973. In the summer of In the western part of the 1970, while the nave a 2.75-metre-long foundations were being section of the large wall (I) examined in connection was wholly excavated, and with this work, the large a further 4.60 metres was east-west wall and partially unearthed. )ust foundation stone were above the wall, the remains rediscovered in the of two plastered basins eastern part of the church were discovered. And beneath the apse of the northwest of these, a small nave. This provided an stone- and plaster-clad opportunity to investigate waste trench (1.80 x 0.98 the route of the second m) was found, dug next to city wall again. While the a finely built wall that had Northeastern corner of the area between wall (I) and pillars been partially destroyed by restoration was taking 14 and 15 with bedrock (t). place, from November the 19th Century foundation 1970 to June 1971, the "Deutsches long and an average of l .60 metres of Pillar 18. Various other small traces Evangelisches Institut fiir wide, was unearthed under the of wall were also found on the western Altertumswissenschaft" carried out eastern part of the church. The upper edge of the excavation area. excavations on the site. These were layers of this wall (I) were made of led by Ute Wagner-Lux, with the reused dressed building stones, and Results of the excavations architect Ernst W Krueger providing the lower layers (1.5) were composed The site on which the Church of the technical support and carrying out the mainly of fieldstones. Redeemer now stands has a long and surveying. In a limited area (3.60 x 2.80 m). eventful history. The architects who In the autumn of 1972, while a the excavation was continued down built the new foundations for the heating plant was being installed, floor to bedrock. Here, it appeared that the church and archaeologists earlier in mosaics were found about two metres wall was preserved to a height of 2.00 the 19th Century reached the bedrock, below the western half of the southern to 3.50 metres, and was built on a fill found traces of quarrying, and realised side-aisle. The institute continued its of between 5.00 and 5.50 metres that this area was a huge artificially excavations and carried out another deep, most of it sloping away to the filled-in valley running from west to four campaigns led by Karel ].H. north. Underneath, an east-west wall east. But it was not until the British Vriezen, an assistant at the institute of fieldstones (s) was built on archaeologist Kathleen M. Kenyon from 1972 to 1975. These took place horizontal layers of rubble and earth excavated underneath the courtyard between November 1972 and down to bedrock. The bedrock itself of the Martin Luther School in 1961 - November 1974, and largely focused (t), which at this point is 13 metres 1963, south of the Church of the on the western part of the church. below the current floor level, shows Redeemer ("Site C"), and reached the A section of the top and south side dear signs of quarrying. bedrock at a depth of 16 metres, that of the large wall, about 14.50 metres A large part of the mosaic floor (w) a better understanding was gained of OCCIDENTS. ORIENT - December 1998 27

the early history of the Muristan archaeologist N. Avigad, roughly in After the crusaders' church fell into (Kenyon, Digging, p. 226-235). the middle of the northern part of the disrepair, a process which seems to Originally, this was an open rocky first wall, can be linked with the have begun soon after Jerusalem was valley used mainly as a quarry. From "Gennath" Gate, which marked the conquered by Saladin in 1187, the the First Century B.C. onwards, the starting point of the second wall (N. ruins were used as housing. There are bedrock was covered by horizontal Avigad, Discovering Jerusalem, numerous remains indicating that this layers of rubble and earth, suggesting Oxford 1984, p. 69), then the second was the case until the site was that it may have been used as an area wall did run east of the Muristan and transferred to Prussian hands, of gardens fenced with walls of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (cf including the walls of houses, a fieldstones (cf. s). There is evidence Kenyon, Digging, p. 233). This would courtyard, and various pits. in the New Testament that gardens mean that the location of the Church existed in the area of the Holy of the Holy Sepulchre may reflect References Sepulchre at the time of Jesus; John historical reality. K.J.H. VRIEZEN, Die Ausgrabungen 19, 41 states: "But there was a garden Apart from various smaller walls, the unter der Erloserkirche im Muristan at the place where he had been remains from the subsequent (1970-1974), Abhandlungen des crucified, and in the garden a new Byzantine and early Arab periods Deutschen Palastinavereins 19, tomb." Josephus (Bell. lud. 5,146) include those of the two basins. Wiesbaden 1994. makes indirect reference to an area of Tradition has it that an early medieval U. WAGNER-LUX, K. J. H. VRIEZEN. gardens by mentioning the "Gennath" building actually stood on the site of Die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Gate in connection with the second the crusaders' church, but no traces Ortes, auf dem die Erloserkirche wall; the Jewish Aramaic ginneta of an earlier church have been found. erbaut worden ist. In K.-H. means "garden". The next finds from underneath the RONECKER. J. NIEPER und TH. After 70 A.D., the 100-metre-wide Church of the Redeemer date from the NEUBERT-PREINE (Hrsg ), Dem Erloser valley was filled with rubble and earth time of the crusades, in approximately der Welt zur Ehre. Festschrift zum to a depth of eight metres. These the second quarter of the 1 2th hundertjahrigen Jubilaum der came from the area of the city to the Century, when the Church of Santa Einweihung der Eroserkirche in south of the Muristan, which was Maria Latina was built. This included Jerusalem. Leipzig 1998, 4-16.B completely destroyed when the the mosaic floor under the current Romans conquered Jerusalem in 70 south side-aisle. Similar mosaic AD. fragments were found during the It looks very much as though this restoration of the cloister and refectory huge amount of land filling was in 1972-5. connected with the construction work carried out by the Roman Emperor Hadrian (11 7-138 A.D.), who rebuilt Jerusalem as a pagan city and called it Aelia Capitolina. In the 2nd Century A.D., the lower part of the large wall (1.5) running under the nave of the church was built on top of this deep fill and probably functioned as a terrace wall. In the 4th Century the upper part of the wall (I) was built, and it may have formed part of a supporting or terrace wall of a forum to the south of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. So this is definitely not part of the second wall which enclosed the city at the time of Jesus! If the wall sections excavated by the Israeli Mosaic floor (w) of the crusaders' Church of Santa Maria Latina between pillars 16 and 17 28 OCCIDENT A ORIENT - December 1998

The 1PPZ Qaaflfbab/Abfla of the Decapolfs Tbeafew Excavation Pnobe

By: W. Harold Mare, Covenant Theological Seminary, St. Louis (U.S.A.)

The Quailibah/Abila of the Decapolis altered by wholesale removal of the ca. 4 m wide, extending back into the Special Excavation was conducted seats, aisles, and exits, and the hillside. We excavated a large quantity May 26 to July 4, 1997, Dr. W. Harold construction within it of a large of this fill material (its pottery was Early Mare, Director, and Covenant Umayyad palace/fort, and also the and Late Roman, Early and Late Theological Seminary as principal construction of an extensive Byzantine Byzantine, Umayyad and some investigators, under the auspices of street laid down running northeast- Abbasid), about 2.50 m. down to a Dr. Ghazi Bisheh, Director General of southeast over an earlier Roman finely-cut floor cut into the limestone the Department of Antiquities of the street/plaza, at the orchestra area, just bedrock. We excavated here west 3 Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, with in front of the theater itself. m just behind the theater, exposing a the cooperation of Mr. Sultan Our first probe, conducted with the large cavity (like the exits in the Shureidah, Irbid District Inspector of assistance of Sultan Shureidah and the western and northern theaters at the Department of Antiquities. help of three workmen, was made at Umm Qeis (Gadara)); this cavity was The objectives for the 1997 the eastern, outside edge of the also carefully and laboriously filled Quailibah/Abila of the Decapolis theater, starting from the top, down with this rubble debris, supported at two points by well-built, well-cut basalt columns to help hold together the packed rubble fill. We could not remove any more of the fill debris farther west into the cavity, due to the fractured nature of the surrounding limestone bedrock which was held in place by the packed rubble fill. The material uncovered here suggests that originally the large cavity was dug to serve as part of the exit system of the theater, but in subsequent centuries, severe earthquake activity greatly fractured the bedrock of the exit, making it unsafe for further usage and leading the citizens of Abila to fill in the cavity to protect the theater from further damage and the theater-goers from injury. A general view of the theater excavation at Abila. A probe made across the semi• Special Excavation Project included the steep slope. In the probe near the circle just outside and to the south• the following: to investigate the outer top of the slope we uncovered a fairly east of the theater produced no limits of the theater cavea (which faces extensive section of mosaic pavement architectural features which would north/northeast) at Quailibah/Abila with crisscross design (ca. 1 m wide help further define the overall nature and the semi-circular archaeological by 4 m across), which was bordered and function of the theater complex. depression just to the south-east of on its western side by a thinly We made another major effort in our the theater cavea, and to uncover any plastered wall, all of which suggests endeavor to better understand the additional archaeological evidence to wine press activities. theater complex by investigating a help us interpret properly the theater. In the next section of this probe two-level series of large stone blocks In past centuries and in the present down the slope we excavated an area perched on the hillside on the its physical features have been greatly of red soil and cobble and stone fill western-northern edge of the theater, OCCIDENT*. ORIENT- December 1998 29

hoping to find further evidence of the large exit cavity of the south-east edge large cavity high up the slope, just exit system of the theater on this side of the theater. behind the south-east edge of the of the structure. In excavating the first A surprise greeted us when we theater, was dug out in ancient times set of stones, south, higher up the were investigating the possibility of as part of the theater exit system, but slope, we uncovered evidence of a finding ruins of a small odeon on the that in some later time, after severe paved area of some building, and two east side of Abila, across the stream earthquake activity had helped to rows of wall on the surface, but no in a large semi-circular depression. fracture the limestone walls and ceiling further evidence of a theater exit. Here on the surface soil we stumbled of the cavity (like the severe Next, we excavated the north on two basalt architectural elements earthquake of A D. 747/748 which segment of stone here, located down which we first thought might belong toppled the Area D church above the the slope a few meters, where the to an arch. In further excavating these theater), the townpeople protected second set of surface stones was elements, we discovered more of themselves from harm and the theater observed. these basalt architectural blocks in situ, itself from further damage by filling Here we uncovered part of a house curving up in the form of a conch type the cavity with massive amounts of complex with a one-meter-deep shell (only some of the roof elements packed rubble. From the excavation square plastered fire pit with quantities had fallen down due to earthquake of the slope on the north-west wing of broken pottery of various periods activity). The structure is 3 m across of the theater, our finding of the same (Early and Late Roman, Early and Late and 1.50 m deep across the center. kind of packed rubble with similar Byzantine, and Umayyad). Around We investigated enough of the periods of pottery represented as and down below the north-south wall structure to make us think that this found in the large cavity on the on the east side of the house structure, may be part of a monumental southeast side of the theater, suggests we uncovered below several meters mausoleum or some other that there was a similar theater exit of packed reddish soil and cobbles, monumental structure. Could it be part system here, although it is to be noted with a fair quantity of pottery (Early of a nymphaeum complex? The that as yet we have not found any and Late Roman, Early and Late pottery here was Late Roman to specific evidence of a similar large exit Byzantine, Umayyad, and some Umayyad. Further study of this cavity." Abbasid), material similar to the structure will be made in the 1998 cobble fill (with the same pottery season. range) we found in excavating the In summary, we conclude that the 30 OCCIDENT A. ORIENT - December 1998

The Finnish Jabal Hanoun Pwojecf 1998

By: Jaakko Frosen, University of Helsinki (Finland) and Zbigniew T. Fiema, Dumbarton Oaks (U.S.A.)

The Finnish ]abal Haroun Project trenches were opened which (F]HP), under the direction of Prof. revealed extensive occupation Jaakko Frose'n, has recently concluded of the site, dated from the its first, two-month season of Nabataean through the Islamic archaeological exploration in the area period, with the Byzantine of Jabal Haroun, a mountain located period architecturally revealing ca five kms. west of Petra. The primary at least three major periods of goal of the project is to investigate occupation. The center of the the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods apse was occupied by a in Petra, both being among the most masonry pedestal, probably for enigmatic and poorly known in this General view of the site to the West, from an altar, which was empty area. The main site of the fieldwork the Islamic shrine on top of Jabal Haroun. inside, and thus probably was was a ruined architectural complex on used as a repository of liturgical the plateau situated ca 70 m below accessories or relics. An the mountain's summit which is ^9 important epigraphic find crowned by the Islamic shrine. from the apse area was a Additionally, an intensive survey was fragment of the edge of carried out in the environs of the «-> »-> a marble orthostat mountain. Almost 30 scholars and containing four well- students from the University of engraved Greek letters Helsinki and the Helsinki University of which read ]APQN (most Technology participated in the project, probably the name of including two scholars from other Aaron) at the end of the countries and two representatives of i line. The major discovery the Department of Antiquities. were the remains of a The religious significance attached large tripartite mono- to the Jabal Haroun mountain derives The outline of half of the central apse of the large apsidal basilica, ca 24.2 from the Jewish, Christian and Islamic tripartite basilica x 14.2 m, located directly traditions which consider the top of south of the chapel. The Cent. A.D.) and also from Byzantine the mountain to be the burial place of outline of half of the central apse of and Arab sources. Furthermore, one Aaron, brother of Moses. The this church has been exposed in one of the documents from among the trench. The other trench has revealed presence of religious establishments recently discovered Petra carbonized the westernmost portion of the south at the mountain is already known from papyri dated to the 6th Century A.D. aisle of that church, with a secondary the Nabataean period via the Greek- (inv. 6a) contains a mention of a south-north wall dividing the church Jewish historian Flavius Josephus (1st "House of Our Lord Priest area in the middle into two equal Aaron", which confirms the parts. At least two major occupational veneration of Aaron in the phases represented by the floor levels Petra area during the could be distinguished in the exposed Byzantine period. Recent part of the aisle. explorations considered the The archaeological survey of the ruins located below the environs of the mountain summit of the mountain to be concentrated on its western side, a Byzantine monastery which including the Wadi al-Ruba'i, a major contained a chapel. water catchment area there. The entire site of the Numerous agricultural and water- monastery, ca 75 x 45 m, was management related installations, intensively surveyed and such as barrages, slope terraces, dams, The fully excavated half of the apse of the mapped. Four excavation and channels, as well as threshing chapel with the masonry pedestal. OCC/DEIWA. ORIENT - December 1998 31

floors, lime 'dins, and probable burials from the 1998 season is fully and simple dwellings, were all fully studied and interpreted, it is recorded. The collected lithic material apparent that the excavated indicates human presence in the area site should represent a as early as the Upper Palaeolithic, but Byzantine monastic the ceramics were overwhelmingly establishment in connection from the Nabataean and Byzantine with a major pilgrimage center, periods. Simultaneously, a detailed both related to the veneration cartographic study of the mountain of Aaron. At the same time, the and its environs was conducted in a survey results attest to long- way so as to improve the three- lasting, intensive agricultural dimensional model of the mountain land-use, enhanced by Barrages of the water catchment and which has already been developed by extensive rainwater catchment agricultural area on the western slope of Jabal Haroun. the F]HP. For this purpose the latest and management structures. techniques in cartography were There is little doubt that the employed, including tachymetry, Jabal Haroun area was one of the digital recording, and major food supply areas for Petra photogrammetry. during the Nabataean and Byzantine Even before the information coming periods." "Olympic Ambassadon" Annfues at the Genraan P no test ant Institute of Anchaeoiogy in Amman

In the middle of August 1998, Horst well elaborated project. ONE WORLD Olympia, Greece. He is also an official Schad (age 34) arrived on his bicycle 2000 is the official title of the project, ambassador for the city of Olympia in at the German Protestant Institute of and stands for the conviction that all Greece and for the Olympic ideal. By Archaeology in Amman, where he countries are part of the same world carrying an Olympic document from was welcomed by Dr. Hans-Dieter and that international cooperation and the mayor of Olympia, he takes the Bienert, director of the institute, and mutual understanding amongst Olympic spirit symbolically from its Nadine Riedl, assistant director. nations are essential requirements for historic place of origin in Greece to Having left Germany on May 2nd, a positive future for our planet. That the coming Olympic Games in 1998, he had reached another stop was one of the reasons why Horst Australia. on his long trip to the Olympic Games Schad received support from different Talking to him you can feel his in Sydney in the year 2000. Exhausted National Olympic Committees and the strong dedication to this fascinating by the heat wave and covered with International Olympic Academy of task. "I knew it wouldn't be easy, but dust, he was glad to be with the right attitude invited to pitch his tent in and openness to the garden of the foreign cultures and institute. "What a people I hope to wonderful place to relax succeed. It's a and to build up energy wonderful thing to again," was one of his first cycle in a foreign comments after his arrival. country, to get in Working and travelling contact with people as an ambassador for the and learn about their Olympic Games, Horst life", he explains, Schad is on a trip that is revealing his beyond the imagination motivation for of most people. Cycling travelling. Although from Germany to riding a bicycle is hard Australia, and using only work, Horst Schad your own strength regards it as a very sounds unusual, but as good means of soon as you talk to him Horst Schad, from Frankfurt, Germany, takes a break in Amman transport because it you realize that this is a on his 50,000 kilometres trip to Sydney, Australia allows you to be in 32 OCCIDENTA ORIENT- December 1998

close contact with people and nature. overwhelmed by the friendliness and Aqaba, the southernmost city of Jordan, will be a place for a short rest During his weeks in Turkey, Syria hospitality of the people," he enthuses and Jordan, he experienced how about his time in Jordan. before entering Saudi Arabia with its difficult cycling in this part of the world The nature and scenery of Jordan vast desert areas. Going there on a can be. Temperatures above 40 also fascinate him. He was deeply bicyde in summertime is an adventure degrees Centigrade, combined with impressed by his visits to the ancient of its own and will be a uniai'e high humidity along the coast, proved sites of Jerash and Umm Qais, experience," he says. There are even to be a most demanding test of his accompanied by Nadine Riedl, more demanding yet fascinating abilities. His daily water consumption assistant director of the German regions on his route. Isfahan, Meshed, went up above 10 litres, and he had Protestant Institute of Archaeology. and Samarkand are just a few of the to protect himself from the burning "It's a shame that people in Germany many highly interesting cities ahead sun. But whenever he was exhausted know so little about this fascinating of him in Central Asia, where few and "dried out", literally, it was always country," he says. And the best is still tourists go. If everything goes well, the people who gave him new to come! The Kings' Highway, the he will follow the old Silk Road all the motivation. "The hospitality in this ancient city of Petra, and Wadi Rum way to China. Then, after having region is just incredible. Wherever I still await him. As soon as he gets his crossed the Himalaya Mountains, the arrive, people always offer me water visa for Saudi Arabia, he wants to Indian subcontinent, and South-East and food. That's one of the reasons follow the old trade route southwards Asia, he will finally reach Australia in why 1 never feel alone here. into one of the most impressive Summer 2000 - insha"alla!« Particularly in Jordan, I have been landscapes of Jordan. (continued from page 1) (Dresden, Germany) and Prof. Dr. enjoyed the assistance and support of Dieter Vieweger (Kirchliche the Department of Antiquities of the theatre's stage of preservation has Hochschule Wuppertal, Germany); it Jordan, which helped in many ways already been conducted by Mr R. will focus on the ancient sites of Ba'ja to facilitate the stay of the scholars. Guine'e and Ms N. Mulder, members I (probably Iron Age, Mamlouk and The group also spent four days in of the excavation team of Dr. Ute Ottoman occupation) and Ba'ja III (Iron Petra, studying the ancient Nabataean Wagner-Lux (Basel) and Dr. Karel Age). Both sites have been discovered monuments, where they were also Vriezen (Utrecht), and by the architect and briefly described by Dr. Dr. informed on the ongoing GTZ-Project Mr Jan Martin Klessing from Karlsruhe Manfred Linder (Naturhistorische (Petra Stone Preservation). They were (Germany). Mr Klessing*s research Gesellschaft Ntirnberg (Germany)). also briefed by the German project was initiated by the German The project, which will start in late Ambassador to Jordan, H. E. Mr Peter Protestant Institute in Amman (at that September, will be funded by the Mende, on the current political rime directed by Dr. Susanne Kerner) German Protestant Institute of situation. and financed by the German Foreign Archaeology and the Thyssen Stifrung Office. A first report on Ms Barcsay- In the past six months, three lectures (Germany); logistical support will be Regner's work at Umm Qais will be were organized at the institute, in grated by the (ordanian-German published in the next issue of Occident cooperation with the German Project for the Establishment of a 8. Orient. Speaking Congregation of the Conservation and Restoration Center For 1999 the institute is preparing Lutheran Church of the Redeemer in Petra (CARCIP), (director: Dr. Helge for another field season at esh-Shallaf Jerusalem-Amman. It is intended to Fischer), Dr. Thomas Urban in March/April, and a new project in continue with the series of lectures, (Documentation of Monuments and the Ba'ja region (north of the and to start a forum for discussing Archaeology), Birkenwerder, Nabataean city of Petra). Here, in touristic issues which involve Germany) and the German Institute summer 1997 the institute conducted archaeological sites. People interested of Archaeology - Orient Section a month-long archaeological in this subject can contact the institute (director: Prof. Dr. Ricardo Eichmann). campaign at the early Neolithic site of for further information. A more detailed report on this Ba'ja II (see reports in Occident &. The overall situation of the institute's research will follow in Occident &. Orient vol. 2, no. 1 and vol. 2. no. 2). future seems to have improved Orient vol. 4, no. 1, july 1999. This excavation had been jointly enormously after almost two years of directed by Dr. H.-D. Bienert (DEI- In summer the yearly "Lehrkurs" (a facing the danger of closure. Further Amman) and H. G. K. Gebel M A. (ex group of six scholars holding a travel projects ahead hopefully will help to oriente e. V. / Free University of Berlin, scholarship from the DEI) spent three consolidate the institute's future.B Germany). The new project will be weeks in Jordan. They were guided directed by Dr. Hans-Dieter Bienert to many archaeological sites by (DEI-Amman), Dr. Roland Lamprichs members of the DEI-Amman, and Fellows in Residence and Associated Fellows (July 1998 - December 1998)

• Prof. Dr. Ricardo Eichmann, German Archaeological Institute - Orient Section, Berlin (Germany), post- excavation research on "German-)ordanian archaeological project in southern Jordan - archaeological survey and excavation in the Yitim and Maqass Area." • Ms. Isabel Herkommer, University of Tubingen (Germany), "Temporary trainee at the GTZ - Arabic language studies at Jordan University, Amman." • Dr. Ute Wagner-Lux, Basel (Switzerland) and Dr. Karel Vriezen, University of Utrecht (Netherlands), "Research on finds from archaeological excavations in Umm Qais (Church and Church Terrace, parts of the Decumanus, southern Basilica)." • Dr. Roland Lamprichs and Ms Katrin Bastert-Lamprichs M.A., both Dresden (Germany), "Preparing for an archaeological excavation at Tell Johfiyeh and research on Iron Age sites in the vicinity." • Mr Jan Scheithauer, Berufsakademie Frankfurt/Main (Germany) "Temporary trainee at the GTZ office." • Ms Renate Barcsay-Regner, Center for International Migration (CIM)/Department of Antiquities of Jordan (DoA) "Archaeological research and conservation work at the western theatre in Umm Qais (ancient Gadara)." • Mr Helmut Burkhard, National Music Conservatory, Noor al-Hussein Foundation/Deutscher Musikrat (Germany), "Courses for Music Teachers of Basic Music Education." • Team members of the Umm Qais survey, directed by Ms Nadine Riedl, M A. (DAI-Orient Section and DEI-Amman). • Team members of esh-Shallaf excavation, directed by Dr. Hans-Dieter Bienert (DEI-Amman) and Prof. Dr. Dieter Vleweger, (Kirchliche Hochschule Wuppertal, Germany). • Team members of the DAI-Umm Qais excavation, directed by Prof. Dr. Adolf Hoffmann (Technical University Cottbus, Germany). • Scholars holding a travel scholarship from the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology (DEI): Dr. Gabriele Hagenow (GieBen, Germany), Ms Julia Conrad (Miinchen, Germany), Dr. Ludwig Morenz (Tubingen, Germany), Dr. Andreas Obermann (Wuppertal, Germany), Dr. Erich Scheurer(Bad Liebenzell, Germany), Dr. Erich Bosshard-Nepustil (Bern, Switzerland) Donors to the Library

Philipp-von-Zabern Verlag, Mainz (Germany), German Embassy, Amman (Jordan); German Foundation for International Development, Bonn (Germany); Institut Francais d' Arche'ologie du Proche-Orient (IFAPO), Amman (]ordan); the International Press Office of the Royal Hashemite Court, Amman (Jordan); American Center of Oriental Research (ACOR), Amman (Jordan); Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Amman (Jordan); Dr. Roland Lamprichs, University of Freiburg (Germany); Dr. Gotthard G. G. Reinhold, Murrhardt (Germany); Auswartiges Amt der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Bonn (Germany); Bundeszentrale fur politische Bildung, Bonn (Germany); German Archaeological Institute, Berlin (Germany); Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Amman (Jordan).