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ARIZONA MISSING LINKAGES Patagonia – Santa Rita Linkage Design Paul Beier, Emily Garding, Daniel Majka 2008 PATAGONIA – SANTA RITA LINKAGE DESIGN Acknowledgments This project would not have been possible without the help of many individuals. We thank Dr. Phil Rosen, Matt Good, Chasa O’Brien, Dr. Jason Marshal, Ted McKinney, Michael Robinson, Mitch Sternberg, Dr. Robert Harrison, and Taylor Edwards for parameterizing models for focal species and suggesting focal species. Catherine Wightman, Fenner Yarborough, Janet Lynn, Mylea Bayless, Andi Rogers, Mikele Painter, Valerie Horncastle, Matthew Johnson, Jeff Gagnon, Erica Nowak, Lee Luedeker, Allen Haden, Shaula Hedwall, Bill Broyles, Dale Turner, Natasha Kline, Thomas Skinner, David Brown, Jeff Servoss, Janice Pryzbyl, Tim Snow, Lisa Haynes, Don Swann, Trevor Hare, and Martin Lawrence helped identify focal species and species experts. Robert Shantz provided photos for many of the species accounts. Shawn Newell, Jeff Jenness, Megan Friggens, and Matt Clark, and Elissa Ostergaard provided helpful advice on analyses and reviewed portions of the results. Funding This project was funded by a grant from Arizona Game and Fish Department to Northern Arizona University. Recommended Citation Beier, P., E. Garding, and D. Majka. 2008. Arizona Missing Linkages: Patagonia – Santa Rita Linkage Design. Report to Arizona Game and Fish Department. School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University. Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................ I LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. III TERMINOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................................... V TERMINOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................................... V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................... VI INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 NATURE NEEDS ROOM TO MOVE ............................................................................................................................... 1 A STATEWIDE VISION ................................................................................................................................................. 1 ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SANTA RITA-PATAGONIA WILDLAND BLOCKS AND LINKAGE AREA ................. 2 THREATS TO CONNECTIVITY ...................................................................................................................................... 3 LINKAGE DESIGN & RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................... 6 FOUR ROUTES PROVIDE CONNECTIVITY ACROSS A DIVERSE LANDSCAPE ................................................................. 6 LAND OWNERSHIP, LAND COVER, AND TOPOGRAPHIC PATTERNS WITHIN THE LINKAGE DESIGN ............................. 8 REMOVING AND MITIGATING BARRIERS TO MOVEMENT ......................................................................................... 12 IMPACTS OF ROADS ON WILDLIFE ............................................................................................................................ 12 Mitigation for Roads ............................................................................................................................................ 13 Existing Roads in the Linkage Design Area ........................................................................................................ 16 Existing Crossing Structures on SR-82 and SR-83 .............................................................................................. 17 Recommendations for Highway Crossing Structures .......................................................................................... 17 IMPEDIMENTS TO SONOITA CREEK ........................................................................................................................... 22 Importance of Riparian Systems in the Southwest ............................................................................................... 22 Stream Impediments in the Linkage Design Area ................................................................................................ 22 Mitigating Stream Impediments ........................................................................................................................... 22 URBAN DEVELOPMENT AS BARRIERS TO MOVEMENT .............................................................................................. 24 Urban Barriers in the Linkage Design Area ........................................................................................................ 25 Mitigation for Urban Barriers ............................................................................................................................. 29 APPENDIX A: LINKAGE DESIGN METHODS .................................................................................................. 31 FOCAL SPECIES SELECTION ...................................................................................................................................... 31 HABITAT SUITABILITY MODELS ............................................................................................................................... 32 IDENTIFYING POTENTIAL BREEDING PATCHES & POTENTIAL POPULATION CORES .................................................. 33 IDENTIFYING BIOLOGICALLY BEST CORRIDORS ....................................................................................................... 34 PATCH CONFIGURATION ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................... 36 MINIMUM LINKAGE WIDTH ...................................................................................................................................... 36 FIELD INVESTIGATIONS ............................................................................................................................................ 37 APPENDIX B: INDIVIDUAL SPECIES ANALYSES .......................................................................................... 38 BADGER (TAXIDEA TAXUS) ........................................................................................................................................ 40 BLACK BEAR (URSUS AMERICANUS) .......................................................................................................................... 44 COUES’ WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS COUESI) .......................................................................... 48 JAGUAR (PANTHERA ONCA) ....................................................................................................................................... 52 MEXICAN GRAY WOLF (CANIS LUPUS BAILEYI) ......................................................................................................... 56 MOUNTAIN LION (PUMA CONCOLOR) ........................................................................................................................ 60 MULE DEER (ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS) ..................................................................................................................... 64 RIPARIAN AND AQUATIC OBLIGATES ....................................................................................................................... 68 APPENDIX C: SUGGESTED FOCAL SPECIES NOT MODELED................................................................... 69 Arizona Missing Linkages i Patagonia – Santa Rita Linkage Design APPENDIX D: CREATION OF LINKAGE DESIGN .......................................................................................... 71 APPENDIX E: DESCRIPTION OF LAND COVER CLASSES .......................................................................... 72 APPENDIX F: LITERATURE CITED ................................................................................................................... 75 APPENDIX G: DATABASE OF FIELD INVESTIGATIONS ............................................................................. 82 Arizona Missing Linkages ii Patagonia – Santa Rita Linkage Design List of Tables & Figures List of Tables TABLE 1: FOCAL SPECIES SELECTED FOR PATAGONIA – SANTA RITA LINKAGE .......................................................... VII TABLE 2: APPROXIMATE LAND COVER IN LINKAGE DESIGN ........................................................................................... 8 TABLE 3. CHARACTERISTICS THAT MAKE SPECIES VULNERABLE TO THE THREE MAIN DIRECT EFFECTS OF ROADS (FROM FOREMAN ET AL. 2003). ....................................................................................................................................... 12 TABLE 4. ROADS IN THE LINKAGE DESIGN. .................................................................................................................. 17 List of Figures FIGURE 1: THE LINKAGE DESIGN BETWEEN THE SANTA RITA AND PATAGONIA WILDLAND BLOCKS INCLUDES 4 STRANDS, EACH OF WHICH IS IMPORTANT TO DIFFERENT SPECIES.
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