Glime, J. M. and Chavoutier, L. 2017. Glossary. In: Glime, J. M. Bryophyte Ecology. Ebook sponsored by Michigan Technological G-1 University and the International Association of Bryologists. Last updated 16 July 2020 and available at .

GLOSSARY JANICE GLIME AND LEICA CHAVOUTIER

1n: having only one set of chromosomes s.s.: Latin sensu stricto, meaning strict sense sp.: species 2n: having two sets of chromosomes spp.: more than one species 2,4-D: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; herbicide that mimics ssp.: subspecies IAA var.: variety

6-methoxybenzoxazolinone (6-MBOA): glycoside derivative;

insect antifeedant; can stimulate reproductive activity in some small mammals that eat them by providing growth abiosis: absence or lack of life; nonviable state substances abiotic: referring to non-living and including dust and other >>: much greater particles gained from atmosphere, organic leachates from bryophytes (and host trees for epiphytes), decaying ♀: sign meaning female, i.e. bearing archegonia bryophyte parts, and remains of dead inhabitants; usually ♂: symbol meaning male includes substrate abortive: having development that is incomplete, abnormal, A stopped before maturity α-amylase: enzyme that hydrolyses alpha bonds of large, alpha- abscisic acid: ABA; plant hormone (growth regulator) linked polysaccharides, such as starch and glycogen, yielding abscission: process where plant organs are shed; e.g. deciduous glucose and maltose leaves in autumn A horizon: dark-colored soil layer with organic content and absent: missing minerals intermixed abundance: numerical representation of species; measure of ABA: abscisic acid; plant hormone (growth regulator) associated amount of given species in sample with water stress, drought hardening, growth inhibition, stomatal closing, and seed dormancy in some plants; known local abundance is relative representation of species in from mosses particular ecosystem, usually measured as number of individuals found per sample abandoned land: land having previous human use relative species abundance is calculated by dividing abaxial: referring to lower surface of leaf; facing away from number of species from one group by total number of species stem of plant from all groups acaulescent: provided with very short stem ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase; ethylene precursor; biotin- Abbreviations dependent enzyme that catalyzes irreversible carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA through its two catalytic activities, biotin carboxylase (BC) and aff.: related to carboxyltransferase (CT) agg.: aggregate, designating group of species which are difficult to distinguish from one another accession number: number assigned to specimen when it is auct.: Latin abbreviation for auctor, meaning author entered into herbarium record c.: Latin circa, meaning around, about accessory pigment: pigment that captures light energy and passes it to chlorophyll a cf.: Latin confer, compare with cfr. (c. fr.): Latin cum fructibus, meaning with sporophytes accidentally foliicolous: accidentally, not normally, growing on cm: centimeter leaves det.: Latin determinavit, meaning determined by acclimation: gradual and reversible adjustment of organism to e.g.: Latin exempli gratia, meaning for example environmental fluctuations; e.g. adjustment to winter cold or fo.: Latin forma, meaning form summer heat; compare to adaptation, which is persistent ibid.: Latin ibidem, meaning in the same book i.e.: Latin id est meaning that is genetic change that provides organism with better ability to IPL: inner peristomial layer survive its environmental conditions leg.: Latin legit, meaning collected by accrescent: continuing to grow after reproduction µm: micrometer; micron; length unit = 1/1 000 mm. n: chromosome number (haploid). accumulation enrichment factor: amount of metal in plants op. cit.: Latin opus citatum, meaning mentioned, cited above divided by its stream water concentration OPL: meaning outer peristomial layer -aceae: suffix denoting family in Plant Kingdom PPL: meaning primary peristomial layer s.d.: Latin sine die, meaning without date acellular: not divided into multiple cells sensu: Latin sensu, meaning in the sense (of) s.l.: Latin sensu lato, meaning in broad sense s.n.: Latin sine numero, meaning without number G-2 Glossary acetylcholine: chemical formed by choline and acetyl group; aerohygrophyte: plant growing in habitats having high air neurotransmitter in nervous system used to transmit nerve humidity impulses aerophyte: plant growing on aerial parts of another achlorophyllous: lacking chlorophyll aestivation: state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, but acicole: growing on or among needles of conifers taking place in summer rather than winter acid: substance with pH less than 7.0 Afro-alpine: high mountains of Ethiopia and tropical East acid flush: concentrated pollutants released rapidly during snow Africa, which represent biological 'sky islands' with high melt level of endemism acid precipitation: precipitation having pH less than 5.4 Afromontane: subregions of Afrotropical realm, one of Earth's eight biogeographic realms, covering plant and animal acidicline: preferring weakly acidic substratum species found in mountains of Africa and southern Arabian acidophile: plant growing best on acidic substrate Peninsula acidophilous: growing on acidic substrates aggregate: clustered together; group of species which are acrocarp: moss species that produces sporophyte at apex of stem difficult to distinguish from one another or main branch aggressive mimicry: form of mimicry in which predators, acrocarpous: gametophyte producing sporophyte at apex of stem parasites, or parasitoids share similar signals, using harmless or main branch; generally upright mosses with terminal model, allowing them to avoid being correctly identified by sporangia, usually unbranched or sparsely branched their prey or host; e.g. playing dead acrogynous: in many leafy liverworts, sporophyte growing at top Agral 600: horticultural wetting agent of stem (from apical cell), e.g. Mesoptychia collaris [ant. agroforest: land use management forest in which trees or shrubs anacrogynous] are grown around or among crops or pastureland acropetal: referring to movement of substance from base to air chamber: in some thallose liverworts, specialized air- apex; of growth, outward toward shoot (or root) apex [ant. containing cavity basipetal] air layering: method of propagating plant by girdling or cutting acrotelm: living layer of peat part way into stem or branch and packing area with moist actinomorphic: having radial symmetry, like spokes of wheel medium, as Sphagnum moss, stimulating root formation so that stem or branch can be removed and grown as activation conditions: conditions of sufficient moisture and light independent plant for germination air pore: in some thallose liverworts, opening of air-chamber acuminate tip: prolonged tip alanine: non-polar amino acid that is relatively insoluble in adaptation: genetic change, arrived at through process of natural water; defense compound that enables plants to withstand selection, which enables organism to compete more various stresses such as hypoxia, waterlogging, and drought effectively under given set of conditions (L. adaptare = to fit in); compare to acclimation, gradual and reversible alar cell: cell at basal angle of moss leaf, usually different in size adjustment of organism to environmental fluctuations and shape from other leaf cells adaxial: on side toward axis (stem) of plant, such as upper -ales: suffix applied to order of plants or algae (e.g. Dicranales, surface of leaf [ant. abaxial] Orthotrichales) adenine: nitrogenous base; one member of base pair adenine- alginate: viscous gum; general term for salts of alginic acid, thymine in DNA especially sodium but also calcium or barium ions; composed of guluronic and mannuronic acids adherent: strongly attached to substratum e.g. Frullania dilatata alkaline: rich in bases, having pH of more than 7 adhesion tube: in Collembola, attachment to abdomen that may be used for cleansing body and as means of transferring alkalinity: capacity of water to resist changes in pH that would drops of water from surface of body to mouth where they are make water more acidic; equivalent sum of bases that are then absorbed; previously thought to provide adherence titratable with strong acid adhesive organ: structure by which some nematodes adhere to alkaloid: basic organic compound containing nitrogen; toxic bryophytes allele: particular form of gene adhesive peg: structure of fungus that contacts rotifer or other allelopathic: having ability to inhibit growth of another organism entrapped organism, stimulating fungus to release glue from through secondary metabolite its trap allelopathy: condition in which one organism makes adnate: said of two fused structures, e.g. peristome and environment chemically unsuitable to another through epiphragm of Atrichum undulatum secondary metabolism; type of chemical warfare in plants adsorption: fixation of elements on surface allochthonous: originating from elsewhere adventitious: growing on atypical place, e.g. adventitious allopatric: said of two species which have separate (non- rhizoids on costa in Conardia compacta overlapping) areas of distribution adventitious root: root that arises from stem or other non-root allopolyploidy: type of polyploidy (multiple sets of axis point, as seen in corn chromosomes) in which chromosome complement consists adventive: introduced of more than two copies, with chromosomes derived from different species, producing hybrid species aerenchyma: in some thallose liverworts, loose parenchyma, with empty spaces between groups of cells alluvium: deposit of clay, silt, sand, and gravel left by flowing water in river valley or delta, usually as fertile soil aerobiology: study of airborne microorganisms, pollen, spores, and seeds, especially as agents of infection; form of passive alpestrine: subalpine; growing to tree line transport alpha amylase: enzyme that hydrolyses alpha bonds of aerohaline: subject to influence of salty sea spray large, alpha-linked polysaccharides, such as starch and Glossary G-3

glycogen, yielding glucose and maltose; substance that helps anadromous: referring to fish living in ocean and migrating up some rotifers identify plant substrate freshwater streams to spawn alpha diversity: mean species diversity in sites or habitats at anaerobic: without oxygen local scale, i.e. local species diversity anagenesis: species formation without branching of evolutionary alpine: habitat above treeline of mountain line of descent alternation of generations: alternating cycle of sporophyte (2n) anagenetic speciation: speciation on islands through gradual and gametophyte (1n) generations change from founder population altimontane: montane grasslands, shrublands, and woodlands analogous: said of structures not having common phylogenetic alveola (pl. alveolae): more or less polygonal surface depression origin but having similar function alveolate: with depressions on surface anastomosis: condition of union of one structure with another, usually crisscrossing; interconnecting; may be applied to Amass: leaf mass per area irregularly divided peristome teeth (e.g. endothecium of Amax: maximum assimilation Anthelia juratzkana) or river with islands and meanders ambush predator: sit and wait predator, often having anchor ice: submerged ice anchored to bottom of stream or other camouflage water body amensalism: interaction in which one species is harmed by other ancophile: plant living in canyon forests while other is neither harmed nor benefitted ancophilous: living in canyon forests ametabiotic: describes metabolic state of life entered by Andreaeobryopsida: class of mosses in Bryophyta organism in response to adverse environmental conditions such as desiccation, freezing, or oxygen deficiency; all Andreaeopsida: class of mosses in Bryophyta measurable metabolic processes stop, preventing androcyte: cell that will give rise to antherozoid reproduction, development, and repair; cryptobiotic androecial branch: specialized branch bearing antheridia and ametabolic state: state of life entered by organism in response to bracts adverse environmental conditions such as desiccation, androecium (pl. androecia): male inflorescence; antheridia and freezing, or oxygen deficiency; cryptobiotic state in which all surrounding bracts measurable metabolic processes stop, preventing reproduction, development, and repair; including tardigrades, androgametophyte: male gametophyte free-living nematodes, and rotifers; having no obvious androgynogametophyte: autoicous or synoicous gametophyte metamorphosis androgynous: male and female organs in same inflorescence, amictic: non-sexual, as in some rotifers, with asexual monoicous reproduction recurring until conditions are favorable anemochorous: wind-dispersed amidon: macromolecule composed of glucose constituents; anemochory: dispersal by wind, such as spore, gemma, or other starch; (L. amylum = complex carbohydrate) propagule amoeboflagellate: in some slime molds, diploid cell stage that angle of incidence: angle formed between direction of light and includes flagellated cells and amoeboid cells that develop vertical (difference from straight on), so low sun has higher directly into plasmodium angle of incidence, thus small leaf angle (approaching amorphous: without definite form vertical) creates effect of large angle of incidence amphibious: capable of living in or out of water anhydrobiosis: dormant state; strategy of surviving dehydrated amphigastrium (pl. amphigastria): underleaves of leafy state or extreme temperature conditions; reviviscence liverworts; few mosses where upper or lower leaves are anion: negatively charged ion differentiated from lateral leaves and smaller, as in anisogamy: size, shape, or behavioral differences in gametes Racopilum anisophyllous: having two types of leaves on same stem; stem amphispory: spore size frequencies and mean spore size leaves and branch leaves morphologically different, as in frequencies grouped around 2 mean sizes in varying ratios; Sphagnum [ant. isophyllous] small spore fraction is aborted anisosporous: having bimodal distribution of spore sizes with amphithecium (pl. amphithecia): outer layer of embryonic smaller spores generally producing males capsule that gives rise to capsule tissues anisospory: condition having bimodal distribution in spore size; amphitropical: distributed on both sides of tropics genetically determined condition of two spore sizes amplexus: mating stage in which male amphibian grasps female anisotropic dispersal: directional dispersal with his front legs prior to depositing sperm on her eggs annotinous: with yearly growths amyloid: waxy translucent substance of various complex annual: plant that germinates, reproduces, and dies all within one proteins in combination with polysaccharides and staining year [ant. perennial]; see Mägdefrau life forms blue with iodine (like starch) deposited in tissues in different disease processes and tissue degeneration; builds up inside annual shuttle: species that requires small disturbances that last tissue in amorphous way 1-2 years; survive severe stress periods amyloplast: colorless plastid that forms starch granules in plants; annular: ring-shaped statolith; might play role in gravitropism annulus: zone of differentiated cells between capsule urn and anabiosis: temporary state of suspended animation or greatly operculum, facilitating opening of capsule reduced metabolism anoxybiosis: biological response triggered by lack of oxygen in anacrogynous: designating sporophyte growing in lateral position which organism takes in water and becomes turgid and on stem, branch or thallus (e.g., thallose liverworts like immobile, possibly form of cryptobiosis; used by tardigrades Pellia endiviifolia) to survive unfavorable conditions G-4 Glossary antagonistic: interaction in which one species benefits at aposematism: warning coloration; advertising by animal to expense of another potential predators that it is not worth attacking or eating; anterior: dorsal, abaxial [ant. posterior] may indicate poisonous or bad taste or carnivorous attack anterior whiplash flagellum: thin whiplike structure on front aposporous: producing gametophyte from sporophyte tissue end of cell (L. flagellum = whip) without meiosis antheraxanthin: bright yellow accessory pigment found in many apparency: hypothesis predicts that apparent plants (i.e., most organisms that perform photosynthesis; xanthophyll cycle easily found in vegetation) would be most commonly eaten pigment, oil-soluble alcohol within xanthophyll subgroup of by herbivores, including humans; grouping of plants, carotenoids; in pathway to making ABA including bryophytes, that are most conspicuous photosynthetic food items available antheridiophore: specialized antheridium-bearing branch apparent plants: conspicuous plants, easily found by herbivores antheridium (pl. antheridia): male gametangium found in all sexual plants except seed plants; sperm container, apparent quantum yield: measure of how many molecules of multicellular globose to broadly cylindric stalked structure certain substance such as H2O2, dissolved inorganic carbon, producing sperm etc. can be produced per photon absorbed by, for example, colored dissolved organic matter antherozoid: spermatozoid, male gamete appressed: referring to leaves lying closely or flat against stem Anthocerotophyta: phylum of hornworts, characterized by or plant to substrate [Frullania dilatata] thallose gametophyte with hornlike sporophyte having continued growth at its base aquatic: pertaining to water habitat anthocyanin: water-soluble blue, purple, or red flavonoid arabinoglucan: new polysaccharide from mosses, made of pigment found in cell vacuole of plants, especially flowers glucose and arabinose; has potential medicinal value and autumn leaves; in bryophytes, usually based on 3- arabinose: monosaccharide sugar containing five carbon atoms, desoxyanthocyanidins located in cell wall and including aldehyde (CHO) functional group anthracine: coal black arable land: land used for or suitable for growing crops anthropochorous: dispersal of propagules associated with arachidonic acid: polyunsaturated, essential fatty acid that human activities makes membranes more pliable in cold anthropogenic: relative to ecosystem, resulting from action of arachnoid: covered with fine and tangled hairs, e.g. Marchantia humans polymorpha ssp. montivagans archegoniophore antical: relative to surface of thallus, upper side [ant. postical] arboreal: living in trees antifeedant: compound that discourages herbivory arbuscular hypha (pl. hyphae): mycorrhizal filament antifreeze protein (AFP): protein that prevents freezing characterized by formation of unique structures, arbuscules, and vesicles by fungi of phylum Glomeromycota antrorse: forward, upward, toward tip, e.g. antrorse teeth in Dichodontium pellucidum [ant. retrorse] arbuscule: finely branched organ produced by endomycorrhizal fungi inside host cells; interface at which fungus and plant aperturate: with opening exchange phosphorus and photosynthates aperture: opening, hole, orifice archegoniophore: specialized archegonia-bearing branch apex: tip; end farthest from point of attachment or from base of archegonium (pl. archegonia): multicellular egg-containing organ (L. apex = point) structure that later houses embryo; female gametangium; aphyllous: without leaves flask-shaped structure consisting of stalk, venter, and neck apical: at tip or apex present in Bryophyta and all tracheophytes except flowers apical cell: single meristematic cell at apex of shoot, thallus, or archesporium: layer of cells which give rise to spores other organ that divides repeatedly Arctic: present in areas around North pole apical dominance: phenomenon whereby main, central stem of arctic-alpine: distribution in plant is dominant over other side branches, typically by arctomontane: distribution in Arctic region and montane areas supressing their growth in lower latitudes; climatic type of Arctic and high elevations apiculate: with short and abrupt point area: region of distribution apiculus (pl. apiculi): short point, e.g. leaf tip of Entodon arenicolous: growing on sand concinnus areola (pl. areolae): small, angular or polygonal surface area apogamous: condition of producing sporophyte without union of differentiated on thallus and overlying chamber, forming gametes pattern or network, as in Conocephalum apogamy: asexual multiplication, without fusion of gametes areolate: divided into chambers [syn. apomixis] areolation: cellular network of leaf or thallus apomixis: asexual multiplication, without fusion of gametes [syn. apogamy] argillicolous: growing on clay soils apophysis: strongly differentiated sterile neck at base of capsule, arginine: highest nitrogen to carbon ratio among 21 e.g. Splachnum rubrum [syn. hypophysis] proteinogenic amino acids; amino acid with basic group, alkaline in solution; water soluble; major storage and apoplast: capillary spaces in cell wall transport form for organic nitrogen in plants apoplastic: outside cell membrane, such as cell walls and dead arid: having little or no rain cells; used to describe water transport between cells arista: awn; hair point, e.g. leaf tip of Syntrichia caninervis aposematic mimicry: resemblance to organisms with behavior or morphology serving to warn or repel aristate: ending in awn, e.g. Syntrichia ruralis leaves Glossary G-5 arthrodontous: having lateral walls of peristome teeth eroded with uneven thickenings (arthro = jointed; don = tooth), e.g. B peristome of Orthotrichum cupulatum B horizon: dark soil layer of accumulated transported silicate, ascending: pointing obliquely upward, away from substrate clay, minerals, iron, and organic matter, having blocky Ascomycota: phylum of fungi commonly known as sac fungi structure because spores are produced in sacs called asci Baas-Becking hypothesis: everything is everywhere, but, the aseptic: free of disease-causing microorganisms environment selects; applied to small organisms and propagules such as spores asexual: referring to reproduction without union of gametes, such as gemmae in Marchantia bacterivore: consumes primarily bacteria asl: above sea level Baermann funnel: apparatus for extracting turbellarians (as well as nematodes, copepods, and tardigrades) from bryophytes; aspartate: amino acid with higher molecular weight and cheese cloth, muslin, or tissue paper is placed in funnel to protonated -NH+ 3 hold sample, usually supported by piece of screening; water aspect: compass direction slope faces is run through sample with rubber tubing clamped at end of astomous: without stomata (capsule); capsule that doesn't open funnel; sample sits overnight or longer, then water is released ATP: adenosine triphosphate; energy-storing compound from funnel and collected; first few drops will have concentration of nematodes, which are heavier than water atratous: turning black Baker's law: loss of dispersal power and bias toward self- Aufwuchs: German word for small organisms living firmly compatibility after immigration to islands attached to substratum, but not penetrating it; see also periphyton ballooning: phenomenon in which spider ascends to something taller, like fence, points its spinnerets upward, then secretes auricle: earlike lobe, sometimes at base of moss leaf or liverwort thread, then jumps or is blown with thread serving as anchor underleaf; in Blasia houses Cyanobacterial partner bana: low Amazon caatinga auroxanthin: diepoxy carotenoid pigment known in Fontinalis tall bana: type of low caatinga with trees over 10 m tall austral: of Southern Hemisphere low bana: type of low caatinga with maximum tree height author(s): name(s) of bryologist(s) (sometimes abbreviated) who typically less than 5 m contributed to taxonomic description and nomenclature of taxon open bana: in central low caatinga where trees are even shorter and very widely spaced autoclave: oven-like equipment capable of high temperatures for heat sterilization bank: land along side body of water autogamy: within one gametophytic self-fertilization bar: scientific unit of measurement of pressure; 1 bar  1 atmosphere of pressure (0.986923 tam)  14.503 psi = 750 autohydrolysis: hydrolysis (molecule of water ruptures one or mm Hg = 99.992 kPa more chemical bonds) of peptide or enzyme catalyzed by itself barbate: with tufts of long hairs, beard-like autoicous: having male and female reproductive organs in bark: outermost layer of stems and roots of woody plants; separate clusters (different branches) on same plant surrounding wood of tree or shrub autolysis: release of enzymes when cells die, causing cells to basal cells: group of cells located at base, in proximal part of leaf break down quickly; common in many insects basal membrane: short cylinder at base of peristome (single autopolyploidy: all chromosomes derived from same species, peristome) or at base of endostome (double peristome) frequently same individual; in bryophytes, having more than supporting segments and cilia 1 set of homologous chromosomes in gametophyte basic: alkaline, containing base, having pH higher than 7 autotomy: self-amputation; behaviour whereby animal sheds or Basidiomycota: phylum of fungi; fungi composed of hyphae and discards one or more of its own appendages, usually as self- reproducing sexually by formation of specialized club- defense mechanism to elude predator's grasp or to distract shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external predator and thereby allow escape meiospores (usually four) autotropism: tendency of plant organs to grow in straight line basionym: original name on which current taxon name is based when not influenced by external stimuli basipetal: referring to movement of substance from apex to base; auxin: plant growth-regulating hormone, usually referring to tissue or organ developing or maturing from apex toward hormone indoleacetic acid (IAA); influences cellular base [ant. acropetal] elongation, among other things basiphile: preferring basic habitats (limestone, sandstone, chalk, avoidance strategy: adaptations that permit organism to alter dolomite, etc.) [ant. acidophile] factor so that it is no longer significantly damaging, such as Batesian mimicry: mimicry in which one organism resembles minimizing hydrodynamic forces by adaptive life form toxic or otherwise dangerous organism, but is not dangerous awn: hair-point, e.g. leaf tip of Cirriphyllum piliferum itself axenic: pure (sterile) culture, without other organisms beaded stream: pools connected by narrow channels axial strand: column formed of elongated cells and located in behavioral drift: occurring at particular time of day or night; center of some stems or thalli; central strand in mosses may result from crowding, competition, need for food, predation, making new case, or attempting to reach land at axil: angle formed where leaf joins stem emergence time axillary: forming in axis between stem and leaf beneficial acclimation hypothesis (BAH): hypothesis that axis: main stem predicts animals will have their best performance at axopod: sticky pseudopod on some Protozoa temperature to which they are acclimated benthic: living on bottom of body of water G-6 Glossary

Bergmann's rule: within broadly distributed taxonomic clade, bog moss: usually meaning Sphagnum populations and species of larger size are found in colder bole: main trunk of tree environments, while populations and species of smaller size are found in warmer regions; usually applied to endotherms bonkei: tray landscape, typically made with bryophytes Berlese funnel: apparatus using light and/or temperature gradient bonsai: dwarfed ornamental tree, often with mosses at base that separates mobile organisms such as arthropods and border: land at edge of habitat; in bryophytes, edge; margin annelids from litter or bryophytes in funnel; organisms (cells of different shape, size, or color than other cells of collected in preservative (usually alcohol) below funnel structure), e.g. leaf of Mnium thomsonii beta diversity: ratio between regional and local species diversity boreal: pertaining to north; life zone bounded on south by bet hedger: organism that uses combination of two or more growth-season accumulated temperature above 6.1ºC of strategies, thus never having optimal adaptations to extremes 5538ºC and mean daily temperature of 18ºC for six hottest but being prepared to lesser degree for most circumstances; weeks (L. boreas = north) plant that seems to have both good sexual reproduction and boreal forest: predominantly conifer forest extending across means of vegetative reproduction, e.g. bryophyte that northern North America and parts of Europe and Asia produces frequent capsules but also produces gemmae, as in BOREAS: climate model for boreal region Tetraphis pellucida and Marchantia polymorpha botryoid: like bunch of grapes, e.g. oil bodies of Calypogeia bicostate: with two nerves suecica bicuspidate: with two points, e.g. leaves of Cephalozia boundary layer resistance: boundary layer is that layer of fluid lunulifolia in immediate vicinity of bounding surface; boundary layer Bidder's organ: structure on male toads that can become ovary resistance is resistance to movement of CO2, heat, and other under right conditions substances through that thin layer bidentate: with two teeth (different from double teeth) brachycyte: short cell; seen on protonemata treated with ABA biennial: cycle of two season’s duration (generally less than two brachypterous: short-winged years) bract: modified leaf associated with gametangium or gemmae- bifarious: on two opposite rows, distichous cup biflagellate: having two flagella; functions in cell motility bracteole: modified underleaf associated with gametangium in bilobate: divided into two lobes or segments, e.g. Lophocolea liverworts bidentata branch: lateral subdivision of stem or axis binding site: site for attachment, usually referring to ions; can Braun-Blanquet method: method uses cover-abundance scale to occur on cell walls, soil particles, glass containers, etc. describe vegetation; these levels are divided into cover binocular: having two eyepieces classes, typically using 5-7 categories: binomial: expression used to designate species; formed of two 1 <1 Latin terms: generic and specific term; by convention this 2 1-5 binomial is written in italics because it is foreign word 3 5-10 bioassay: use of living organism for assessing effects of 4 10-25 biologically active substances 5 25-50 biocoenosis: association of different organisms living together in 6 50-75 habitat; biotic community (or biocenosis) along with its 7 75-100 physical environment (or biotope) broadleaved tree, broad-leaved tree: tree with expanded leaf biomass: quantitative estimate of total mass of organisms or blades, not needles or scales parts being considered bromeliad: member of Bromeliaceae (pineapple family); mostly biotope: ensemble of physical, chemical and climatic conditions epiphytes of habitat; biotope plus biocenosis form ecosystem brood body: generalized term for, propagulum, gemma, bulbil, bipinnate: twice pinnately branched, e.g. Thuidium tuber, reduced branch; asexual reproductive structure tamariscinum brook: stream, rivulet, small river (precise meanings are often bipolar: said of species found in both polar regions local) biramous: divided into two branches, e.g. pincers on end of crab Brownian movement: erratic random movement of microscopic claw or divided antenna particles in fluid, as result of continuous bombardment from bird cliffs: steep cliffs with numerous small shelves that serve molecules of surrounding medium as nesting locations for bird colonies brush: undergrowth of small trees and shrubs; cut brushwood bisexual: having both sexes on same individual; monoicous bryobiont: animal that occurs exclusively associated with (gametophyte) or monoecious (sporophyte of tracheophytes) bryophytes, e.g. Cyclidium sphagnetorum (ciliate bistratose: having two layers of overlapping cells, as in some protozoan) on Sphagnum moss leaves Bryobiotina: subkingdom name to include Marchantiophyta, bivoltine: producing two broods per season Anthocerotophyta, and Bryophyta; some people also blade: portion of leaf excluding stalk (Plagiomnium) include Lycopodiophyta bloom: powder covering some capsules or leaves, e.g. leaves of bryokinin: type of cytokinin growth hormone found in mosses Saelania glaucescens bryophage: organism that feeds on bryophytes bog: acidic, wet area in which nutrients are received by rainfall bryophile: animal or other organism usually or always associated and groundwater flow is negligible; consists mostly of with bryophytes decaying moss and other plant material; characterized by low bryophilous: typically lives among bryophytes nutrients Glossary G-7

Bryophyta: phylum of mosses (previously defined to include caesious: bluish grey liverworts); have embryos and lack organized, lignified caespitose: growing in cushions or tufts, e.g. growth habit of vascular tissue; have alternation of generations with Grimmia pulvinata dependent sporophyte calcareous: mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate bryophyte: member of phylum Bryophyta; also used to refer (lime) collectively to mosses, liverworts, and hornworts calcicole: growing on limy substratum [ant. calcifuge] bryophyte association: group of bryophytes growing together in same ecological conditions calcifuge: growing on acidic (or base-poor) substratum; species avoiding Ca [ant. calcicole] bryophyte canopy: structure of bryophyte colony that alters light reaching lower parts of colony calciphile: growing on substrates rich in calcium Bryophytina: old subdivision/subphylum name originally to calciphobic: avoiding calcium include mosses, hornworts, and liverworts calcium pectate: calcium salt that helps keep cell walls sturdy Bryopsida: class of Bryophyta including majority of mosses, all and rigid except Sphagnopsida, Takakiopsida, Andreaeopsida, callose: complex, branched polysaccharide; in plants, regular Andreaeobryopsida, and Polytrichopsida component of developing septa in juvenile cells during bryoxene: animal regularly spending part of its life cycle among cytokinesis; wound callose does not occur in cells that bryophytes already have callose in newly formed septa bryoxenous: casual visitor to bryophytes calmodulin: (CaM) receptor protein for Ca++ located within cytoplasm of target cells; appears to mediate effects of this buccal apparatus: in invertebrates, articulating mouth parts ion on cellular activities bud: structure produced by protonema that will give rise to stem calyptra (pl. calyptrae): in bryophytes, haploid envelope or branch covering developing sporophyte; developed from bufagin: toxin in some toads that deters most predators archegonium; covering over moss capsule (Gr. kalyptra = buffer zone: zone between two biogeographical or habitat covering) entities CAM pathway: photosynthetic pathway of some xerophytic and bulbiform: describes swollen cells found in some grass leaves, aquatic plants wherein CO2 is stored at night and used in such as wheat, that provide mechanical means to roll up or light; CO2 diffuses into leaf to be combined with PEP to move form malate bulbil: small, vegetative bud-like propagule; usually occur on campo: non-forested vegetation in Amazonian Brazil one-celled, short stalks and have what appear to be partially campos rupestres: dry, rocky grassland developed leaves, e.g. axillary bulbils of Pohlia andrewsii canal (cells): in neck of archegonium, central row of cells (sperm bulliform: describes enlarged parenchyma cells of grasses that uses this channel to join egg) permit leaves to spread or roll; expansion cell canaliculate: channeled bunch grass: clumped, non-rhizomatous or non-stoloniferous cancellate: lattice-like growth form of some grasses cancellinae: large, empty basal leaf cells, usually hyaline; may buritizal: referring to periodically inundated palm thicket serve as water storage cells characterized by buriti – palm Mauritia flexuosa canescent: whitish or hoary, e.g. Racomitrium canescens burn: stream or small river; mostly British term capillary water: refers to water held loosely by soil particles and burrow: hole or tunnel dug by animal therefore readily available for uptake by roots or rhizoids bush: shrub capillitium (pl. capillitia): in slime molds, mass of sterile fibers bushy: growing thickly and resembling bush within fruiting body, interspersed with spores buttress: tree root that extends above ground as platelike capitulum (pl. capitula): terminal dense cluster of branches in outgrowth of trunk supporting tree Sphagnum in which stem has not yet elongated; head capsule: sporangium of bryophyte; terminal spore-producing part C of sporophyte c.: Latin abbreviation "circa" meaning "about;" also ca. carbohydrase: enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates C horizon: soil layer of weathered parent (rock) material with carbon sink: in bryophytes, carbon accumulated in growing little structure, comprised of mineral material in soil profile shoot tips and senescent brown tissues

C3 photosynthetic pathway: photosynthetic pathway in which carbonic anhydrase: enzyme that converts bicarbonates to CO2 CO2 is immediately put into photosynthesis, initially forming in both bryophytes and tracheophytes 3-carbon compound; pathway of all bryophytes carboxyl (-COOH): chemical group occurring at end of many C4 pathway in tracheophytes permits storage of carbon from CO2 biological molecules, causing that molecule or that end of into 4-carbon compound such as malic or oxalic acid in molecule to act as acid; contributor of H⁺ in cation exchange mesophyll carinate: keeled, e.g. leaves of Fontinalis antipyretica ca.: Latin abbreviation for "circa" meaning "about;" also c. carneous: flesh-colored caatinga: syn. = campina, campinarana, chavascal, and carnivorous: eating animals charravascal; shrub and thorn desert vegetation in interior carotenoid: fat-soluble pigment group that includes xanthophyll northeastern Brazil and carotene; 8-isoprene unit terpene synthesized by most cacimba (pl. cacimbas): rock pool; pit in wet or marshy ground, plants (L. carota = carrot) collecting water present in soil that accumulates in it by carpocephalum: sporangial receptacle in most thallose condensation liverworts; not widely used term caducous: deciduous; easily detached carr: waterlogged wooded terrain G-8 Glossary carrying capacity: maximum quantity of standing crop that can chalk grasslands: ecosystem associated with thin basic soil; be maintained indefinitely on area mainly found on limestone and chalk valleys in Kent, castaneous: chestnut-colored Sussex, Surrey, Chilterns, and Isle of Wight in southeast England catalepsy: trance state; state of playing dead; freezing of activity chamaephyte: shrub or herb, buds near soil (Gr. khamai = on catastrophic drift: large‐scale displacement of invertebrates that ground) occurs during periods of increased river discharge channelled: hollowed, keeled catenulate: chain-like character: criterion; descriptor cation: positively charged ion charophytes: algae in phylum Charophyta; highly advanced cation exchange: process of giving up certain positively charged group of algae with chlorophylls a & b, starch storage, and ions in return for different ones; usually hydrogen is traded antheridia and archegonia encased in multicellular covering for nutrient or metal chasmocolous: growing in crevices or cracks cation exchange capacity (CEC): capacity of soils and plants to give up certain positively charged ions in return for different chelator: organic compound that binds metal by forming ring ones; usually hydrogen is traded for nutrient or metal structure around it caulescent: with caulidium, stem [ant. acaulescent] chersophilous: growing on poor and dry habitats caulidium: stem chionophilous: growing in habitats with long cover of snow, snow beds cauline: relative to leaf, inserted on stem chledophilous: growing in disturbed habitats caulis: stem chlorenchyma: parenchyma cells with chlorophyll, e.g. caulonema: secondary portion of protonema that develops later photosynthetic cells inside thallus of Marchantia and gives rise to buds and upright gametophores; has longer polymorpha cells with slanting cross walls, usually brownish cell walls, and fewer, less evenly distributed, smaller spindle-shaped chlorocyst: chlorophyllose cell (hyalocyst is non-chlorophyllose chloroplasts compared to chloronema (Gr. caulo = stem or cell), e.g. photosynthetic leaf cells of Sphagnum and stalk, G. nema = thread) Leucobryum caulonema-specific protein: CSP; proteins involved in ability of chloronema: younger part of protonema, with perpendicular caulonema to respond to cytokinin and produce buds crosswalls, short cells, numerous chloroplasts, colorless cell walls, and irregular branching; primary photosynthetic part cave: large underground chamber, typically of natural origin, in of protonema (Gr. chloros = grass green, nema = thread) hillside or cliff chlorophyll: green pigment present in some cells (role in cavernicolous: preferring caves and cavities photosynthesis) cavernose: with cavities chlorophyll a: chlorophyll found in all green plants, algae, and cavitation: formation of space; collapse of cells, especially those Cyanobacteria; primary photosynthetic pigment found in used for conduction; in bryophytes, water-filled hydroid cells plants; absorbs light maximally at 430 and 662 nanometers cavitate like tracheophyte xylem cells, becoming embolized chlorophyll b: chlorophyll found in all green plants and some (blocked, in this case by ice) at -4°C algae phyla, but not Cyanobacteria; bluish-green pigment CD: conservation dependent (IUCN) that absorbs light maximally at 453 and 642 nanometers CEC (cation exchange capacity): ability of soils and plants to chlorophyll antenna system: array of protein and chlorophyll give up certain ion in return for different one; usually molecules embedded in thylakoid membrane of plants and hydrogen is traded for nutrient or metal Cyanobacteria, which transfer light energy to one cell: microscopic (usually) element of living tissue; in chlorophyll a molecule at reaction center of photosystem; bryophytes, having nucleus (containing genetic material), includes xanthophylls and carotenes cytoplasm, and organelles, surrounded by cell membrane and chlorophyll fluorescence: light re-emitted by chlorophyll cell wall molecules during return from excited to non-excited states; cellular: relative to cell one measure of stress in leaves cellulose: polysaccharide of glucose units that constitute main chlorophyllose: having chlorophyll, as in photosynthetic cells of part of cell walls in plants Sphagnum leaf central cells: guide cells chlorophyllous: chlorophyllose; containing chlorophyll central cylinder: visibly different cells in center of axis of some chloroplast: organelle (plastid) containing chlorophyll found bryophytes; may facilitate water movement through stem within cells of plant leaves and stems; organelle where photosynthesis occurs central strand: small group of elongate cells forming central axis in some stems and thalli of some bryophytes, usually chloroplast movement: in bryophytes, adaptation to low light thin-walled and often colored; also called axial strand wherein chloroplasts move to position themselves perpendicular to light direction, e.g. in protonemata of cephalic: referring to head Schistostega pennata cephalothorax: head and thorax as one external unit chlorosis: yellowing of plant tissue caused by loss of chlorophyll cereus: waxy, e.g. leaves of Saelania glaucescens chlorotic: yellow-looking (Gr. chloros = grass green, osis = cernuous: drooping condition) cerrado: savanna chorology: study of geographical or spatial distribution of cf.: Latin abbreviation "confer" meaning "compare with" species cfr. (c. fr.): Latin abbreviation "cum fructibus" meaning "with chromatography: type of analysis of chemical constituents sporophytes" chalk: limestone Glossary G-9 chromosome: dense mass of chromatin containing DNA and CO2 compensation point: point (concentration) at which CO2 bearing genes needed for reproduction; visible during cell release during respiration balances CO2 intake during division (Gr. chroma = color, soma = body) photosynthesis chytridiomycosis: infectious disease that affects amphibians CO2-concentrating mechanism: mechanism which augments worldwide, caused by chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium photosynthetic productivity by increasing levels of inorganic dendrobatidis); bryophytes can harbor its zoospores carbon many times over environmental concentration of ciliate: with cilia, fringed, e.g. leaf of Ptilidium pulcherrimum carbon dioxide; e.g. pyrenoid in some Anthocerotophyta cilium: delicate, hair-like structure mostly one cell wide and coarse adjustment: knob on microscope used for initially unbranched focussing to find specimen and do initial focussing; used at low magnifications; see fine adjustment cineraceous: ash-colored coarse woody debris: fallen dead trees and remains of large circinate: curved, very arched, almost in circle, e.g. leaves of branches on ground in forests, rivers, or wetlands Sanionia uncinata coastline: boundary between land and ocean or lake circumboreal: widespread in higher latitudes of Northern Hemisphere coelocaule: in some leafy liverworts, fleshy organ located at base of young sporophyte (type of perigynium) circumpolar: present in areas located between 75° and 90° north and south latitude. coenosis (pl. coenoses): collection of life forms that are found together, interacting as community within ecosystem; circumtropical: present in tropical areas around world. coenose cirrate, cirrose: curled, wavy (appendages) cold hard band: that portion of absorbance that correlates with cladautoicous: having male sexual organs on special branch formation of chlorophyll-protein complex that protects separate from female organs against freezing damage clade: group of taxa having common ancestor cohort: group of individuals with same starting point; group of cladistics: science of comparison of taxa according to proportion organisms of same species begin life during same year, used of measurable characteristics they have in common, based on most frequently when describing population dynamics of shared derived characteristics that can be traced to group's species most recent common ancestor and are not present in more colimiting: of nutrients, insufficient supply of one nutrient can be distant ancestors offset by another; N and P can be colimiting cladocarpous: describes form of pleurocarpous moss in which collection number: number assigned to specimen in field; sporophytes are borne terminally on short lateral branches collecting bags or packets are often pre-numbered to make cladoicous: having archegonia and antheridia on different stems record keeping in field simpler of same clone, i.e. with stems adjoined by stolons/rhizomes collenchymatous: cell walls thickened at angles (named trigones class: next major classification level below phylum in liverworts), e.g. leaf cells of Mnium marginatum Class A cations: includes K, Ca, Mg, and S with preference for colline: small hill or mound oxygen-rich ligands, such as carboxylic groups colloid: substance having particles (100-10,000 nm diameter) Class B cations: includes Ag, Cu, H, Hg, Pb, and Au which are that remain dispersed in solution, intermediate between true toxic and prefer ligands rich in sulfur and nitrogen solutions & suspensions; includes soil colloids clavate: club-shaped, like baseball bat collophore: tube-like structure on ventral side of first abdominal segment of body of springtails clay: heavy, sticky material from earth that hardens when dry or baked colonist: species that lives where habitat start is unpredictable and habitat lasts at least several years after disturbance; clear: transparent makes habitat suitable for perennial stayers clearing: having no forest cover colony: population cleistocarpous: indehiscent; describes capsule lacking regular -colous: suffix meaning "growing" mechanism for opening, opening by disruption of tissues of capsule wall columella (pl. columellae): central sterile portion in sporogenous region of capsule in mosses, hornworts, and some fungi cliff: precipice, bluff, steep rock face comb moss: moss with strong main shoot with many simple or cliff ledge: narrow horizontal surface projecting from cliff branched lateral branches (e.g. Hypnaceae, Meteoriaceae, climax community: historic term for final stage of succession, Brachytheciaceae) remaining relatively unchanged until destroyed by event such combispory: spore size frequencies and mean spore size as fire or human interference frequencies grouped around 3 or more mean sizes; may have cline: degree or nuance of variation aborted spores but also living spores in at least 2 sizes -cline: suffix meaning "preferring to" commensal: type of relationship in which one organism benefits clone: aggregate of individuals produced asexually from single and other is neither benefitted nor harmed parental individual; created by fragmentation, specialized commissural: said of some Sphagnum pores, located along asexual reproductive units, or apomictic seeds (Gr. klon = margins of hyalocysts twig or slip) commissure: in Sphagnum tissue, margin of hyalocysts, cloud forest: moist tropical or subtropical forest characterized by junction between hyalocysts and chlorocysts persistent low-level clouds; usually located at high common: relative to species - widespread elevations, under conditions of sufficient air humidity but common garden: growing conditions where different poor soil; cloud forest; dwarf forest; mossy forest populations are grown together under same conditions clutch size: number of eggs deposited in single reproductive bout community: group of actually or potentially interacting species cm: abbreviation of centimeter living in same place; biocoenosis G-10 Glossary community diversity: diversity of organisms sharing NE: Not Evaluated same community or habitat NT: Near Threatened IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature compensation point: level at which photosynthesis = respiration VU: Vulnerable compensation point, CO2: point (concentration) at which CO2 conspecific: said of taxa belonging to same species release during respiration balances CO2 fixation during photosynthesis constant drift: drift comprised of small numbers organisms that are always present as organisms move about and become compensation point, light: irradiance level (PAR) at which CO2 dislodged from their substrates release during respiration balances CO2 fixation during photosynthesis constitutive desiccation tolerance: always present; fully compensation point, temperature: temperature level at which desiccation tolerant CO2 release during respiration balances CO2 fixation during consumer: primary consumers eat producers and are herbivores photosynthesis like deer or squirrels; secondary consumers eat primary consumers and often are carnivores like wolves or compensation point, water: moisture level at which CO2 release cougars; bryophyte consumers include many insects, during respiration balances CO2 intake during photosynthesis tardigrades, slugs, and even some large herbivores and birds competition: tendency of neighboring plants to utilize same resource – quantum of light, ion of mineral nutrient, contiguous: relative to two adjacent non-merged parts molecule of water, or volume of space; from Grime 1974 contorted: twisted competitive exclusion principle: Gause's law; competition control: population or set of objects statistically similar to set begins due to reaction when organisms are spaced in way being tested, but on which no changes are implemented that reaction of one affects response of other by limiting it convergent evolution: process whereby organisms not closely when one or more resource is limiting related independently evolve similar traits as result of having complanate: flattened into one plane, e.g. leafy branches of to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches Entodon convex: outward-curved surface, e.g. leaves of Gymnomitrion complete metamorphosis: holometabolous; life cycle condition convolutum having egg, larva, pupa, and adult convoluted: inrolled and forming sheath complex thallus: multilayered thallus with differentiated internal coppice: area of woodland in which trees or shrubs are, or structures formerly were, periodically cut back to ground level to complementation: two traits that complement or help each other stimulate growth and provide firewood or timber, practice compound eye: visual organ found in arthropods such as insects that encourages suckering and crustaceans, may consist of thousands of ommatidia (tiny coprophilous: growing on feces or carrion independent photoreception units that consist of cornea, lens, coprophily: loving dung and dead animal matter and photoreceptor cells that distinguish brightness and color, and especially motion) corona: in rotifers, ring of cilia on head; creates circular movement used to direct food to mouth compound microscope: microscope with multiple lenses – objective lens (typically 4x, 10x, 40x or 100x) is corpse camouflaging: attachments of dead insects and other compounded (multiplied) by eyepiece lens (typically 10x) arthropods to body of Recuvius personatus (masked bug); backpack camouflage compound pore: opening in thallus surrounded by multiple layers of cells cortex: stem tissue located between central strand and epidermis; in liverworts can refer to outer rind of differentiated stem compressed: flattened, e.g. perianth of Radula complanata cells compromise strategy: in bryophytes, requiring habitat formed cortical: relating to cortex cells by other living bryophytes corticolous: growing on tree bark concave: not plane, curved inwards, e.g. leaf of Nyholmella obtusifolia [ant. convex] corticophilous: bark-loving concolorous: of same color cosexual: having both sexes condensation zone: zone where water vapor in cosmopolitan: present in almost all parts of world atmosphere condenses and becomes liquid costa (pl. costae): non-vascular midrib of moss leaf, always more conducting strand: in bryophytes, leptoids and hydroids that than one cell thick; may facilitate water movement but lacks provide conduit for sugars and water, respectively tracheids and vessels conduplicate: folded lengthwise, e.g. leaf of Fontinalis costate: having costa (moss version of midrib) antipyretica cotransport: process of bringing oppositely charged ion along confluent: merging together, e.g. leaves of Schistostega pennata through membrane; two substances crossing cell membrane together through single channel complex congeneric: said of two taxa belonging to same genus cover: in ecology, relative area covered by different plant species conidiospore: asexual fungal spore in small plot, usually expressed as percent; in stream, vertical connate: said of two similar fused structures view of area onto stream bed and does not account for connivent: converging but non-fusing, e.g. leaf lobes of vertical differences in mat thickness; if cover of each species Cephalozia connivens is recorded independently, total cover might add up to more than 100% conservation designations (IUCN) coxa (pl. coxae): base of leg in insect CR: Critically Endangered CPOM: coarse particulate organic matter DD: Data Deficient EN: Endangered CR: critically endangered (IUCN) EX: Extinct crag: steep or rugged cliff or rock face LC: Least Concern Glossary G-11 creeping-shoot moss: moss with rhizomatous main shoots that germination, and photoperiodism in plants (crypto = hidden, give rise to upright main shoots (e.g. Leucodon, Antitrichia, Gr. chroma = color) Climaciaceae, Hypnodendraceae) cryptogam: plant that has no true flowers or seeds, including crenic: referring to spring and brook water flowing immediately mosses, liverworts, ferns, and related organisms, but also from it algae, fungi, slime molds, and bacteria crenobiont: occurring only in springs and spring brooks cryptogamic crust: tightly bound mesh of various crenophile: literally, spring-lover Cyanobacteria, algae, lichens, bryophytes, and fungi on soil, especially in deserts and dry prairie; function to hold soil and crenophilic: describing organism preferring spring environments prevent erosion but may also occupy similar habitats cryptophyte: plant with buds buried by soil (crypto = hidden) crenophilous: dwelling in or near spring cryptopore: capsule guard cells hidden by exothecial cells, crepuscular: active in evening (twilight) sunken, e.g. in capsule of Orthotrichum alpestre [ant. crevasse: deep open crack, especially in glacier phaneropore] crevice: narrow opening or fissure cryptozoic fauna: assemblage of small terrestrial animals found crispate: variously curled, twisted, or contorted, especially when dwelling in darkness beneath stones, rotten logs, bark of dry trees, and in other similar situations, including among bryophytes crisped: wavy, variously curled or twisted CS: transverse section; cross section crista (pl. cristae): inner projection or fold on inner membrane of mitochondrion C-S-R model: triangular representation of competitors, stress tolerators, and ruderals; from Grime 1977 crochet: hook on proleg (fleshy short leg on abdomen) of Lepidoptera larvae cucullate: hood-shaped, as in branch leaves of subgenera Sphagnum and Rigida cross fertilization: transfer of sperm from antheridium of one plant to egg of different plant cushion: life form with stems more or less erect, tightly clustered and somewhat radiating at edges, half-sphere shaped; cross-section: slice through object perpendicular to its long axis persistent for many years; see Mägdefrau life forms crosswall: cell wall that goes perpendicular to long axis of plant cutaneous: referring to outer cuticle of insect body organ cuticle: extracellular fatty or waxy covering that forms from crown shyness: condition wherein branches make contact with cutin on outermost layer of plant; in bryophytes, mostly each other, by wind or storm, and impact can cause tiny fatty; generally thin or absent in bryophytes branches at tips to break cuticular peg: specialized thickening of cuticle, known from crymocolous: growing in tundra or polar regions beak of calyptra in Funaria hygrometrica cryobiosis: special case of cryptobiosis that results when cuticular ridge: ring of cells around pore of some thallose temperature decreases and water in cells freezes liverworts, capable of repelling water cryophile: preferring cold habitats Cyanobacteria: photosynthetic group of bacteria; often form cryopreservation: freezing living material at very low symbionts with plants, including some bryophytes; many temperatures to be "brought back to life" later (cryo = species accomplish nitrogen fixation by converting involving or producing cold, especially extreme cold) atmospheric or dissolved nitrogen into ammonia cryoprotectant: compound formed during slow cooling, cyanophycean: referring to member of Cyanobacteria; many protecting cellular structure from freezing injury without capable of nitrogen fixation altering freezing temperature Cyanophyta: old name for Cyanobacteria crypsis: ability of animal to avoid observation or detection by cyclical parthenogenesis: reproduction multiple times asexually other animals; camouflage cycloheximide: naturally occurring fungicide produced by cryptic species: literally, hidden species; populations that differ bacterium Streptomyces griseus; inhibits accumulation of physiologically but not morphologically within species, theanderose, resulting in marked decrease in freezing restricting them to different growing conditions; characters tolerance are hidden and cannot be identified in field; species that look alike but can't interbreed cyclomorphosis: in invertebrates, annual cycle of morphological change cryptobiosis: metabolic state of life entered by organism in response to adverse environmental conditions such as cyclosis: cytoplasmic streaming; circulation of cytoplasm or cell desiccation, freezing, or oxygen deficiency; all measurable organelles metabolic processes stop, preventing reproduction, cyst: resting stage of organism, usually in tough, protective development, and repair; state of organism when no sign of covering life is visible; metabolic activity is immeasurable (crypto = cytokinin: plant hormone (growth regulator) that promotes hidden; bios = life) growth by stimulating cell division cryptobiotic: describes metabolic state of life entered by cytoplasm: all protoplasm of cell except nucleus organism in response to adverse environmental conditions such as desiccation, freezing, or oxygen deficiency; all cytoplasmic streaming: syn. = cyclosis; movement of fluid measurable metabolic processes stop, preventing substance (cytoplasm) within plant or animal cell reproduction, development, and repair; ametabiotic cytorrhysis: complete and irreversible collapse of plant cell wall cryptochrome: class of flavoproteins sensitive to blue light, due to loss of water through osmosis found in plants and animals and involved in circadian cytoskeleton: complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein rhythms of both; light-sensitive yellow pigment capable of filaments present in cytoplasm of all cells and extending sensing photoperiod; flavoprotein that regulates elongation, from cell nucleus to cell membrane, thus providing structure and shape to cell G-12 Glossary D deoperculate: having lost its operculum depauperate fauna: not well developed; lacking in numbers or dark field microscopy: used to illuminate unstained samples, variety of species causing them to appear brightly lit against dark background; depression slide: microscope slide with shallow well for thick objective lens sits in dark hollow of this cone and light specimens or live ones that can be suspended from coverslip travels around objective lens, but does not enter cone shaped- in drop of water area; specimen will scatter light, whereas area with no desiccation: process of drying out (L. desiccare = to dry up) specimen will transmit light with no scatter desiccation hardening: physiological preparation for desiccation DBH: referring to trees, diameter at breast height desiccation resistance: ability to maintain adequate water supply DD: data deficient (IUCN) under drought conditions, i.e. drought avoidance debris: scattered pieces of waste, remains, or broken rock desiccation tolerance (DT): ability of desiccated organism or debris dam: natural damming of river by some kind of mass structure to tolerate and survive after equilibrating to relative wasting – landslide, debris flow (logs, leaves, even humidity (RH) of ≤50%; ability of plant to survive periods sometimes bryophytes), rock avalanche, or volcano during which cells are water-stressed and plant itself has deciduous: condition in which plant sheds its leaves during become dry certain season [syn. caducous, fugacious] desiccation tolerant: able to withstand periods of dry conditions decomposer: includes wide array of organisms that typically det.: Latin abbreviation for "determinavit " meaning "determined contribute to decomposition of plant material, with by" invertebrates, especially arthropods, breaking up tissues into determinate growth: growth of limited duration, characteristic smaller fragments, and fungi and/or bacteria attacking of many acrocarpous mosses where production of splash cellulose and other parts. cups or seta and capsule terminates growth of stem decorticated: woody part lacking bark detoxification: clearing of poisons (Gr. toxicon = poison) decumbent: prostrate towards base but with ascending tips, e.g. detritus: organic matter produced by decomposition of habit of Orthothecium rufescens organisms; waste or debris of any kind decurrent: basal leaf margins extend down stem past leaf detritivorous: heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming insertion as ridges or narrow wings decomposing plant and animal parts as well as feces dedifferentiation: process involved in return of cell to its deuter cell: guide cell; large cell with thin walls and large lumina embryonic (undifferentiated) state; process of cells losing present across stem of many mosses, part of conducting cells specificity of parenchyma, e.g. some stem cells in Tortula atrovirens deficiency: lack of something, such as having insufficient iron or deutonymph: in mites, predatory stage following protonymph other nutrient that feeds on other arthropods defoliate: having lost its leaves dewlap: often brightly colored flap of skin under head that anoles degree days: unit of measure calculated as product of time (days) (and others) flash to announce their aggressive defense of and temperature (ºC), usually averaged over growing season territory and attract females or activity season for organism in question; number of dextrorse (seta): referring to seta that is twisted to right, degree-days that occur in one day is determined from clockwise when looking from seta apex (capsule base) to seta average temperature for that day minus base temperature, base (sporophyte insertion), e.g. seta of Crossidium which is minimum temperature above which activity occurs squamiferum or Antitrichia curtipendula [ant. sinistrorse] dehisce: to split apart, as in liverwort capsule diad: grouping of two, as in two spores that remain stuck dehiscence: splitting apart, particularly referring to opening of together capsule of liverworts, hornworts, and some mosses, or loss of diagnosis: definition of characteristics of species calyptra in mosses diapause: period of suspended development in insect, other dehiscent: capsule opening regularly by means of annulus and invertebrate, or mammal embryo, especially during operculum or valves unfavorable environmental conditions; resting period dehydrin: group of proteins produced in response to cold and diaphanous: transparent drought stress diaphragm: epiphragm; membrane of capsule stretched across delayed fitness: possessing trait that is not immediately peristome teeth and covering opening, e.g. membrane in expressed, e.g. recessive trait in heterozygous condition Polytrichum deliquescent: liquefying in atmosphere; capable of absorbing diaspore: agent of dispersal; any structure that becomes detached atmospheric moisture and liquefying, as in Sphagnum from parent plant and gives rise to new individual, e.g. spore, pseudopodium propagulum, gemma dendroid: tree-like; branched above and distinct trunk-like stalk; diaspore bank: those buried propagules that have survived for main stem with tuft of branches at top, e.g. Climacium, long periods until such time as they once again return to Hypnodendron, Hypopterygium, Leucolepis, Pleuroziopsis, position with sufficient light and moisture to grow Symphogyna hymenophyllum; see Mägdefrau life forms diatom: single-celled or filamentous alga with silica shell made dendrophilous: preferring tree habitats of two overlapping portions called valves denitrification: process by which nitrogenous compounds are dichotomous: branching into two parts; describes forked degraded and nitrogen is returned to gaseous form branching, as in veins of fern and Ginkgo leaves or thallus of dentate: with teeth Marchantia (Gr. dicha = in two, temnein = to cut) denticulate with small teeth, e.g. leaf margins of Platyhypnidium dichotomous key: tool that uses pairs of choices for identifying riparioides things denuded: referring to stem without leaves Glossary G-13 dicranoid: describing haplolepideous peristome with 16 forked diterpene: one of class of hydrocarbons produced by many teeth, e.g. peristome of Fissidens, Leucobryum plants; major component of resin and turpentine produced dictyosome: Golgi apparatus; series of organelles consisting of from resin stack of membrane-lined vesicles diurnal: daily; of or during day [ant. nocturnal] didymous: divided in two, in pairs divaricate: divergent (about 90° angle) diel: within 24-hour period divergent: gradually spreading in opposite directions differential interference: achieved by shining two separate diversity: measure of number of different entities and beams of light, providing much greater lateral separation distribution of individuals in system than that used in phase contrast microscopy diving bell: mechanism in which animal traps air in bubble (or differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC grabs air bubble) and holds bubble with hairs on its abdomen microscopy): Nomarski interference contrast (NIC) or and legs; O2 is removed from bubble as CO2 is expelled into Nomarski microscopy; used with unstained, transparent it and O2 diffuses into bubble from water biological materials; lighting scheme produces image, similar DM: dry mass to that of phase contrast microscopy, but without producing diffraction halo that detracts from latter DMAAP: dimethylallylamino-purine; hormone involved in development (morphogenesis) digalactosyldiacyl glycerol (DGDG): nonionic lipid constituent of thylakoid membrane of higher plants; can be produced in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): molecule that carries genetic response to low temperatures information digitate: with finger-like lobes doline: sink or sinkhole; cylindrical, conical, bowl- or dish- shaped closed depression draining underground in karst areas diel: within 24 hours dolomite: sedimentary translucent mineral consisting of dimorphic: occurrence of organism or its leaves in two forms carbonate of calcium and magnesium dioecious: having male and female reproductive structures on domatium (pl. domatia): modified part of plant for sheltering different plants; applied to sporophytes of tracheophytes bacteria, insects, mites or fungi, such as Nostoc auricles of dioicous: having male and female reproductive structures on Blasia separate gametophyte individuals; corresponds to dioecious dominant: ecological term referring to most abundant species, in sporophytes taxon more numerous than competitors in dipeptide: compound consisting of two amino acid units joined ecological community, or makes up more of biomass; life together by single peptide bond, linking amino (-NH2) group cycle strategy of species that become major species in of one with carboxylic acid group (-COOH) of other ecosystem, like Sphagnum; typically have large spores and diploid: cell, individual or generation with two sets of long life expectancy; chromosomes (2n); typical chromosome level of sporophyte dominant allele: allele that is always expressed, even in presence generation of different sister allele diplolepideous: describing arthrodontous peristome, double dominant generation: generation in which species spends most peristome with two distinct rings of teeth, e.g. peristome of active time; in bryophytes, gametophyte is dominant Orthotrichum striatum [ant. haplolepideous] dormant: in state of reduced physiological activity direct development: lacking larval stage dormant stage: life cycle stage that is inactive disarticulate: separate (bones) at joints dorsal: side directed away from axis; in liverworts, upper side of discoid: rounded and flattened, disc-shaped, e.g. gemmae of thallus Marchantia palacea dorsiventral: having top-bottom orientation disjunct: separated; of species, separated from its main drag reduction: drop in pressure per unit length, enhanced by geographic distribution streamlining of plant or plant growth form dispersal: spreading out; process of dissemination drip tip: elongated leaf tip that increases flow of water from leaf, dispersion: pattern of distribution of individuals within habitat thus making habitat less hospitable for colonization disruptive coloration: camouflage strategy that breaks up drought avoidance: ability to maintain adequate water supply animal's boundaries and masks its shape, thus decreasing its under drought conditions detectability drought hardening: process of increasing resistance drought in dissecting microscope: microscope with low stage and long plants focal distance that permits one to dissect object while drought tolerance: ability to survive and maintain activity viewing through microscope despite lack of water in environment distal: located at top, in terminal position, in remote part from duff: partly decayed organic matter on forest floor base [ant. proximal] dull: lacking luster [ant. shiny] distant: having spaced leaf disposition dune: ridge of sand created by wind, especially in deserts and distension: occurrence when cell wall ruptures and germ tube is beaches formed dust coat: in Reduvius personatus (masked bug), first of two distichous: having leaves arranged in two opposite rows on stem, layers of camouflage, made from soil, often called natural e.g. leaf arrangement of Distichium capillaceum camouflaging distinct: different dwarf male: nannandrous male; male plant considerably smaller ditch: narrow channel dug in ground than female and typically grows epiphytically on female disturbance: partial or total destruction of plant biomass arising DWT: depth to water table from herbivores, pathogens, human activity, wind damage, frost, desiccation, erosion, or fire. E G-14 Glossary e-: prefix meaning "without" elytra: hardened forewings; wing covers E horizon: light-colored soil horizon with low organic content emarginate: notched at apex, e.g. leaf of Marsupella due to high degree of water transport emarginata ecdysis: adults emerge embolism: in plants, blockage of conducting elements by air or ecocity: ecologically healthy city, providing healthy abundance ice to its inhabitants without consuming more (renewable) embryo (pl. embryos): multicellular developing organism in resources than it produces, without producing more waste archegonium or seed; characteristic of plant kingdom than it can assimilate, and without being toxic to itself or embryogenesis: formation of embryo neighboring ecosystems embryophyte: plant having zygote that divides to form embryo ecostate: ribless; lacking costa (midrib) in leaf, as in many retained in archegonium or seed mosses, e.g. leaf of Hedwigia ciliata emergent: projecting out of something, as aquatic plant out of ecosystem: interacting community of organisms and their water or capsule out of perichaetial leaves environment emersion: process of exiting water ecotone: transition zone between two biological community types EN: endangered (IUCN) ecotype: distinct form or race of plant or animal species encystment: in some invertebrates and protozoa, process by occupying particular habitat which organisms become dormant and form highly resistant stage of cyst, often preceding release of reproductive stage ectohydric: having water conduction predominantly on outside of plant endemic: growing in well-defined geographical area, generally small; distribution restricted to certain area ectomycorrhiza (pl. ectomycorrhizae) form of symbiotic relationship that occurs between fungal symbiont and roots endodermis: layer of tissue one cell thick between vascular (or rhizoids) of various plant species cylinder of root and cortex; serves as filter that forces substances to go through cells, hence through cell ectosporic: developing outside spore membranes, before going to xylem ectothermic: referring to temperature controlled by external endogenous: produced within organism; internal origin [ant. environment; describing animals that can modify their exogenous] temperature by such activities as basking, changing cell shapes, and rearranging scales; bryophytes can survive at endogenous gemmae: produced inside cell initial sub-zero air temperatures by their own ability to alter endohydric: having water conduction predominantly on inside of temperature through pigmentation plant [ant. ectohydric] ectozoochory: dispersal on outside of animal endophytic: living within plant; e.g. some bacteria and fungi edaphic: character relative to soil, e.g. pH, humidity endoplasmic reticulum (ER): complex system of membranous edentate: without teeth stacks involved in membrane production in cell; interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed edge effect: ecological concept that describes presence of greater sacs or tubes known as cisternae; inner core of cytoplasm diversity of life in region where edges of two adjacent and membranes of ER are continuous with outer membrane ecosystems overlap, such as land/water, or forest/grassland of nuclear envelope e.g.: abbreviation for "exempli gratia," meaning "for example" endopolyploid: condition in which cells have developed multiple egestion: process of ridding body of undigested or waste sets of chromosomes material; defecation; not to be confused with elimination of endosporic germination: early development of several mitotic nitrogenous waste such as that in urination divisions within spore wall egg: non-motile female gamete that is larger than motile sperm endosporic: early development of several mitotic divisions eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA): one of several omega-3 within spore wall fatty acids found in cold-water fatty fish, such as salmon, and endostome: in arthrodontous mosses, inner peristome, e.g. inner bryophytes, where its percentage increases in cold weather peristome of capsule of Sanionia uncinata elaiosome: oil body used to attract animal dispersal agent endosymbiosis: internal partnership, such as that with fungi or elater: dead, elongate cells with coiled thickenings in liverworts; bacteria sensitive to humidity; unequal wall thickenings cause endothecium: inner part of embryonic capsule twisting during drying; help disperse spores endothermic: referring to temperature controlled internally by elaterophore: in liverworts, sterile tissue bearing elaters organism, as in humans elective foliicolous species: species that typically occur on endozoochory: dispersal through digestive tract of animal leaves, but can occur on other substrates as well under right conditions enervate: without nerve; lacking costa electron sink: location where electrons are kept inactive, such as entire: without teeth on margins, smooth, e.g. leaf margin of binding electrons so they cannot do damage Marsupella sphacelata elfin forest: uncommon ecosystem featuring miniature trees, entomochorous: requiring insect dispersal inhabited by small species of fauna such as rodents and entomochory: insect dispersal lizards; usually located at high elevations, under conditions entomophilous dispersal: dispersal by insects of sufficient air humidity but poor soil; cloud forest; dwarf ephemeral: short-lived, such as desert plants that germinate from forest; mossy forest seed and bloom within few weeks; plants having more than elimbate: lacking border/margin one generation per year ELIP: Early Light-Inducible Proteins, coded by ELIP genes; epidermis: layer of superficial cells; in bryophytes, outer layer of includes over 100 stress-inducible proteins stem or thallus elongation: lengthening epigaeous: growing on or close to ground [ant. hypogaeous] Glossary G-15 epigeic: active at soil surface limiting growth factors needed for photosynthesis, such as epigonium: protective envelope of embryo before separation into sunlight, carbon dioxide, and nutrient fertilizers two parts (basal part – vaginula, upper part - calyptra) evacuolate: lacking vacuoles epilithic: growing on rock [syn. saxicolous, petrocolous] evanescent: relative to rib which ends just before apex of leaf, epinasty: leaf and stem curling fading, disappearing epiphragm: in bryophytes, circular membrane positioned evaporative cooling: process in which evaporation of water horizontally over capsule mouth of some mosses, e.g. uniting removes heat from system; can occur at plant, animal, or capsule teeth of Polytrichum [syn. = diaphragm]; calcified ecosystem level slime over shell opening in snails for protection in evapotranspiration: loss of water through evaporation from hibernation or aestivation among plants and from plants themselves (transpiration) epiphyll: plant that grows on leaf of another plant evenness: similarity of frequencies of different units (species) epiphyllous: syn. = foliicolous; growing on leaves of other making up population or sample plants [] evergreen: condition where plant remains green and retains its epiphyte: plant or alga that grows upon another plant without leaves for full year or longer; persistent; green year-round deriving nutrients from it everything is everywhere: Baas-Becking hypothesis that epiphytic: growing on another plant but not parasitic everything is everywhere, but, environment selects; applied to small organisms and propagules such as spores epitype: specimen designated as model (holotype, lectotype, or neotype) in event of ambiguity of type evolution: series of genetic changes (changes that are heritable) that causes organisms to change through time (L. evolutio = epixylic: living on logs with bare wood, i.e. on xylem unrolling) epixylic stage: in log decomposition, stage after bark is lost evolutionary drivers: selection pressures epixylon: aquatic bryophytes and biofilms on large woody debris EX: extinct (IUCN) epizoite: any animal that lives attached to another which it uses ex: in case of validation after formation of name, e.g. for protection or means of locomotion, with no parasitic Straminergon stramineum (Dicks. ex Brid.) Hedenäs relationship; hitch-hikers on animal ex-: prefix meaning "sans," "non" equidistant: at equal distance excavate: hollowed, concave equilateral: with equal sides exchange site: location on plant cell wall or soil particle where erect: almost vertical ions are traded, such as replacement of hydrogen from - erect-spreading: forming angle about 45° with stem COOH by Ca+2; when charge of new ion is greater than that erect-squarrose: forming angle less than 45° with stem, e.g. of one it replaces, it is shared by more than one exchange site erect-squarrose leaves of Meesia triquetra exchanger: organism capable of replacing one ion for another, +2 erose: scraped, notched, corroded, gnawed usually replacing hydrogen with cation such as Ca eremophilous: growing in deserts and steppes excurrent: relative to rib, beyond apex of leaf, e.g. leaf costa of Fissidens taxifolius escape strategy: mechanism to avoid being activity during unfavorable conditions, e.g. going dormant during dry exine: outer layer of spore periods, surviving as spores, gemmae, and probably in some exogenous: growing or originating from outside organism, e.g. cases protonemata fungus can be source of IAA for protonema establishment: process by which plant or animal exogenous: generated by outside source; external origin becomes established in new habitat; ecesis; demonstration of exohydric: having water transport essentially external by surface ecological fitness in new location flow; including capillary flow between leaves or though et al.: abbreviation for Latin for "et alii" or "et aliae" meaning surface papillae "and others" exoskeleton: rigid external covering for body in some ethylene: C2H4; gaseous plant hormone (growth regulator) that invertebrate animals, especially arthropods, providing both modifies growth form, responds to wounding, and other support and protection; e.g. in crayfish physiological responses; responsible for suppression of exosporic: condition in which first mitotic division occurs growth in liverwort underleaves outside spore after rupture of spore wall, typical of most etiolation: abnormal elongation of stems in response to bryophytes insufficient light; characterized by long, weak stems, smaller exostome: outer peristome of arthrodontous capsule, e.g. outer leaves, longer internodes, and pale yellow color peristome of Orthotrichum striatum -etum: suffix indicating "association" exothecial: relative to exothecium, outer capsule wall eudominant: dominant unique to its particular association; > exothecium: relative to capsule, outermost layer 10% exotic: foreign; introduced from foreign country (L. exoticus = eufoliicolous: true leaf-dwelling foreign) euhydrobiont: living in water explant: portion of plant transplanted to artificial medium eukaryotic: having nucleus explerent: life strategy for non-competitive species that fills euryoecious: able to live in variety of conditions spaces between others eutrophic: relative to habitat rich with mineral nutrients and so exposed feeder: organism that feeds at exposed surface supporting dense population [ant. oligotrophic] exserted: relative to capsule that far exceeds perichaetial leaves, eutrophication: process characterized by excessive plant and e.g. capsules of Orthotrichum anomalum algal growth due to increased availability of one or more exsiccatum (pl. exsiccata): distributed and labelled reference specimen G-16 Glossary extant: existing today [ant. extinct] fecundity: number of offspring produced by organism during its extensin: glycoprotein thought be involved in cell wall extension lifetime extern: relative to surface of leaf, dorsal face, abaxial face fecundity-advantage model: need of species needs to produce large number of eggs extirpation: local extinction feldmark: plant community characteristic of sites where plant extinct: no longer present on Earth [ant. extant] growth is severely restricted by extremes of cold and extinction rate: rate of disappearance of species exposure to wind, typical of alpine tundra and sub-Antarctic extracellular: on outside of cell environments extremophile: organism with optimal growth in environmental female: organism that produces egg conditions considered extreme and challenging for carbon- femur (pl. femora): third segment of leg based life form with water as solvent to survive fen: minerotrophic peatland or moss-dominated ecosystem that extrorse: turned outwards gets its nutrients primarily from ground water or surface exuvia (pl. exuviae): cast-off outer skin of tardigrade or water; poor fens have low nutrient content, intermediate arthropod after molt fens are characterized by intermediate nutrient levels, and rich fens have highest nutrient levels among these habitats; F this term has been variously defined in different countries with older North American literature including poor fens as ♀: sign meaning female, in bryophytes bearing archegonia bogs face: side fenestrate: pierced, perforated with openings like windows, e.g. facies: general appearance (habit of species), or appearance of peristome of Grimmia crinitoleucophaea plant community dominated by taxon or small number of ferredoxin: iron-sulfur protein needed for conversion of nitrogen + taxa oxides to NH4 Factor H: adenine derivative hormone stimulant for inhibiting ferricrete: hard, erosion-resistant layer of sedimentary rock, caulonema growth and promoting formation of gametophore usually conglomerate or breccia, cemented together by iron buds in bryophytes oxides facultative: not occurring regularly; occurring optionally in ferrugineous, ferruginous: rust colored response to circumstances rather than by nature; for example, fertile: producing sex organs (antheridia, archegonia), bearing terrestrial but occasionally surviving in water sporophytes [ant. sterile] facultative aquatic: having some degree of tolerance to fertilization: fusion of gametes resulting in formation of zygote; desiccation and xerophytic conditions act of adding nutrients by applying fertilizer to improve plant facultative diapause: resting period that can change based on growth conditions ferulic acid: phenolic compound and major constituent of fruits facultative epiphyte: organism that lives on trees, but lives on and vegetables with strong antioxidant and anti- other substrates as well inflammatory properties; only released after severe falcate: sickle-shaped hydrolysis; present in shoots but absent in young capsules of Mnium hornum falcate-secund: sickle-shaped and turned towards only one side of stem fibrilla (pl. fibrillae): thickened bands across hyaline cells of Sphagnum, strengthen cell walls; fibril falcation: condition of being curved like sickle, e.g. leaves of many Dicranum species fibrillose: with fibrils, e.g. leaf hyaline cells of Sphagnum fallow land: plowed and harrowed but left unsown for period field: area of open land, especially one planted with crops or pasture false anisospory: condition of having small, non-viable spores found among dimorphic spores in certain species of fine adjustment: knob on microscope used for fine-tuning focus; bryophytes due to factors such as spore abortion; non-genetic used with high magnifications; see coarse adjustment condition of more than one spore size fire place: construction in which to build fire false leaf trace: in bryophytes, extension into cortex from leaf fistulated: having passageway cut from rumen to outside but not connected with central strand of stem; found in flank: in some thallose liverworts, zone between median groove Mniaceae and Splachnaceae and margin of thallus, e.g. thallus of Riccia family: subdivision of order – next major classification level; flavonoids: group of plant pigments that absorb UV light ending in "aceae" fleshy: soft and thick fan: life form found on vertical substrate, usually where there is lots of rain; creeping, with branches in one plane and leaves floristic list: list of species present on site usually flat; e.g. Neckeraceae, Pterobryaceae, flagellate: possessing flagellum Thamnobryum, some Plagiochila; see Mägdefrau life forms flagelliform: whiplike, gradually tapering from base to tip of farinaceous: farinose, covered with white bloom branch fascicle: small tuft or cluster of fibers, leaves, branches, or flagellum (pl. flagella): slender, whip-like appendage that flowers; in Sphagnum, clump of branches on stem enables cells to move through liquids; differs from cilia in fasciculate: arranged in fascicles having only one or two per cell; found on most sperm; as propagule, slender branches with reduced leaves that occur in fastigiate: with branches erect, nearly parallel and nearly same axils of upper leaves – basal portion multicellular, separating length them from caducous branchlets fault: break in rocks that make up Earth's crust, rocks on each flavonoid: group of plant pigments that absorb UV light and side have moved past each other include anthocyanins feces: excrement; waste material discharged from gut Glossary G-17 flotation: separation technique requires that density of flotation freeze tolerance: ability of plants to withstand subzero liquid be greater than that of arthropods but less than that of temperatures through formation of ice crystals in xylem and debris or bryophytes intercellular space, or apoplast, of their cells fluorescence: emission of light by substance that has absorbed freezing longevity: length of time bryophyte can remain frozen light or other electromagnetic radiation of different and survive wavelength; due to excited electrons returning to ground fresh: fresh state; in presence of sufficient moisture state; visible or invisible radiation emitted by certain substances as result of incident radiation of shorter freshet: flood of river from heavy rain or melted snow; rush of wavelength such as X-rays or ultraviolet light fresh water flowing into sea flush: area where water from underground flows out onto surface freshwater: not salt water to create area of saturated ground, rather than well- frieze: as endive salad, e.g. thallus of Anthoceros agrestis defined channel; piece of boggy ground, especially where fringe: margin lined with cilia water frequently lies on surface; swampy place; pool of frondose: habit that is densely branched, fern-like water in field frost tolerance: lowest temperature at which no more than F : maximum fluorescence of dark adapted material; m defined percent (typically 50%) suffer irreversible damage in fluorescence resulting from flashing bright light on leaf in net photosynthetic activity relative to unfrozen plants dark fructification: in slime molds, process of forming sporangia; fo.: abbreviation meaning "forma" analogy to vascular plants, synonymous term with fogging: technique used for killing insects that involves using sporophyte; used for bryophytes, but considered by some fine pesticide spray which is directed by blower authors as unsuitable for bryophytes fog-stripping: condensing water vapor from frequent fog and fruit inappropriate term by some authors, meaning sporophyte mist; often primary means for bryophytes to obtain water in fugacious: fleeting cloud forest fugitive: life strategy of species that lives in unpredictable foliicolous: growing on leaves [syn. epiphyllous] environment; generally stays only 1-2 years while habitat foliose: leaf-like, leafy remains suitable at site and produce small spores that permit foot: basal portion of most bryophyte sporophytes, embedded in them to be dispersed easily gametophyte fulvous: reddish yellow foot candle: intensity of light from one candle on square foot of functional grouping: species having similar roles in ecosystem surface one foot from candle fungus (pl. fungi): kingdom and common name for group of foot gland: in some rotifers, gland on foot to secrete glue non-photosynthetic organisms; sometimes placed in kingdom footpath: narrow path suitable for walking Mycota; formerly classified as plants, but food reserves, cell foraging: in bryophytes, use of horizontal growth that permits wall components, and other biochemical differences have mosses or liverworts to take wider advantage of nutrients and caused biologists to re-classify them into their own kingdom light funiform: like rope forb: non-grass herbaceous flowering plant furcula: forked appendage at end of abdomen in springtail, by forest: wooded habitat which insect jumps forest gap: opening in forest canopy, often due to fallen tree furfuraceous: covered with scales forest track: something resembling large wooded area, furrow: groove, e.g. in thallus of Riccia sorocarpa especially in density furrowed: sulcate, grooved form: lowest level of classification (below variety), often fuscous: dark brown and somber color determined by environment fusiform: elongated, spindle-shaped; tapering at both ends founder principle: small population becomes separated to new Fv: variable fluorescence of dark-adapted material; difference location, representing only small portion of variability of between maximum and minimum fluorescence species; loss of genetic variation in new population F /F : in photosystem II, variable vs maximum fluorescence; established elsewhere by very small number of individuals v m measure of chlorophyll fluorescence; measurement ratio that from larger population; in bryophytes, includes arrival of represents maximum potential quantum efficiency of only one sex to colonize particular location Photosystem II if all capable reaction centers are open; <80% fount: spring or fountain is considered stress response fountain: natural spring of water fovea: spore ornamentation, depression like golf-ball G foveolate: pitted GA: gibberellic acid

FPOM: fine particulate organic matter GA3: gibberellin A3; identical to gibberellic acid fragmentation: breaking into fragments (pieces) Gaia hypothesis: hypothesis that ecosystem behaves like frank water: obvious pools of water, as opposed to water superorganism and species depend on other species for their adhering to moss biochemical needs during development frass: excrement of insect larvae; insect feces; fine powdery galactose: monosaccharide sugar about as sweet as glucose; C-4 refuse or fragile perforated wood produced by activity of epimer of glucose boring insects galacturonic acid: organic acid that occurs in cell walls and has freeze avoidance: survival strategy that prevents body fluids carboxyl group (-COOH) that provides cation exchange site; (especially arthropods) from freezing at temperatures well common in Sphagnum (peat moss), but less abundant in below 0°C seed plants G-18 Glossary galeate: helmet-shaped, e.g. lobe on ventral side of leaf of geoamphibiont: organism that is predominantly terrestrial but Frullania tamarsci able to live in water gametangial induction: process starting development of geophyte: plant with short, seasonal lifestyle and some form of gametangia; biochemical changes accompany this process underground storage organ gametangial senescence: loss of gametangial function with geothermal: relating to or produced by internal heat of earth aging germination: sprouting of seed or production of new growth gametangiophore: specialized branch bearing gametangia stage from spore (archegoniophore or antheridiophore) Gestalt: total form (of plant) gametangium (pl. gametangia): gamete-producing structure; gibberellic acid: carboxylic acid hormone; gibberellin A3 e.g. archegonia, antheridia gibberellin: carboxylic acid plant hormone (growth regulator) gamete: sexual reproductive structure that has one set of affecting stem elongation and seed germination; produced by chromosomes and must unite with another of same species plants and commonly secreted by fungi but opposite strain to continue life cycle gibbous: bulging on one side, e.g. capsule of Diphyscium gametoecium (pl. gametoecia): gametangia and surrounding foliosum bracts gill cover: flap covering gill; in fish and some aquatic gametogenesis: development of gametes arthropods; help to keep silt from accumulating among gills gametophore: upright gametophyte plant produced from Gini coefficient: expression of species dispersion; Gini protonema; gametangium-bearing stalk; shoot coefficient of zero expresses perfect equality, where all gametophyte: haploid (1n) generation that reproduces by values (species) are same; 100% indicates that all values gametes in plants; in bryophytes, dominant generation; (species) are different generation that begins with meiospore and ends when it glabrescent: almost hairless produces gametes that join; contains no lignified vascular tissue glabrous: smooth, without ornamentations, without papillae or hairs gametophyte generation: haploid (1n) generation that reproduces by gametes in plants; in bryophytes dominant glacier: slow-moving mass of ice formed by accumulation and generation compaction of snow on mountains or near poles gamma diversity: species diversity among locations; total glacier mice: formation of mosses subject to movement that species diversity in landscape causes growth on all sides to form ball; occur on glaciers; solifluction floaters; errant cryptogams Gaussian principle: two species that have identical ecological requirements cannot exist in same area at glandular: with one or more glands same time if any shared requirement (resource) is limiting glass formation: result from vitrification, in which water gelatinose, gelatinous: jelly consistency solidifies without reorienting into crystal gemma (pl. gemmae): asexual reproductive structure; uni- or glaucescent: almost glaucous multicellular, filamentous, globose, or discoid brood bodies, glaucous: whitish, grayish, or bluish overcast, hue or color, like serving in vegetative reproduction; occurs in some plum liverworts, mosses, and club mosses gley: sticky waterlogged soil lacking in oxygen, typically gray to gemmae cup: cup-like structure producing gemmae; found in blue in color Marchantia globose: spherical gemmate: bud-like Glomeromycota: one of eight currently recognized phyla within gemmiferous: gemmiparous; bearing gemmae kingdom Fungi; reproduce asexually through blastic gemminate: describing plants with short, bud-like branches development of hyphal tip to produce spores (glomerospores); form arbuscular mycorrhizae with thalli of gene flow: introduction of genetic material (by interbreeding) bryophytes and roots of vascular land plants; from one population of species to another, changing composition of gene pool of receiving population glossy: shiny color genera: plural of genus gluconeogenesis: formation of glucose from smaller molecules generalist: organism lacking requirement for specific habitat; glucuronic acid: in primary cell walls of bryophytes, greater can eat variety of foods and thrive in range of habitats concentrations than in any other land plants; subunit in some xyloglucans, group of hemicellulose cell wall compounds; generation: term applied to sporophyte (2n) and gametophyte important in cation exchange (1n) phases of plant life cycle glutamate: amino acid with higher molecular weight; occupies genet: branching of gametophyte resulting from clonal growth of central position in amino acid metabolism in plants rhizome; free-living individual that develops from one original zygote, parthenogenetic gamete, or spore and that glutathione (GSH): antioxidant important in protecting plants produces ramets vegetatively during growth from environmental stresses like oxidative stress and pathogens genetic drift: occurrence of random changes in gene frequencies, generally resulting in small, isolated populations and not due glycerine jelly: mixture of equal parts of glycerine and gelatin to mutation, migration, or selection that used in histology for mounting specimens geniculate: bent like knee, e.g. bent seta of Tetraphis geniculata glycerol: compound that is soluble in water and is hygroscopic genus: subdivision of family glycine: water-soluble amino acid; organic osmolyte that accumulates in variety of plant species in response to geothermal: relating to or produced by internal heat of earth environmental stress gibbosity: bump, bulge glycoside: plant ester containing sugar (glycol) and non-sugar genus (pl. genera): taxonomic category for group of closely (aglycone) component attached via oxygen or nitrogen bond related species; category below family Glossary G-19

and whose hydrolysis yields one or more sugars and non- habitat: physical aspect of place where organism naturally lives sugar substance (as opposed to niche, which includes functional aspect as glyoxylate cycle: pathway in which acetate and fatty acids can be well) used as sole carbon source, bypassing CO2-evolving step of hair point: awn or extension of tip of leaf into hair Kreb's cycle (citric acid cycle) halophilic: salt-loving glyoxysome: organelle in plant or microorganism cell, halophytic: salt-tolerant containing catalase, where acetate and fatty acids can be used as sole carbon source (glyoxylate cycle); cycle bypasses halteres: thoracic projections that resemble lollipops, one on each side of thorax in Diptera CO2- evolving step of Kreb's cycle (citric acid cycle) gonioautoicous: having male and female reproductive parts on hammock: elevated tract of land rising above general level of same branch marshy region gorge: narrow valley between hills or mountains, typically with hanging branch: pendent branches, e.g. on stem of Sphagnum steep rocky walls and stream running through it; canyon hanging drop slide: slide with depression so that water and GPS coordinates: unique identifier of precise geographic organism can hang from coverslip location on earth, usually expressed in alphanumeric haploid: cell, structure, or organism having single set of characters chromosomes; 1n; e.g., normal chromosome level of granulose: minutely roughened gametophyte generation granum (pl. grana): stack of thylakoids within chloroplast haplolepidous, haplolepideous: having simple peristome with where light reactions of photosynthesis take place only one row of teeth, e.g. Dicranales [ant. diplolepidous] grassland: type of ecosystem dominated by nearly continuous hardening: process of increasing resistance to desiccation, cold, cover of grasses; see chalk grassland or other stress factor in plants gravestone: stone marker for grave; tombstone hard water: having high mineral content gravitropism: bending (directional growth) of plant or plant part haustorial foot: tissue imbedded deeply into central strand of in response to gravitational pull (L. grave = heavy, trope = gametophyte of moss; facilitates water transport turning); formerly called geotropism haustorium: in bryophytes, cells at base of sporophyte foot; greenhouse: glasshouse; structure with glass roof providing functions in absorption of nutrients from gametophyte to conditions suitable for growing plants sporophyte; in fungi, slender projection from fungal thread (hypha) of parasitic fungus that enables it to penetrate host gregarious: growing together but not densely, e.g. tufts, mats heath, heathland: area of open uncultivated land characterized gross primary productivity: total production resulting from by heather (Calluna vulgaris), heath (Erica species) photosynthetic fixation of carbon in chlorophyll-containing and gorse (Ulex species) organisms; see net primary productivity heather moor: upland areas in temperate grasslands, savannas, grove: small wood, orchard, or group of trees and shrublands and montane grasslands and shrubland growth: addition of biomass and length, but also producing buds, biomes, characterized by low-growing vegetation, including branches, rhizoids, and vegetative propagules Calluna vulgaris, on acidic soils growth band: bands apparent due to changes in leaf density and heat shock protein (hsp): highly homologous chaperone size protein that is induced in response to environmental, physical growth form: structural architecture of individual plant as and chemical stresses, including heat, cold, UV light, and influenced by environment during wound healing or tissue remodeling, and that limit consequences of damage and facilitate cellular recovery growth optimum: condition (temperature, light, etc.) at which greatest growth occurs heavy metal: any metallic chemical element that has relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations; guano: accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats; has high metals with density greater than 5 g cm-3 levels of nutrients like nitrate and ammonium hedge: fence or boundary formed by closely growing bushes or guards cell: specialized cell bordering stoma (in pairs) on shrubs capsule, e.g. on base of Polytrichum capsule heliophilous: growing in full sunlight habitat [syn. guide cell: large, conducting parenchyma cell with thin walls and photophilous] large lumina present across stem of many mosses, e.g. stems of Barbula bolleana helocrene: spring originating from marshes or bogs guild: any group of species that exploit same resources, or that helophyte: sun-loving plant exploit different resources in related ways hemicellulose: long-chain polysaccharides; H-bonded to guttulate: having cell lumen rounded like drops of oil cellulose in plant cell walls; more soluble than cellulose gymnostomous: referring to capsule without peristome, e.g. hemicryptophyte: plants that die back to ground in winter capsule of Grimmia anodon (hemicrypto = half hidden) gynoecium (pl. gynoecia): female inflorescence, female hemiepiphyllous: those species that start their lives on branches, gametoecium (archegonia, paraphyses, and surrounding but subsequently grow from twig to leaf blade via petiole bracts) hemimetabolous: in insects, incomplete metamorphosis; nymph, gypsum: soft white or gray mineral consisting of hydrated or immature insect, resembles adult in form and eating calcium sulfate habits; describes life cycle with egg, nymph (or naiad), and adult gyrate: circinate, spiral-like hemiparasite: plant which obtains or may obtain part of its food H by parasitism, e.g. mistletoe, but which also photosynthesizes hemolymph: fluid equivalent to blood in most invertebrates, habit: general appearance, aspect occupying hemocoel G-20 Glossary hepatic: plant belonging to phylum Marchantiophyta; liverwort homoiohydric: state of hydration controlled by internal Hepaticae: old class name for liverworts when Bryophyta mechanisms in plant included mosses, liverworts, and hornworts homologous: having alleles for same kinds of traits; Hepatophyta: Marchantiophyta; alternate phylum name for chromosomes that are capable of pairing liverworts that does not follow type-based system homologous recombination: process in which cut pieces of herbaceous: refers to above ground plants or plant parts that are DNA search for other homologous pieces and form exchange not woody and do not persist (L. herbaceous = grassy) with them herbarium: collection of dried and usually pressed plant homology theory: both generations are essentially same; specimens (bryophytes and lichens are usually not pressed) developmental environment immediately surrounding tissue (L. herba = grass) differs, causing differences in morphology hermaphrodite: organism having both sexes in same individual homomallous: pointing in same direction, e.g. leaves of Kiaeria starkei [ant. heteromallous] heterochrony: developmental change in timing of events, leading to changes in size and shape; e.g. neoteny homoploid hybridization: crossing of two taxa resulting in no change in chromosome number heterocyst: relatively large, thick-walled nitrogen-fixing cell produced within filaments of certain Cyanobacteria homosporous: having only one kind of spore, i.e. spores for two sexes, if differentiated physiologically, do not appear heterogeneous: composed of dissimilar parts, e.g. leaf cells of different (Gr. homo + same, spora = seed) Mnium marginatum [ant. homogeneous] homozygous: state of having two identical alleles of particular heterogeneous nucleation: form of freeze avoidance; phase gene (e.g. AA, aa) transformation between any two phases of gas, liquid, or solid, typically for example, condensation of gas/vapor, homozygous diploid: organism (2n) having both alleles for same solidification from liquid, bubble formation from liquid, etc. trait heteroicous: polyoicous; with several types of gametangia on honeydew: sugar-rich sticky liquid, secreted by aphids and some same plant scale insects as they feed on plant sap heterolepidous, heterolepideous: simple or double (one or two hormogonial filament: gliding filament in Cyanobacteria pairs of teeth) peristome; form of arthrodontous peristome hormogonium (pl. hormogonia): short piece of cyanobacterial heteromallous: pointing in all directions [ant. homomallous] filament that becomes detached and glides away, becoming independent filament heteromorphous: dimorphic, having different shapes hormone: organic compound active in very small amounts and heterophyllous: having different leaves (size, shape) on same normally produced in one part of plant and transported to axis, e.g. leaves of Porella obtusata [ant. isophyllous] another where its concentration exercises control in some heterophylly: condition of having more than one leaf type on phase of growth or development process (Gr. hormaein = to same plant excite) heterosporous: forming more than one kind of spore; having hornwort: common name for phylum of thallose plants megaspores and microspores, as in Selaginella (Anthocerotophyta) with photosynthetic, hornlike capsule heterospory: bearing two kinds of spores, generally large female host: plant or animal that provides support for another organism; and small male spores, genetically determined usually used for those supporting parasites or commensals, heterothallic: having male and female reproductive structures on but also used for living substrate separate thalli host leaf: for epiphylls, leaf that is colonized by epiphylls heterozygous: individual containing two different allelic forms Hoyer's solution: gum chloral; mounting medium for of same gene microscope slides hibernaculum (pl. hibernacula): shelter occupied during winter HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography by dormant animal such as insect, snake, bat, or marmot humicole: plant growing on humus (organic component of soil) hillock: mound, small hill humicolous: growing in or on humus Hill reaction: light-driven splitting of water in Photosystem II of hummock: small, rounded or cone-shaped, low hill or surface of photosynthesis, releasing oxygen other small, irregular shapes; raised hump as found in bogs hip holes: shallow, kidney-shaped depressions some kangaroos and fens construct next to trunks of many trees and shrubs in arid and humus: organic component of soil semi-arid Australia Hutchinsonian niche: "n-dimensional hypervolume" where Holarctic: species present in terrestrial areas north of Tropic of dimensions are environmental conditions and resources that Cancer; Nearctic and Palaearctic regions combined define requirements of individual or species to practice "its" hollow: having hole or empty space inside, e.g. tree hole; way of life, more particularly, for its population to persist; depression between hummocks (mounds) in boggy area "hypervolume" defines multi-dimensional space of resources holometabolous: in insects, describes life cycle having (e.g., light, nutrients, structure, etc.) available to (and egg/embryo, larva, pupa, and adult (imago) specifically used by) organisms, and "all species other than those under consideration are regarded as part of coordinate holomorphy: literally, whole form; entire aspect of organism as system." it appears in environment, resulting from its adaptations to its environment; Gestalt hyaline: colorless or transparent; used with reference to dead cells, such as water-holding cells of Sphagnum holotype: single specimen used for typification of species hyalocyst: large, empty water storage cell in leaves of homogeneous: composed of similar parts, e.g. leaf cells of Sphagnum, Leucobryum, and in many endohyalocysts; Mnium stellare [ant. heterogeneous] hyaline cell homoiochlorous: maintaining constant chlorophyll concentration, as in Syntrichia ruralis during desiccation Glossary G-21 hyaloderm, hyalodermis: outer stem composed of large, hyaline cells, e.g. stems of Sphagnum subsecundum, Hamatocaulis I vernicosus IAA (indole-3-acetic acid): C10H9NO2; naturally occurring auxin hybrid: offspring of two plants of different species or varieties that induces cell division and elongation and many hydration: adsorption of water on or by hydrophilic (water- developmental processes; synthesized from tryptophan; often loving or water-attracting) surfaces (Gr. hydro = water) works in consort with ethylene and other hormones hydration protein: protein present in normal hydrated state ice-nucleating protein: small structure that becomes surrounded by ice, but water does not crystallize; can help to create hydric: wet, referring to habitat desiccating conditions and prevent cell damage hydroamphibiont: living in transition zone between water and ice nucleation: formation of crystals around proteins and other land, depending on water level; compare to euhydrobiont nucleators and geoamphibiont ice nucleator: small particles such as proteins that serve as hydrochory: mode of dispersal by water centers for ice crystal formation; such crystals damage cell hydroid: water-conducting cell of bryophyte; tracheid-like membranes conductive cell in central strand idioblast: specialized cell, ocellus, oil-cell hydrolysis: molecule of water ruptures one or more chemical idiosomic: using materials produced by that organism, as using bonds secretions to make test (ant. = xenosomic) hydrolyze: break down compound by chemical reaction with igapó: in Brazil, blackwater-flooded forests in Amazon biome; water these and similar swamp forests are seasonally inundated hydrom sheath: living parenchyma cells around central strand in with freshwater, typically occurring along lower reaches of Polytrichaceae rivers and around freshwater lakes hydrome: collective term for hydroids in moss stem, often imbibition: uptake of water due to water adsorption by colloidal forming central strand particles such as cellulose, cytoplasmic proteins, or pectin hydropeaking: frequent, rapid, short-term fluctuations in water imbibitional pressure: due to adsorption of water by colloidal flow and levels downstream and upstream of hydropower particles, much as seeds do stations imbricate: closely appressed and overlapping hydrophilic: water-loving, typically attracting moisture, as is immediate fitness: few haploid individuals possessing particular done by outer surface of peristome teeth trait are able to exploit new situation hydrophilous: growing on wet, submerged or aquatic habitats immersed: referring to moss or leafy liverwort capsule, capsule hydrophobic: that which doesn’t absorb water, resisting wetting is exceeded by perichaetial leaves, e.g. sporophyte of hydrophyte: plant, always immersed or partly submerged Hedwigia stellata, or in thallose liverworts, included in hydroxyproline: crystalline amino acid obtained from hydrolysis thallus, e.g. sporophyte in Riccia subbifurca; referring to of gelatin or collagen; abundant in major glycoprotein of capsule stomata, beneath surface, cryptopore plant primary cell wall; desuppresses development of immersion: process of entering water underleaves in leafy liverworts immobile: unable to be translocated (moved) through plant or hygrocastic: describing peristome teeth that open in response to soil increasing moisture inbreeding: fertilization by close relatives such as siblings or in hygrophile: growing in wet habitats, not in water bryophytes between ramets of same gametophyte hygrophilous: water-loving incident light: light from direct source (not reflected) that hits hygrophytic: of wet habitats, but not in water surface hygroscopic: moving in response to moisture changes; absorbing included: enclosed water rapidly, as in moss leaves or elaters incrassate: thick-walled, e.g. cells of leaf of Pterogonium hypersensitive response (HR): mechanism to prevent spread of gracile infection by microbial pathogens, causing rapid death of cells incubous: lying upon; oblique leaf insertion in which distal leaf in local region surrounding infection margins are oriented toward dorsal stem surface; each new hypertrichy: in animals, dense body hairs leaf starts under older one and emerges from it; think of liverwort growing up tiled roof – if leaves overlap wrong hypnaceous: referring to complete peristome way then water would get in > insecure > incubous, but if hypocotyl: shoot of germinating seedling, located below leaves overlap right way water is shed > secure > succubous cotyledons (from Paul Richards); arrangement of roof tiles from top to hypodermis: one or more layers of differentiated cells beneath bottom is incubous, e.g. leaf arrangement of Calypogeia epidermis of stem; thin-walled in young stems, becoming fissa and Lepidozia reptans [ant. succubous] thick-walled in older ones incurved: curved upwards and inwards hypogaeous: growing below surface of soil [ant. epigaeous] indehiscent: referring to capsule without distinct opening hypolimnion: bottom layer of deep lake or ocean; temperature indicator: that which indicates condition or presence of never goes below 4°C something else; chlorotic or unhealthy bryophytes can serve hypophyllous: occurring on lower surface of leaf as indicators of air pollution hypophysis: enlarged neck between seta and urn of capsule; indicator species: apophysis 1. naturalness index exceeds 0.5 hyporheic zone: saturated zone beneath bed of river or stream 2. species quality is greater than 2.8 that can support invertebrate fauna 3. indicator species-area relationship is above trend line see chapter 7-4 of Volume 2

G-22 Glossary indigenous: born, growing, or produced naturally in country or portion of structure available to organisms as potential region; native [ant. adventive, introduced] refugia while simultaneously being product of spatial indoleacetic acid (IAA): naturally occurring auxin that controls arrangement cell division and many developmental processes; often works intine: innermost of two major layers of spore, lying under exine in consort with ethylene and other hormones bordering surface of cytoplasm inducible desiccation tolerance: produced when drying intracellular: within cell conditions occur; previously known as modified desiccation- intragametophytic selfing: crossing that occurs between tolerance antheridia and archegonia on same ramet inducible proteins: proteins produced only when certain (branch/gametophore), hence restricted to monoicous taxa conditions are present intramarginal: referring to cells near margin, internal position inflexed: bending slightly upward and inward, e.g. leaf lamina of relative to outermost row, e.g. in leaf of Mnium thomsonii Pottiopsis caespitosa intricate: tangled inflorescence: reproductive organ group; gametoecium introrse: turned inward or toward inflorescence: structure composed of gametangia and invagination: action or process of being turned inside out or (perichaetial and/or perigonial) leaves; term sometimes folded back on itself to form cavity or pouch; cavity or pouch considered inappropriate, some authors retain it so formed infrageneric: within genus invertase: enzyme in cell wall, used to facilitate conversion of infraspecific: within species sucrose to hexose inhibitor: substance that slows down or prevents particular involucral bract(s): modified leaves surrounding perianth, e.g. chemical reaction or other process or which reduces activity perianth of Solenostoma hyalinum of particular reactant, catalyst, or enzyme involucre: protective sheath of tissue of thallus origin initial cell: specialized cell that divides repeatedly and will surrounding single antheridium, archegonium, or sporophyte, produce leaves or other tissues e.g. Pellia innate: inborn, natural involute: rolled inward, upward, toward adaxial face innate dormancy: condition of seeds or spores as they leave ion: charged particle parent plant; viable state but prevented from germinating -ion: suffix indicating "alliance" when exposed to warm, moist aerated conditions by some property of embryo, endosperm, maternal structures; usually IPL: abbreviation meaning "inner peristomial layer" require condition such as low temperature, dry period, isocitratase: enzyme of glyoxylate cycle leaching, or other stimulant of chemical change as in isodiametric: about as long as wide Archidium alternifolium. This dormancy is broken slowly isolating mechanism: factor (geographical, ecological, and mechanisms for breaking it are unknown physiological, anatomical, or psychological barrier) that inner: referring to leaf face (side); ventral face = upper face = prevents interbreeding adaxial face isomorphic: same in form and size inner peristome: endostome; inner row of teeth in capsule of isophyllous: stem leaves and branch leaves that are similar [ant. mosses anisophyllous] inner peristomial layer: IPL; inner layer of peristomial cylinder isoprene: unsaturated hydrocarbon produced by many plants and that contributes to formation of arthrodontous peristome animals and its polymers are main component of natural innovation: new shoot; in acrocarpous mosses, new branch rubber; mechanism of thermal tolerance in some bryophytes inoculative freezing: process in which organisms actually freeze isoprenoid: belong to class of organic compounds composed of inoperculate: lacking operculum or lid on capsule two or more units of hydrocarbons, with each unit consisting inrolled: rolled inward of five carbon atoms in specific pattern; have wide range of roles in physiological processes of plants and animals insecticidal: capable of killing insects isosporic: all spores same size inselberg: rock formation distinguished as standing out abruptly from surrounding plains isospory: condition of having spores with unimodal distribution or similar size insertion: line of attachment isosporous: having spores of similar size, but with some instar: developmental stage between molts of insect variation intercellular: between cells isotherm: line connecting points of equal temperature intermediate fen: wet habitat with ground water as main water isothermic: equal temperature source, characterized by medium nutrient levels isotype: duplicate specimen of type specimen (holotype) interwoven: mixed iteroparity: characterized by multiple reproductive cycles over intercalary: situated at bases of leaves or branches but not apical course of its lifetime (compare to semelparity) intercellular: between cells iteroparous: having multiple reproductive events intermittent sites: in streams and rivers, having flowing water in IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature spring, but in dry period (typically summer) they are either dry or have water restricted to pools J internode: stem length between leaf or branch insertions jalca: in northern Peru, wetter grassland; area of Andes between interstitial space: location of pore water in peatlands and mires; 3,500 and 4,000 meters space between sedimentary particles; space within or between objects, may provide appropriate target for Johansson zones: of trees, lower trunk, upper trunk, mid-crown, measurement because “living space” represents usable mid-outer crown, outer crown Glossary G-23 julaceous: like catkin; referring to leaves that form cylinder, lamina: cells of blade portion of leaf, exclusive of costa and crowded and overlapping, close to stem; e.g. branches of border Pterigynandrum filiforme majus late snowbed: snowbed that melts late in season Jungermanniidae: subclass of mostly leafy liverworts in lawn: area of short, mown grass in yard, garden, or park; in bog, Jungermanniopsida relatively flat area of peat mosses Jungermanniopsida: class including leafy liverworts and LC: Least Concern (IUCN) Metzgeriidae LEA proteins: late-embryogenesis-abundant proteins K leach: removal of ions through movement of water, as in leaching of nutrients from soil or of removal from cells by K selection: characterized by slow growth rate, late reproduction, rainwater when membranes are damaged few, large offspring, and efficient use of resources; K leachate: solution formed when water percolates through strategist optimizes for high population density at permeable medium such as soil; may be derived from environment's carrying capacity particles washed from canopy leaves K strategist: species that optimizes for high population density leaf: photosynthetic organ of plant; in bryophytes, phyllid; in at environment's carrying capacity. tracheophytes, vascular structure with xylem on top and karst: landscape underlain by limestone that has been eroded by phloem on bottom – usually has palisade and spongy dissolution, producing characteristic landform mesophyll keel: sharp ridge, as on bow of boat; seen in some moss leaves leaf angle: angle made by axil of leaf and axis such as Fontinalis antipyretica leaf area index (LAI): value that represents percentage of kerosene phase separation: kerosene attaches to insect cuticle to ground area covered by leaves, hence (total leaf area) / facilitate flotation (area of ground) has been used to show structural responses keystone resource: resource that is critical to structure and of tracheophyte leaves to high vs low light conditions; value function of ecosystem, without which system would cease to represents percentage of ground area covered by leaves, function as it does hence (total leaf area) / (area of ground) keystone species: species on which other species in ecosystem leaf hair: threadlike projection on leaf largely depend, such that if it were removed, ecosystem leaf trace: branch of vascular tissue or hydroids in stem, would change drastically extending to leaf kinetin: N6-furfuryladenine; synthetic cytokinin that acts as lectotype: specimen designated as nomenclatural type among growth hormone, promotes cell division, and prevents several original specimens of taxon senescence in plants; degradation product of DNA leg.: abbreviation for legit meaning "one who has collected it" kingdom: grouping of all divisions or phyla; plants belong to Leiosporocerotopsida: class of Anthocerotopsida having Nostoc kingdom Phyta, also known as Plantae in longitudinal canals Km: substrate concentration at half-maximal enzymatic velocity lens cells: epidermal cells that are rounded at surface and can KOH: potassium hydroxide, commonly known as potash focus light in leaf; in bryophytes, mammillose cells Kreb's cycle: citric acid cycle; tricarboxylic acid cycle; cycle lens tissue: special paper used to clean lens without damage or that provides electrons for electron transport system where dust deposit ATP is produced from ADP and inorganic cycle, thus being lentic: inhabiting or situated in still fresh water important in providing cellular energy lenticular: lens-shaped L leptoid: cell in outer layer of conducting cells of bryophyte, used primarily for assimilates; similar to sieve cell lability: flexibility leptokurtic: type of curve than looks like exponential curve, but labium: fused mouthpart which forms floor of mouth of insect with fat tail labyrinth: extensive wall ingrowths of transfer cells in foot of leptome: (=leptom); phloem-like tissue consisting of leptoids and bryophyte sporophyte parenchymatous cells; collective term for leptoids in lacerate: having torn margins, e.g. stem leaves of Sphagnum bryophytes fimbriatum lethal: deadly; causing death (L. lethalis, from lethum = death) laciniate: deeply divided into thin straps leucocyst: in Sphagnum, large, empty, hyaline cell [syn. lacuna (pl. lacunae): empty space, hole hyalocyst] lacunose: referring to spongy thallus with holes, e.g. thallus of Levin's niche width: niche breadth estimated by measuring Sauteria alpina uniformity of distribution of individuals among resource lagg: nutrient-enriched zone that grades to land states lagoon: small lake near larger one; shallow body of salt water LHCP: light-harvesting chlorophyll protein close to sea but separated from it by narrow strip of land liana: vine LAI: leaf area index; percentage of ground area covered by lichen: symbiotic (mutualistic) organism composed of fungus leaves, hence (total leaf area) / (area of ground) and photosynthetic partner (algae or Cyanobacteria); lake: large body of water surrounded by land classified as fungus lamella (pl. lamellae): cellular membrane such as that of lid: operculum; top part of capsule of mosses that comes off for chloroplast or that separating cell walls from one another; in spore dispersal bryophytes, stack of cells forming flaplike plates (parallel Liebig law of the minimum: growth is dictated not by total photosynthetic ridges) of tissue on leaf or dorsal surface of resources available, but by scarcest resource (limiting factor) thallus; in mushrooms, gills G-24 Glossary life cycle: complete repeating sequence of reproductive events in liverwort: common name of Marchantiophyta (=Hepatophyta); life of plant necessary for continuation of species; series of group of bryophytes with dorsiventrally oriented leafy or stages needed for its complete development thalloid plant bodies life cycle strategy: timing of life events for best environmental loam: rich, friable soil containing mostly sand (particle size > 63 conditions; life history strategy µm), silt (particle size > 2 µm), and smaller amount of clay life form: overall organization of growth form, branching (particle size < 2 µm) in proportion of 40%-40%-20%, pattern, and general assemblage of individuals or population, respectively genetically determined; morphological characters; see lobate: divided; having lobes Mägdefrau life forms lobe: division of leaf, thallus, or organ, e.g. thallus of Marsupella life history: life cycle sphacelata life span: time from birth or germination to death lobule: small lobe; e.g. smaller segment of unequally divided life strategy: life cycle characteristics and timing leaf in leafy liverworts, typically forming small pouch, e.g. on leaf of Frullania ligand: ion or molecule that binds to central metal atom to form complex local abundance: relative representation of species in particular ecosystem, usually measured as number of light compensation point: irradiance level (PAR) at which CO2 individuals found per sample release during respiration balances CO2 intake during photosynthesis locality: geographic position, location light-harvesting chlorophyll protein (LHCP): protein loess: sediment formed by accumulation of wind-blown silt, association with chloroplast; may be unique structure in typically in 20-50 μm size range, with twenty percent or less bryophytes clay and balance equal parts sand and silt loosely cemented by calcium carbonate; unstratified usually buff to yellowish light intensity: unit of total energy or illumination, such as lux, 2 -2 -1 brown loamy deposit found in North America, Europe, and foot candle, cal/cm /min, Einstein m s Asia light quenching: process which decreases fluorescence intensity log: fallen tree trunk/bole of substance, including excited state reactions, energy transfer, complex-formation, and collisional quenching; logistic curve: curve that approaches asymptote or limit dissipation of light energy logistic population model: mathematical model of population light-saturated: having obtained that intensity of light, or growth: dN1/dt = r1N1[1 – (N1 + α1,2N1)/K1] and dN2/dt = greater, at which photosynthesis is maximum r2N2[1-(N2 + α2,1N1)/K2], where K1 and K2 are carrying capacities of respective N population sizes of species 1 and light saturation point: highest intensity at which net 2; r1 and r2 are respective intrinsic growth rates; α1,2 is photosynthesis increases competition coefficient of effect of species 2 on species 1 lignicolous: growing on lignin, on wood and α2,1 is competition coefficient of effect of species 1 on lignified: reinforced with lignin species 2 lignin: complex polymer of phenolic substances impregnating longevity: length of life span; long lifetime of species; life cellulose framework of certain plant cells; provides strength expectancy and rigidity to secondary plant cell walls; unknown in lorica: rigid case or shell on some protozoa and rotifers bryophytes lotic: referring to running water ligulate: strap-shaped loupe: hand lens; term typically used in Europe limb: upper part of leaf when leaf base is differentiated, e.g. leaf love dart: calcium carbonate, chiton, or cartilage "dart" injected lamina of Cyrtomnium hymenophylloides by one snail into another during mating limbidium: in Fissidens, differentiated margin, often LSA: Leaf Specific Area; whole-plant leaf surface area multistratose, e.g. leaf margin of Fissidens crassipes LSW: Leaf Specific Weight limestone: hard, sedimentary rock, composed mainly of calcium carbonate LT50: temperature at which 50% of cells die limicolous: growing in mud lucifugous: avoiding light, growing in dark caves limiting factor: that aspect in environment that would increase lumen: central cavity of vesicles, ducts, chambers, cells, etc. plant productivity if more of it were added lunularic acid: plant hormone similar to abscisic acid; found in limits of tolerance: highest concentration, intensity, or amount liverworts, causing growth inhibition, drought hardening, and organism can tolerate without sustaining cell damage dormancy; lunularic acid decarboxylase converts lunularic acid into lunularin limnocrene: of or pertaining to lakes and fresh water associated with springs lunularin: simple decarboxylation product of lunularic acid; normal constituent of at least some liverworts limnophilous: growing standing water, fresh water, marshes, ponds lurid: having brown color tinged with red, as in flame seen through smoke limnophyte: plant of marshy conditions or shallow water lustrous: shiny limnoterrestrial: referring to organisms living in interstitial collections of water droplets, including among moist areas of lutant: sealant, such as clear fingernail polish, on two sides of bryophyte clumps, including some copepods, gastrotrichs, coverslip parallel with length of slides rotifers, and tardigrades lutein: orange-red carotenoid pigment with absorption at 470- lingulate: large, tongue-shaped, as in stem leaves of subgenus 500 nm (blue light); known to reduce risk of macular Sphagnum degeneration and prevent damage from glare and bright light in humans lithophytic: growing on stony or rocky ground luteus: saffron yellow luticolous: growing in mud or muddy places Glossary G-25 luting: sealing edges of coverslip with something like nail polish macropterous: large-winged lux: lumens per sq meter; intensity of light from one candle on madicolous: having thin sheets of water flowing over rock surface 1 square meter and 1 meter from source surfaces luxury nutrient: excess nutrient stored for use later MADS-box genes: encode transcription factors in all eukaryotic lyophilization: freeze-drying organisms studied; involved in controlling development lysogeny: breaking; method of leaf or branch fragmentation; Maillard reaction: chemical reaction between amino acids and partial cell disintegration facilitates fragmentation reducing sugars that gives browned food its distinctive flavor Malaise trap: large, tent-like structure used for trapping flying M insects, especially Hymenoptera and Diptera; insects are directed to top of slanted pyramid where they encounter vial ♂: symbol meaning "male" of preservative macro-: prefix meaning "large" male: organism that produces sperm macrocyst: in slime molds, encysted, resting plasmodium mammilla (pl. mammillae): strongly bulging cell surface, e.g. macronema: large, branched rhizoid produced around branch leaf cells of Cheilothela chloropus; also used to mean primordia and base of buds [ant. micronema] nipple-shaped protuberance that is hollow and cell lumen or macronutrient: nutrient needed in relatively large quantities; (C, protoplast extends into it H, O, P, K, N, S, Mg, Ca, and sometimes Fe) mammillose: having strongly bulging cell surface macrophyte: usually referring to aquatic plant that is visible mandible: crushing organ in arthropod mouthparts without microscope, thus including bryophytes mannose: hexose monosaccharide (6-carbon sugar) with macrophytic: referring to plants that are visible without structure very similar to glucose microscope manure: organic matter, mostly derived from animal feces macroplastron: thick plastron air layer with silvery sheen; air marcescent: withering without falling off diminishes from macroplastron to normal, smaller plastron, and air exchange with water is generally adequate to Marchantiophyta: = Hepatophyta, formerly Class Hepaticae; maintain duller-looking air bubble phylum of plants lacking lignified vascular tissue and having-dorsiventral organization, name based on type system

Marchantiopsida: class of thallose liverworts that is Mägdefrau Life Forms dichotomously forked and many cells thick Annuals – pioneers; no vegetative shoots remain to carry on margin: edge of structure or area (often differentiated cells), e.g. second year; Buxbaumia, Diphyscium, Ephemerum, leaf margin Phascum, Riccia Short turfs – open mineral soils and rocks; regenerative shoots; marginal: located in margin form spreading turfs for only few years; Barbula, Ceratodon, marl: calcium carbonate or lime-rich mud or mudstone which Didymodon, Marsupella contains variable amounts of clays and silt; common in rich Tall Turfs – forest floors in temperate zones; can conduct water fens internally; very tall; persist by regenerative shoots; marsh: area of low-lying land that is flooded in wet seasons; Bartramiaceae, Dicranaceae, Polytrichaceae, wetland that is dominated by herbaceous rather than woody Drepanocladus, Herbertus, Sphagnum, Tomentypnum plant species; can often be found at edges of lakes and Cushions – rocks, bark, Arctic, Antarctic, alpine; usually high streams, where they form transition between aquatic and light; grow upward and sideways; hemispherical; persistent for terrestrial ecosystems many years; Andreaea, Grimmia, Leucobryum, Orthotrichum, Plagiopus, no liverworts marshland: land consisting of marshes; common usage – region, Mats – rocks, bark, [on leaves (epiphyllous) in tropics]; area, or district characterized by marshes, swamps, bogs, etc. plagiotropic and persistent for number of years; Lejeuneaceae, masquerade: trait of those organisms that cause most Marchantiaceae, Homalothecium, Lophocolea, misidentification by other organisms Plagiothecium, Radula marsupium: in some leafy liverworts, fleshy pouch that encloses Wefts – forest floor of temperate zone; hold considerable sporophyte, e.g. ventral pouch on Targionia capillary water; grow loosely and easy to remove from substrate; new layer grows each year; Brachytheciaceae, mastax: modified pharynx in rotifer; used to crush food Hylocomiaceae, Bazzania, Ptilidium, Thuidium, Trichocolea mat: densely woven, horizontal life form; plagiotropic and Pendants – epiphytes, especially in tropical cloud forests; long persistent for number of years; see Mägdefrau life forms main stem with short side branches; Meteoriaceae, mate guarding: behavioral adaptation in some arthropods in Phyllogoniaceae, some tropical Frullania (also spelled which male carries female beneath him pendent, but in English usage, this is adjective form) matrotrophy: innovation of sporophyte that is dependent upon Tails – on trees and rocks, shade-loving; radially leafed, creeping, gametophyte, at least for its early development, typical for shoots stand away from substrate; Cyathophorum, Leucodon, early embryophytes Spiridens, some tropical Plagiochila Fans – on vertical substrate, usually where there is lots of rain; maturation: process of development and reaching reproductive creeping, with branches in one plane and leaves usually flat; stage Neckeraceae, Pterobryaceae, Thamnobryum, some meadow: field habitat vegetated by grass and other non-woody Plagiochila plants Dendroids – on ground, usually moist; main stem with tuft of mechanical stage: slide clip on microscope stage with numbers branches at top; Climacium, Hypnodendron, Hypopterygium, in both directions so that you note coordinates, move slide, Leucolepis, Pleuroziopsis, Symphogyna hymenophyllum then return to chosen position Streamer – long, floating stems in streams and lakes; Fontinalis (Glime 1968) median: middle, central; in statistics, denoting value or quantity lying at midpoint of frequency distribution

Mediterranean: areas around Mediterranean Sea G-26 Glossary medulla: central part of stem or seta Vmax = maximum rate achieved by system, happening at megagamete: female gamete; in bryophytes egg saturating substrate concentration megasporocyte: cell that will undergo meiosis to produce KM = constant numerically equal to substrate concentration megaspores at which reaction rate is half of Vmax meiofauna: tiny organisms that live on bed of stream, river, or t = time lake and are barely visible to human eye; those that pass through 0.500 mm sieve and retained on 0.045 mm sieve micro-: prefix meaning extremely small meiosis: nuclear division that separates sets of chromosomes; microbial loop: energy/carbon pathway wherein dissolved reduction division; reduces 2n condition to 1n condition; organic carbon re-enters food web through incorporation into nuclear process in which each of four daughter cells has half bacteria as many chromosomes as parent cell; in plants it produces microcyst: in slime molds, stage that occurs when amoeboid meiospores or meiospore nuclei, in animals it produces cells or swarm cells round up and form thin wall, then gametes (Gr. meioun = to make smaller) become dormant, surviving unfavorable conditions meiospore: 1n spore resulting from meiosis (Gr. meioun = to microfauna: microscopic animals; small, often microscopic make smaller, spora = seed) animals, especially those inhabiting soil, organ, or other meltwater: water derived from snow or ice melt localized habitat, including single-celled protozoans, small nematodes, small unsegmented worms, and tardigrades membranaceous: transparent and thin microforceps: forceps with fine tip, used for handling tiny membrane: thin layer of proteins and lipids surrounding cells specimens, pulling leaves off bryophytes, etc. and most cellular organelles; controls passage of substances into and out of cell or organelle (L. membrana = skin microgamete: male gamete; sperm in bryophytes; antherozoids covering separate members of body) microgametophyte: male gametophyte meristem: collection of cells capable of active cell division, microgravity: very weak gravity thereby adding to plant body; embryonic cells; growth region micron: (μm) micrometer; unit of length, one-thousandth of (Gr. meristos = divisible) millimeter meristem tissue: collection of cells capable of active cell micronema: small, fine, sparsely branched rhizoid produced on division, thereby adding to plant body; embryonic or stem between leaves, e.g. stem rhizoids of Rhizomnium undifferentiated cells pseudopunctatum and Plagiomnium ellipticum [ant. mesic: describing habitat having moderate moisture or water macronema] supply micronutrient: essential nutrient needed by plants in relatively mesophilous: preferring mid-moisture habitats small amounts (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ni, Cl, B); trace mesophyte: plant growing in moderately humid habitats elements mesophytic: living in continually moist habitats; water and microphyllous: having leaves smaller than normal leaves habitat requirements between hygrophytic and xerophytic microselection: small selection pressures, like forced change in mesotrophic: moderately rich in dissolved nutrients, often near diet; for some, reproducing asexually and eventually to neutrality, neither basic nor acid diverging from their ancestors, creating cryptic species messicole: growing in harvested fields; annual or hardy plants microspecies: populations within species that differ often present in crops physiologically but not morphologically, permitting them to occupy different growing conditions; has genotype that is metabolism: sum total of all chemical activities of living perpetuated by apomixis (production of sporophyte without organism (synthesis and breakdown) fertilization), trait exhibited by number of bryophyte species metacommunity: set of interacting communities linked or microstomous: referring to capsule with small, narrow mouth potentially linked by dispersal of multiple, potentially interacting species microtubule: essential protein filament of cell structural skeleton metapopulation: group of partially isolated local populations of mictic: referring to females that produce their eggs by meiosis, as same species, but connected by migration in some rotifers midrib: single costa of leaf or rib of thallus methane (CH4): gas found in small quantities in Earth's atmosphere; simplest hydrocarbon, consisting of one carbon mimic: evolved resemblance between organism and another, atom and four hydrogen atoms; powerful greenhouse gas including any of visual, acoustic, chemical, tactile, or methanotrophic: able to gain carbon from methane; known in electric, or combinations of these sensory modalities; some bacteria receiver (such as predator) perceives similarity between mimic (organism that has resemblance) and model (organism methionine: amino acid that is relatively insoluble in water and it resembles) and as result changes its behaviour in way that has non-polar R group; sulfur-containing amino acid provides selective advantage to mimic; in Batesian mimicry, Metzgeriidae: subclass of mostly thallose liverworts in mimic shares signals similar to model, but does not have Jungermanniopsida attribute that makes it unprofitable to do so (harmless mimic mica-schist: medium-grade metamorphic rock with medium to poses as harmful); in Muellerian mimicry, two or more large, flat, sheet-like grains in preferred orientation (nearby harmful species mutually advertise themselves as harmful grains are roughly parallel), called mica schists when they mineral: inorganic substance occurring naturally in earth and include biotite or muscovite having consistent and distinctive set of physical properties Michaelis-Menten kinetics: equation describing rate of minerotrophic: powered by groundwater and runoff waters often enzymatic reactions, by relating reaction rate v (rate of richer in minerals than rain water, e.g. nutrient-rich fens formation of product [P]) to [S], concentration of substrate S minipacket: small packet from pocket notebook paper, used for v = d[P] / dt = Vmax [S] / (KM+ [S]) small specimens to prevent their loss in bag or large packet minute: very small Glossary G-27 mire: swampy or boggy ground moss ball: formation of mosses around pebble or other small mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria): cell organelle used during object subject to movement that causes growth on all sides to respiration; site in cell that generates most of ATP form ball; common on lake shores, glaciers, and windy slopes; vagrant plants; erratic; solifluction floaters; mitosis: nuclear division where two daughter cells are produced errant cryptogams from one parent cell with no change in number of chromosomes mossy forest: uncommon ecosystem featuring miniature trees, inhabited by small species of fauna such as rodents and mixohydric: using both internal and external methods in water lizards; usually located at high elevations, under conditions conduction of sufficient air humidity but poor soil; cloud forest; dwarf µm: abbreviation of "micrometer" or "micron," unit of length, forest; elfin forest one-thousandth of millimeter (0.001 mm) motile: in plants, capable of moving by means of flagellum moist: hydrated mountain: natural elevation of Earth's surface, rising more or molluscicidal: killing molluscs such as snails, slugs, or clams; less abruptly to summit, and attaining altitude greater than produced by floating liverwort Ricciocarpos natans that of hill, usually greater than 610 meters monad: grouping of one, as in single spore mountant: any substance (usually water for non-permanent monitor: to watch or check on; instrument (including plant) used slides) in which specimen is suspended between slide and to check on conditions cover glass for microscopic examination 6 2 monocular: having one eyepiece MPa: unit of measure equal to 10 Newtons per m or 1 N per mm2 or 10 bars monoculture: cultivation of single crop in given area mRNA: messenger RNA, used during protein synthesis monoecious: bisexual; having both male and female reproductive structures on same plant; applied to sporophytes of mucilage: polymer of galactan which yields hexose sugar tracheophytes galactose on hydrolysis; any thick, sticky substance secreted by cell; often produced by liverworts in special cells monogalactosyldiacyl glycerol (MGDG): nonionic lipid constituent of thylakoid membrane of higher plants; can be mucous: containing slime produced in response to low temperatures mucro: short point, clearly marked monogynous: has only one queen in mound, as seen in some ants mucronate: ending in mucro, e.g. leaf of Barbula unguiculata monoicous: bisexual; with antheridia and archegonia on same mud: soft, sticky matter resulting from mixing of earth and plant (including autoicous, synoicous, paroicous) [ant. water, causing water to lose its clarity dioicous] mudflat: stretch of muddy land left uncovered at low tide monomorphic: having single form multicellular: having plant body composed of more than one cell monomorphism: both genders look same; literally, one form wherein cells do not act as independent organisms monophyletic: referring to group of organisms that includes multicellular reproductive structure: characteristic of most recent common ancestor of all organisms and reproductive structures of plant kingdom descendants of that common ancestor; having common multicostate: with several nerves, e.g. costae in leaf of ancestor (Gr. mono = one; Gr. phyl = tribe) Antitrichia curtipendula monopodial: growth pattern with single continuous axis, e.g. multifid: divided several times, e.g. thallus of Riccardia growth pattern of Eucladium verticillatum or Climacium multifica [ant. sympodial] multipapillose: with several papillae per cell, e.g. leaf cells of montane: pertaining to, growing in, or inhabiting mountainous Syntrichia calcicola regions; of or designating cool, moist ecological zone usually located near timberline and usually dominated by evergreen multi-ranked: having leaves coming from more than two sides trees of stem moor: habitat with poor soil covered mainly with grass and multistratose: having multiple layers of cells heather; common in high latitudes and altitudes; heath muricate: with rough surface caused by many small asperities moraine: mass of rocks and sediment carried and deposited by (like bumps on tongue) glacier Musci: old class name for mosses when Bryophyta included moribund: at point of death mosses, liverworts, and hornworts morphogenesis: development muscicolous: growing best among mosses morphological: referring to characteristics of structure (Gr. muticous: without awn, hair-point or mucro morphe = form, logos = discourse) mutualism: interaction between organisms in which both morphology: discourse of form and structure (Gr. morphe = partners benefit, such as alga and fungus of lichen (L. mutuus form, logos = discourse, doctrine); form or appearance of = reciprocal) plant mutualistic: benefitting each other morphose: manner of morphological transformation which is not mycelium: fungal threads due to heredity mycetophagous: eating fungi morphospecies: taxonomic species based wholly on mycobiont: fungal partner morphological differences from related species, i.e. not based on genetic markers; species forms mycophagous: describes organisms that consume fungi mortar: workable binder, usually concrete, used to bind building mycorrhiza (pl. mycorrhizae): fungal association with root (or blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry units anchoring structure); characteristic of Lycopodium together, fill and seal gaps between them, and sometimes add gametophyte and most pine roots (Gr. mykes = fungi, riza = decorative colors or patterns in masonry walls; roughened root bowl, used with pestle, to grind material G-28 Glossary myxamoeba (pl. myxamoebae): in some slime mold life cycles, fundamental niche: full range of environmental conditions stage when slime mold spore germinates, forming amoeba- that viable population of species could occupy and use, like cell without any other limiting factors present which could constrain population N realized niche: part of fundamental niche that organism n: number of chromosomes in set (1n = haploid; 2n = diploid) actually occupies as result of limiting factors present in its habitat NADH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + H, active coenzyme form of vitamin B niche overlap: measure of degree to which two organismic units 3 use same resources or other environmental variables; nadir: lowest point reached niche width: syn. = niche breadth; variety of resources nadir temperature: lowest temperature of cycle population exploits; theoretical range of conditions that naked: without ornamentations, without hairs, or without species could inhabit and successfully survive and reproduce perichaetial leaves with no competition; species able to use only limited nannandrous: having dwarf males, i.e. tiny male plants resource conditions has narrow niche; nanoparticle: particle of matter that is between 1 and 100 nitidous: bright shiny appearance nanometers in diameter nitrite reductase: enzyme that facilitates addition of hydrogen - natural area: area where species is considered to be native and loss of oxygen from NO2 during photosynthetic electron transport process naturalized: introduced species which naturally reproduces in its new territory nitrocline: depth in water column where nitrate concentration differences are > 0.5 µg L−1 depth−1 naturalness index: descriptive index with scale of 1-10, with 0 being totally artificial nitrogen fixation: conversion of gaseous nitrogen (N2) to ammonia and its incorporation into organic nitrogenous nauplius: first larval stage of many crustaceans, having compound in cell; carried out by some bacteria and unsegmented body and usually single eye Cyanobacteria NE: Not Evaluated (IUCN) nitrogen reductase: enzyme that catalyzes addition of H+ to N to + neck canal: entry canal through neck to egg in base of form NH4 archegonium nitrophilous: preferring substrates rich in nitrogen compounds neck canal cell: cell of archegonium neck that will disintegrate niveal: subject to actions of snow and ice and liquefy when archegonium is mature nivicolous: associated with snow necrosis: cell death nocturnal: occurring or active at night negative gravitropism: tropism resulting in bending of plant away from gravitational center node: location of leaf or branch junction with stem negative phototropism: tropism resulting in bending of plant nodular: having small masses of solid tissue away from light, typical of roots and rhizoids nodule: small swelling or aggregation of cells in organism, in nematodontous: having peristome consisting essentially of plants, may contain bacterium Bradyrhizobium and is site of whole dead cells, usually with thickened walls, non-jointed nitrogen fixation nematogon: initial cell that will produce rhizoid nomenclature: codified set of terms used for denomination of species nematogonous: filamentous nemoral: living in open woodland neotenous: retaining juvenile characteristics in adults Plant Nomenclatural Classification Endings neoteny: condition in which juvenile characters retained in adults Kingdom: -ae Neotropics: syn. = New World Tropics; geographic regions Phylum/Division: -phyta including Central America, Antilles, large part of northern Class: -opsida part of South America and Galapagos Islands, including Order: -ales areas of Mexico, Central America, West Indies, Chocó, Family: -aceae Northern Andes, Central Andes, Amazonia, Guyana Genus various Highland, Planalto, and Southeastern Brazil Species various neotype: specimen designated as type of taxon in absence of any original material non-sessile: unattached neoxanthin: hydrophilous carotenoid pigment non-tracheophyte: plant lacking tracheids, e.g. bryophytes net primary productivity: production of carbon that is actually non-translocatable: adjective to describe nutrients or other converted into biomass, i.e., fixed carbon that remains once substances that do not usually move from original site of one subtracts that lost to respiration storage in plant neutrocline: non-strict neutrophile, having wider tolerance NT: Near Threatened (IUCN) around neutrality of soils or living environment; prone to acid-base neutrality of biotope but occur in slightly acidic or nuclear condition: number of sets of chromosomes, usually basic environments haploid (1n) or diploid (2n) Newbury Instability Index: indicator of sensitivity of substrate nucleolus (pl. nucleoli): apparent body on nucleus where particle to tractive force  by dividing  by median substrate extensive RNA formation is occurring size nucleus (pl. nuclei): cell organelle bounded by two membranes niche: in ecology, all of interactions of species with other and containing DNA; occurs in most living eukaryotic cells members of its community, including competition, predation, (L. nucleus = kernel of nut parasitism, and mutualism; role of species in its ecosystem Glossary G-29 nunatak: mountain top or rocky outcrop escaping regional ommatidia: tiny independent photoreception units in arthropods glaciation, typically vegetated by algae, mosses, and lichens that consist of cornea, lens, and photoreceptor cells that nurse protonemata: protonemata that enhance growth of other distinguish brightness and color, and especially motion protonemata omnivorous: eats both plants and animals nutation: spiral or circular growth pattern oogonium (pl. oogonia): egg-producing cell, one-celled nutrient: element or compound useful to plant when in proper ootheca (pl. oothecae): egg case quantities (see macronutrient, micronutrient) open-field: relating to system of agriculture widely practiced in nutrient deficiency: condition in which some nutrient is not medieval Europe and based upon dividing arable land into available in sufficient quantity for plant to function properly unenclosed strips usually subject to 3-year rotation; prevalent nutrient sink: natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and agricultural system in much of Europe during Middle Ages stores nutrient; these may include continually transporting and lasting into 20th century in parts nutrients to new tissues, storing them in older tissues, or operculate: having operculum (lid) binding them in incalcitrant compounds; typical sinks operculum (pl. opercula): in mosses, lid of capsule (spore- include rhizomes, tubers, roots, and plant biomass container) that comes off for spore dispersal (L. operculum = nymph: immature form of insect that does not change greatly as lid); in snails, covering over opening of shell it grows opportunist: plant that takes advantage of most abundant or easily obtainable site of occupancy; one taking immediate O advantage O horizon: organic soil layer including litter layer (O1), -opsida: suffix applied to class of plants, e.g. Bryopsida, fermentation layer (Of), and humified layer (Oh) Sphagnopsida objective: in microscope, series of lenses that produce magnified orchard: area planted with fruit trees image of specimen and project it up into focal plane of ocular order: next major subdivision of class, ending in "ales," e.g. obligate aquatic: having little or no tolerance to drought order Bryales conditions Ordovician: geologic period of Palaeozoic era dating ~441-504 obligately foliicolous species: those unable to grow elsewhere million years ago oblique: in protonemata; end wall is oriented on slant compared oreal: high altitude, pertaining to mountains to axis of filament organelle: cellular subunit with structure and function occasional: with respect to bryophyte fauna, animal that may at oribatid mite: any of superfamily (Oribatoidea) of small oval times be found associated with bryophytes but does not eyeless nonparasitic mites having heavily sclerotized depend on them for survival integument with leathery appearance oceanic: parts of West of temperate Europe; often used to refer to ornithocoprophilous: growing on bird droppings climate influenced by ocean orography: topographic relief of hills and mountains ocellus (pl. ocelli): in liverworts, differentiated cell, large size, orophyte: plant of mountains which includes one or more large oil bodies, e.g. in leaf cells of Frullania tamarsci orthotropic: standing vertically ocular: eyepiece, as on microscope osmiophilic: refers to lipid-containing bodies in chloroplast; plastoglobuli ocular micrometer: measuring instrument that is inserted into eyepiece of microscope osmiophilic globule: lipid-containing body in chloroplast oil body: membrane-bound, terpene-containing organelle unique osmiophilic layer: lipid layer; plastoglobuli to liverworts; isoprenoid essential oils with distinctive odors, osmolality: concentration of solution expressed as total number e.g. in leaf cells of Radula complanata and Leiocolea of solute particles per kilogram turbinata osmosis: movement of water from area of highest concentration oil cell: in thallose liverworts, idioblastic cell with single large oil of water to area of lowest concentration of water through body, e.g. some thallus cells of Ricciocarpos natans differentially permeable membrane; processes toward oil immersion: microscope setup in which drop of oil is placed achieving equal concentrations on both sides of membrane on slide at point of interest and objective lens is immersed in osmotic potential: potential of water molecules to move from drop; helps focus light at 900X and higher magnifications hypotonic solution (more water, less dissolved solutes) to old-growth: of tree or forested area, never felled, harvested, or hypertonic solution (less water, more dissolved solutes) cleared; mature; primary forest, virgin forest, primeval across semi-permeable membrane forest, late seral forest, or forest primeval OTU: operational taxonomic units – used when species cannot olfactory: odor-sensing on need not be named oligomineral: having few dissolved minerals outcrop: rock surface that appears above soil surface oligotrophic: referring to soil, mineral-poor, poor in nutrients, so outcrossing: outbreeding; crossing individuals of different having little fertility populations or less closely related than average pairs in population ombrogenous: referring to bog, dependent on rain for its formation overhang: part of something that sticks out or hangs over another thing ombrophilous: referring to plant tolerant of wet conditions, i.e. much rain overwintering: persisting throughout winter ombrotrophic: receiving nutrients primarily from rainfall, e.g. oviparous: producing eggs that are laid and hatch later, as in low-nutrient bogs and poor fens birds, some rotifers, amphibians, some reptiles, and others oviposition: to deposit or lay eggs, especially by means of ovipositor G-30 Glossary ovoviviparity: in snails, larvae emerge inside mother's body and paroicous: monoicous with antheridia and archegonia in single emerge from "her" body as juvenile snails gametoecium but not mixed, antheridia in axils of bracts just oxidative burst: respiratory burst; rapid release of reactive below those bracts surrounding archegonia oxygen species – superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide parthenogenetic: producing viable unfertilized eggs that develop into embryos P particulate organic matter (POM): macroorganic matter, or pachyphyllous: with thick leaves coarse fraction organic matter; soil organic matter or other particulates between 0.053 mm and 2 mm in size, Palaearctic: relating to or denoting zoogeographical region readily decomposable, serving many soil functions and comprising Eurasia north of Himalayas, together with North providing terrestrial material to water bodies Africa and temperate part of Arabian peninsula pasture: land covered with grass and other low plants suitable Palaeotropical: referring to Old World tropics; for grazing phytogeographical kingdom comprising Africa, tropical Asia, New Guinea, and many Pacific islands (excluding path: road, way, or track made for particular purpose; narrower Australia and New Zealand) than road paleaceous: having consistency of straw patient: life strategy for tolerant species palisade mesophyll: columnar cells of inner leaf tissue pauciennial: short-lived pavement: hard surface of road, street, or sidewalk; sometimes paludicolous: growing in marshes, in swamps used to describe flat slab of natural rock bed paludification: process of becoming marsh-like pearling: process wherein aquatic plants are producing oxygen pan trap: simple small pan with soapy water; one drop of as result of photosynthesis, forming bubbles on plants detergent in pan or bowl is sufficient to break surface tension and cause insects to drown; color can be chosen to attract peat: mass of semicarbonized plant tissue; often considered certain groups of insects synonymous with Sphagnum, but actually includes grasses, sedges, and other plant types; accumulation of partially pantropical: distribution includes tropical regions of both decayed vegetation or organic matter that is unique to natural Eastern and Western Hemispheres areas called peatlands, bogs, or mires papilla (pl. papillae): projection from cell or structure, as in cells peat-forming: producing peat of some mosses peatland (s.l.): natural area with accumulation of partly papillose: with one or several papillae per cell, e.g. leaf cells of decomposed vegetable matter; refers to peat soil and wetland Aulacomnium palustre, Syntrichia calcicola habitat growing on its surface PAR: (= PhAR) photosynthetically active radiation, expressed as peaty: containing peat µmol m-2 s-1, or as watts per meter square (W m-2) pebble: small, usually rounded stone, especially when worn by parachuting: free-fall descent that is less than 45° from vertical: action of water used by some frogs and toads pectate: salt or ester of pectic acid; polygalacturonic acid; acts as páramo: misty alpine plateau with stunted trees and wide daily chelator to bind calcium and form cross-links that hold temperature fluctuations, creating severe habitat; high adjacent pectate polymers and thus plant cell walls together treeless plateau pedestal: short, broad supporting stalk, occurring on some paraphyllium (pl. paraphyllia): reduced leaflike appendage archegonia between leaves on stem or branches of some pleurocarpous mosses, e.g. along stem of Thuidium delicatulum peg: scaled, inward protrusions of cell wall, e.g. in rhizoid of Marchantia paraphysis (pl. paraphyses): hyaline or yellowish, usually uniseriate, non-reproductive hair often associated with pellucid: transparent, translucent antheridia and archegonia in mosses; occur in fungi, algae, pendant: epiphyte with long main stem hanging down, with and bryophytes (Gr. para = beside, physis = growth) short side branches (also spelled pendent, but in English parasite: organism that derives nourishment from another usage, this is adjective form) species of living organism without benefitting other pendent: hanging, pendulous; used to describe hanging epiphyte organism (Gr. parasitos = one who eats at table of another) peninsula effect: relating to dispersal and distribution, postulates parasitic: living on or in and gaining nutrients from another that number of species will decrease as one approaches tip of living organism, to detriment of host organism peninsula paratype: specimen cited in original description, but different PEP carboxylase: enzyme used in C4 and CAM carbon fixation from type specimen pathways to put carbon in temporary storage C4 compounds parenchyma: tissue composed of living cells with thin primary for later use in photosynthesis walls and no secondary walls, such as cortex cells; usually perennating: lasting from year to year have large vacuoles (Gr. parenkheim = to pour in beside) perennial: plant that overwinters and continues to grow for many parenchymatous: relative to cell, isodiametric and thin-walled, years (L. perennis = lasting whole year through) e.g. leaf tissue of Mnium stellare [ant. prosenchymatous] perennial shuttle: life strategy of species that requires stable parfocal: having all lenses adjusted to same focal distance, environments, such as epiphytes, where end of habitat is making it possible to switch objective lenses with minimal predictable – constant and numerous within area; in flood refocusing plains, mostly thallose liverworts that have both desiccation- paroicous: having archegonia and antheridia on same branch tolerant gametophytes and large spores parotoid gland: external skin gland on back, neck, and shoulder perennial stayer: life strategy of species that becomes of toads and some frogs and salamanders; can secrete established and remains for many years; having long-lived, number of milky alkaloid substances known collectively as desiccation-tolerant gametophytes, small spores, and long bufotoxins, which act as neurotoxins to deter predation; setae Glossary G-31 perfect peristomes: having both endostome (inner peristome) phaneropore: relative to stomate, guard cells of stomate are at and exostome (outer peristome) same level as adjacent exothecial cells, e.g. location of perforation plate: end wall of vessel in tracheophytes capsules pores in Orthotrichum acuminatum perianth: organ of foliar origin enclosing archegonia in most phanerophyte: large shrubs and trees, buds at tips of branches leafy liverworts (Gr. phanero = visible) perichaetial leaf: modified leaf among those surrounding female phase contrast microscopy: technique that converts phase shifts organs by light passing through somewhat transparent specimen to make changes in brightness of image reaching eye (or perichaetium (pl. perichaetia): modified leaves enclosing camera) female reproductive structures; ensheathing cluster of modified leaves or underleaves and perianth, if present, pharyngeal ring muscle layer: muscles surrounding pharynx, enclosing archegonia which is first part of foregut periderm: in slime molds, outer covering of sporangium phenolic compound: similar to lipid, but more soluble in water and less soluble in non-polar organic solvents; appears to be perigonium (pl. perigonia): androecium; in strict sense, by-product of metabolism with no known use to plant's own modified leaves enclosing male reproductive structures metabolism; many may serve as deterrents to predation by perigynium: in some leafy liverworts, tubular structure +/- insects fleshy which surrounds archegonium and subsequently phenology: timing of life cycle events (growth & reproduction), sporophyte or series of events themselves, as they relate to seasonal perine: sporoderm layer situated around exine (outer layer) of events; natural phenomena that occur periodically (Gr. pheno many spores = appear, logos = discourse, doctrine) periphyton: organisms attached to submerged surfaces above phenotype: total appearance of organism; set of observable sediments characteristics of individuals resulting from interaction of peristomate: having peristome genes with environment peristome: in mosses, fringe of teeth around opening of capsule phenotypic: form (spore container); involved in spore dispersal (peri = around; phenylpropanoid: compound that has freeze tolerance activity stoma = mouth, opening) pheromone: chemical substance produced and released into peristome tooth: one unit of peristome environment by animal, especially mammal or insect, permafrost: permanently frozen ground in arctic and subarctic affecting behavior or physiology of others of its species; chemical cue permeability: ability of membrane, cell, or cell system to permit substances to diffuse (L. permeabilis = that which can be -phile: suffix meaning "that likes," "that prefers" penetrated) phlobaphene: flavonoid (anthocyanin) pigment formed by peroxidase: enzyme that facilitates oxidation of phenolics to oxidation of tannic compounds, causing reddish-purple color quinones and generation of peroxide (H2O2) phloem: sugar-conducting cells of lignified vascular plants peroxisome: microbody containing catalase in plant cell that (tracheophytes) carries out photorespiration phloem loading: movement of sugars from source to sieve persistent: not falling, not deciduous element; cells in sugar source "load" sieve-tube element by actively transporting solute molecules into it; similar petrocolous: growing on stones or rocks phenomenon may occur in leptoids of bryophytes petrophilous: preferring stone habitats phorophyte: plant bearing epiphytic species Pfankuch score: rating of capacity of stream reach to resist photoinhibition: decreased photosynthetic activity due to excess detachment of bed and bank materials and to recover from illumination their changes photomicrography: photography through microscope PFD: photon flux density photonegative: in tropisms, bending away from light Pfr: form of phytochrome that absorbs far-red light to conform back to Pr form photoperiod: duration and timing of daylight PGA (phosphoglyceric acid): 3-C compound resulting from photophilous: loving well-lit habitats immediate fixation of CO2 in photosynthesis in C3 pathway photophyte: plant of well-lit habitats pH: negative log of hydrogen ion concentration; measure of photoprotection: in plants, suite of photoprotective mechanisms acidity to prevent photoinhibition and oxidative stress caused by pH = -log[H+] excess or fluctuating light conditions Thus, pH is base-10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration photorespiration: plant process to take up oxygen in light and in moles per liter solution. release carbon dioxide phaeophytin: pigment produced as result of stress that results in photosynthate: product of photosynthesis chlorophyll breakdown; chemical compound that serves as photosynthetic capacity: measure of maximum rate at which first electron carrier intermediate in electron transfer pathway leaves are able to fix carbon during photosynthesis; of Photosystem II (PS II) in plants maximum rate of Hill reaction (light-driven splitting of water phaeopigment: non-photosynthetic pigment that is degradation in PS II) product of chlorophyll pigment photosynthetic efficiency: ratio of energy stored to energy of phanerogam: seed plant light absorbed; photon yield of oxygen phanerogamic: referring to seed plants photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD): photons in 400- to 700-nm waveband incident per unit time on unit surface; phaneroplasmodium (pl. phaneroplasmodia): conspicuous expressed as µmol m-2 s-1, or as watts per meter square (W plasmodium, as in slime mold order Physarales m-2) G-32 Glossary phototactic: moving toward or away from light droplet; droplet of liquid then is incorporated into cell phototropism: growth in which direction of light is determining cytoplasm factor in orientation; turning or bending in response to light pioneer: life strategy for species able to colonize substrata not phycobilisomes: cellular organelle located on surface of yet suitable for other species thylakoids of chloroplasts and in which biliprotein pigments pioneer land: pioneer heath (phycocyanin, phycoerythrin) are present pirizal: cariazal – extensive, emergent vegetation of small, phycocyanobilin: blue phycobilin, i.e., tetrapyrrole chromophore stagnant lakes and puddles found in Cyanobacteria and in chloroplasts of red algae, pitfall trap: arthropod trap sunken into ground with water or glaucophytes, and some cryptomonads; forms other liquid to trap fallen arthropods; one drop soap will phycobiliproteins phycocyanin and allophycocyanin, which cause insect to break surface tension and drown absorb between 595 and 640 nm and between 650 and 655nm, respectively dry pitfall trap: container buried in ground with rim at soil surface phyllid (phyllidium): non-vascular leaf, as in mosses and leafy liverworts wet pitfall trap: sunken container with preserving liquid such as 10% formaldehyde, methyl alcohol, ethanol, ethylene phyllocladium (pl. phyllocladia): branches that look like leaves glycol (anti-freeze), trisodium phosphate, or picric acid phyllodioicous: having dwarf male plants growing on leaves of pit field: location of pit that connects two cells through middle female plants lamella and thin primary cell wall, but lacking secondary cell phyllodioicy: spore germination on leaves of female plant wall; location of concentrated plasmodesmata; known from phylloid: leaflike moss Hookeria lucens phyllosphere: space surrounding leaf pK: pH at which equal concentrations of acidic and basic forms of substance are present; negative log (base 10) of phyllotaxy: spiral arrangement of leaves on stem dissociation constant of electrolyte phylogenetic: referring to evolutionary relationships between placenta: in bryophytes, gametophyte-sporophyte interface groups of organisms plagiotropic: lying horizontally relative to substrate phylogeny: evolutionary history of group of organisms plain: large area of flat land with few trees phylum: highest major category below kingdom of plants and animals; also known as division in plants plane: relative to leaf margin, flat, non-curved, e.g. leaf margin of Dicranella subulata physiological races: populations within species that differ physiologically but not morphologically, permitting them to plane polarized light: light whose electric field oscillates in just occupy different growing conditions (microspecies, cryptic one plane; created by filter that permits only waves arriving species) in one plane Phyta: Latinized name for plant kingdom (Gr. phytum = plant) plankton: organisms that drift in open water -phyta: suffix applied to phylum name of plant kingdom (e.g. plasmalemma: cell membrane Bryophyta) plasmodesma (pl. plasmodesmata): tiny, membrane-like -phytic: suffix meaning "plant" channel in cell wall between adjacent cells, enabling transport and communication between them phytoalexin: substance produced by plant tissues in response to contact with parasite and that specifically inhibits growth of plasmodium (pl. plasmodia): in slime molds, life cycle stage that parasite typically consisting of mass of naked protoplasm containing many nuclei phytochrome: photosensitive pigments involved in photoperiodism, seed germination, and leaf formation; plasmolysis: separation of cytoplasm from cell wall due to reversible red/far-red light-activated molecular switch; removal of water from protoplast (Gr. plasma = something absorbs red and far-red light with form, lysis = loosening); shrinking of cell membrane away from cell wall phytophagous: plant-eating plasmolyze: condition of cell protoplasm shrinking away from cell wall PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION plastic character: one having alternative phenotype; character from Weber et al. 2000 that changes in response to environment RANK TERMINATION plasticity: capacity of organism to vary its morphology, physiology, or behavior in response to environmental Association -etum fluctuations Alliance -ion Order -etalia plastid: class of organelles, including chloroplasts, containing Class -etea pigments, and amyloplasts, containing starch (Gr. plastis = Subassociation (see Art. 13) -etosum builder) Suballiance -enion Suborder -enalia plastron: in aquatic insects, series of hairs or bumps on surface Subclass -enea of insect, used to trap thin layer of air against body of insect; as insect breathes oxygen, thin layer of air is prevented from

shrinking due to action of hairs and bumps pigment: substance that absorbs visible light and hence appears plastoglobulus: globular structure found in plastids, containing colored primarily lipids pinnate: relative to habit, feathery; in bryophytes, having plastoquinone: PQ; molecule involved in electron transport branches arranged on either side of stem, e.g. Ptilium crista- chain in light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis castrensis pleisiomorphous: nearly identical in form, showing primitive pinocytosis: process in which cell ingests liquid by budding characters small vesicles inward from cell membrane, thus containing Glossary G-33 pleopod: swimmeret; forked swimming limb of crustacean, five potamocolous: growing in rivers, streams pairs of which are typically attached to abdomen PPFD (photosynthetic photon flux density): photons in 400- to pleurispory: 2 or more spore size frequencies grouped around 1- 700-nm waveband incident per unit time on unit surface; 2 mean spore size frequencies expressed as µmol m-2 s-1, or as watts per meter square (W -2 pleurocarpous: producing sporangia on short, specialized lateral m ) branches or buds and typically prostrate, forming freely Pr: form of phytochrome that absorbs red light to conform back branched mats to Pfr form plicate: fan-folded like Japanese fan (ww), describing leaves of precocious germination: cell division occurs while spore still some mosses within capsule plumose: regularly pennate, appearance of feather predation: interaction strategy wherein one organism kills and Pohlstoffe: non-technical name for wetting agent (di-octyl consumes another sodium sulfosuccinate), also known as Aerosol OT and prehydration: partial rehydration of tissues by absorbing water having same active ingredient as DulcoEase, laxative vapor; can occur from high humidity prior to rainfall poikilochlorophyllous: lose chlorophyll and cease preparasitic attendance: events or activities leading to finding photosynthesis and transpiration when dry host poikilohydric: having state of hydration controlled by external prepared slide: microscope slide with specimen has been environment previously prepared by professional poikilothermic: having body temperature controlled by external primary forest: forest with native species and no indication of environment human intervention polar: Arctic and Antarctic regions primary pit fields: thin area in walls of many cells in which one pollutant: unnatural human-related substance that is introduced or more pits usually develop to environment (L. polluere = to dirty, lutum = mud) primary productivity: process in which solar energy is pollution: contamination of environment by unnatural human- transformed to biomass related substance(s) (L. polluere = to dirty, lutum = mud) primitive: taxonomic trait thought to have evolved early in time polyandry: condition of multiple male parents (L. primus = first) polygamous: heteroicous; having some male branches, some primordium (pl. primordia): earliest stage in development of female, and some both plant part polygynous: having more than one queen in mound, as in some procumbent: prostrate, e.g. horizontal growth habit of ants Plagiomnium polymorphous: with variability of forms producer: organisms that can make its own energy through biochemical processes polyol: group of chemical compounds (polymers or monomers) with hydroxyl functional groups; include polyethers and productivity: measure of new organic matter produced by group polyesters, including glycerin of organisms over period of time polyphagous: describes organisms that eat variety of foods profundal zone: deep zone of inland body of free-standing water, located below range of effective light penetration polyphenolic: polyhydroxy phenol; group of plant chemical substances characterized by presence of more than one proleg: fleshy short leg on abdomen of insect larva phenol group per molecule; cause coloring in some plants, proliferous: growth continues by development of new leafy including some autumn leaf coloring stems or innovations polyploidy: plant, tissue, or cell with more than two complete proline: amino acid which is constituent of most proteins, sets of chromosomes especially collagen polyribosome: polysome; cluster of ribosomes held together by pronase: mix of enzymes that break down proteins strand of messenger RNA that each ribosome is translating; pronotum: dorsal sclerite of prothorax of insect; upper surface of play role in peptide synthesis; protein-synthesizing apparatus prothorax, first segment of thorax polysome: see polyribosome propagule: see propagulum polysporangiate: having multiple sporangia on one sporophyte propaguliferous: in bryophytes, bearing propagules such as Polytrichopsida: class of mosses containing Polytrichaceae, gemmae, tubers, or bulbils Tetraphidaceae, Buxbaumiaceae, and Oedipodiaceae; propagulum (pl. propagula): propagule; diaspore that has characterized by nematodontous (non-jointed) peristome apical cell and can grow directly into leafy shoot if apical teeth cell is reactivated; reduced bud, branch, or leaf serving in poor fen: wet habitat with ground water as main water source, vegetative reproduction characterized by lowest (poor) nutrient levels; this term has prorate: referring to cell having papilla or mammilla located at been variously defined in different countries with older distal end, e.g. leaf cells of Pterigynandrum filiforme North American literature including poor fens as bogs prosenchymatous: referring to narrow, elongated, tapering cells population: group of interacting individuals of same species or overlapping at ends [ant. parenchymatous] lower taxon in common spatial arrangement with potential for gene flow prostrate: lying flat on ground or other substrate; creeping pore: small aperture, opening in wall of some cells; space or protandrous: describes condition in which male parts of opening; in upper surface of thallose liverworts individual plant reach maturity before female parts do, such as in fern prothalli and some bryophytes; helps insure cross- positive gravitropism: tropism resulting in bending of plant fertilization [ant. protogynous] toward gravitational center protandry: condition in which maturation of antheridia occurs positive phototropism: tropism resulting in bending of plant before that of archegonia toward light G-34 Glossary protein ice nucleator (PIN): protein that forms center for ice cell among spores in capsules of hornworts; outnumber formation and limits supercooling and induces freezing spores protocooperation: interaction between organisms that is pseudogley: gley (sticky waterlogged soil lacking in oxygen, mutually beneficial but not required, such as providing other typically gray to blue in color) resulting from temporary or with nutrients, moisture, or other conditions that enhance seasonal waterlogging due to poor drainage, rather than from environment created by bryophyte and slime mold living permanent existence of high water table together pseudoparaphyllium (pl. pseudoparaphyllia): rudimentary leaf protogynandry: maturation of archegonia before antheridia on present at branch base in some pleurocarpous mosses same plant pseudoperianth: in some thallose liverworts, tissue produced by protogynous: having archegonia mature before antheridia on thallus that surrounds archegonia and subsequent same plant sporophytes, e.g. tissue surrounding perianth of Preissia protogyny: condition of development or maturation of female quadrata organs before those of male organs pseudophrynamine (PS): class of indolic alkaloids used in proton pump: ATP-driven active transport of H+ ions from cell defense in some frogs into intercellular matrix, permitting cations to enter cell by pseudopodium: in Sphagnum, watery gametophyte stalk that charge gradient. supports sporophyte; sporophyte foot is imbedded at apex protonation: instance of substance gaining proton, i.e. being pseudosimplex stage: in tardigrades, stage that hibernates and is acidified sexually immature protonema (pl. protonemata): green, branched filaments pseudostoma (pl. pseudostomata): false pore, as those in produced from germinating spores, giving rise to leafy plant; Sphagnum capsule literally "first thread" pseudothallose: said of gametophyte resembling thallus protonema moss: moss with short or non-existent shoots that psychrophilic: preferring habitats with low-temperature wither after sporophyte is produced tolerance; low-temperature-tolerating organisms protonemal flap: bladelike structure from protonema; pterygodont: in some Polytrichaceae, type of nematodontous characteristic of Tetraphidopsida peristome, teeth provided with longitudinal ridge or wing protonymph: in mites, immobile stage within larval skin [ant. leiodont] protoplasmodium: in slime mold Echinosteliales, plasmodial puddle: small pool of liquid, usually caused by rainwater in stage that exhibits smallest surface to volume ratio and depression produces spores quickly over 2-4 days by producing single, pulse release: sudden release of substances during rehydration, tiny, stalked sporangium returning carbon and other nutrients, especially potassium, to protoplast: protoplasm of single cell soil Protozoa: phylum or group of phyla that comprises single-celled pulvinate: cushion-shaped microscopic animals, including amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, pumiliotoxin (PTX): found in all genera worldwide of anurans sporozoans, and many other forms, now usually treated as (frogs & toads) that contain lipophilic alkaloids; appear to number of phyla belonging to kingdom Protista have dietary source, with lab-reared animals lacking protrusion phase (in spore germination): intermediate phase compound; it is subsequently incorporated into skin; used in between swelling and distension in which germ tube is defense formed and spore wall is stretched punctum (pl. puncta): general term for round or oval pore in proximal: located at base near point of attachment silica wall of diatom pruinose, pruinate: covered with bluish or whitish powdery pupa: in insects, inactive life cycle stage between larva and adult granules or bloom pupation: period of development of pupa PS II: photosystem II of photosynthesis; system of molecules PVA: polyvinyl alcohol and enzymes in plant chloroplasts that absorbs energy of red light with wavelength of 680 nm, and uses it to produce ATP PVAG: polyvinyl alcohol with glycerol and to split water into protons and oxygen PVAGB: polyvinyl alcohol with glycerol and borax psammon: interstitial community among sand grains in fresh pyrenoid: proteinaceous body serving as nucleus for starch water storage and common in green algae and Anthocerotophyta; psammophile: growing on or in sand implicated as carbon-concentrating mechanism pseudoanisospory: false anisospory; spore size frequencies and Pyrethrin: class of organic compounds normally derived from mean spore size frequencies grouped around 2 mean sizes, flowering plant Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium that have usually in 1:1 ratio; small spore fraction results from aborted potent insecticidal activity by targeting nervous systems development of insects pseudautoicous: dioicous, but with male plant growing Q (epiphytically) on female plant pseudocoel: "false" body cavity with acellular fluid in nematodes Q10: ratio of ending to beginning reaction rates for 10ºC rise in temperature pseudodioicous: condition which appears to have separate sexes, but in fact they originate from one plant with separate sexual Q-mode analysis: area x area analysis; used when many branches variables are measured at multiple spatial or temporal points; unlike R-mode, principal component analysis for linear pseudodistichous: highly compressed, with leaves in spiral discriminant analysis; Q-mode method seeks to preserve arrangement, but appearing to lie in two rows "information" within samples of original data set, rather than pseudoelater: false elater; one, two, or four-celled sterile variance within variables filament developed after several mitotic divisions and quadrant: one-fourth of something; quarter subsequent differentiation of diploid pseudoelater mother Glossary G-35 quadrat: sampling plot genetic makeup leads to extermination due to rapidly quadrate: square evolving parasites and pathogens quagmire: soft boggy area of land that gives way underfoot reduced: incomplete, rudimentary quaking bog: floating mat in bog reed bed: area of water or marshland dominated by tall plants that grow in clusters quarry: typically large, deep pit from which stone or other materials are or were extracted refugium (pl. refugia): area that has climate representative of past and different from that of surrounding area quiescence: state of reduced metabolic rate regeneration: process of renewal, restoration, and growth that R makes genomes, cells, organisms, and ecosystems recover from natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or r and K selection: selection for life cycle strategy based on high damage; common way for bryophytes to reproduce from reproductive potential (r) or long life and high carrying fragments capacity (K) regulated river: river or stream where flow has been modified r strategy: life cycle strategy characterized by rapid growth rate, from its natural state by water storage or flood mitigation early reproduction, numerous, small offspring (spores or structures seeds in plants), and high resource uptake rehydration: process of restoring lost water (from dehydration) race: may be genetically distinct populations of individuals to tissues and fluids within same species, or may be defined geographically or rehydration protein: protein involved in rehydration and physiologically; genetic isolation between races is not recovery; synthesized during rehydration complete, but genetic differences may have accumulated that are not (yet) sufficient to separate species; not governed by rehydrin: protein involved in rehydration (rehydration protein), any of formal codes of biological nomenclature thought to be responsible for production of anti-oxidants relative humidity: amount of water vapor present in air radially symmetric: symmetric around central axis 14 15 expressed as percentage of amount needed for saturation at radiolabel: to tag with radioactive tracer such as C or N same temperature radula: rasping tongue of snails and slugs relative species abundance: calculated by dividing number of rainforest: forests characterized by high and continuous rainfall, species from one group by total number of species from all with annual rainfall in cases of tropical rainforests between groups 2.5 and 4.5 m, with definitions varying by region for relaxed clocks: fossil/molecular "clocks" temperate rainforests relevé: sampling method for stand of vegetation to collect data ramet: individual member of clone; physiologically distinct on presence, cover, density; list of species in area, often organism that is part of group of genetically identical collected by searching with no particular pattern (see individuals derived from one progenitor Department of Natural Resources, State of Minnesota 2013); Rapoport’s elevational rule: prediction of trends of increased visual descriptions of vegetation of area plus habit and elevational ranges of plants with increase in elevation habitat data ravine: deep, narrow gorge with steep sides relict: persistent species remnant of former widespread species in recalcitrant: describes substance that degrades at extremely slow some isolated areas or habitats; survived from earlier time rate if at all when released into environment; unresponsive to period treatment; resistant relictual: relative to plant that survives in favorable but limited receptacle: disc located on thallus or on stipe and bearing sex space organs, e.g. flattened platform on top of archegoniophore in R-mode analysis: species x species; used to study covariate Marchantia polymorpha of antheridial area on thallus of relationships (i.e., patterns of relationship among many Conocephalum conicum dependent variables in data set); in R-mode factor analysis, recessive allele: trait that only shows when both alleles of gene loadings are loadings of variables on factors; negative are same loading indicates negative relation of observed variable to factor reciprocal pruning: as trees contact each other, lateral branch growth is usually not influenced by neighbors until reproduction: formation of similar offspring mechanical abrasions occur resorption: to absorb (re-absorb) tissue after it has been made recognizable taxon units (RTUs): taxonomic entities that are resorption furrow: groove due to partial resorption of marginal recognizably different, but without application of names to cells, e.g. stem leaf of Sphagnum fimbriatum them; often used when non-taxonomist workers are respiration: process by which sugars and other stored organic collecting data molecules are oxidized and broken down, with energy recrystallization: process in which grains of crystal structure captured in formation of ATP come in new structure or new crystal shape; growth of larger respiratory pore: on right side of body of slug or snail; closes to crystals at expense of smaller ones; can occur during minor keep out water in aquatic species or to prevent desiccation freeze-thaw temperature fluctuations within organism; some under dry conditions on land biological antifreeze proteins inhibit this process and protect membranes from damage resting egg: dormant stage that suspends development in some invertebrates, maintaining genetic diversity through recurved: curved inward and downward unfavorable conditions red-listed: protected based on rarity status restinga: spit and distinct type of coastal tropical and subtropical Red Queen Hypothesis: hypothesis that organisms must moist broadleaf forest in eastern Brazil "constantly adapt, evolve, and proliferate not merely to gain resuscitation: action of making something active or vigorous reproductive advantage, but also simply to survive while again pitted against ever-evolving opposing organisms in ever- changing environment; e.g. limited capacity to create new reticulate: like network G-36 Glossary retort cell: part of outer cortex of stem in some Sphagnum rockhouse: small cave created by deep recess in bedrock cliff; species; outer cortical cells that are enlarged bottle or retort- mimic conditions prevailing in some tropical habitats by shaped; neck of each cell is turned outward away from axis buffering both temperature and moisture extremes and and has pore at distal end providing low light revegetation: process of replanting and rebuilding soil of root nodule: outgrowth on root that houses nitrogen-fixing disturbed land bacteria reverse genetics: genotype-driven technique in which genes are roraima savannah: in Amazonian Brazil, usually open with few either knocked out or added to see effect on phenotypic trees expression rosette: referring to habit, cluster of leaves at same level, thalli revivification: restoring life radiately spreading, e.g. rosette growth form of Riccia reviviscence: renewal of life; state of being revived sorocarpa revolute: rolled outward, toward abaxial, dorsal, external face; rotting stump: decaying remains of tree base leaf margins rolled under [ant. involute] rotten wood: decaying tree, log, or stump rhamnose: naturally occurring deoxy sugar, 6-carbon derivative r-selected species: organism characterized by rapid growth rate, of mannose early reproduction, numerous, small offspring (spores or rheocrene springs: springs that become streams immediately seeds in plants), and high resource uptake upon emerging from ground r-strategist: organism characterized by rapid growth rate, early rheo-hygropetric: flowing film of water on rocks in springs reproduction, numerous, small offspring (spores or seeds in plants), and high resource uptake rheophilic: loving flowing water RUBISCO: enzyme in chloroplasts that catalyzes carbon fixation rheophilous: growing in flowing creeks and rivers in plants and in oxygenation of resulting compound during rheophyte: aquatic plant that lives in fast moving water currents photorespiration in environment where few plants can survive ruderal: referring to plant living on field or wasteland in built up rhizautoicy: sexual condition of separate male and female shoots areas; waste areas connected by protonema or rhizoids, but appearing to be rumino-reticular: part of cow's four stomachs separate plants runoff: draining away of water from land surface rhizoid: non-vascular anchoring and absorbing structure, one cell thick and one cell long in liverworts and hornworts, rupestral: growing on rocks multicellular, generally with oblique end walls in mosses; rupicolous: living among or on rocks found in gametophytes of Marchantiophyta, rut: long deep track made by repeated passage of vehicular Anthocerotophyta, and Bryophyta (Gr. rhiza = root, oides wheels = like) rhizoid peg: cell wall protrusion into cell; found in S Marchantiales sabulicolous: growing in gravel or sand rhizoidal tuber: somewhat fleshy subterranean reproductive vegetative structure on rhizoids salamandrin: strong alkaloid neurotoxin that usually causes convulsions rhizoidosphere: area immediately surrounding rhizoids; comparable to rhizosphere of tracheophytes salt marsh: coastal wetland that is flooded and drained by salt water brought in by tides rhizome: horizontal (usually) underground stem, such as those connecting Polytrichum clones (Gr. rhiza = root) sample: specimen rhizosphere: soil immediately around roots; root zone sand: loose granular substance, typically pale yellowish brown, resulting from erosion of siliceous and other rocks ribose: 5-C simple sugar sand pit: quarry from which sand is excavated ribosome: organelle where protein synthesis occurs in cell sandstone: sedimentary rock consisting of sand or quartz grains riccardin D: macrocyclic bisbibenzyl compound that induces cemented together, typically red, yellow, or brown in color apoptosis of human leukemia cells saprolignicolous: growing on decaying wood riccionidin A: anthocyanidin found in some bryophytes saprophagous: organism that feeds on decaying organic matter rich fen: wet habitat with ground water as main water source, characterized by highest nutrient levels saprophyte: plant that grows on dead organic matter richness: in ecology, measure of number of different species in saprophytic: growing on dead organic matter; describes system without regard to number of individuals in each organism that lives on dead organic matter species savannah: grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions, with riffle: rocky or shallow part of stream or river with rough water; few trees term largely used in North America saxicolous: living on or among rocks [syn. epilithic, rupestral] rill: small stream scabrous: rough riparian: wetlands adjacent to rivers or streams scarce: few localities are known river: large body of flowing water scarification: abrasion process in which one "scars" seed coat by river bed: bottom of river scratching or nicking it; used to break dormancy in seeds with hard seed coats; mechanical means of breaking outer river ecosystem: large body of flowing water and its organisms covering of propagule such as seed or spore for germination rock: solid mineral material forming part of surface of Earth, scat: animal fecal dropping exposed on surface; boulder schizogeny: splitting; method of fragmentation of leaves and rock face: bare vertical side of rock branches; possibly result of hydration of middle lamella Glossary G-37 schizolysis: method to detach gemmae, requiring splitting from views them to incinerate. Hence, Semele could bear a child parent plant by lysis (disintegration of cell by rupture of cell only that once, then died. wall or membrane of adjoining cells; splitting and breaking semi-aquatic emergent: being in locations where plants are apart partly in water and partly out of it, but usually moist sciophilous, sciaphilous: preferring shady habitats semi-edophore: bryophyte-dwelling invertebrates; term meaning sciophyte: plant growing in shady habitats partly living in soil sciophytic: growing in shady habitats senescence: process of aging; process in which cell reaches state sclerenchyma: cell with thick walls that provides mechanical wherein it cannot undergo either progressive or regressive support to plant; thick-walled supporting cells development and only remaining change is toward death scleroderm: internal tissue made of cells with thickened walls senescent: growing old and small lumen sensillum (pl. sensilla): in arthropods and some other sclerophyll: plant with stiff, leathery, evergreen leaves invertebrates, simple sensory receptor consisting of modified cell or small group of cells of cuticle or epidermis, typically sclerophyll index: ratio of crude fiber to crude protein; high hair- or rod-shaped index typical of thick leaf with low specific leaf area, high fiber content, and low concentrations of foliar nutrients; in sensu: Latin meaning “in sense of” bryophytes, ratio of dry mass (dried at 80ºC for 24 h) to sensu lato: in broad sense shoot area; e.g. Polytrichum is sclerophyllous, sensu stricto: in strict or narrowest sense Jungermannia is not sequential hermaphrodite: organism that is first one gender, sclerotium: in slime mold life cycle, dry, hardened dormant state then other; in some snails, being first male, then female scree: accumulation of loose, small stones that form or cover serine: amino acid with polar R group and soluble in water; plays slope on mountain fundamental role in plant metabolism, plant development, scrobiculate: with numerous depressions, pitted and cell signalling scrubland: plant community characterized by vegetation sessile: in bryophytes, without seta, without stalk; attached, as in dominated by shrubs, often also including grasses, herbs, and hydra and many rotifers geophytes seston: living organisms and non-living matter swimming or s.d.: abbreviation for "sine die" meaning "without date" floating in water body secondary compound: chemical manufactured by plant that seta (pl. setae): stalk that supports moss or liverwort capsule; protects it; not used in any essential metabolic pathway elongated portion of sporophyte between capsule and foot; secondary forest: secondary woodland; forest regenerating hair largely through natural processes after significant human sex chromosome: one pair of chromosomes that are different in and/or natural disturbance or naturally regenerating after fire two sexes and are involved in sex determination or hurricane sex ratio distorters: cytoplasmic element such as infection may secondary growth: growth derived from lateral meristem, as in replace nuclear gene as sex-determination mechanism most trees; plant growth that does not occur at tips of stems sexine: outer layer of exine, having distinctively sculptured or tip of roots; in seed plants, secondary growth produces surface, e.g. in spore bark and wood sexual: in plants, any reproductive stage involving meiospores or secondary protonema: that protonema produced from mature gametes tissues that have been damaged or cut sexual dimorphism: sexes look different sedge swamp: highly productive freshwater marsh, sedge meadow or swamp; forested wetland with sedges as sexual reproduction: reproduction that requires meiosis, predominant ground cover formation of haploid state (having one set of chromosomes), formation of gametes, and union of gametes to complete life sediment: composed of autochthonous (formed in stream, river, cycle or lake itself) and/or allochthonous (transported into stream, river, or lake by water and wind) materials which are shade plant: plant that grows normally in shaded habitat where it continuously deposited on stream, river, or lake bottom receives only light of low intensity; most bryophytes are shade plants sedoheptulose: ketoheptose – monosaccharide with seven carbon atoms and ketone functional group; one of few heptoses shady: having full shade found in nature, in various fruits and vegetables and in some shaly rocks: (shaley) sedimentary rocks, including leafy liverworts conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, and seepage: process by which water, usually groundwater, reaches coal, forming finely stratified or laminated structure; of, like, Earth's surface or containing shale selfing: being fertilized by sperm from same plant Shannon diversity: measure commonly used to characterize species diversity in community SEM: scanning electron microscope semelparity: condition of reproducing sexually only once. H=∑[(pi)×ln(pi)] Semel comes from Latin, meaning once. Parous is derived from pario, meaning to beget. The origin seems to be in pi = proportion of total sample represented by species i Greek mythology, where Semele, daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, was the mortal mother of Dionysus by Zeus. In sheath: tissue that surrounds base of stem, seta, or capsule, e.g. the myth, Semele asked Zeus to reveal himself as his true vaginant lamina in Fissidens entity. Because he had promised to grant her a boon, he sheathing: surrounding stem, seta, capsule or other structure, e.g. could not break his promise, revealing himself as the in Hyophila involuta lightning bolts he represented, and that cause any human that sheet metal: metal formed into thin sheets or plates, typically by rolling or hammering G-38 Glossary shingle: mass of small rounded pebbles; elongated and organic matter, and organisms; ground = top part of commonly flattened pebbles and cobbles in gravelly Earth’s surface that people walk on sediment are deposited so that they overlap one another like soil degree days (SDD): unit of measure calculated as product of roofing shingles time (days) and temperature (ºC) of soil, usually averaged shoot: stem + leaves and other structures of bryophyte leafy over growing season or activity season for organism in gametophyte question; number of degree-days that occur in one day is shoot apex: tip, usually growing tip, of plant determined from average temperature for that day minus base temperature, which is minimum temperature above shore: land bordering usually large body of water; coast which activity occurs short-day: occurring only after being exposed to light periods shorter than critical length, as in early spring or fall Soil Descriptors short-lived shuttle: species that doesn't avoid periods of severe stress; habitat lasts 2-3 years bare soil: soil with no visible plants growing on it gravelly soil: soil containing unconsolidated rock fragments short turf: life form of bryophytes with regenerative shoots; loose soil: soil having loose and large-grained consistency forms spreading turfs for only few years; see Mägdefrau life peaty soil: soil material consisting of partially decomposed forms organic matter, usually found in swamps and bogs shrub: woody plant with several main stems arising from base top soil: thin, rich layer of soil where most nutrients for and smaller than tree plants are located shuttle species: one that moves from place to place, occupying short-lived environments solifluction: slow, downhill movement of soil and other shy male hypothesis: hypothesis that suggests males express sex materials in areas typically underlain by frozen or otherwise less frequently than do females impenetrable ground; slump; mudflow sieve cell: long, enucleate conducting cell of phloem somatic: referring to any cell except reproductive cells, i.e. vegetative cell siliceous: acidic, composed of silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2), which occurs in nature as chert, quartz, flint, and agate somatic mutation: mutation that does not affect gametes; mutation in body cells; usually non-heritable change silicicolous: growing on sandstone or siliceous rock soredium (pl. soredia): asexual reproductive structure in lichen siltation: particulate terrestrial clastic material, with particle size dominated by silt or clay, referring both to increased source-sink hypothesis: idea that organisms move from concentration of suspended sediments and to increased favorable habitat (source), often as result of overcrowding, to accumulation of fine sediments on stream and river bottoms sink that is less favorable, where they remain and accumulate where they are undesirable source to sink: movement of substance from area of higher Silurian: geologic period of Palaeozoic era dating ~400-440 concentration (source) to one of lower concentration million years ago (eventual sink) simplex stage: molting stage in tardigrades wherein old cuticle, sp.: Latin abbreviation meaning "species" claws, and lining of fore- and hindgut are shed, causing lack spate: sudden flood in river, especially one caused by heavy rain of sclerified parts of buccal-pharyngeal apparatus and or melting snow preventing feeding specialist: in ecology, species can thrive only in narrow range of simultaneous hermaphrodite: organism having both sexes in environmental conditions or has limited diet, e.g. species that same organism at same time and mutually exchanging prefer to or only can live on bryophytes gametes during copulation species (pl. species): taxonomic unit denoting those organisms sink: natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores that can potentially interbreed, yet are unable to breed with something other groups; group of entities recognizably different from silvicolous: growing in forests; also sylvicolous other entities but seeming to represent group with common characters (L. species = kind) sinistrorse: referring to seta that is twisted to left, counterclockwise, when looking from seta apex (capsule species-area curve: indicator of steepness of curve as each base) to seta base (sporophyte insertion), e.g. seta of Weissia species is added to list brachycarpa [ant. dextrorse] species diversity: measure of number of different species and s.l.: abbreviation for sensu lato, meaning in broad sense distribution of individuals in system slate: fine-grained, usually bluish-gray rock that splits into thin, species quality index: index requiring assignment of numerical flat layers or plates, formed by metamorphosis of clay, shale, score to all species present according to rarity; equal to sum etc. of quality scores divided by number of species sleeve: dense mat that surrounds base of tree trunks essentially in species richness: measure of number of different species in alluvial forests, e.g. Anomodon viticulosus around tree base system without regard to number of individuals in each species slime papilla (pl. slime papillae): mucilaginous projection on marginal leaf cells of liverwort; can help to absorb and hold specimen: example, part, individual water speleology: study of caves s.n.: Latin abbreviation for "sine numero" meaning "without sperm: male gamete that is smaller than female and motile number" spermatocyte: cell that becomes converted into sperm snow bed: depression where snow collects, causing shorter spermatogenesis: formation of sperm growing season than its surroundings spermatogenous: giving rise to sperm snowline: upper limit of plant life spermatophore: in some invertebrates, protein capsule soil: although soil ad ground are often treated as synonyms, they containing mass of spermatozoa attached on short stalk onto are different: soil = complex mixture of minerals, water, air, substrate Glossary G-39 spermatozoa: motile sperm, transferred during mating in several spring mire: mire with spring as its primary water source invertebrate groups spruce forest: forest with Picea as dominant genus sphagnan: glycuronoglycan that comprises ∼60% of squama (pl. squamae): part arranged like scale; broad, flat holocellulose in Sphagnum hyaline cell walls surface (L. squama = scale) sphagnicolous: growing in moss squarrose: spreading at right angles, as in Paludella squarrosa sphagnoid: cellular tissue consisting in network of chlorocysts s.s.: Latin abbreviation for sensu stricto, meaning "in narrow and hyalocysts, resembling that in Sphagnum sense" [ant. s.l. = sensu lato] sphagnophilous: Sphagnum-loving ssp.: subspecies Sphagnophyta: phylum name sometimes used for Sphagnum stacking: focus stacking; focal plane merging; z-stacking; and Ambuchanania when separating them from Bryophyta focus blending; digital image processing technique which Sphagnopsida: class of mosses with only one genus, Sphagnum combines multiple images taken at different focus distances to give resulting image with greater depth of field (DOF) sphagnorubin: red pigment in cell walls of some Sphagnum than any of individual source images can be built into species camera or used to combine series of images at slightly sphagnum: often used as common name for peat-moss different distances spiracle: external opening through which insects breathe stage micrometer: finely divided scale ruled on microscope slide spiracular disk: apparatus that contains breathing openings and used to calibrate ocular micrometer called spiracles stalk: seta in mosses; structure that supports capsule in mosses, spiral thickening: helical ridge on inner face of and part of liverworts, and some fungi secondary cell wall; found in elaters and secondary xylem standing crop: total biomass of ecosystem or any of its tracheary elements or fibers components at given time splash cup: container from which reproductive units (sperm, statolith: type of amyloplast used in sensing gravity gemmae, spores) can be splashed by raindrops stegocarpous: refers to capsule in which operculum is dehiscent, splash platform: in Marchantia, elevated antheridial head that majority of cases in moss species [ant. cleistocarpous, facilitates sperm dispersal by splashing; in mosses, rosette of astomous] leaves from which reproductive units such as sperm, stem: main axis of plant; caulidium in bryophytes gemmae, or spores can be splashed by raindrops stemflow: solution that flows down tree trunks during sporadic: appearing irregularly precipitation sporangium (pl. sporangia): container that produces spores; stenotopic: able to tolerate only restricted range of habitats or capsule (Gr. spora = seed, angeion = vessel) ecological conditions spore: reproductive cell that develops into plant without union stepping stones: stones, mountaintops, islands, and other with another cell, usually 1-celled formations that facilitate extension of species to new location spore mother cell: sporocyte; cell that will undergo meiosis to by providing suitable habitat for populations to grow produce meiospores stereid: slender, elongate, fiber-like cell found in costa or stem in spore sac: cavity located in urn of capsule and contains spores some mosses sporeling: all structures developed between germination and sterile: in botany, refers to organisms without structures to formation of adult gametophore reproduce sexually; free from living microorganisms [ant. sporocyte: spore mother cell; cell that will undergo meiosis to fertile] produce meiospores sterile jacket: term often applied to outer covering of sporoderm: wall or covering of spore sporangium; non-spore-producing tissue surrounding sporogenesis: process of giving rise to spores, starting with sporogenous tissue or spores meiosis in plants sterome: stereome; refers to entire system of stereids in mosses sporophore: sporangial stalk stochastic: randomly determined sporophyte: diploid (2n) meiospore-bearing generation; initiated stochastic process: unpredictable event by fertilization of egg and ends with meiosis (Gr. spora = stolon: stem that grows horizontally along ground, from which seed, phyton = plant) upright stems arise sporophyte generation: diploid (2n) generation in plants that stoma (pl. stomata): minute opening in capsule wall of begins with zygote and ends with meiosis that produces 1n hornworts and capsule neck of mosses; surrounded by two spores; dominant generation in all plants but bryophytes guard cells (Gr. stoma = mouth) sporopollenin: phenol-containing polymer that imparts high stone: rock or particular piece or kind of rock, as boulder or chemical resistance to exine (outer layer) of pollen piece of agate sporotrichosis: fungal disease caused by Sporotrichum in those stone quarry, stone pit: surface excavation for who handle Sphagnum extracting stone or slate sposs: hybrid form of spoon boss, tool that doesn't hurt and that storey, zone: forest floor, layer, understorey; also story catches loosened bryophyte before wind can carry it away stratose: in layers; denoting thickness of leaves spp.: abbreviation meaning more than one species stream drift: downstream transport by flowing water of bottom- spreading: patulous, relative to habit of leaves or branches, more dwelling invertebrate animals that spend part of their time in or less horizontal and perpendicular to axis (angle of 45° or open water; downstream transport of stream invertebrates more with axis), e.g. leaves of Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus stream order: describes tributary relationship of stream or river, spreading branch: in Sphagnum, branch more or less numbered from initial tributary as 1, to joint flow with horizontal, or arched another tributary as 2, and so forth G-40 Glossary

Shreve system: successive number represents sum of two sugar flotation: flotation medium using sugar, causing branches that merge organisms to float so they can be separated; must have higher Strahler system: requires two of same number to increase specific gravity than 1.20 to float common parasite ova merged number sulfoquinovosyldiacyl glycerol (SQDG): anionic lipid, major streamer: life form of long, pleurocarpous moss dangling in class of thylakoid membrane lipids water; in conditions where boundary-layer resistance is sun plant: plant that grows normally in sunny habitat where it limiting receives light of relatively high intensity stress: external constraint that limits rate of dry matter sunfleck: flashes or patches of sunlight on forest floor; typically production of all or part of vegetation; those conditions that caused by leaf movement in canopy restrict production, such as low light, insufficient water or supercool: cooled (liquid) below its freezing point without nutrients, or suboptimal temperature solidification or crystallization stress avoider: organism able to survive heat and cold as supercooling: process of lowering temperature of liquid or gas dormant part, i.e. seeds, spores, tubers, rhizomes, gemmae below its freezing point without it becoming solid; used by etc. some animals to prevent freezing damage stress tolerator: organism able to survive heat and cold as whole supercooling point: point of crystallization plant or animal, i.e. not seeds, spores, tubers, gemmae etc. superficial: on surface striated: having linear marks, slight ridges, or grooves on surface, often one of number of similar parallel features superhydrophilic: having highly efficient water absorption mechanism, as in some papillae stroma (pl. stromata): colorless matrix of chloroplast in which packets of chlorophyll are embedded superoxide dismutase: SOD; enzyme that destroys highly reactive superoxide by converting them into peroxide and stubble: basal part of herbaceous plants and especially cereal O2; contains zinc and copper or manganese; known to grasses remaining protruding from soil after cutting enhance membrane integrity stump: remains of base of tree after most of tree has fallen supralittoral: splash zone; of shore of lake, sea, or ocean stylet: in invertebrates, hard, sharp, anatomical structure permanently above water but made damp by spray from comprising mouthparts of tardigrades, Diptera, and aphids; waves or by capillarity of substrate straw-like, penetrates cell wall to suck cell contents suprasaturation: maximal hydration, such as that defined as subarctic: of regions localized immediately at south of Arctic water content after spraying, submerging, and subsequent subimago: emergent stage is subadult, as in mayflies; stage in removal of adhering water droplets by shaking development of some insects between nymph and imago supraspecific taxa: above species level (adult) in which insect is able to fly but becomes mature only Surber sampler: standard sampler for arthropods in streams, after further molt with area =10x10 cm, 100 µm mesh subitaneous: formed or taking place suddenly or unexpectedly; surfactant: compound that lowers surface tension (or interfacial undergoing or ready for immediate development; referring to tension) between two liquids, between gas and liquid, or summer eggs that develop without period of dormancy; non- between liquid and solid; influence droplet size and resting; used by some tardigrades important in lowering critical supersaturation necessary for submerged: term used to describe plants that grow completely activating aerosols into cloud condensation nuclei; may act underwater except for periods of brief exposure as detergent, wetting agent, emulsifier, foaming agent, and submergence: to put or sink below surface of water or any other dispersant enveloping medium; to cover or overflow with water surrogate: in ecology, group of organisms that can be used to submersed: relating to or characteristic of plant growing entirely assess suitability of habitat for another group of organisms underwater such as fish submontane: situated in foothills or lower slopes of mountain swampy meadow: this term has mixed definitions, so authors range should define it when they use it subnivean: beneath snow swarm cell: stage in some slime mold life cycles resulting when free water causes myxamoeba to develop flagella – one long subspecies: subdivision of species; usually fairly permanent and one very short geographically isolated race sweep netting: use of sturdy nets, often with canvas bag, that are substrate: molecule that is acted upon by enzyme in used to collect insects and other invertebrates from tall grass enzymatically controlled reaction; solid medium on which plant grows swelling of spore: result of uptake of water by spore substratum (pl. substrata): solid medium on which plant grows; symbiont: organism that lives in close association with another see substrate symbiosis: close association of two species, including subula (pl. subulae): long, slender points on leaves mutualism, commensalism, or parasitism succession: process of change in species structure of ecological sympatric: sharing part of their distributional area community over time symphoriont: organism carried by and often dispersed by its succubous: lying under; oblique leaf insertion in which antical host, e.g. protozoa living on tardigrades or on moss leaves (distal) margins are oriented toward ventral stem surface; symplastic: through protoplasts and their intercellular younger leaf begins above older one and grows tilted toward connections (plasmodesmata) substrate, thus succumbing to it by growing under it, e.g. leaf sympodial: growth pattern where primary axis is superseded by positioning of Plagiochila asplenioides [ant. incubous] succession of secondary axes succulent: fleshy; thickened and able to store large quantities of symphoriont: organism carried by and often dispersed by its water host Glossary G-41 synergism: complementation or helping each other so result is differ from one another not only in functional groups, but greater than sum of parts also in basic carbon skeletons synoecium: synoicous inflorescence, including archegonia, terraforming: technologies employed to convert desert moon or antheridia and surrounding bracts planet into habitable one synoicous: archegonia and antheridia mixed in same terrarium (pl. terraria): glass or plastic container in which gametoecium, i.e. intermixed plants are grown; often sealed and moisture recycles syntype: one of original set of samples of taxon used to describe terrestrial: pertaining to land and name it terricolous: growing on ground synusia (pl. synusiae): structural unit of major ecological terril: heap, especially of metallic ore or waste from mine community characterized by relative uniformity of life form or height test: shell covering microscopic organism systematics: classification of taxa testate: having shell covering, especially one group of Amoebae systylious: referring to capsule having operculum remaining tetrad: group of four; in spores, these retain flat-face cell walls attached to tip of columella after dehiscence made when they cluster together as group tetraploid: plant, organism with 4n chromosomes T thalloid: having flat, blade-like life form taiga: open forest, usually coniferous, bordering arctic tundra thallose: non-vascular plant body form; resembling thallus; bladelike; describes group of liverworts that are not leafy tail: bryophyte life form that occurs on trees and rocks, shade- loving; radially leafed, creeping, shoots stand away from thallus (pl. thalli): non-vascular plant body, usually considered substrate; e.g. Cyathophorum, Leucodon, Spiridens, some flat and dorsiventrally oriented, as in Marchantia; plant body tropical Plagiochila; see Mägdefrau life forms lacking roots, stems, or leaves; body type of algae, fungi, some liverworts (non-leafy), and gametophytes of lower tail autotomy: ability to drop tail as seen in some lizards and vascular plants salamanders complex thallus: thallus multistratose with marked Takakiopsida: class of mosses with finely divided leaves and differentiation of tissues, e.g. thallus of Conocephalum spirally valvate capsules salebrosum tall-herb: community with tall, linear vegetation such as grasses, simple thallus: undifferentiated thallus, unistratose or reeds, cattails, bulrushes multistratose, e.g. thallus of Metzgeria tall turf: bryophyte life form that is very tall; persist by thanatosis: playing dead regenerative shoots; can conduct water internally; see Mägdefrau life forms theanderose: G6-α-glucosyl sucrose that occurs in close association with ABA treatment that enhances freezing tamariscol: sesquiterpenoid alcohol with rare pacifigorgiane tolerance carbon skeleton; odorous major constituent of liverwort Frullania tamarisci at high elevations and high latitudes theca (pl. thecae): any external case or sheath tapetum: nutritive cell layer lining inside of capsule thermal: relating to heat tarsal fan: dense, long hairs on foot of each hind leg thermophilous: preferring warm places taxon (pl. taxa): general term for any taxonomic rank (Gr. taxis therophyte: plant with seeds, predominant in deserts and = order) grasslands (thero = summer) taxon flock: group of closely-related species (cryptospecies?) thicket: dense group of bushes or trees that live in same habitat but have high variability among thigmotactic: responding to contact specimens; can be due to small changes in developmental thigmotropism: alteration of growth upon contact timing thread moss: thin moss with little difference between main stem taxonomy: science of classification of organisms and lateral branches (e.g. Leskeaceae, some teeth (peristome): fringe of appendages about opening of Amblystegiaceae) sporangium in mosses throughfall: precipitation that comes through canopy temperate: regions between tropics and polar circles thylakoid: flattened, membranous vesicle containing temperature compensation point: that temperature at which chlorophyll; where photochemical reactions of photosynthetic gain equals respiratory loss, i.e., net photosynthesis occur photosynthesis is zero TIBA: 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid; polar auxin transport inhibitor temperature excess: difference between ambient and body tierra firme: upland habitat where elevation does not allow temperature water, even during high water season, to inundate forest teniola (pl. teniolae): border-like row of differentiated cells, tiled roof: structure to keep out rain, traditionally made from differing from true border by being intramarginal locally available materials such as terracotta or slate tensibility: strength when pulled end-to-end timberline: altitude at which trees cease to grow into actual tepui (pl. tepuuis): flat-topped, sandstone mesas in Venezuela trees; treeline terete: in cross-section, round, cylindrical time lag: period in time between event and response or second terminal: tip; at end of stem or branch action terminal bud: bud located at tip of stem or branch tmema (pl. tmemata): abscission cell; cell that ruptures to release moss gemmae, e.g. on gemmae of Aulacomnium terpenoid: sometimes referred to as isoprenoids; class of androgynum naturally occurring chemicals similar to terpenes, derived from five-carbon isoprene units assembled and modified in tomentose: woolly, fluffy, felted thousands of ways; most are multicyclic structures which G-42 Glossary tomentum: in bryophytes, dense woolly covering by rhizoids on tree well: condition where snow is separated from tree trunk by stem small funnel of air, caused at least in part by reradiation of topogenous: referring to type of bog, fen, or mire that forms heat from dark tree trunk under climatic conditions of reduced rainfall, with trehalose: sugar produced during desiccation and freezing that consequent lower humidity and summer drought, which increases survival rate restricts growth of Sphagnum to areas where precipitation is trigone: generally triangular or circular intracellular wall concentrated (e.g. valley bottom) thickening, found at point where three (or more) cells meet; torrent: stream of water flowing with great rapidity and violence common in leaves of leafy liverworts, e.g. leaf cells of Mylia totipotency: ability of any cell of organism to dedifferentiate and anomala then differentiate into new plant trilete: referring to polar spore with convex distal face and toxicity: poisonous quality or state proximal face with triradiate ridge, e.g. spores of Riccia beyrichiana trabecula: horizontal appendage, lateral ridge on peristome tooth, e.g. on teeth of Funaria hygrometrica triptophan: essential amino acid, C11H12N2O2, formed from proteins trace element: micronutrient; element required by plant in very small quantities (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ni, Cl, B) triterpene: one of class of hydrocarbons produced by many plants tracheid: lignified vascular conducting unit of tracheophyte, usually having tapered ends and pitted walls without tritonymph: in mites, second immobile stage perforations trivoltine: producing three broods per season tracheophyte: plant with well-defined, lignified vascular system; trophus (pl. trophi): mouth part in rotifers and certain insects; any plant of Tracheophyta; includes clubmosses, ferns, and any of rigid cuticular structures within mastax of rotifer seed plants (Gr. tracheia = windpipe, phyton = plant) which are responsible for grabbing or grinding food track: rough path or minor road, typically one created by use tropism: orientation of direction of growth in organ of plant, rather than constructed guided by external stimulus such as light or gravity (Gr. tradeoff: losing one quality or aspect of something in return for trope = turning) gaining another quality or aspect true starch: polysaccharide carbohydrate composed of two transcriptome: set of all RNA molecules, including mRNA, forms of glucose elements, amylose and amylopectin; rRNA, tRNA, and other non-coding RNA transcribed in cell principal storage compounds of plants transfer cell: cells at gametophyte-sporophyte junction, found in trunk: bole; main axis and support of tree foot of sporophyte and in adjacent gametophyte; endowed TS: transverse section, =cross section (cs) with extensive and complex wall labyrinth and intense tuber: in mosses, gemmae produced on rhizoids; in liverworts, enzyme activity; help move nutrients from gametophyte to perennating structure produced by downward growing sporophyte outgrowth of shoot apex, normally subterranean but can transition(al) mire: poor fen; natural wetland habitat with dense occur on stems, particularly in leaf-axils low growth of small sedges and other plants, developing on tuberculate: with peg-like projections of cell wall material into wet ground where water is fairly acidic and has very limited cell plant nutrients tuberculate rhizoid: with peg-like projections of cell wall transitivity: relation between three elements such that if it holds material into rhizoid cell in some thallose liverworts; pegged between first and second and it also holds between second rhizoid, e.g. rhizoids of Marchantiales and third it must necessarily hold between first and third, i.e. if a is part of b and b is part of c, then a is also part of c tufa: porous limestone (CaCO3) formed in streams and springs; rock formations resulting from carbonates built upon translocatable: adjective to describe nutrients or other bryophytes and other plants due to addition of photosynthetic substances that move easily through plant (L. trans = across, oxygen to dissolved minerals locare = to place) tuff: light, porous rock formed by consolidation of volcanic ash translocation: in plants, movement of organic substances from one location to another within plant; more generally used to tuft: relative to habit, clump with erect shoots, e.g. growth habit refer to movement of any substance from one place to of Tortella tortuosa another in plant Tullgren funnel: Berlese funnel or Berlese trap; apparatus used Transpermian Theory: theory suggesting life might have to extract living organisms, particularly arthropods, from travelled on bit of meteoric rock from Mars or other planet samples of soil and landed on Earth billions of years ago tumid: swollen, inflated transpiration: loss of water as vapor from plants tun: dormant stage; body dries out and appears as lifeless ball; transpiration stream: movement of water from roots to tops of tardigrades and rotifers can survive on bryophytes in this tall plants state transplant: to move something from place where it is growing tundra: vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and and placing it in another place to grow North America in which subsoil is permanently frozen transport system: in botany, system of cells used for directed turf: life form with stems erect, parallel and close together; often movement of substances throughout plant covering extensive areas; grass and surface layer of soil held together by its roots; life form of bryophytes with erect transverse: across; perpendicular to long axis shoots close together, e.g. growth habit of Bryum argenteum travertine: form of limestone deposited by mineral springs, turf moss: moss with upright shoots that bear new shoots after especially hot springs sporophyte forms and subsequently bear further archegonia tree: upright woody perennial plant with branches and more sporophytes turgescent: swollen after hydration Glossary G-43 turgid: swollen, distended; refers to cell that is firm and swollen frequent, or seasonal low-level cloud cover, usually at due to water uptake (L. turgidus = swollen, inflated) canopy level, turgor: state of cell which has taken in maximum amount of upstream: in opposite direction from that in which stream or water causing distention of protoplast river flows; nearer to source tussock: small area of grass that is thicker or longer than grass urceolate: relative to capsule : narrowed below mouth growing around it; hummock; small, rounded or cone- urn: spore-bearing portion of capsule (= theca) shaped, low hill or surface of other small, irregular shapes; raised hump as found in bogs and fens uronic acid: sugar acid with both carbonyl and carboxylic acid functional groups; important in creating cation exchange twig: slender shoot of tree or other plant sites tympanum: exposed outer surface of ear drum in animals such as mammals, birds, some reptiles, some amphibians, and V some insects V chromosome: male chromosome of bryophytes (see also U type: specimen attached to scientific name from which species chromosome) has been described Vaccinium heath: habitat dominated by Vaccinium shrubs like tyrphobiont: organism restricted to peat bogs and mires blueberry tyrphophile: species characteristic of bogs but not confined to vacuole: space or cavity in protoplasm, filled with watery them solution and enclosed by membrane U vaginate: sheathing vaginula: bottom part of archegonium when calyptra separates; U chromosome: female chromosome in bryophytes (see also V foot of sporophyte is imbedded in vaginula; sheath chromosome) surrounding base of seta, e.g. at base of seta of Orthotrichum ubiquitin: small protein found in almost all cellular tissues in stramineum eukaryotic organisms; helps regulate processes of other valley: low area of land between hills or mountains, usually with proteins in organism through conjugation to large range of stream or river flowing through it target proteins valley (small): small, low area of land between hills or ubiquitous: present in many types of distinct habitats; found mountains, usually with stream or river flowing through it everywhere valvate: separating into sections or flaps upon dehiscence UFPOM: ultra fine particulate organic matter valve: in liverworts & some mosses, sections of capsule that split ultraviolet light (UV): light waves less than 400 nm long; high apart at maturity energy light waves that are invisible (to humans) var.: abbreviation meaning "variety" uncoupling: in bryophytes, and some other plants, increase in height/length may not be well correlated with increase in variety: lowest genetically different level of classification biomass várzea forest: term exclusive to Amazonia, seasonal floodplain underbrush: shrubs and small trees forming undergrowth in forest inundated by whitewater rivers forest vector: in biology, carrier, such as flies that carry spores in underleaf: modified leaf on underside of plant, especially in Splachnum; in genetic engineering, bacterium, virus, or leafy liverworts; amphigastrium, e.g. underleaves of other organism, used to deliver new gene to cell of different Frullania organism undifferentiated: refers to tissue that has not become specialized vegetative: asexual parts of plant undulate: wavy, e.g. thallus of Moerckia flotowiana, leaves of vegetative leaf: leaves except those surrounding sexual organs Neckera pennata vegetative propagation: reproduction from non-sexual parts of unequal: of different size, asymmetric plants, such as fragments unicellular: having only one cell venter: swollen basal portion of archegonium, containing egg unidirectional diversity/dispersal hypothesis: hypothesis that ventral: lower or under surface; on leaves, upper surface; on downstream spread of propagules by water of aquatic and thallus or stem of liverworts and hornworts, underside riparian plant species, without upstream compensation, can ventral canal cell: cell at base of neck of archegonium; be expected to result in downstream accumulation of disintegrates before fertilization population genetic diversity vernacular name: common name; name used locally instead of unilateral: one-sided Latin name uniseriate: having only one cell layer vernal dam hypothesis: prediction that spring herbs sequester unisexual: having male and female reproductive structures on nutrients during spring when they have maximum growth, different individuals; having only one sex on individual; thus serving as sinks that retain nutrients that might monoicous otherwise be lost during runoff; might be present in bryophytes as well unistratose: one-layered; comprised of single cell layer vernalization: change in physiological state induced by chilling; univoltine: only one generation per year requirement in germination in some plant species upland: area of high or hilly land vernier scale: small, movable, graduated scale running parallel upper: relative to moss leaf, face oriented towards axis of stem to fixed graduated scale, used for measuring fractional part (=ventral, adaxial); relative to liverwort thallus, dorsal face; of one of divisions of fixed scale referring zone of leaf (upper leaf), distal third of leaf verrucose: covered with warts or wart-like projections upper montane cloud forest: generally tropical or subtropical, vertices: points where three or more cells contact evergreen, montane, moist forest characterized by persistent, G-44 Glossary vesicle: membranous sphere involved in transport or storage in and penetrating surfaces, e.g. soap; used to help water spread cell; swollen end cells, thought to be storage organs for food on dried bryophytes reserves in fungi wheat field: agricultural field where wheat is or was grown viability: durability; ability to survive, germinate, or resume widespread: common over wide area growth windfall: something (as tree) blown down by wind vineyard: plantation of grapevines window-pane trap: insect trap made with clear plexiglass to violaxanthin: xanthophyll pigment in plants, formed in dark and serve as barrier over container of ethylene glycol (anti- converted to zeaxanthin in red light freeze); window mounted on wooden frame suspended violent: life strategy for aggressive (competitive) species between two pipes anchored in ground; frame height should violet: color between blue and purple; color of amethyst, be at top of growing vegetation lavender and beautyberries window trap: piece of window glass set in three-sided wooden vital stain: dye, or series of dyes, used to stain cells and tissue frame from which sheet metal trough is hung; trough is filled for observation under microscope without killing them with fuel oil or water; trap is hung from various types of pole framework depending on location, and guy wires used to vitrification: preservation at extremely low temperatures without keep it from swinging freezing; involves formation of glassy or amorphous solid state which, unlike freezing, is not intrinsically damaging whiplash flagellum: type of flagellum that lacks lateral even to most complicated of living systems; e.g. when appendages sucrose is cooled slowly it results in crystal sugar (or "rock windthrow: fallen tree(s) resulting from wind candy"), but when cooled rapidly it can form syrupy "cotton wood: substrate of lignified tissues from trees candy" or lollipops wooded bog: habitat with peat mosses and trees, with nutrients vittae: row of elongated cells down center of leaf, only one cell derived only from precipitation deep woods/forest: ecosystem dominated by trees Vmax: reaction rate when enzyme is fully saturated by substrate woodland: tract of land dominated by trees volatile: evaporating rapidly; diffusing freely into atmosphere, as attractant in Splachnum capsule X volemitol: naturally occurring seven-carbon sugar alcohol, widely distributed in plants, red algae, fungi, mosses, lichens, xanthophyll: yellow or orange carotenoid pigment found in and some leafy liverworts algae and plants (Gr. xanthos = yellowish brown; phyllos = leaf) vortex ring: self-sustaining flow field that can carry one fluid (in this case, mass of spores) through another (in this case, xanthophyll cycle: process of enzymatic removal of epoxy surrounding atmosphere) without significant drag; used by groups from xanthophylls (e.g. violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, Sphagnum in spore dispersal from capsule diadinoxanthin) to create so-called de- epoxidized xanthophylls; protective mechanism for VU: vulnerable (IUCN) photosynthetic apparatus from photodamage caused by light- W induced oxidative stress xanthophyll index: antheraxanthin + zeaxanthin):(violaxanthin + wall: continuous brick or stone structure; partition surrounding antheraxanthin + zeaxanthin) cell xenosomic: using "foreign" materials, as using liverworts to Wardian case: early type of terrarium, sealed protective glass make caddisfly case (ant. = idiosomic) container for plants, with great use in 19th century in xeric: very dry; referring to habitat protecting foreign plants imported to Europe from overseas xerochastic: describing peristome teeth that flex and open as warning color: aposematism; advertising by animal to potential surrounding moisture decreases predators that it is not worth attacking or eating xerochasy: type of dispersal with falling velocities of less than water: medium in lakes, ponds, pools, streams, rivers, etc; 1.5 m s-1, unstable atmospheric conditions, and thermal rainfall; freezes into snow or ice updrafts under low humidity, providing greatest water capacity: percent of wet mass relative to dry mass contributions to dispersal wattle wall: woven wall daubed with sticky material; mosses xeromorphic: having structural adaptations to dry conditions may be used in weave xerophile: dry-loving organism wax: long chain hydrocarbon with little oxygen; contained in xerophilous: growing in dry places cuticle covering vascular plant surfaces xerophyte: plant of dry places WC50: percent water content at which 50% of plants would recover if dried to their compensation point xerophytic: describes plant adapted to dry habitat weft: loosely interwoven, often ascending life form; new layer xylem: vascular tissue that conducts water and mineral nutrients grows each year; e.g. habit of Thuidium tamariscinum; see in lignified plants; composed of tracheids, and in flowering Mägdefrau life forms plants (and few others) also vessels wetland: distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either xylicolous: living on wood that has lost its bark permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes xyloglucan: hemicellulose primary cell wall component; may prevail have been important contribution to ability of bryophytes to wetland drainage: area where water covers soil, or is present invade land either at or near surface of soil, is drained by such xylose: 5-C monosaccharide of aldopentose type, includes mechanisms as ditches to create dry land aldehyde functional group wetting agent: chemical that can be added to liquid to reduce its surface tension and make it more effective in spreading over Y Glossary G-45

Young's modulus: breaking force and breaking stress; mechanical property that measures stiffness of solid material; defines relationship between stress (force per unit area) and strain (proportional deformation) in material in linear elasticity regime of uniaxial deformation Z zeaxanthin: carotenoid pigment; one of xanthophyll pigments; able to deactivate antenna chlorophylls when there is surplus light energy; one of most common carotenoid alcohols and powerful antioxidant zoobenthos: animals that live on bottom zoochlorellae: algal symbionts, especially in Protozoa zoophagy: feeding on animals zoospore: swimming spore, i.e. flagellated zygomorphic: bilaterally symmetrical [ant. actinomorphic] zygospore: thick-walled resting zygote in some algae and fungi zygote: product of fusion of two gametes; fertilized egg before it has undergone mitosis or meiosis (Gr. zygon = yoke)

Literature Cited Department of Natural Resources, State of Minnesota. 2013. Handbook for Collecting Vegetation Plot Data in Minnesota: Relevé Method. 2nd Edn. St. Paul, MN, 57 pp. Grime, J. P. 1974. Vegetation classification by reference to strategies. Nature (London) 250: 26-31. Grime, J. P. 1977. Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. Amer. Nat. 111: 1169-1195. IUCN. 2004. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: A Global Species Assessment. Baillie, J. and Hilton-Taylor, C. (eds.). Weber, H. E., Moravec, J., and Theurillat, J.-P. 2000. International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature. 3rd edn. J. Veg. Sci. 11: 739.