Medieval Manuscripts INK & PIGMENT SAMPLER Medieval Manuscripts INK & PIGMENT SAMPLER

This ink and pigment sampler was compiled by the Special Collections Conservation Unit of the Preservation Department of Yale University Library. If you have any comments or questions please email the paper conservator at: [email protected]. Pigments & Inks

This pigment sampler set contains samples of pigments most commonly used in illuminated manuscripts.

Blues Blues Purples Reds MINERAL ORGANIC ORGANIC MINERAL Azurite Indigo Folium Minium Lapis Lazuli Woad Cochineal Lake Cinnabar Smalt Folium Tyrian Purple

BOARD 1 BOARD 2 BOARD 3 BOARD 4 Reds Reds Reds Yellows MINERAL ORGANIC ORGANIC MINERAL Red ochres Madder lake Cochineal lake Orpiment Red bole Brazilwood lake Dragon’s blood Yellow ochre Raw sienna

BOARD 5 BOARD 6 BOARD 7 BOARD 8 Yellows Greens Greens Browns ORGANIC MINERAL ORGANIC MINERAL Yellow lake (buckthorn) Malachite Sap green Burnt sienna Weld lake Green earth Raw umber Saffron Verdigris Burnt umber Brown ochre

BOARD 9 BOARD 10 BOARD 11 BOARD 12 Whites Blacks Irongall ink Carbon ink MINERAL ORGANIC Gall nuts Lamp black Lead white Lamp black Iron (II) sulfate Gum arabic Chalk Vine black Gum arabic Gypsum Peach black Additives Bone white

BOARD 13 BOARD 14 BOARD 15 BOARD 16

When using the pigment sampler set, please handle the boards with care. Always interleave boards with the silicon sheets provided; this helps avoid abrasion of the painted pigment samples. Please note that the recipe number next to certain pigment samples refers to the numbers found in the ink and pigment recipe booklet which accompanies this sampler set. Blues mineral

AZURITE Basic copper sulfate Blue malachite Mountain blue German blue Lapis armenius (Pliny) Azurium citramarinum

AZURITE MP, DEEP, CONGO, AFRICA (KREMER PIGMENTS 10204)

LAPIS LAZULI Lazurite Ultramarine (natural) Azurum ultramarinum Azurum transmarinum Persian blue

LAPIS LAZULI, MEDIUM QUALITY, AFGHANISTAN (KREMER PIGMENTS 10510)

LAPIS LAZULI

LAPIS LAZULI, CHILE (KREMER PIGMENTS 1056075)

SMALT Azure blue Saxon blue Blue sand Starch blue

SMALT, STANDARD GRIND (KREMER PIGMENTS 10000) Blues organic

INDIGO Indicum (Pliny) India blue

INDIGO, GENUINE, INDIGOFERA TINTORIA (KREMER PIGMENTS 36000)

WOAD Glastum Gaudus herba Dyer’s woad Pastel

INDIGO FROM WOAD (KREMER PIGMENTS 36003)

FOLIUM Turnsole Chrozophora tinctoria Dyer’s croton

FOLIUM CLOTHLET (KREMER PIGMENTS 36018) Reds mineral

MINIUM

DUE TO PIGMENT’S Red lead POTENTIAL TOXICITY, Orange lead WE ARE UNABLE Lead oxide red TO INCLUDE Saturn red A SAMPLE IN THE KIT. Lead tetroxide

RED LEAD, MINIUM (KREMER PIGMENTS 42500)

CINNABAR Mercuric sulfide Vermilion (synthetic) English Vermilion

CINNABAR, MONTE AMIATA, ITALY (KREMER PIGMENTS 10610)

CINNABAR

CINNABAR FINE, CHINA (KREMER PIGMENTS 10625) Reds mineral

RED OCHRE Red iron oxide Indian red Venetian red Spanish red Red chalk Bole

BURGUNDY RED OCHRE DEEP, FRANCE (KREMER PIGMENTS 11577)

RED OCHRE

RED IRON OXIDE, NATURAL, HEMATITE (KREMER PIGMENTS 48600)

RED OCHRE

SPANISH RED OCHRE, CASTILLE (KREMER PIGMENTS 11584)

RED BOLE Bole Bolus Armenian bole

RED BOLE, NATURAL RED EARTH FROM GERMANY (KREMER PIGMENTS 40503) Reds organic

MADDER ROOT

KREMER PIGMENTS 37199 (PIECES) KREMER PIGMENTS 37201 (GROUND)

MADDER LAKE Rubia tinctorium Rose madder Garancine Dyer’s root

KREMER PIGMENTS 37202 RECIPE M-1 37202 M-1

BRAZILWOOD Bresilwood Bresill Pernambucco wood Verzino

KREMER PIGMENTS 36150 (PIECES) CLOTHLET RECIPE B-1

BRAZILWOOD LAKE

RECIPE B-2 RECIPE B-3 B-2 B-3 Reds organic

COCHINEAL INSECTS Coccus cacti

KREMER PIGMENTS 36040 (INSECTS) KREMER PIGMENTS 36040 (GROUND)

COCHINEAL Carmine Crimson lake Grana Scarlet lake Purple lake

CLOTHLET RECIPE C-1 CLOTHLET RECIPE C-3

DRAGON’S BLOOD Sanguis darconis

DRAGON’S BLOOD, RESINA DRACAENA, SUMATRA (KREMER PIGMENTS 37000) Purples organic

FOLIUM Turnsole Chrozophora tinctoria Dyer’s croton

FOLIUM CLOTHLET (KREMER PIGMENTS 36018)

COCHINEAL LAKE Carmine Crimson lake Grana Scarlet lake Purple lake

KREMER PIGMENTS 36040 (INSECTS) RECIPE C-2 RECIPE C-2

TYRIAN PURPLE

DUE TO PIGMENT’S Imperial purple PROHIBITIVE COST, Murex purple WE ARE UNABLE Purpurissum TO INCLUDE Whelk red A SAMPLE IN THE KIT. Yellows organic

GREEN BUCKTHORN BERRIES Dyer’s buckthorn Rhamnus French, Avignon or Persian berries

KREMER PIGMENTS 37390 (WHOLE) KREMER PIGMENTS 37390 (GROUND)

YELLOW LAKE Stil de grain Dutch pink French pink

Made from green buckthorn berries

RECIPE BT-1 RECIPE BT-3 BT-1 BT-3

WELD LAKE Reseda Luteola (plant) Gualda (plant) Gaude yellow Italian pink Laque de Gaudes

RESEDA LAKE (KREMER PIGMENTS 36262)

SAFFRON Crocus sativus L. (plant)

SAFFRON THREADS Yellows mineral

ORPIMENT

DUE TO PIGMENT’S Arsenic trisulfide POTENTIAL TOXICITY, Arsenic yellow WE ARE UNABLE King’s yellow TO INCLUDE Auripigmentum A SAMPLE IN THE KIT. Arsenikon Arzicon (arsicon)

ORPIMENT (KREMER PIGMENTS 37390)

YELLOW OCHRE Yellow earth Gold ochre French ochre Goethite

SATIN OCHRE, MONTE AMIATA (KREMER PIGMENTS 40260)

RAW SIENNA Italian earth

RAW SIENNA, ITALY (KREMER PIGMENTS 40400) Greens mineral

MALACHITE Basic copper carbonate Mountain green Hungarian green Green Bice Iris green

MALACHITE (KREMER PIGMENTS 37390)

GREEN EARTH Terre verte Creta viridis Celadon green Verona earth

VERONA GREEN EARTH (KREMER PIGMENTS 41700)

VERDIGRIS Basic copper acetate Copper green Aerugo Viride aeris Spanish green

VERDIGRIS (KREMER PIGMENTS 44450) Greens organic

RIPE BUCKTHORN BERRIES Dyer’s buckthorn Rhamnus French, Avignon or Persian berries

KREMER PIGMENTS 37380 (WHOLE) KREMER PIGMENTS 37380 (GROUND)

SAP GREEN Bladder green Vert de vessie

Made from ripe buckthorn berries

RECIPE BT-2 RECIPE BT-4 BT-2 BT-4 Browns mineral

BURNT SIENNA

Italian earth Burnt ochre

BURNT SIENNA NO. 3, DARK, ITALY (KREMER PIGMENTS 40430)

RAW UMBER

Umber earth Umbra Cyprus umber Turkish umber

RAW UMBER, GREENISH, ITALY (KREMER PIGMENTS 40612)

BURNT UMBER

BURNT UMBER, FROM CYPRUS (KREMER PIGMENTS 40710)

BROWN OCHRE

BROWN OCHRE, LIGHT WARM BROWN, GERMAN (KREMER PIGMENTS 40231) Blacks organic

LAMP BLACK Furnace black Carbon black Soot black

FURNACE BLACK, LAMP BLACK (KREMER PIGMENTS 47250)

VINE BLACK Charcoal black Yeast black Grape black

VINE BLACK, PURE PLANT BLACK, GERMAN (KREMER PIGMENTS 47000)

PEACH BLACK Peachstone black Kernel black Vegetable black Fruit stone black

PEACH BLACK, MATTE BLACK GENUINE (KREMER PIGMENTS 12010) Whites mineral

LEAD WHITE

DUE TO PIGMENT’S Basic lead carbonate POTENTIAL TOXICITY, White lead WE ARE UNABLE Ceruse TO INCLUDE Silver white A SAMPLE IN THE KIT.

CREMNITZ WHITE (KREMER PIGMENTS 46000)

CHALK Calcium carbonate Whiting Calcite

The source for calcium white is often ground egg shells.

GYPSUM Calcium sulfate Alabaster Terra alba Gesso

BONE WHITE Calcined bone Bone ash

BONE ASH (KREMER PIGMENTS 58920) Irongall Ink basic components

GALL NUTS Oak apples Oak gall nuts ITEM HOUSED IN THE CLEAR PLASTIC BOXES. Aleppo gall

KREMER PIGMENTS 37400 (WHOLE) KREMER PIGMENTS 37400 (GROUND)

IRON (II) SULFATE

DUE TO COMPOUND’S Ferrous sulfate CHEMICAL INSTABILITY, Copperas WE ARE UNABLE Green copperas TO INCLUDE A SAMPLE IN THE KIT. Green vitriol Iron vitriol

KREMER PIGMENTS 64200

GUM ARABIC Gum acacia Senegal gum

KREMER PIGMENTS 63330 (PIECES) KREMER PIGMENTS 63330 (POWDER)

ADDITIVES Logwood - Lampblack - Indigo Honey

Wine (red or white), beer and vinegar were also frequently used with or in lieu of water to macerate gall nuts. Irongall inks including carbon as an additive are sometimes refered to as ‘mixed’ inks. LOGWOOD (KREMER PIGMENTS 63330) LAMPBLACK (KREMER PIGMENTS 47250) INDIGO (KREMER PIGMENTS 36000) Carbon Black Ink basic components

LAMP BLACK Furnace black Carbon black Soot black

LAMPBLACK (KREMER PIGMENTS 47250)

GUM ARABIC Gum acacia Senegal gum

KREMER PIGMENTS 63330 (PIECES) KREMER PIGMENTS 63330 (POWDER) Specials Collections Conservation Preservation Department, Yale University Library February 2012

Cover image: Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscripts Library, Arthurian Romances, MS 229, folio 29r