DOCSLIB.ORG

Marten Stol WOMEN in the ANCIENT NEAR EAST

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Marten Stol WOMEN in the ANCIENT NEAR EAST Marten Stol WOMEN IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST Marten Stol Women in the Ancient Near East Marten Stol Women in the Ancient Near East Translated by Helen and Mervyn Richardson ISBN 978-1-61451-323-0 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-1-61451-263-9 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-1-5015-0021-3 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. Original edition: Vrouwen van Babylon. Prinsessen, priesteressen, prostituees in de bakermat van de cultuur. Uitgeverij Kok, Utrecht (2012). Translated by Helen and Mervyn Richardson © 2016 Walter de Gruyter Inc., Boston/Berlin Cover Image: Marten Stol Typesetting: Dörlemann Satz GmbH & Co. KG, Lemförde Printing and binding: cpi books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Table of Contents Introduction 1 Map 5 1 Her outward appearance 7 1.1 Phases of life 7 1.2 The girl 10 1.3 The virgin 13 1.4 Women’s clothing 17 1.5 Cosmetics and beauty 47 1.6 The language of women 56 1.7 Women’s names 58 2 Marriage 60 2.1 Preparations 62 2.2 Age for marrying 66 2.3 Regulations 67 2.4 The betrothal 72 2.5 The wedding 93 2.6 Marriage and magic 110 3 The marriage gifts 112 3.1 General remarks 112 3.2 The bride-price 117 3.3 The dowry 134 3.4 Gifts from the man 145 4 The family 147 4.1 Impotence 148 4.2 Children 152 4.3 The mother 155 4.4 Bereavement 159 4.5 Childlessness 160 4.6 Repudiation of a childless wife 163 5 A second wife 165 5.1 A slave-girl 168 5.2 Initiating the transaction 170 VI Table of Contents 5.3 The second wife in the Old Assyrian period 182 5.4 The second wife in later periods 188 5.5 The position of the second wife when the first wife is ill 191 6 Concubines 193 7 Marriage between equals 200 8 Marriage to a slave 205 9 Divorce 209 9.1 In Babylonia 210 9.2 In Assyria 216 9.3 In the Neo-Babylonian period 220 9.4 In Syria 223 9.5 Motives for divorce 223 9.6 Predictions 230 9.7 Reconciliation 232 10 Adultery 234 10.1 Women who initiate adultery 235 10.2 Were both lovers treated equally? 239 10.3 Caught in the act 243 10.4 Punishment 244 10.5 Accusations of adultery 245 10.6 The Mother of Sin 250 10.7 An adulterous princess? 250 11 Rape 254 11.1 Slave-girl 255 11.2 Unmarried girl 258 11.3 Married woman 261 11.4 The locations 263 11.5 In myths 264 11.6 The right of the first night 265 12 Incest 268 12.1 Promiscuity 268 12.2 Incest 270 Table of Contents VII 13 The widow 275 13.1 Poor widows 278 13.2 Arrangements made for widows in wills 282 13.3 Powerful widows 284 13.4 Remarrying 288 13.5 Cohabiting 290 13.6 Widows with children 292 14 Levirate marriage 296 15 Women’s rights of inheritance 300 16 Women-trafficking under the guise of adoption 304 16.1 The Old Babylonian period 304 16.2 Nuzi 306 17 Women robbed of their freedom 311 17.1 Security for a man’s debts 311 17.2 The woman as guarantor 319 17.3 Imprisoned for murder 323 17.4 The sale of children in time of need 324 17.5 Dedicated to a temple 326 17.6 Prisoners of war 331 18 Women and work 339 18.1 Working outside the home 341 18.2 Weavers 344 18.3 Grinding flour 350 18.4 Women as musicians and singers 353 18.5 The female innkeeper 363 18.6 Scribes 367 18.7 The female doctor 371 18.8 Wailing women 372 18.9 Women involved in childbirth 375 18.10 Business women 381 18.11 Women’s seals 387 18.12 Women as witnesses 389 19 The witch 391 VIII Table of Contents 20 Prostitution 399 20.1 Where she worked 399 20.2 Dressed for work 405 20.3 Slave-girls 409 20.4 The risk of pregnancy 410 20.5 Forced into prostitution 413 20.6 Marriage 414 20.7 Social esteem 416 21 Temple prostitution 419 21.1 Internal evidence 419 21.2 The kezertu 422 21.3 Devaluing old titles 426 21.4 Income 426 21.5 Goddess and whore 427 21.6 A wild celebration 435 22 Her physical life 436 22.1 Physiology 436 22.2 Menstruation 438 22.3 Diseases 441 22.4 The old woman 451 22.5 Dead and buried 456 23 The court and the harem before 1500 BC 459 23.1 The Sumerians 461 23.2 Ebla 464 23.3 Funerals 471 23.4 The Old Akkadian period 475 23.5 The kingdom of Ur III 476 23.6 The Old Babylonian period 487 24 The court and the harem after 1500 BC 512 24.1 Babylonia 512 24.2 Assyria 514 24.3 Nuzi 518 24.4 The Hittites and Egypt 519 24.5 Ugarit 526 24.6 The Neo-Assyrian period 529 24.7 The Neo-Babylonian period 548 Table of Contents IX 24.8 The Persian period and later 552 24.9 Arab queens 554 25 Priestesses 555 25.1 The high priestesses 555 25.2 Priestesses in Mari 578 25.3 Priestesses in the Old Assyrian period 580 25.4 Priestesses after the Old Babylonian period 581 26 Old Babylonian convents 584 26.1 Words for a ‘nun’ 586 26.2 The nadîtu 587 26.3 Inauguration 590 26.4 High status 594 26.5 Duties 597 26.6 Care in old age 600 26.7 The demise of the convent 601 27 Married holy women 605 27.1 The nadîtu of Marduk the god of Babylon 605 27.2 The holy woman, the qadištu 608 27.3 The kulmašītu 615 28 Soothsaying 617 28.1 Dreams, prophecy and ecstasy in Mari 620 28.2 Prophecy in Assyria 623 29 Women and worship 627 29.1 Offerings for the dead 628 29.2 Making intercession 631 29.3 The woman and her goddess 638 29.4 The mourning for Tammuz 640 30 The Sacred Marriage 645 30.1 Poetry 647 30.2 The reality of the situation 650 30.3 The function of the ritual 652 30.4 The Assyrian period and later 655 30.5 The demise of goddesses 657 X Table of Contents 31 The Middle Assyrian law-book about women 662 32 The value placed on women 683 32.1 Positive views 683 32.2 Negative views 685 32.3 Women compared with men 690 Bibliography 692 Indexes 693 Introduction We are about to see a long line of very different women passing before our eyes. One of them is shuffling along, but another is sashaying around across stage. They are all to be found in the pages of this book, from the lowliest slave to the powerful queen. They are linked primarily by their distinctive biology, by what sociologists call their ‘sex’ rather than their ‘gender’ which indicates their place in society. So we have chosen ‘Women’, not ‘Woman’ of the Ancient Near East as our title, for their roles are far too diverse to use a singular noun. The richest sources of the Ancient Near East are found in Babylonia, Mesopotamia, so we we will concentrate on them. Babylon was the most important town of what used to be called the land of Mesopotamia. That name is derived from Greek to signify a land ‘between two rivers’, those being the Tigris and the Euphrates. This area corresponds to pres- ent-day Iraq and the eastern part of Syria. It was here that we find the first evi- dence of cuneiform script, developed first by the Sumerians, and perpetuated from around 3100 BC until far into the Greek period, which began in 330 BC. Scribes normally used a reed to impress cuneiform signs on tablets of soft clay. We also have royal inscriptions, where the achievements of the ancient kings were recorded for posterity by being chiselled out in the same script on stone monu- ments. The material adduced in this book relies on that vast body of documents from thousands of years ago. They themselves were written over a period of almost three thousand years. Scholars have published hundreds of thousands of them already, and tens of thousands of others are waiting in museum drawers for the attention of today’s specialist researchers. And we know that there are countless more still underground waiting to see the light of day. A recent survey, limited to the published archival texts, estimated that at present we have available for study 246,000 texts from Babylon and Assyria containing some 10,000,000 words. This amounts to twice as many known for ancient Egyptian. Only in ancient Greek has more writing survived, most of it coming from thousands of Greek papyri recov- ered from the sands of Egypt.¹ As for cuneiform, we have still 100,000 more texts from archives, earlier and written in Sumerian, containing up to three million words.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • On Writing the History of Southern Mesopotamia* by Eva Von
    On Writing the History of Southern Mesopotamia* by Eva von Dassow — Colorado State University In his book Babylonia 689-627 B.C., G. Frame provides a maximally detailed his- tory of a specific region during a closely delimited time period, based on all available sources produced during that period or bearing on it. This review article critiques the methods used to derive the history from the sources and the conceptual framework used to apprehend the subject of the history. Babylonia 689-627 B. C , the revised version of Grant Frame's doc- toral dissertation, covers one of the most turbulent and exciting periods of Babylonian history, a time during which Babylon succes- sively experienced destruction and revival at Assyria's hands, then suf- fered rebellion and siege, and lastly awaited the opportunity to over- throw Assyria and inherit most of Assyria's empire. Although, as usual, the preserved textual sources cover these years unevenly, and often are insufficiently varied in type and origin (e.g., royal or non- royal, Babylonian or Assyrian), the years from Sennacherib's destruc- tion of Babylon in 689 to the eve of Nabopolassar's accession in 626 are also a richly documented period. Frame's work is an attempt to digest all of the available sources, including archaeological evidence as well as texts, in order to produce a maximally detailed history. Sur- rounding the book's core, chapters 5-9, which proceed reign by reign through this history, are chapters focussing on the sources (ch. 2), chronology (ch. 3), the composition of Babylonia's population (ch.
    [Show full text]
  • “Betting on Ataxia Research” Las Vegas, Nevada
    Gen_1304_01-12_Layout 1 12/11/13 3:36 PM Page 1 Generations SPECIAL EXPANDED EDITION The Official Publication of the National Ataxia Foundation Volume 41, Number 4 Winter 2013-14 The National Ataxia Foundation Board of Directors and the Western Regional Support Groups invite you to attend the National Ataxia Foundation 57th Annual Membership Meeting “Betting on Ataxia Research” Las Vegas, Nevada – March 21-23, 2014 The 2014 Annual Meeting General Sessions will Educate, Inspire, and Inform As in past annual meetings, the General adult healthcare for youth and young adults with Sessions for the 2014 National Ataxia Founda- disabilities will address the challenges of adoles- tion Annual Membership Meeting, “Betting on cence related to development of autonomy and Ataxia Research,” includes a distinguished group identity, and the expectations and demands of of speakers who will provide the most current the adult healthcare system. The role of whole research and clinical practices in the field of exome sequencing is a hot new topic for all ataxia. The complete meeting agenda, listed on hereditary diseases. How this will affect genetic pages 19-24, includes some topics that are new testing for the ataxias will be discussed, as well to the meeting. Aspects of transitioning into as the various forms of acquired and idiopathic ataxias and MSA. In response to requests for information on what to expect as ataxia pro- gresses, Dr. Susan Perlman, NAF’s Medical Inside This Issue Director, will address that important subject. • Highlights and photos from International Another often requested topic will be included Ataxia Awareness Day start on page 3 in this meeting’s agenda: suggestions on how to • Annual Membership Meeting information select a mobility device.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Babylonia
    K- A -AHI BLACK STONE CONTRACT TABLET O F MARU DU N DIN , 6 page 9 . ANCIENT HISTORY FROM THE MONUMENTS. THE F BABYL I HISTORY O ONA, BY TH E LATE I GEO RGE S M TH, ES Q. , F T E EPA TM EN EN N I U IT ES B T S M E M O H T O F O I T T I I I H US U . D R R AL A Q , R ED ITED BY R EV. A . H . SAY CE, SSIST O E OR F C MP T VE P Y O O D NT P R F S S O O I HI O OG XF R . A A ARA L L , PU BLISHED U NDER THE DIRECTION O F THE COMM ITTEE O F GENERAL LITERATURE AND ED UCATION APPOINTED BY THE SOCIETY FO R PROMOTING CH ISTI N K NOW E G R A L D E. LO NDON S O IETY F R P ROMOTING C H RI TI N NO C O S A K WLEDGE . SOLD A T THE DEPOSITORIES ’ G E T U EEN ST EET LINCO LN s-INN ExE 77, R A Q R , LDs ; OY EXCH N G E 8 PICC I Y 4, R AL A ; 4 , AD LL ; A ND B OO KSE E S ALL LL R . k t New Y or : P o t, Y oung, Co. LONDON WY M N A ND S ONS rm NTERs G E T UEEN ST EET A , , R A Q R , ' LrNCOLN s - xNN FIE DS w L .
    [Show full text]
  • Sex Morals and the Law in Ancient Egypt and Babylon James Bronson Reynolds
    Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 5 | Issue 1 Article 4 1914 Sex Morals and the Law in Ancient Egypt and Babylon James Bronson Reynolds Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation James Bronson Reynolds, Sex Morals and the Law in Ancient Egypt and Babylon, 5 J. Am. Inst. Crim. L. & Criminology 20 (May 1914 to March 1915) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. SEX MORALS AND THE LAW IN ANCIENT EGYPT AND BABYLON. JAMEs BuoNsoN REYNoLDS.' EGYPT. Present knowledge of the criminal law of ancient Egypt relating to sex morals is fragmentary and incomplete in spite of the fact that considerable light has been thrown upon the subject by recent excava- tions and scholarship. We have not yet, however, sufficient data to de- termine the character or moral value of Egyptian law, or of its in- fluence on the Medeterranean world. Egyptian law was, however, elaborately and carefully expanded during the flourishing period of the nation's history.2 Twenty thousand volumes are said to have been written on the Divine law of Hermes, the traditional law-giver of Egypt, whose position is similar to that of Manu in relation to the laws of India. And while it is impossible to trace the direct influence of Egyptian law on the laws of later nations, its indirect influence upon the founders of Grecian law is established beyond ques- tion.
    [Show full text]
  • Babylonian Populations, Servility, and Cuneiform Records
    Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 60 (2017) 715-787 brill.com/jesh Babylonian Populations, Servility, and Cuneiform Records Jonathan S. Tenney Cornell University [email protected] Abstract To date, servility and servile systems in Babylonia have been explored with the tradi- tional lexical approach of Assyriology. If one examines servility as an aggregate phe- nomenon, these subjects can be investigated on a much larger scale with quantitative approaches. Using servile populations as a point of departure, this paper applies both quantitative and qualitative methods to explore Babylonian population dynamics in general; especially morbidity, mortality, and ages at which Babylonians experienced important life events. As such, it can be added to the handful of publications that have sought basic demographic data in the cuneiform record, and therefore has value to those scholars who are also interested in migration and settlement. It suggests that the origins of servile systems in Babylonia can be explained with the Nieboer-Domar hy- pothesis, which proposes that large-scale systems of bondage will arise in regions with * This was written in honor, thanks, and recognition of McGuire Gibson’s efforts to impart a sense of the influence of aggregate population behavior on Mesopotamian development, notably in his 1973 article “Population Shift and the Rise of Mesopotamian Civilization”. As an Assyriology student who was searching texts for answers to similar questions, I have occasionally found myself in uncharted waters. Mac’s encouragement helped me get past my discomfort, find the data, and put words on the page. The necessity of assembling Mesopotamian “demographic” measures was something made clear to me by the M.A.S.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthropoid Coffins ⁄Eran Arie
    Canaanites employed at both sites seem to have been inspired 11 lids in the Israel Museum Collection (most originally in the by the cultic activities there. Canaanite tombs of this period Dayan Collection and presumably from Deir el-Balah) have include a large number of Egyptian scarabs bearing images and been published (fig. 20). A coffin in the collection of the Hecht names of gods, but there is no evidence for the actual worship Museum, Haifa, and lids in the Bible Lands Museum, Jerusalem, of these gods by Canaanites, nor is there clear evidence for the all probably originating in Deir el-Balah, are still unpublished. existence in Canaan of temples dedicated to Egyptian gods. In addition, an anthropoid coffin made from chalk was found in Rather, the evidence suggests that, as in the Hyksos Period (but the course of salvage excavations at the site (Tomb 111), the only on an even larger scale), the Canaanites incorporated Egyptian stone anthropoid coffin to have come to light in the country thus prestige symbols into their cultural sphere but did not adopt far. Unfortunately, robbers had already destroyed its lid where Egyptian religious beliefs. the face had been in order to reach the treasures inside (and the coffin itself was robbed at a subsequent date). Finally, in the References: Egyptian fortress excavated at Deir el-Balah, northeast of the Albright 1941; Cornelius 1994; Cornelius 2004; Dothan 1979; Dothan cemetery, twenty additional fragments of coffins were found. 2008; Oren 1973; Tazawa 2009. Tests performed on the coffins from Deir el-Balah revealed that some had been discovered near the kilns in which they had been produced.
    [Show full text]
  • Sample Pages
    SECTION ONE: ENTRIES Invasions and Conquests_P1-001-158.indd 1 10/28/16 5:43 PM Invasions and Conquests_P1-001-158.indd 2 10/28/16 5:43 PM THE ANCIENT WORLD Assyrian Empire Canaan, Israelite Invasion of Chaldean (Neo-Babylonian) Empire, Expansion of Cyrus The Great Egypt, Hyksos Invasion of Hittites, Expansion of India, Aryan Invasion of Kush, Expansion of Palestine, Egyptian Invasions of Persian Empire, Expansion of Sargon The Great (Z) Chou Dynasty, Expansion of Invasions and Conquests_P1-001-158.indd 3 10/28/16 5:43 PM WARFARE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD As soon as man learned to use rocks and sharp sticks to hunt for meat he probably realized that such weapons could be used to impose his will on other people. The earliest for of warfare was brute muscle power with those throwing the most accurate stone or swinging the heaviest club enjoying the advan- tage. Over time, people realized that a sharp rock or stick was more effective than a dull one, so how to create and maintain that sharp edge came to be a major goal in weapon development. Using rocks as a projectile became more effective when someone realized that they could go further and faster when thrown by a long piece of leather. The development of the sling created the ability to harass and harm one’s enemy at great range, hurting him while keeping oneself safe. Slingers became important units in ancient armies and men talented in its use were in demand as mercenaries. In order to maintain a steady supply of projectiles of proper size and weight, rocks were supplanted by pellets made of baked clay and later of lead.
    [Show full text]
  • God Among the Gods: an Analysis of the Function of Yahweh in the Divine Council of Deuteronomy 32 and Psalm 82
    LIBERTY BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY AND GRADUATE SCHOOL GOD AMONG THE GODS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE FUNCTION OF YAHWEH IN THE DIVINE COUNCIL OF DEUTERONOMY 32 AND PSALM 82 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF RELIGION IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN RELIGIOUS STUDIES BY DANIEL PORTER LYNCHBURG, VIRGINIA MAY 2010 The views expressed in this thesis do not necessarily represent the views of the institution and/or of the thesis readers. Copyright © 2010 by Daniel Porter All Rights Reserved. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my wife, Mariel And My Parents, The Rev. Fred A. Porter and Drenda Porter Special thanks to Dr. Ed Hindson and Dr. Al Fuhr for their direction and advice through the course of this project. iii ABSTRACT The importance of the Ugaritic texts discovered in 1929 to ancient Near Eastern and Biblical Studies is one of constant debate. The Ugaritic texts offer a window into the cosmology that shaped the ancient Near East and Semitic religions. One of the profound concepts is the idea of a divine council and its function in maintaining order in the cosmos. Over this council sits a high god identified as El in the Ugaritic texts whose divine function is to maintain order in the divine realm as well on earth. Due to Ugarit‟s involvement in the ancient world and the text‟s representation of Canaanite cosmology, scholars have argued that the Ugaritic pantheon is evidenced in the Hebrew Bible where Yahweh appears in conjunction with other divine beings. Drawing on imagery from both the Ugaritic and Hebrew texts, scholars argue that Yahweh was not originally the high god of Israel, and the idea of “Yahweh alone” was a progression throughout the biblical record.
    [Show full text]
  • The Heart of the Matter
    www.JamestownGazette.com /JamestownGazette @JtownGazette THANK YOU TO OUR Free ADVERTISERS! Weekly Chautauqua Marketing Solutions, Inc. The People’s Paper. Vol. 8 • No. 5 | Week of February 5, 2018 File Early! The Heart of the Matter BELIN Article Contributed by Go for Low Risk is now known, for example, that a family TAX PREP People who will not have a heart attack this history of heart attacks does not guarantee Walt Pickut that any other family member will have year may well have themselves to 325 State Street one. It simply calls for more caution to thank, according to scientists. Russell, PA 16345 stay in that low risk group. This month, hearts will mean more than Those are the people 814-757-8684 Valentine’s Day cards and heart-shaped “Health behaviors can [email protected] candy boxes. overcome a lot of our genetics,” American Heart Month Donald Lloyd-Jones, M.D., is here to remind cardiologist, chairman, and Big Enough to Serve You... American citizens that professor in the Department of more than 99.998 Preventive Medicine Small Enough to Care at Northwestern percent of Americans Specializing in Home University’s Feinberg will not have a heart Medical Supplies & Equipment School of Medicine attack this year, but that said. “Published research, leaves at least 375,000 [reported recently at an people who probably American Heart Association will. That is more than Scientific conference] shows 30,000 every month. people do have control The total number who will also over their heart health. suffer some other form of cardiovascular who do The younger they disease or stroke this year will probably not smoking, are when they begin HALF PRICE SALE double that number.
    [Show full text]
  • Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue and Price List of Stereopticons
    —. ; I, £3,v; and Descriptive , Illustrated ;w j CATALOGUE AND PRICE LIST- t&fs — r~* yv4 • .'../-.it *.•:.< : .. 4^. ; • ’• • • wjv* r,.^ N •’«* - . of . - VJ r .. « 7 **: „ S ; \ 1 ’ ; «•»'•: V. .c; ^ . \sK? *• .* Stereopticons . * ' «». .. • ” J- r . .. itzsg' Lantern Slides 1 -f ~ Accessories for Projection Stereopticon and Film Exchange W. B. MOORE, Manager. j. :rnu J ; 104 to no Franlclin Street ‘ Washington . (Cor. CHICAGO INDEX TO LANTERNS, ETC. FOR INDEX TO SLIDES SEE INDEX AT CLOSE OF CATALOGUE. Page Acetylene Dissolver 28 Champion Lantern 3g to 42 “ Gas 60 Check Valve S3 •* 1 • .• Gas Burner.... ; 19 Chemicals, Oxygen 74, 81 ** < .' I j Gas Generator.. ; 61 to 66 Chirograph 136 “ Gas Generator, Perfection to 66 64 Chlorate of Potash, tee Oxygen Chemicals 74 Adapter from to sire lenses, see Chromatrope.... 164 Miscellaneous....... 174 Cloak, How Made 151 Advertising Slides, Blank, see Miscellaneous.. 174 ** Slides 38010,387 " Slides 144 Color Slides or Tinters .^140 “ Slides, Ink for Writing, see Colored Films 297 Miscellaneous, 174 Coloring Films 134 “ Posters * *...153 " Slides Alcohol Vapor Mantle Light 20A v 147 Combined Check or Safety Valve 83 Alternating.Carbons, Special... 139 Comic and Mysterious Films 155 Allen Universal Focusing Lens 124, 125 Comparison of Portable Gas Outfits 93, 94 America, Wonders cf Description, 148 “Condensing Lens 128 Amet's Oro-Carbi Light 86 to 92, 94 " Lens Mounting 128 •Ancient Costumes ....! 131 Connections, Electric Lamp and Rheostat... 96, 97 Approximate Length of Focus 123 " Electric Stage 139 Arc Lamp 13 to 16 Costumes 130 to 152, 380 to 3S7 ** Lamp and Rheostat, How to Connect 96 Cover Glasses, see Miscellaneous ,....174 Arnold's Improved Calcium Light Outfit.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence from Hamburg's Import Trade, Eightee
    Economic History Working Papers No: 266/2017 Great divergence, consumer revolution and the reorganization of textile markets: Evidence from Hamburg’s import trade, eighteenth century Ulrich Pfister Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Economic History Department, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, London, UK. T: +44 (0) 20 7955 7084. F: +44 (0) 20 7955 7730 LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC HISTORY WORKING PAPERS NO. 266 – AUGUST 2017 Great divergence, consumer revolution and the reorganization of textile markets: Evidence from Hamburg’s import trade, eighteenth century Ulrich Pfister Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Email: [email protected] Abstract The study combines information on some 180,000 import declarations for 36 years in 1733–1798 with published prices for forty-odd commodities to produce aggregate and commodity specific estimates of import quantities in Hamburg’s overseas trade. In order to explain the trajectory of imports of specific commodities estimates of simple import demand functions are carried out. Since Hamburg constituted the principal German sea port already at that time, information on its imports can be used to derive tentative statements on the aggregate evolution of Germany’s foreign trade. The main results are as follows: Import quantities grew at an average rate of at least 0.7 per cent between 1736 and 1794, which is a bit faster than the increase of population and GDP, implying an increase in openness. Relative import prices did not fall, which suggests that innovations in transport technology and improvement of business practices played no role in overseas trade growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Amarna Period Down to the Opening of Sety I's Reign
    oi.uchicago.edu STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION * NO.42 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Thomas A. Holland * Editor with the assistance of Thomas G. Urban oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu Internet publication of this work was made possible with the generous support of Misty and Lewis Gruber THE ROAD TO KADESH A HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE BATTLE RELIEFS OF KING SETY I AT KARNAK SECOND EDITION REVISED WILLIAM J. MURNANE THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION . NO.42 CHICAGO * ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90-63725 ISBN: 0-918986-67-2 ISSN: 0081-7554 The Oriental Institute, Chicago © 1985, 1990 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 1990. Printed in the United States of America. oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS List of M aps ................................ ................................. ................................. vi Preface to the Second Edition ................................................................................................. vii Preface to the First Edition ................................................................................................. ix List of Bibliographic Abbreviations ..................................... ....................... xi Chapter 1. Egypt's Relations with Hatti From the Amarna Period Down to the Opening of Sety I's Reign ...................................................................... ......................... 1 The Clash of Empires
    [Show full text]