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Physical Map of the World, August 2013 he Association of Independent state Bermuda Dependency or area of special sovereignty Sicily / AZORES Island / island group 150 120 90 60 30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Capital Alert FRANZ JOSEF LAND SEVERNAYA ARCTIC OCEAN ZEMLYA Ellesmere Molloy Deep Longyearbyen QUEEN ELIZABETH Island Qaanaaq (Thule) (deepest point of the Arctic Ocean, -5607 m) Scale 1:35,000,000 Svalbard NOVAYA Kara ISLANDS Sea ZEMLYA Robinson Projection Banks (NORWAY) Island Resolute Greenland standard parallels 38°N and 38°S Pond Inlet Baffin Wrangel (DENMARK) Island Barrow Bay Surveying & Geomatics (APSG) Baffin Jan Mayen Pevek Island Norwegian Chukchi Island (NORWAY) Noril'sk Sea Murmansk Cherskiy Sea (66°33') Arctic Circle (66°33') NORWAY Nuuk Fairbanks Great S Anadyr' Nome U. S. (Godthåb) S I B E R I A Provideniya Bear SWEDEN N

Mt. McKinley Iqaluit Denmark Arkhangel'sk I

Davis Faroe

(highest point in Strait

Reykjavík A Islands FINLAND Lake

North America, 6194 m) Strait Gulf T Yakutsk

(DEN.) Ladoga R U S S I A

Anchorage of Lake N Tórshavn

Whitehorse Great Bothnia Onega U

Slave Lake Hudson Oslo Helsinki

O Magadan 60 60 Saint Petersburg

Bay Stockholm Tallinn M Gulf of Churchill Rockall EST. Perm' Juneau R Baltic Yaroslavl' Kuujjuaq Labrador (U.K.) Nizhniy Tyumen' Fort McMurray Sea Riga¯ Izhevsk O North LAT. Novgorod Tomsk Sea Glasgow DENMARK Moscow Kazan' Yekaterinburg Krasnoyarsk LITH. Sea Copenhagen Lake C Chelyabinsk Omsk Novosibirsk Prince Vilnius Ufa L Sea of C A N A D A Belfast UNITED Ul'yanovsk Baikal George Happy - Minsk A Leeds DS K Isle of Hamburg chapter in Houston, Texas holds a Dublin R Barnaul Okhotsk N Goose Bay Samara LA Edmonton Man IS (U.K.) BELARUS N Lake IRELAND KINGDOM Amsterdam Berlin U U.S. TIA Y Saskatoon Warsaw. Irkutsk Chita Petropavlovsk- LEU Winnipeg Birmingham Lódz Homyel Voronezh Saratov Orenburg Kamchatskiy A NETH. Astana Sakhalin A S Island of Brussels Cologne POLAND L E D Calgary London Kyiv A U T I L A N Winnipeg Lille GERMANY Prague Kraków Qaraghandy L A N I S Celtic L'viv T BELGIUM LUX. (Karaganda) Guernsey(U.K.) Frankfurt A Vancouver Sea Luxembourg CZECH REP. U K R A I N E Kharkiv Y Jersey(U.K.) SLOVAKIA Volgograd Khabarovsk Munich M M Gulf of Paris Vienna Bratislava Donets'k K A Z A K H S T A N T Ulaanbaatar LIECH. MOLDOVA KURIL Lake St. Lawrence ( S Seattle Lake AUSTRIA Budapest Chis¸inau Rostov Atyraü . ISLANDS Superior Québec FRANCE SLOVENIA Aral Lake Balkhash O Bern HUNGARY Odesa Huron SWITZ. S Astrakhan' L P Ljubljana Sea of Gora El'brus Sea M O N G O L I A Harbin Montréal St. Pierre Lyon A Azov Bay of Milan CROATIA (highest point in Portland U Minneapolis Lake Ottawa and Miquelon Bordeaux Zagreb Belgrade Turin SAN BOS. & Bucharest , 5633 m) Michigan (FRANCE) Biscay Aqtaü Occupied by SOVIET UNION in 1945, MARINO Toronto Halifax Toulouse Genoa HER. SERBIA C Ürümqi E S E R T Changchun Jilin N Lake Ontario MONACO AU (Aktau) D administered by RUSSIA, claimed by JAPAN Milwaukee Sarajevo CAS Almaty I Vladivostok Sapporo Pristina Sofia US Caspian B Bilbao Marseille ITALY M Detroit Buffalo S GEORGIA TS Sea Shymkent G O T Boston Corsica Podgorica KOS. . Chicago IN ANDORRA VATICAN BULGARIA (lowest point in Bishkek Shenyang TA (FR.) CITY MONT. Skopje Tbilisi N O R T H Lake N Providence Rome Europe, -28 m) Tashkent Salt Lake City A U Porto Tirana MACEDONIA Istanbul KYRGYZSTAN T U N I T E D Cleveland Erie O New York Barcelona ALB. Baku Baotou Madrid ARMENIA

Naples Beijing NORTH N O R T H Denver Indianapolis M Ankara UZBEKISTAN Sea of I Pittsburgh TAKLA MAKAN Philadelphia PORTUGAL Valencia Bursa Datong

Kansas City Saint Sardinia Yerevan Kashi N N Cincinnati Baltimore SPAIN BALEARIC (IT.) GREECE . TURKMENISTAN Tianjin Pyongyang P A C I F I C Sacramento Louis N N O R T H ISLANDS T U R K E Y Japan

IA Izmir Dushanbe DESERT Shijiazhuang Dalian

couple meetings per year, and they once (SP.) Palermo

Death Valley H Washington, D.C. Lisbon Konya Ashgabat

S San Francisco S (lowest point in C AZORES Sevilla Tabriz¯ TAJIKISTAN Yantai Seoul P A C I F I C

A Athens Gaziantep Taiyuan JAPAN

L Málaga Algiers Sicily Adana Zibo , -86 m) S T A T E S A (PORT.) (IT.) Mosul SOUTH PP Norfolk Mashhad Indian Lanzhou Jinan A A T L A N T I C Gibraltar(U.K.) Tunis MALTA 1972 KOREA Tokyo O C E A N Las Vegas Nashville Ceuta(SP.) Constantine Valletta Aleppo Tehran claim Qingdao Charlotte Oran Nicosia Erbil Line of Control Yellow Busan Nagoya Oklahoma City E Melilla TUNISIA Qom Kabul Zhengzhou Yokohama O C E A N (SP.) Crete Hera¯t Sea Hiroshima Los Angeles MADEIRA Rabat (GR.) Pesha¯war Line of O¯ saka Atlanta G CYPRUS Beirut IRAQ C H I N A Phoenix ISLANDS Casablanca Fès Damascus Kermanshah Actual Xi'an Bermuda D Control Fukuoka San Diego Dallas O C E A N (PORT.) Tripoli Es¸faha¯n AFGHANISTAN Islamabad (U.K.) I Baghdad Tel Aviv-Yafo H Mt. Everest Nanjing Nantong N A Tijuana El Paso R Marrakech Kandaha¯r Lahore Mexicali Bengha¯zi¯ Alexandria Ahva¯z I M (highest point in Hefei Jerusalem Amman Faisala¯ba¯d Shanghai M New I R A N and the world, 8850 m) Ciudad Al Bas¸rah A Chengdu Wuhan S

Austin Jacksonville MOROCCO Cairo Quetta Multa¯n Ludhia¯na Hangzhou P Orleans D

Juarez Houston L A O - S- H O T O 30 (JA 30 CANARY ISLANDS Al Jizah¯ KUWAIT New Y Lhasa Ningbo N Shira¯ ¯z Za¯heda¯n A Chongqing C (SP.) East China P Chihuahua San Nanchang A Orlando (lowest point in Kuwait S A Delhi BHUTAN A L G E R I A PAKISTAN I Changsha N Antonio Tampa L Asia, -408 m) NEPAL Sea ) T A¯ gra S ) L I B Y A Kathmandu I Thimphu N BAHRAIN Guiyang Okinawa

Laayoune SAUDI Persian Jaipur A Midway N E G Y P T OMAN Lucknow Fuzhou P - Monterrey Miami Ka¯npur Manama Gulf Hydera¯ba¯d Patna A Islands THE Abu U J Matamoros Nassau Milwaukee Deep Western Y ( Torreón Gulf of A Kunming Taipei (U.S.) Riyadh Doha Dhabi K Minami-tori-shima BAHAMAS (deepest point of the Medina BANGLADESH Xiamen Aswa¯n Kara¯chi U (JAPAN) , -8605 m) L QATAR Dhaka Y invited me to present a paper about where Tropic of Cancer (23°27') MEXICO UNITED ARAB Muscat Bhopa¯l Shantou R Tropic of Cancer (23°27') Havana Turks and Ahmada¯ba¯d Guangzhou HAWAIIAN ISLANDS San Luis British T EMIRATES Jamshedpur Khulna Taiwan Potosí Caicos Islands Virgin ARABIA Indore Kolkata Mandalay Nanning Kaohsiung (U.K.) A Red Jeddah Chittagong Hong Kong León CUBA Islands (U.K.) Su¯rat Na¯gpur Hanoi Zhanjiang S.A.R. Mérida (U.S.) - OMAN Macau

Honolulu Guadalajara Cancún DOMINICAN S A H A R A Sea Mecca L KHALI BURMA

Mexico Anguilla (U.K.) A Haiphong S.A.R.

H

Cayman Is. LAOS H

City REPUBLIC Saint-Martin (FR.) D Port RUB' I N D I A Strait

C

U.S. (U.K.) Port-au- C

Gulf of Philippine (U.S.)

Sint Maarten (NETH.) I Mumbai Nay Pyi

N

Santiago MAURITANIA Northern N

Toluca Prince San Juan Pune To n k i n

E Saint Barthelemy (FR.) Hainan E

Puebla JAMAICA Taw Chiang Vientiane Mariana

R

ST. KITTS AND NEVIS M A L I R

ISLAS Dao

Santo M Nouakchott T

BELIZE Kingston HAITI Puerto Hydera¯ba¯d Mai T

Oaxaca ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Visha¯khapatnam Sea Islands

REVILLAGIGEDO Navassa Domingo PARACEL

Belmopan Rico Timbuktu S U D A N Rangoon A Acapulco Island Guadeloupe (FR.) (U.S.) A (MEXICO) (U.S.) Da Nang ISLANDS Johnston Atoll (U.S.) N I G E R Omdurman ERITREA Vijayawa¯da Bay of N CAPE VERDE YEMEN (U.S.) Montserrat DOMINICA Kassala Asmara THAILAND Saipan GUATEMALA HONDURAS A

(U.K.) CHAD Khartoum VIETNAM I Martinique (FR.) Dakar Sanaa Manila Tegucigalpa Sea SENEGAL R Praia Bangkok Guatemala City ST. VINCENT AND ST. LUCIA Niamey A Banjul BURKINA Mek’ele¯ ANDAMAN Hagåtña San Salvador Aruba THE GRENADINES Bamako Arabian Bangalore Chennai South China M (NETH.) BARBADOS FASO Lac 'Assal Aden ISLANDS CAMBODIA EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA Curacao(NETH.) THE GAMBIA (U.S.) Kano N'Djamena (lowest point in (INDIA) GRENADA Bissau Socotra Sea P Challenger Deep Managua Ouagadougou Nyala , -155 m) H Barranquilla Djibouti (YEMEN) Coimbatore Phnom (world's greatest ocean depth, -10924 m) MARSHALL Maracaibo Port of Spain Sea Kozhikode Andaman Ho Chi Minh I Cartagena Caracas -BISSAU GUINEA BENIN Cebu L Penh City I San José NIGERIA Madurai P TRINIDAD AND Addis (INDIA) Sea FEDERATED STATES OF ISLANDS Valencia Conakry Y Hargeysa Gulf of P Colón Ciudad TOBAGO Abuja Ababa E Kochi SPRATLY (FRANCE) CÔTE LL I I scrounge the material for my columns COSTA City TOGO Thailand ISLANDS N Guayana Freetown A D'IVOIRE Ogbomoso V E Cúcuta S GHANA RICA PANAMA SIERRA SOUTH Melekeok Ibadan ETHIOPIA Laccadive E Yamoussoukro Colombo Davao Palikir Majuro Kingman Reef (U.S.) Georgetown CENTRAL Zamboanga LEONE NICOBAR T Medellín VENEZUELA Lagos Isla del Coco Lomé SUDAN SRI R Paramaribo T Sea ISLANDS (COSTA RICA) D AFRICAN REPUBLIC E Palmyra Atoll (U.S.) GUYANA Monrovia Accra Porto- F Bandar Seri Isla de Abidjan CAMEROON I SOMALIA LANKA (INDIA) N French Guiana Juba R Begawan Malpelo C Bogotá LIBERIA Novo N (FRANCE) Bangui H (COLOMBIA) Douala Male Kuala BRUNEI SURINAME Cayenne

Medan A Malabo Lumpur EQUATORIAL GUINEA Cali COLOMBIA Yaoundé T A M A L A Y S I A Kiritimati PENEDOS DE E (Christmas Island) R Mogadishu Singapore Tarawa Howland Island SÃO PEDRO E SÃO PAULO SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE G (U.S.) () (BRAZIL) Kisangani Kampala Pekanbaru Equator Quito Equator Sâo Tomé Libreville REP. OF SINGAPORE Equator Baker Island (U.S.) 0 0 THE Padang Pontianak Jarvis GABON DEMOCRATIC Samarinda Yaren Island GALAPAGOS ECUADOR CONGO Kigali District Belém ARQUIPÉLAGO DE Annobon Lake K I R I B A T I (U.S.) ISLANDS (EQUA. GUI.) Kilimanjaro Palembang Guayaquil Manaus São Luís FERNANDO DE NORONHA REPUBLIC Victoria (highest point in Africa, 5895 m) Banjarmasin Jayapura (ECUADOR) Iquitos (BRAZIL) Bujumbura Fortaleza Brazzaville Mombasa Victoria British Indian Teresina Pointe-Noire OF THE CONGO I N D O N E S I A Kinshasa Ocean Territory Tanjungkarang- PAPUA P Natal ANGOLA Telukbetung Makassar on the Grids and Datums of the World. (Cabinda) Mbuji-Mayi Dodoma (U.K.) Jakarta

E A

SOLOMON

R Lake Dar es Salaam

João Pessoa Bandung

U

K I R I B A T I Tanganyika Semarang

Ascension Diego Surabaya ISLANDS

Trujillo

- SEYCHELLES

ÎLES MARQUISES N Malang Díli Funafuti

Recife

C Pôrto Velho Luanda Garcia

J Arafura

(Fr. Poly.) A Denpasar

H V M M E A -LESTE I PERU Sea Honiara L D Maceió Lake Christmas Island Port (N.Z.) B R A Z I L T E G R Glorioso Islands I E Kupang (AUSTL.) N Moresby Lubumbashi Nyasa C H Moroni (FRANCE) D (deepest point D Timor

of the , Lima I Ashmore and Wallis and Sea E ANGOLA Benguela COMOROS Gre - Cocos -7258 m) Ndola T R Cartier Islands Darwin Futuna R Cusco Mayotte (Keeling) Islands at Salvador I Apia (AUSTL.) E S Lilongwe Gulf of (administered by FRANCE, N Mata-Utu (AUSTL.) N Lago Coral (N.Z.) claimed by COMOROS) C MALAWI Tromelin Island Carpentaria (FRANCE) Pago Pago Namibe D I N D I A N Ba H Titicaca Lusaka T S O U T H (FRANCE) BOLIVIA Brasília Saint Helena Blantyre rr American Juan de Nova I S Sea ARCHIPEL DES TUAMOTU Arequipa ier Samoa La Paz Goiânia Island (FR.) A (Fr. Poly.) A (U.S.) Cochabamba SOCIETY Papeete N Cairns A Harare E L T Santa A T L A N T I C N ISLANDS Reef Islands Port-Vila I Antananarivo O C E A N Y A P (N.Z.) Uberlândia A Suva H (Fr. Poly.) L Cruz Belo (AUSTL.) C T A ZIMBABWE T Sucre M Mozambique O N N Campo Horizonte Martin Vaz Beira F r e n c h P o l y n e s i a A Saint- Port Louis E O E New R (BRAZIL) Channel I C Grande NAMIBIA Bassas C T B Bulawayo Denis Nuku'alofa Vitória Trindade MAURITIUS Caledonia A A Common reference sources have included da India N O C E A N E G (FRANCE) (BRAZIL) (FRANCE) M BOTSWANA I N Reunion A (FRANCE) Rio de O A Windhoek Europa T PARAGUAY KALAHARI (FRANCE) N Campinas Janeiro Walvis Bay Island N

Noumea

Tropic of Capricorn (23°27') D (23°27') D DESERT (FRANCE)

E São Paulo Antofagasta E Alice Springs Gaborone R S Santos

ÎLES TUBUAI S M

M Adamstown E I E (Fr. Poly.) Asunción Curitiba

Pitcairn Islands Isla San Felíx R Isla Sala y Gómez Pretoria D R Maputo

() T San Miguel

I (U.K.) I Saint Helena, Ascension,

Joinville G (CHILE) T

de Tucumán Johannesburg D Isla San Ambrosio D Mbabane E A U S T R A L I A Florianópolis and Tristan da Cunha Norfolk H (CHILE) S O U T H C

Easter Island -

- SWAZILAND N (U.K.) LESOTHO Lake Eyre Brisbane Island

(CHILE) GREAT VICTORIA E A Pôrto A (lowest point in (AUSTL.) R Maseru DESERT T , -15 m) P A C I F I C

Alegre Durban T

T 30 30 Cerro Aconcagua

KERMADEC C L (highest point Córdoba L AFRICA E

CHILE Perth DISLANDS A in , A O C E A N Lord Howe A (N.Z.) 6962 m) M Valparaiso Island R URUGUAY N Mendoza Rosario Newcastle E Cape Town (AUSTL.) K Santiago Sydney ARCHIPIÉLAGO T Port Adelaide Elizabeth Canberra Wollongong La Plata I Foreign Maps, TM 5-248; World Mapping JUAN FERNÁNDEZ Montevideo Mount Kosciuszko (CHILE) C (highest point in Concepción Île Amsterdam Auckland A Great Australian Australia, 2229 m) (Fr. S. and Ant. Lands)

N Bahía Blanca Mar del Plata TRISTAN DA CUNHA Bight NEW

D R Île Saint-Paul ZEALAND (Fr. S. and Ant. Lands) E I Gough Island S Wellington S O U T H D

G Hobart French Southern and Lands

A E (FRANCE) I Christchurch P A C I F I C

N st nd CHATHAM ISLANDS Comodoro O (N.Z.)

Rivadavia G O C E A N

A ÎLES CROZET PRINCE EDWARD BOUNTY ISLANDS

T (Fr. S. and Ant. Lands) ISLANDS AUCKLAND SNARES ISLANDS (N.Z.)

A Laguna del Carbón (Islas Malvinas) (SOUTH AFRICA) ISLANDS (N.Z.)

P (lowest point in South (administered by U.K., ÎLES KERGUELEN ANTIPODES ISLANDS Today by Parry and Perkins (1 & 2 America and the Western (N.Z.) claimed by ARGENTINA) (N.Z.) Hemisphere, -105 m) (Fr. S. and Ant. Lands) Stanley Heard Island and Bouvet Island McDonald Islands Campbell (NORWAY) (AUSTL.) Island (N.Z.) Macquarie South Georgia and Island South Sandwich Islands (AUSTL.) (administered by U.K., claimed by ARGENTINA) 60 Drake 60 Passage South Sandwich Trench SOUTH ORKNEY (deepest point of the ISLANDS , -8325 m) S O U T H E R N O C E A N S O U T H E R N O C E A N S O U T H E R N O C E A N editions); Webster’s New Geographical Antarctic Circle (66°33') Antarctic Circle (66°33') Amery Ice Shelf Ross Sea A n t a r c t i c a + Ronne Ice Shelf August 2013 Vinson Massif Twenty-one of 28 Antarctic consultative countries have made no (highest point in , 4897 m) Ross claims to Antarctic territory (although Russia and the Ross Ice Shelf Ice Shelf have reserved the right to do so) and they do not recognize the Boundary representation is not necessarily authoritative. claims of the other countries.

Dictionary, 1972 & 1988; WGS84, TR 150 120 90 60 30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 803621AI (G00010) 8-13 8350.2; International Boundary Studies, Office of the Geographer, U.S. Dept. of State; While I was in college, the husband of my Mother’s best friend Country Studies, Library of Congress; CIA World recommended me for a job as a map draftsman at Offshore Factbook; Lonely Planet articles; Google ™; Navigation, Inc. in New Orleans. Mr. Bill Parkhurst was a NGA Geonames Server; German WWII Planhefts; mining engineer that spent the majority of his professional career as a geodetic surveyor both for Offshore Navigation as Empire Survey Review; Annals Hydrographique, well as for the Inter-American Geodetic Survey and for Army (about 150 years worth); and various Intelligence Map Service in the Sudan. Bill was one of my earliest mentors Agencies and Officers both local and abroad – all as well as Les Schroeder, a civil engineer also at Offshore who requested anonymity. From 1980 through the Navigation. While working as a map draftsman, I noticed that 1990s, I taught undergraduate and graduate courses the people that garnered the greatest respect and admiration in photogrammetry and geodesy at the University of were the people performing the geodetic calculations that New Orleans. Some years I also lectured at Stennis represented the technical backbone of the oil exploration Space Center in Mississippi on some afternoons, industry. That’s what served as my earliest inspiration to and I took advantage of the unclassified section study this sort of material. In later years, I was actually hired of the U.S. Navy’s Maury Oceanographic Library as a consultant to Offshore Navigation, Inc. to document the mathematical background of all of their FORTRAN source that has probably the largest geodetic research code for world-wide geodetic transformations as well as provide library outside of Washington, D.C. The Library training to their supervisory staff. Eventually, the advent of Staff allowed me to pore through their stacks since GPS put the company out of business as the oil industry was I was on the UNO Faculty that was lecturing to able to purchase their own electronic positioning equipment. Navy personnel and I was able to make xerographic When I first started these columns, some of the countries copies of anything of interest to me. That provided I chose turned out to be pretty tough nuts to crack. The an enormous trove of research material which I “system” I had was more or less to choose a country from a used in my columns and lectures. Practically all different each month so that I would not have to of the geodetic material on French Hydrographic Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing Missions since the 1860s was sitting right there Vol. 81, No. 12, December 2015, pp. 893–894. in the Annals Hydrographique, and all it took was 0099-1112/15/893–894 patience and a French-English dictionary. By the © 2015 American Society for Photogrammetry way, phare is French for lighthouse, and there was and Remote Sensing a bunch of them! doi: 10.14358/PERS.81.12.893

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING December 2015 893