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WOME:N IN NE:W~PAPE:R MAN~GE:ME:NT The Women in Newspaper Management Videotape Series was produced by Gretchen M. Letterman Emily Nottingham Christine L. Ogan

Executive Director Richard G. Gray

The Center for New Communications Indiana University School of Journalism Bloomington, Indiana

The Videotape Series has been funded by the Frank E. Gannett Newspaper Foundation, Inc., Paul Miller, Chairman of the Board; John A. Scott, President. Gloria N. Biggs, Consultant to the Foundation, served as special adviser to the Women in Newspaper Management Project, assisted by Christy Bulkeley, Publisher of the Danville, Illinois, Cover Design by P. D. Cooper Commercial-News. WOMEN IN NEWSPAPER MANAGEMENT Videotape Series Viewing Guide

CONTENTS

Program Summaries, Participants, Discussion Questions

1. Newspaper Management: A Changing Status for Women? page 2 2. From "Newspaper Girl" to Journalist: Some Social Barriers page 4 3. Scenes from the Life of a Manager page 6 4. The Management Mystique page 8 5. A Letter to the Editor page 10 6. Understanding Equal Opportunity for Women page 12 7. Challenging Sex Discrimination: The Costs and Benefits page 14

What You Need to Show Videotape Programs page 16 Where to find Videocassette Players page 17 More Information page 17 Index of Participants page 18 Annotated Bibliography page 20

1 Newspaper Management: A Changing Status Program Participants Elie Abel Eugene Patterson for Women? Christy Bulkeley Ramona Rush James Goodale Jean Alice Small Richard Gray Carol Sutton John Lake Ann Wrenn Allen Neuharth For the past several years, businesses of all kinds have become more interested in the status of women in their employ. This tape discusses the current outlook for women interested in careers in management. It For complete information, see participant index. begins with an assessment of the overall situation in the newspaper business today by some of the leaders of major independent and group Questions for Discussion newspapers. These people also cite specific problems for women in the 1. What responsibility, if any, should newspaper publishers and other 70s - a scarcity of qualified women to fill management positions, the top-level newspaper managers takes in the hiring and promotion of lack of opportunity for women due to existing discriminatory practices women? and the lack of interest in management jobs openly expressed by women employees. Some organizations are taking active steps to 2. The statistics cited in this program indicate that there are very few correct the situation - in seeking women to move up to management women in top-level newspaper positions in the U.S. daily press level positions and by offering financial incentives to managers for (about one per paper, and 27 out of 558 respondents to the survey). hiring and promoting more women. The newspaper industry leaders claim that they are doing all they The tape also includes a summary of the findings of survey research can to hire and promote more women. Why, then, is the figure still conducted at Indiana University School of Journalism on the status of so small? Is there any hope for the future? top-level women managers in the daily and weekly press. The findings 3. Some of the statistics and two of the newspaper leaders talked of counter some of the great hope for the advancement of women spoken greater opportunity in small and medium sized dailies and weeklies. of by the industry leaders. Since prospects for newspaper management Do your observations support that view? positions are often graduates of journalism schools, directors of some major schools were interviewed to determine if there are changes in 4. The journalism school directors spoke of changes in the attitudes enrollment patterns and interest in the management area among and interests of journalism majors. Is this change representative of women undergraduate and graduate journalism majors. students or recent graduates you know? 5. Why would women express satisfaction with their jobs and salary, if they are earning so much less than their male counterparts?

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From "Newspaper Program Participants: Girl" to Journalist: Patricia Carbine Mary Junek Some Social Barriers Jeanne Caswell Martha McKay Janet Chusmir Trish Redmon Phil Currie Benson Rosen Charlotte Curtis Carol Sutton Barbara Ferranti Sheila Wolf Gail Golden Ann Wrenn In this program journalists and psychologists speak of some of the cultural and psychological barriers facing women in journalism careers, especially those whose goal is management. The sex-role stereotyping For complete identification, see participant index. of women involves deeply rooted attitudes of both men and women. Management has been a job area reserved exclusively for men until Questions for Discussion very recently. This program begins with the description of research 1. Is sex-role stereotyping more likely to exist in the newspaper which found that women are still being overlooked for consideration for industry than others? If so, what reasons may account for this? Will management-level positions due to stereotyping by employers. Once women ever be production managers in the U.S. press? employed as managers, women face problems with men and women 2. Do you agree that both men and women alike have difficulty working employees who are unwilling to work for women. Some women, it is for a woman? Is the "queen bee" concept valid? found, like their role as the "queen bee" on the job and have refused to hire or promote other women to compete with them. Also addressed are 3. With the rise of women into management has come an increase of the findings by psychologists that there are very few real differences ulcers for women- are women trying to do too much- be "super between the skills of boys and girls, yet children continue to be women?" Can they realistically have a career and a family, or do socialized in the 1970's to perform in classically stereotyped roles. A they have to give something up? psychologist points out that women still have difficulty with their 4. Can newspapers be paternalistic and not be sexist? achievement motivation in fields which are generally characterized as male. 5. Should women be protected in some cases? Are there real dangers of A management consultant discusses particular difficulties women the woman reporter on the police beat, or the night shift, or should have on the job in the reluctance to take risks, in the lack of role models the paper offer women the job, and let them deal with whatever for women managers, and in making choices about the priorities of job problems arise? and family. 6. To what extent should the newspaper take into account family responsibilities when hiring and promoting?

4 5 Scenes from Program Participants Director: William Kinzer, Department of Theatre and Drama, Indiana the Life of University. a Manager Actors: Gloria Dorson, Jon Farris, Mary Forester, Jack Landis, Joel Marsh, Virginia Marsh

For complete identification, see participant index.

This tape consists of a series of dramatizations depicting three Questions for Discussion common social problems facing women who hold management level Scene 1: positions. The first of the three scenes portrays the dilemma of the 1. Are decisions in your organization made in the locker room or over a woman who is asked to continue a job-related discussion to an after poker game? Should a woman try to be "one of the boys," or try to hours social situation. Because of the potential for town gossip, the force all decisions to be made in the office? women manager is reluctant to join her male colleagues for drinks and dinner at a local cocktail lounge. The scene shows how this delicate 2. Do you think Mary's reluctance to go to the bar is unwarranted or situation is dealt with. valid? The second scene approaches the issue of the problems which can 3. Should women worry about "how it will look" if they go for a drink arise over a conflict between office responsibilities and home responsi with a colleague, or should they do what they want and ignore bilities. One couple tries to work out the crisis of a broken water pipe at others' opinion? home in the midst of office deadline pressure. Another couple quarrels over who should leave the office duties to care for a sick child. Scene 2: The third situation deals with the question of job mobility in a dual 1. Should Jack go home and fix the pipes? Does his wife have the right career family. The woman newspaper manager in this scene has just to disturb her husband's work for assistance at home? been offered a promotion, with considerable raise in pay, to direct a 2. Who takes care of the arrangements for the children in the dual department in a large city away from her home. Her husband is career families you know? Are they happy with the division of labon unwilling to consider a family move and change in job for himself or to have his wife commute to the location of the new job. Mobility is one of Scene 3: the most difficult issues to resolve for couples who pursue dual careers. 1. Some managers say they pass over married women for advancement These scenes are intended to serve as catalysts for group discussions. to another city, assuming that mobility will be a problem. Have you found this to be true? The tape is edited to allow stopping between scenes. , 2. There has been a recent trend for men to turn down positions that require moving, because their wives have good jobs in the city how will this affect current patterns of advancement?

6 7 Program Participants The Management Christy Bulkeley Mary Junek Patricia Carbine Nelson Poynter Mystique Jeanne Caswell Carol Sutton Janet Chusmir Sheila Wolf

~ Charlotte Curtis

For complete identification, see participant index. The concept of what a manager is has been colored by a stereotype of what he has been. The pronoun HE is used because managers have Questions for discussion historically been male - that is even indicated in his title - Man-ager, 1. Does the image of the successful manager still hold for the late and the way his job has been defined in business school textbooks and 1970's, or do we have fewer definite expectations about his or her management training material. The only women referred to in most of ingredients for success? these texts have been subordinates to the men who managed them. The managers in this program, however, indicate that the stereotype 2. The managers in this program define their jobs. Do you agree with is no longer valid. Most of the managers in this program are women, their descriptions of a manager or are there things you would add or and the management styles they discuss do not adhere to the ones delete from what they said? outlined in management texts. This program investigates the job of a 3. Do you agree that women's management styles do not differ newspaper manager, as the managers themselves give their personal basically from men's? Or with Pat Carbine, that women tend. to definitions of a manager, state skills a manager should have, and discuss more - have a softer style? discuss differences in management styles between men and women. The route to managerial careers of three specific women newspaper 4. How typical of women managers are Charlotte Curtis, Ann Wrenn, managers are detailed: Charlotte Curtis of the New York Times; Ann and Janet Chusmir? Wrenn of Knight-Ridder Newspapers; and Janet Chusmir of the Miami Herald. This program is intended for women who are contemplating careers in management, to help make the management mystique not quite so mysterious.

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8 9 Program Participants A Letter to Vivian Aplin Thomas J erdee the Editor Donald Baldwin Martha McKay Christy Bulkeley Nelson Poynter Jeanne Caswell Benson Rosen ~ Phil Currie James Wells Kim Grissinger Ann Wrenn Betsy Jaffee Many women are interested in moving up to managerial level jobs in the newspaper field, but they aren't sure what steps to take to begin the move. This program is intended to help women take that first step. For complete identification, see participant index. Newspaper managers, both men and women, offer suggestions to help make the move easier, such as encouraging women to ask for Questions for Discussion promotions to positions with more responsibility. 1. Can real benefits be derived from attending one- or two-week A management consultant discusses some of the characteristics she seminars in management training or is a two-year MBA program finds common in the women she counsels which may be holding women necessary? back from managerial positions. Many women, she said, need to revise their personal outlook, break out of the "waiting to be chosen 2. What could be added to journalism curricula that would better syndrome" and think in terms of a life career goal. prepare students, both men and women, for management positi~ns? Managers stress the need for knowledge of the entire operation of a 3. If an individual has received an MBA degree and is interested in a newspaper, not just the editorial side, and also the importance of newspaper job, how would this person be received by a publisher? Is women taking advantage of management training opportunities offered it likely that newspaper publishers would consider this person over by their papers or by outside firms. qualified? Journalism managemEnt programs at the graduate level, and personal career counseling are also suggested as options for 4. Why don't more students think in terms of a managerial career in the consideration by women contemplating an upward move. newspaper field? The encouragement from the varie"ty of managers interviewed 5. Flexible working hours and child care on the premises have been provides an optimistic undercurrent for the fact that it may not be easy suggested to ease the strain of dual-career families. Are these possi for a woman to break into management. bilities feasible? What are other alternatives? •

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Program Participants Understanding Equal James Goodale

~ Toni Landau Opportunity for Women Eleanor Holmes Norton Howard Rubin Osma Spurlock Beverly Wolff

Equal employment opportunity for women is one of the most For complete identification, see participant index. confusing issues an employer has to deal with. It can be just as confusing for a women employee, if she is not aware of her own rights Questions for Discussion and responsibilities with regard to equal employment practices. 1. What responsibility does management have in preventing discrimi This program is designed to help clear up some of the confusion nation within the company? surrounding the legal ramifications of equal opportunity legislation as it applies to both employers and employees. Attorneys who have 2. In this program one person said that the increase in the number of defended both sides in discrimination cases, some involving media sex discrimination suits is due to societal influence, that women are organizations, detail the meaning of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights "suing everywhere, so they sued us." How has societal change Act, and the processes of filing a sex discrimination suit. Practices affected the employ of women, and is that the reason sex discrimina- which an employer might remedy to prevent the filing of such a suit are tion suits are becoming more common? · also addressed. 3. What effect is the EEOC having on companies' employment A newspaper vice president whose own paper faces a sex discrimina practices? tion suit gives his view on the reasons for the increasing number of class action suits being filed by women against their media employers, 4. What is being done (or could be done) at your own company? and executives from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission explain how that federal agency operates in processing complaints. The program presents both the progress in the change of attitudes regarding equal employment for women and also the long way left to go in achieving that goal.

12 13 Challenging Sex Program Participants Discrimination: The Katherine Kish Eleanor Holmes Norton Costs and Benefits Merrill Sheils Charlene Shunk Andrea Skinner Pat Warren Lynn Young Filing a sex discrimination suit against an employer is not glamorous for the woman filing, nor enjoyable, nor something to do on a revenge For complete identification, see participant index. ful whim. Although taking a complaint through litigation processes sometimes rectifies a bad situation, the personal hardships that have to Questions for Discussion be endured by the complainants during the course of the suit can be 1. Short of filing a legal complaint, what procedures should women extreme and must be considered completely before a decision to file is follow if they feel they have been discriminated against? made. In this program, women from Newsweek, Readers Digest, New York 2. What action would you take if you had been passed over for promo Times, and NBC discuss the support, ostracism, and lasting conse tion in favor of a less qualified male? quences they experienced while involved in class action litigation 3. What can be done to change attitudes of others in the office who against their employers. Their personal accounts of family difficulties, might ostracize those who are filing a suit? · strained office relations, and the description of the lengthy legal process illustrate that the ordeal of litigation has both drawbacks as 4. How will the experiences of women who have gone through litigation well as advantages in its outcome. against sex discrimination affect women who are being discriminated against themselves? 5. Are the complaints being filed by women serving as warning to other companies? 6. Should legal recourse be a last resort against discrimination or should it be used more often?

14 15 WHAT YOU NEED TO SHOW THESE TAPES: WHERE YOU CAN FIND VIDEOCASSETTE PLAYERS:

• A videotape player for% inch cassettes. (Betamax or V:zinch players • Players and monitors can be rented from electronics companies or will not work.) The player operates very simply - just like an rental firms. ordinary audio tape recorder, with FORWARD, REVERSE and • If you are short on funds, you might investigate some other sources. EJECT as the main controls. However, they weight about 50 pounds, A number of places around town probably have players, and may let so it's advisable to find a cart to wheel it on - or have someone you use them for a nominal fee. Good places to check include: around who is willing to carry it. • high schools or colleges • A television set, with a cable connecting it to the player. These tapes • hotels which have a good conference trade are in color; they will look better on a color set, although they will • hospitals work on a black and white set. • large businesses

• you have a large crowd, multiple monitors (TV s~ts)can be If MORE INFORMATION attached to a single player. If you do this, you will need extension cords and connecting cables. ·' If you think that you would like to use a speaker or discussion leader • You will probably not need any additional speakers; the TV set from outside your organization, and would like suggestions on persons volume is loud enough for most medium-sized groups. If it is in an who would be both appropriate and interested, please contact : auditorium, however, you can hook up the audio to the speaker Women in Newspaper Management system in the room. School of Journalism • Don't forget to check for three-pronged adapters if the sockets in the Indiana University room are only set up for two prongs. Bloomington, Indiana 47401 (812) 337-9247 • A table high enough to raise the monitor so that everyone can see.

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TAPE PARTICIPANTS Eugene Patterson, Editor and President, St. Petersburg Times Co. Nelson Poynter, Chairman of the Board, St. Petersburg Times Co. Elie Abel, Dean, School of Journalism, Columbia University Tris h Redmon, Planning and Ad Composition Manager, Miami Herald Vivian Aplin, Assistant City Editor, San Diego Union Benson Rosen, Professor, School of Business, University of North Donald Baldwin, Director, Modern Media Institute Carolina Christy Bulkeley, Publisher, Danville, Illinois Commercial-News Howard Rubin, Attorney, Employment Rights Project, Columbia Patricia Carbine, Editor-in-Chief and Publisher, Ms. Magazine University Jeanne Caswell, Promotion Manager, Miami News Ramona Rush, Dean, College of Communications, University of Janet Chusmir, Assistant Managing Editor/Features, Miami Herald Kentucky Phil Currie, Director, News Staff Development, Gannett Co., Inc. Merrill Sheils, General Editor, Newsweek Magazine Charlotte Curtis, Associate Editor, New York Times Charlene Shunk, Senior Systems Analyst, NBC Barbara Ferranti, Compensation and Benefits Manager, Miami Herald Andrea Skinner, News Clerk, Sunday Magazine, New York Times Gail Golden, Clinical Psychologist, Indiana University Jean Alice Small, Associate Editor and Publisher, Kankakee Daily James Goodale, Executive Vice President, New York Times Journal Co. Richard Gray, Director, School of Journalism, Indiana University Osma Spurlock, Indianapolis District Director, EEOC Kim Grissinger, Editor, Miami Review Carol Sutton, Assistant to the Editor and Publisher, Louisville Betsy Jaffee, Director, Programs for Employers, Catalyst Courier-Journal Thomas Jerdee, Professor, School of Business, University of North Joan Ward, Administrator/ Awards, NBC Carolina Pat Warren, Associate Editor, Readers Digest Mary Junek, Sales Development Manager, Miami Herald James Wells, Training Manager, Miami Herald Katherine Kish, Administrator, Educational Enterprises, NBC Sheila Wolf, Day City Editor, Chicago Tribune John Lake, Publisher, St. Petersburg Publishing Co. Beverly Wolff, Attorney, Jackson, Lewis, Schnitzler and Krupman Toni Landau, Program Director, Executive Enterprises Ann Wrenn, Assistant Treasurer, Knight-Ridder Newspapers, Inc. Martha McKay, President, McKay and Associates Lynn Young, Senior Editor, Newsweek Magazine Allen Neuharth, President and Chief Executive, Gannet Co., Inc. Eleanor Holmes Norton, National Chair, Equal Employment Oppor- tunities Commission

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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

General Killiam, Ray A., Working Woman: A Male Manager's View, American Management Association, 1971. Arabanel, Karin and Connie McClung Siegel, Woman's Work Book, Kreps, Juanita, Sex in the Marketplace: American Women at Work, New York, Warner Books, 1975. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971. Basil, Douglas C., Women in Management, New York, Dunellen Kriebel, C., "Mothers in Business," Harpers Bazaar, 105, July 1972, p. Publishing Co., Inc., 1972. 90. Beasley, Maurine and Sheila Silver, Women in Media: A Documentary Larwood, Laurie and Marion M. Wood, Women in Management, Source Book, Washington, D.C., Women's Institute for Freedom of Lexington, Massachusetts, Lexington Books, D. C. Heath & Co., the Press, 1977. 1978. A study of how women perform in management positions Blaxall, M. and B. Reagan (eds.), Women and the Work Place, despite discrimination and tradition. Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Press, 1976. An analysis of occupational Loring, Rosalind and Theodora Wells, Breakthrough: Women Into segregation, its deep historical roots, and the policy changes needed Management, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1972. to overcome them. Lynch, Edith M., The Executive Suite Feminine Style, New York, Canter, Rosabeth Moss, Men and Women of the Corporation, N.Y. AMACOM, 1973. Basic Books, 1977. Marzolf, Marion, Up from the Footnote: A History of Women Chafe, William H., Women and Equality, New York, Oxford Journalists, New York, Hastings House Press, 1977. University Press, 1977. How society controls women and how women Paulsen, Kathryn and Ryan A. Kuhn (eds.), Women's Almanac: have challenged these controls. Twelve How-To Handbooks in One, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Farmer, Helen S., and Thomas E. Backer, New Career Options: A . Co., 1976. Woman's Guide, Human Science Press, 1976. Pobregin, Letty Cottin, Getting Yours: How to Make the System Ginzberg, Eli and Alice M. Yohalem (eds.), Corporate Lib, Baltimore, Work for the Working Woman, New York, Avon Books, 1975. Com Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973. Presentations from the Con mon answers to the work problems women face in the job market, ference on Women's Challenge to Management in 1971, including from family conflicts to office hassels. pieces on the family life of the successful woman, sources of inequal Ruddick, Sara and Pamela Daniels (eds.), Working It Out: 23 Women ity, and sociologists' skepticism on the issue. Writers, Artists, Scientists and Scholars Talk about Their Lives and Harragan, Betty L., Games Mother Never Taught You, New York, Work, New York, Pantheon Books, 1977. Warner Books, 1977. Scott, Niki, The Working Woman, A Handbook, Kansas City, 1977. Hennig, Margaret and Anne Jardim, The Managerial Woman, New Sheed, Andrews & McMeill. York, Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1977. Explores the differences men Stellman, Jean Mager, Women's Work, Women's Health: Myths and and women bring to the job and the implications these differences Realities, New York, Pantheon Books, 1977. have for advancement to management. Strainchamps, Ethel (ed.), Rooms with No View, New York, The Johnstone, John W. C., Edward J. Slawski and William Bowman, The Media Women's Association, 1974. Essays written by women in all News People: A Sociological Portrait of American Journalists and branches of the media about their jobs, how they got there and how Their Work, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1976. the individual organizations they work for really treat women.

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" ... To Form a More Perfect Union . .. "Justice for American Women, Supt. of Documents, "A Working Woman's Guide to Her Job Rights," National Commission on the Observance of International Women's U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., Leaflet 55. Year, Washington, D.C., 1976. Supt. of Documents, "Discrimination," Clearing House Publication Window Dressing on the Set: Women and Minorities in Television, No. 46, Washington, D.C., U.S. Govt. Printing Office. United States Commission on Civil Rights, Washington, D.C., 1977. Switzer, Ellen, The Law for a Woman, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. Legal Aspects of the Issue Women and the Law: A Collection of Reading Lists, Pittsburg KNOW, (Box 86031, Pittsburgh, PA 15221, price $1) Alexander, Shana, State-by-State Guide to Women's Legal Rights, Los Angeles, Wollenstonecraft, Inc., 1975. Berstein, M. C. and L. G. Williams, "Title VII and the problem of sex Management Training classifications in pension programs," Columbia Law Review, 1974, 74, 1203-1230. Donnelly, James, John Gibson and John M. Ivancevich, Fundamen Bird, Caroline, Everything a Woman Needs to Know to Get Paid What tals of Management (revised), Dallas, Business Publications, Inc., She's Worth, McKay, 1973. 1974. Boyle, M., "Equal Opportunity for Women is Smart Business," Drucker, Peter F., Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices, Harvard Business Review, 1973, 51(3), 85-89. New York, Harper and Row, 1974. California Commission on the Status of Women, Impact ERA: Limita Dunlap, Jan, Personal and Professional Success for Women, Engle tions and Possibilities, Milbrae, California, Les Femmes Publishing wood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, 1972. To help women find out before they Company, 1976. Societal impact of the conformance of laws to the arrive at management whether they are qualified and whether the ERA, promoting public understanding of the issue. management scene is for them. Jongeward, Dorthy and Dru Scott, Affirmative Action for Women: A Higginson, Margaret V. and Thomas L. Quick, The Ambitious Practical Guide for Women and Management, Reading, Massachu Woman's Guide to a Successful Career, New York, AMACOM, 1975. setts, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1975. Equal opportunity Explores the realities that must be considered in defining and recog employment guide for women, current legislation affecting organiza nizing career goals. tions and women and their status, and strategies for positive Loeser, Herta, Women, Work and Volunteering, Boston, Beacon changes. Press, 1974. Guide to revaluation of women's volunteer experience Matthies, M. T., "Equal Employment Opportunity and the Business and its application to the training for a career. Community," Journal of Contemporary Business, 1973, 2(3), 1-24. Orth, Charles and Frederick Jacobs, "Women in Management: Pattern The Report of the New York City Commission on Human Richts, for Change," Harvard Business Review, July-August, 1971. September 21-25, 1970, Women's Role in Contemporary Society, Place, Irene and Alice Armstrong, Management Careers for Women, New York, Discus Books. Report from the hearings on women's Louisville, Vocational Guidance Manuals, Inc., 1975. An introduc rights, including testimony from the New York Times about equal tion to management and its philosophies, practices, problems and opportunity efforts. trends for women.

22 23 Rogalin, Wilma C. and Arthur R. Pell, Women's Guide to Management Epstein, Sherrie S., senior case writer and Jeanne Deschamps Positions, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1975. To help women Stantion, director, Cases on Women in Management, Simmons realize their ambitions for management positions, to evaluate their College, Institute for Case Development and Research, Graduate work assets, their chances for advancement, and to recognize the Program in Management, 1976. legal remedies a woman can take in sex discrimination. Huber, Joan, Changing Women in a Changing Society, Chicago, Stewart, Nathaniel, The Effective Woman Manager, Seven Vital Skills University of Chicago Press, 1973. Works dealing with sociologists' for Upward Mobility, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1978. views of social conflict and its implications for women and work, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976 editions of the Annual Handbook for marriage and stereotypes. Group Facilitators, LaJolla, California, University Associates, 1972. Janeway, Elizabeth, Between Myth and Morning: Women Awakening. Each edition contains lectures, exercises and general resource New York, William Morrow & Co., 1974. Reflections on women in information for leadership training, with special attention to areas history, the changing world and woman's place in it, women in such as sex role stereotyping, management by objectives, assertion business and the fact that the changing world has demanded a new theory. status for women. Maccoby, E. E., and C. N. Jacklin, "What We Know and Don't Know about Sex Differences," Psychology Today, December 1974, Psychological Aspects 109-122. Rosen, Benson and Thomas H. Jerdee, "Sex Stereotyping in the Adams, Carol and Rae Laurikietis, The Gender Trap Book 1; Executive Suite," Harvard Business Review, vol. LII, March-April Education and Work, A Closer Look at Sex Roles, Academy Press 1974, 45-58. United, 1977. Staines, G., C. Tabris and T. E. J ayaratne, "The Queen Bee Belotti, Elena G., What are Little Girls Made of: The Roots of Syndrome," Psychology Today, January 1974, 55-60. Feminine Stereotypes. Schocken Books, 1976. Development of sex Tressmer, D., "Fear of Success; Popular, but Unproven," Psychology role stereotypes from before birth and the adaptations females have Today, March 1974, 82-85. to make because of them. Bern, Sandra L. , "Androgyny vs. the Tight Little Lives of Fluffy Women and Chesty Men," Psychology Today, September 1975, 62. Psychologist investigates the complexities the 35 per cent women who don't march to sex-stereotyped drummers have to deal with. Curtis, Jean, A Guide for Working Mothers: How to be a Success as a Parent and in Your Job, Your Home and Your Marriage. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1975. Guide for both women seeking highly paid specialized careers and those just looking for a life of their own outside of the home.

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