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Color : Universal Language and Dictionary of Names / Kenneth L

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Color : Universal Language and Dictionary of Names / Kenneth L C A3- /o ; Wo *<>. * golor *"*£AU Of U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Universal Language National Bureau ^^^ of Standards Dictionary of Names NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 440 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/coloruniversallaOOkell COLOR Universal Language and Dictionary of Names Kenneth L. Kelly and Deane B. Judd* Sensory Environment Section Center for Building Technology National Bureau of Standards Supersedes and Combines THE ISCC-NBS METHOD OF DESIGNATING COLORS AND A DICTIONARY OF COLOR NAMES, by Kenneth L. Kelly and Deane B. Judd, NBS Circular 553, Nov. 1, 1955 and A UNIVERSAL COLOR LANGUAGE, by Kenneth L. Kelly, Color Engineering 3, 16 (March-April 1965) * Deceased / V s c **>K-f X Q. u U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Elliot L. Richardson, Secretary >~ |j Edward O. Vetter, Under Secretary oa *j Dr. Betsy Anker-Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology 1/1 National Bureau of Standards, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director b DECEMBER 1976 A-i THE UNIVERSAL COLOR LANGUAGE Kenneth L. Kelly A-v Preface to 1976 Edition The ISCC-NBS Color Names Dictionary (NBS Circular 553) has gone through six previous printings and has sold nearly 14,000 copies. In the years since this Dictionary became available in January 1956, a number of significant advances have been made in this field of colorimetry. The importance of the Centroid numbers became increasingly clear, so they were added to the appropriate color-name blocks in the color-name charts in section 13 of the 1963 (4th) and subsequent printings. Otherwise the Color Names Dictionary remains exactly the same. The demand for colors to illustrate the color-name blocks was voiced even before publication in November 1955. However, due to the high cost of developing precise colors and the lack of funds, the development of the ISCC-NBS Centroid Colors was delayed until 1965. At that time, they were published with financial assistance from the Color Marketing Group. These colors were produced by the Toby Color Card Company of St. Louis, and the Munsell Color Company of Baltimore supervised the final produc- tion, thus assuring that the Centroid Colors would meet the very stringent tolerances specified for them. The Centroid Color Charts became the first Supplement to the Color Names Dictionary. When the Centroid Color Charts were received in early 1965, there were fewer than 100 copies of the Color Names Dictionary in stock at the Government Printing Office. Since it would have required some time to update the Dictionary, it was reprinted with- out change (5th printing, 5/12/65). The necessary revisions including a description of the Centroid Colors were then incorporated into a paper entitled A Universal Color Language (UCL), also published in 1965. That paper is the second Supplement to the Color Names Dictionary. Since the Color Names Dictionary is still the basic document in this field of color and is now out of stock, it is being reprinted (7th printing) and updated by revising The Universal Color Language and publishing it along with the Dictionary. The Color Names Dictionary, The Universal Color Language and the Centroid Color Charts form a com- plete unit and are most useful when purchased together. For the first time all three items can be purchased from the Office of Standard Reference Materials, National Bureau of Standards. In addition, this volume containing the UCL and the Color Names Dictionarjr can be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office. The National Bureau of Standards is again happy to acknowledge the cooperative nature of this project and to express its appreciation to all those who have made it possible. Kenneth L. Kelly A-vi CONTENTS Preface to 1976 Edition A-vi Abstract A-l Introduction A-l Method of Color Designation A-l The Universal Color Language A-6 The ISCC-NBS Centroid Colors A-10 Other Advantages and Applications of the Centroid Colors A-10 Level 1 A-13 Level 2 A-13 Level 3 A-13 Level 4 A-13 Level 5 A-13 Level 6 A-17 Variable Accuracy A-17 Summary A-18 References A-18 The Color Names Dictionary (CND) iii (The CND has been reproduced exactly as it was in the 6th printing including the Table of Contents and pagination) A-vii ; The Universal Color Language by Kenneth L. Kelly Abstract The Universal Color Language (UCL) has been revised and will be published together with the 7th printing of the Color Names Dictionary. It serves as the means of updating the Dictionary. The UCL brings together all the well known color-order systems and methods of designating color. It interrelates them in six correlated levels of fineness of color designation, each higher level in- dicating a finer division of the color solid. It follows closely the original requirements for the ISCC-NBS Method of Designating Colors stated in the Color Names Dictionary. They were: a) accurate enough to satisfy a scientist, b) usable enough to satisfy a manufacturer and c) simple enough to be understood by the average person on the street. The first requirement is satisfied by levels 6 and 5, the second by levels 5, 4 and 3, and the third by levels 3, 2 and 1. The UCL is being increasingly used by science, education, art and industry. Instructions are included for the application of the UCL at each level. Key words: Color; colorimetry; color names; color designations; color-order systems. 1. Introduction and the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) co- operated for many years in the development of the Hardly a day goes by without the need for each ISCC-NBS Method of Designating Colors and a of us to verbally describe at least one color. The Dictionary of Color Names, usually shortened to degree to which the other person understands our the Color Names Distionary (CND) 2 [18, 23]. This description depends on a number of factors. Did I publication describes the selection of the ISCC-NBS use the common language of the street? Are we hue names and modifiers descriptive of the lightness from the same geographic area? Do we both work in and saturation of a color [sec. 4.2 and 5, CND] the same trade or occupation? Are we of the same which form the basis of the ISCC-NBS Method. ethnic group? How accurately must the color de- This publication also describes the method by which scription be understood? the psychological color solid 3 [sec. 4.1, CND; If we are discussing the physical attributes of the 37-fig. 1], dimensioned according to the Munsell "redhead" that just walked by, the accuracy of color (fig. 2) scales of hue (red, yellow, purple-fig. 3), description is relatively unimportant. However, if we value (lightness-light, dark, very dark-fig. 4) and are discussing the color of the carpet to be installed chroma (saturation-grayish, strong, vivid-fig. 5) in a large office building involving a considerable [sec. 4, CND; 3, 29, 30, 42], is divided into 267 amount of money, then the color description as blocks. To each of these blocks is assigned the ap- well as the lighting and viewing conditions under propriate ISCC-NBS color name. The hue, value and which the description applies must be very carefully chroma boundaries of each color-name block were specified and controlled. adjusted so that the color ranges embodied in each If we allow ourselves to dream about an ideal color color-name block reflected common usage of that language, it must be able to: ISCC-NBS color name [sec. 5, CND], figure 6. These Be understood by the public at least in a gen- 1) 267 color-name blocks are described in 31 color- eral way; name charts [sec. 13, CND]. Thus it is possible, 2) Describe a color with different degrees of given the Munsell notation 4 of a color, to determine accuracy; the ISCC-NBS color name most descriptive of 3) Use color names or numeral and/or letter this color by assigning to it the color name of the designations interchangeably color-name block in which this Munsell notation 4) Specify color tolerances around a standard plots. color; 5) Describe the color in terms of the best known color-order systems or collections of color samples; 1 end of 6) Describe colors with the even greater accuracies Figures in brackets [ ] indicate the literature references at the this paper (sec. 13). that will be in the future; demanded 2 The Color Names Dictionary [ref. 23] is frequently referenced in this 7) Correlate visual descriptions with instrumental paper. The abbreviation CND will be used to cite this source. 3 Such a color solid is a very convenient way to arrange and thereby to measurements of a color; and visualize colors according to their hue, value or lightness and chroma or saturation. Any non-fluorescent or non-retroreflective surface color, for S) Provide meaningful translation of exotic or instance, can be represented by a point in the color solid at its proper hue, promotional color names. value and chroma. * All Munsell notations determined from the Munsell Book of Color up A color language which is designed to meet these to and including the 1929 Edition, were called Munsell Book notations. After the publication in 1943 of the OSA study of the Spacing of the requirements will be described and its development 32 Munsell Colors , all Munsell notations determined on the basis of the and applications will be discussed. respaced colors in the 1943 Report were called Munsell renotations. This was to distinguish them from Munsell Book notations. After all Munsell 2. Method of Color Designation colors were brought into conformity with the 1943 Report, and after suffi- cient years had lapsed that the term Munsell renotation had become of academic interest only, the term Munsell renotation has been replaced by l The Inter-Society Color Council (ISCC) [25] Munsell notation.
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