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The Social and Economic Development of Aqaba, Jordan Kimberly K University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 1-1-2013 Shifting Landscapes: the Social and Economic Development of Aqaba, Jordan Kimberly K. Cavanagh University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Cavanagh, K. K.(2013). Shifting Landscapes: the Social and Economic Development of Aqaba, Jordan. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/1964 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SHIFTING LANDSCAPES: THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF AQABA, JORDAN by Kimberly K. CAvAnAgh BAchelor of Arts Carleton University, OttAwA, CanAda 1999 BAchelor of Arts Carleton University, OttAwA, CanAda 2003 MAster of Arts University of South CArolinA, ColumbiA, SC 2006 Submitted in PArtiAl Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology College of Arts And Sciences University of South Carolina 2013 Accepted by: Kimberly Eison Simmons, Major Professor Ann E. Kingsolver, Committee Member Thomas L. LeAtherman, Committee Member Amy Mills, Committee Member Lacy Ford, Vice Provost And Dean of GraduAte Studies © Copyright by Kimberly K. CAvAnAgh, 2013 All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION My reseArch is dedicAted to the city of AqAbA, A plAce thAt hAs helped to shApe And define my identity. I could never hAve imagined, bAck in 1997 when I first fell in love with this city, thAt it would impAct the trAjectory of both my personAl And professionAl lives. For this I will be eternAlly grateful, As without AqAbA there would be no Poppy. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks go to my fAmily in JordAn And the residents of AqAbA who took the time to shAre their experiences And reAlities with me, the generous support of the Jordan Fulbright Fellowship Program staff, the people of ACOR, the DepArtment of Anthropology At the University of South CArolinA, as well as my committee: Kimberly E. Simmons, Ann E. Kingsolver, Thomas L. LeAtherman, And Amy Mills. This reseArch wAs made possible by my pAtient And encourAging colleAgues who pestered, er, pushed me to finish. A huge thAnks goes to this unofficiAl committee, including Kristen Hudgins, Cat KeegAn, Christy KollAth- CattAno, Jessica Boulware, Audrey DAwson-Croft, And Cheri WilliAms. I was fortunate to work with some greAt multi-disciplinary scholArs with similAr reseArch interests while in the field, nAmely PAscAl Debruyne of Ghent University and Muna (HAmzeh) Rabieh, journalist, author, and true cultural guide. The undertAking of A PhD involves more thAn just the person doing the reseArch. By the end of the process, fAmily And friends have learned to navigate the ups and downs thAt come Along with AcAdemic reseArch and writing. I owe a debt of gratitude –and a lot of catch up phone calls –to my fAmily. Mom, Rick, TrAcey, Pat, Larry, Liane, and Ingrid: thank you for your never-yielding belief in me. FinAlly, I have to thank Ziad and Poppy for their patience and understAnding in putting up with me throughout the writing process. iv ABSTRACT In my dissertAtion, “Shifting LAndscApes: the SociAl And Economic Development of AqAbA, JordAn”, I exAmine the role of the globAl in (re)defining the local by considering the anticipAted impAct of the plAnned lArge-scale urbAn development within AqAbA. I contend that the identities of the citizens change as the city itself undergoes ‘renovAtion’ through politicAl Adjustments, globAlizAtion, tourism development, And commerciAlizAtion. I Argue thAt these trAnsformations provide opportunities of empowerment, Albeit often limited, for marginAlized populAtions who Attempt to broAden the dominAnt locAl identity by tAking AdvAntAge of new economic opportunities And increAsing their Agency within the city. This research provides a fine-grained ethnographic portrait of the lived social And economics reAlities thAt the residents of AqAbA experience within the trAnsition to becoming A ‘developed’ city. As such, it is Also relevAnt beyond JordAn to communities worldwide undergoing similAr urbAn tourism development. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………………………………………..….. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………………………………...……. iv ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………………..……………. v LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………………...……………….... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………. xi MAP OF JORDAN…………………………………………………………………………………………….……… xiii MAP OF AQABA……………………………………………………………………………………………….…… xiv SATELLITE IMAGE OF AQABA……………………………………………………………………………………. XV CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………… . 1 1.1 THE RESEARCH QUESTION…………………………………………………………………………... 1 1.2 SNAPSHOT OF PRESENT DAY AQABA………………………………………………………………. 3 1.3 RESEARCH DESIGN……………………………………………………………………………………. 5 1.4 THEORECTICAL APPROACHES………………………………………………………………………. 15 1.5 SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………………………… 22 CHAPTER 2: SITUATING JORDAN…………………………………………………………………………….... 24 2.1 BEFORE JORDAN……………………………………………………………………………………... 25 2.2 JORDAN: THE NATION………………………………………………………………………………. 28 2.3 THE POLITICAL FRAMEWORK……………………………………………………………………… 33 2.4 THE ROLE OF FOREIGN AID…………………………………………………………………………. 34 2.5 SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES………………………………………………………………………… 47 2.6 TOURISM AS DEVELOPMENT………………………………………………………………………. 53 2.7 THE ROLE OF THE ARAB SPRING IN JORDAN……………………………………………………. 63 vi 2.8 SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………………………. 66 CHAPTER 3: THE SHIFT FROM AQABA TO AQABA SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE .………………………. 68 3.1 FROM AILA TO AQABA: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW…………………………………………….. 68 3.2 AQABA WITHIN THE NATIONAL CONTEXT ……………………………………………………… 71 3.3 CREATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ASEZ AND ASEZA…………………………………….. 79 3.4 AQABA SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE AUTHORITY ..……………………………………………….. 81 3.5 DESTINATION AQABA……………………………………………………………………………… 93 3.6 SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………………………. 97 PART 2: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………….. 99 CHAPTER 4: SHIFTING ECONOMIC LANDSCAPES…………………………………………………………... 105 4.1 ASEZ IS OPEN FOR BUSINESS……………………………………………………………………... 105 4.2 KEY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT…………………………………………………………………. 107 4.3 THE COST OF DEVELOPMENT……………………………………………………………………. 147 4.4 DESTINATION BRANDING……………………………………………………………………….... 156 4.5 SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………………………….... 160 CHAPTER 5: SHIFTING SOCIAL LANDSCAPES……………………………………………………………… 162 5.1 ASEZA’S SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AGENDA……………………………………………………… 162 5.2 NAVIGATING THE GENDERED NORMS…………………………………………………………... 176 5.3 ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES……………………………………………………. 179 5.4 THE CULTURE OF SHAME………………………………………………………………………… 189 5.5 “YOU DON’T BELONG HERE”—UNWANTED PEOPLE……………………………………….. 200 5.6 SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………………………….. 224 vii CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION: REMAPPING AQABA……………………………………………................... 226 6.1 REMAPPING AQABA………………………………………………………………………………. 228 6.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH…………………………………………………………………… . 234 WORKS CITED …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 238 viii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: MAP OF JORDAN …………………………………………………………………….. ………………………. xiii FIGURE 2: MAP OF AQABA ………………………………………………………………………………………….......... xiv FIGURE 3 SATELLITE IMAGE OF AQABA ……………………………………………………………………………….. XV FIGURE 4.1 AQABA GATEWAY …………………………………………………………………………………………… 109 FIGURE 4.2 AYLA PARK PLAZA ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 112 FIGURE 4.3 HORIZON DEVELOPMENT HOLDINGS DEVELOPMENT PLAN……………………………………….. 115 FIGURE 4.4 THE RED SEA RESORT……………………………………………………………………………………… 116 FIGURE 4.5 VIEW OF TALA BAY ………………………………………………………………………………………… 119 FIGURE 4.6 TALA BAY …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 119 FIGURE 4.7 CORAL BAY AT THE ROYAL DIVING CLUB………………………………………………………………. 120 FIGURE 4.8 SIGN PROMOTING J.W. MARRIOT HOTEL IN AQABA. ………………………………………………… 122 FIGURE 4.9 LOT WHERE THE J.W. MARRIOT WILL BE SQUEEZED IN…………………………………………….. 123 FIGURE 4.10 GARDENS BY THE BEACH. ………………………………………………………………………………. 123 FIGURE 4.11 NEIGHBOURHOOD DIRECTLY BEHIND THE MOVENPICK HOTEL. ……………………………….. 124 FIGURE 4.12 KEMPINSKI HOTEL ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 125 FIGURE 4.13 KEMPINSKI HOTEL SEASIDE VIEW. …………………………………………………………………… 125 FIGURE 4.14 AYLA OASIS ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 129 FIGURE 4.15 AYLA OASIS 2009………………………………………………………………………………………….129 FIGURE 4.16 LAGOONS AT AYLA OASIS …………………………………………………………………………………130 FIGURE 4.17 PLAN FOR SARAYA AQABA ……………………………………………………………………………….133 FIGURE 4.18 CONSTRUCTION SITE OF SARAYA AQABA……………………………………………………………...137 FIGURE 4.19 THE CITY OF AQABA AND THE CURRENT PORT………………………………………………………138 FIGURE 4.20 AN ARTIST'S VISION OF MARSA ZAYED. ……………………………………………………………….139 FIGURE 4.21 CONCEPTUAL DRAWING FOR THE RED SEA ASTRARIUM…………………………………………..142 FIGURE 4.22 KING ABDULLAH II IN EPISODE OF STAR TREK: VOYAGER. ……………………………………...142 FIGURE 4.23 BRANDING AND IMPACT LINE THE STREETS OF AQABA……………………………………………157 FIGURE 4.24 SIGNS PROMOTING BRANDING AND LOYALTY………………………………………………………..158 FIGURE 4.25 THE GREEN AQABA TAXI…………………………………………………………………………………. 159 FIGURE 4.26 ASEZA LOGO………………………………………………………………………………………………… 160 FIGURE 5.1 WOMEN TRANSFORMING RECYCLABLE MATERIAL INTO ART. ………......................................... 186 FIGURE 5.2 EXAMPLE OF RECYCLED PAPER PRODUCTS THESE WOMEN CREATE……………………………..186 FIGURE 5.3 FORMER GREEN CREATIONS STORE IN DOWNTOWN
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