History of Babylonia

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K- A -AHI BLACK STONE CONTRACT TABLET O F MARU DU N DIN , 6 page 9 . ANCIENT HISTORY FROM THE

MONUMENTS.

THE F BABYL I HISTORY O ONA,

BY TH E LATE

I GEO RGE S M TH, ES Q. ,

F T E EPA TM EN EN N I U IT ES B T S M E M O H T O F O I T T I I I H US U . D R R AL A Q , R

ED ITED BY

R EV. A . H . SAY CE,

SSIST O E OR F C MP T VE P Y O O D NT P R F S S O O I HI O OG XF R . A A ARA L L ,

PU BLISHED U NDER THE DIRECTION O F THE COMM ITTEE O F GENERAL LITERATURE AND ED UCATION APPOINTED BY THE SOCIETY FO R PROMOTING CH ISTI N K NOW E G R A L D E.

LO NDON S O IETY F R P ROMOTING C H RI TI N NO C O S A K WLEDGE . SOLD A T THE DEPOSITORIES ’ G E T U EEN ST EET LINCO LN s-INN ExE 77, R A Q R , LDs ; OY EXCH N G E 8 PICC I Y 4, R AL A ; 4 , AD LL ; A ND B OO KSE E S ALL LL R . k t New Y or : P o t, Y oung, Co. LONDON WY M N A ND S ONS rm NTERs G E T UEEN ST EET A , , R A Q R ,

' LrNCOLN s - xNN FIE DS w L . c. F P RE ACE . “ M R . GEO RGE S MI TH left his History of Babylonia

a a a a an had in so ne rly complete st te, th t editor little

a more to do th n to see it through the press, correct

and a a a . one or two errors, m ke few dditions

a has In the perform nce of this work, which been

ai and a a a one of mingled p n ple sure, I h ve ch nged

’ the author s words and spelling only where there was an i Obvious oversight, throwing other correct ons into

as as footnotes . My own responsibility for these , well ' a i a for other footnotes cont in ng dditions to the text, is

a indica ted by a capital S . I have also to t ke upon myself the responsibility of the Appendix upon the

a a a s as a me ning of the proper n mes, well of the t ble of B abylonia n kings and the l arger pa rt of the ﬁrst

a a introductory ch pter, of which only the ﬁrst p ge or

a a two were written by Mr. Smith. Br ckets m rk the in Th I n x i serted portion . e de is due to the k ndness

r . of Mr. Greenwood Hi d Two expressions which will be met with in the

a a a h book need short expl n tion . T e abbreviation

A. . th W . I denotes e series of volumes containing the ” f a cruci orm Inscriptions of Western Asi , published

209 29 7 3 6 P R EFACE.

B t and f by the Trustees of the ri ish Museum, orming a collectionof texts for the use of As syrian students .

“ ‘ ” The eponyms mentioned in the course of the work refer to the Assyrian mode of reckoning time . Each year was called after a particular ofﬁcer or ” a a E on eponym , who g ve his n me to it, like the p y

a a as a mous Archons t Athens. A new ye r w m rked “ ” “ a and by new eponym , hence the eponymy — of-such-and such a person beca me equivalent to “ ” - n - Th s the year so a d so . o e who wish to investi gate the subj ect further cannot do better than con ’ “ ” . a a sult Mr George Smith s Assyri n C non, one of the last productions of a scholar whose loss to

a a an - Assyri n rese rch c not be over estimated .

A E. A. H . S YC NTS T ABLE OF CONT E .

L s of Bab i a W r a m a da a e i t ylon n Kings, ith thei pproxi te tes p g 9

TER I — I TROD U CT O a e 1 C HAP . N I N p g 3

P I I — TH E M TER YT CAL PER OD . C HA . HI I — O rigin and chronology of B abylonia n history Th e ten a nte — — diluvi a n kings of B erosus Th e Flood Th e Ga rden of Eden — The Izdhuba r or Nim rod legends p age 33

A TER I I I — LDE O R OU T B BYLO S . CH P . C HA A, H A NIA — — Nipur a nd U r U rukh a nd his buildings Th e religion and — — — civiliza tion of U r Dungi The kings of Ka rra k Th e rise of Page 63

TER V — P ER BYLO B A. C HAP I . U P A NI

— - - — —Naram Cities of U pper B abyloni a Agu kak rimi S argon I . — — — S in Ham murabi Babylon m ade th e ca pita l The successors H am m ab and a d a — I of ur i , the K ssite yn sty ntercourse with — As syria The A ssyrian conquest of Babylonia page 75

— V THE E M B . C HAPTER . LA ITES IN ABYLONIA — Elam or S usia na Inva sions of Babylonia by Kudur -nanhundi — — — and Chedorla om er Kudur -M abuk Flood a t Babylon Wa rs B b a d — N b d and Ma between a ylon n Assyria e ucha nezza r I . t uduk -nadin -a hi S even unknown kings page 90

TER V —TH E P ER OD O F E ASSYR RS C HAP L I TH IAN WA .

— - — O bscure kings Nabu-p al idina and Ass ur-nazir-paJ Disputed — — — succession Conquests of S halm m ese r Th e Chaldees Ma — — — t uduk -za kir -izkur S emira mi s The e ra of Nabonassar The Babylonian campaigns of Tiglath -pileser page 1 00 A E F E 8 T BL O CONT NTS .

— - CHAPTER VIL MERODAC H BALADAN AND THE UC o r B DESTR TION ABYLON . — da -ba ada a d a Ba b a d Mero ch l n, the Ch l e n , conquers ylon Defe te — — by S a rgon S argon king of Babylon for ﬁve yea rs H agisa — — Meroda ch-baladan retakes Babylon Battle of Kisu Belibni ’ — - — governor of Babylon Assur na din-sum S enna cherib s na va l — — expedition to Nagitu Revolt of S uzub Elam devastated by — — the Assyria ns Battle of Kh alule Destruction of Babylon b a b a e I I y S enn cheri . p g 5

P —TH E R U O F A TER VI II . LE E SSYR S C HA TH IAN .

- — - The successors of Assur na din -sum Nabu -zir napisti-esir — Ba bylon rebuil t by Esar-h addon S ucceeded by his son S a ul — — — m ugina Wa rs with El am Revolt of B abylonia Crushed — - by A ssur-b ani -pal S a ul Mugina perishes in the ﬂam es of his — — pala ce Nabopolassa r a ppointed governor H e m arries the — daughter of Cyax ares of Media The fall of Nineveh p age I 37

— C TER I X. THE EM RE O F N EB U C D EZZ R HAP PI HA N A . R — — ise of the B abylonia n Em pire Egypt and Medi a Ne buchad nezzar and b — , his conquests uildings Destruction of Jerusalem — — I a E S T r —Th e d m L d — nv sion of gypt iege of y e king o of y ia B - — abylon a dorned Cha racter of Nebucha dnezza r Evil — — Merodach His m urder Ne rgalsha rezer p age 1 5 2

C X —T HAPTER . HE D ECLINE AND FALL O F THE B BYLO EM RE A NIAN PI . — — Laborosoa rchod Nab d Bab fortiﬁed—Ast a es and — oni us ylon y g b Bab — Bab a b the Cyru—s Cyrus esieges ylon ylon t ken y Per Sia ns The D a rius of Daniel - Return of the Jews from exil e — mb — — Ca yses and S m e rdis D a rius Hystaspe s Revolt and a Bab — c pture of ylon S econd revolt of Babylon under Arahu - B b — a ylon ta ken Decline of Babylon page 1 70 LIST OF BABYLONIAN KIN GSJ WITH THEIR

APPROXIMAT E DAT ES .

a nd A b (Fr om B erosus y denus . ) — THE MY T HICAL P ERIO D B EFO R E THE DELUGE.

” Al f l d of P l for 1 0 a or a orus o Bab . y on, the Shepher the eop e, s ri, ye rs f P a ntibibla for a r Ala a rus o r Ala s aru s o o a . p , p ), 3 s ri, ye rs

Am e lon o r Amilla ru s of P a ntibibla for 1 a o r 6 80 t a . , , 3 s ri , 4 , ye rs Amm e non of a ld a in w m M u sa ru s a or Anned otus a l Ch e ( hose ti e the O nnes , , h f ma n a nd a l ﬁ sh a c d d f m P a G l for 1 2 a or h f , s en e ro the ersi n u f), s ri,

years. Am e a la ru s o r M e a larus or M e ta la ru s of P a ntibibla for T8 a or g , g , , , s ri, a ye rs.

D a onus or Da s h e rd o f P a ntibibla in s m f d bl - a e d , o , the she‘p , ( who e ti e our ou e sh p b in am d Eu e dOkus Ene u annu s Ene u bu lus and An e me ntus as e gs, n e , g , , , f m e a f r r c e nde d s o 1 0 a o a . ro the ), s ri , ye rs Eue dore skh u s or Eu e dora kh u s of P antibibla in w m a h Annedotus , , ( hose ti e not er , ca ll d O da kon or Ano -da hos a c d d f m th e se a for 1 8 a or e , p , s en e ro ), s ri, a y e rs .

Ame m s im us a ha ld a o f La ra nkha for 1 0 a or a p , C e n , s ri, ye rs. O tia rtes O arte s or Arda tes a Cha lda n o f La ra nkh a ca ll d ba a ( p ), , ( e U r Tutu ” th e Gl w of u o f S u ri a k or S uri kh u i n the n c i s for 8 a o S nset, pp , p i s ript on ), s ri , o r 2 8 80 0 a , ye rs. isithrus o r Xis u thr u s n r a S his so fo 1 8 a o r . K Hea , . , s ri , ye rs ronos ( ) d d him to b ld a n ark a b i a o o f Ba b lo a in S i or ere ui , fter ury ng hist ry y ni p a a a nd the D l e b a o n 1 th o f th e mo h D aes iu s M a a nd p r , e ug eg n the 5 nt ( y i u . S is th ru s w a s a l a d a f the D l bu t his c m a t e J ne) tr ns te ter e uge, o p nions n d to a l d a and h m d b d co d a t S i ara m tur e Ch e ex u e the urie re r s pp . Fro the of Al t h e n o a or a orus o t D l . reign e uge were s ri, ye rs

AFT ER THE DELUGE.

t D a of 86 K for or o r a a d d b Eve khous o r Firs y n sty ings 3 , o ye rs, he e , Eve x iu s or Eu t khiu s d ifi d w itfi m od b S nce l us for ne n , y (i ent e Ni r y y ) 4 , or 2 0 0 a a nd his son Comosbe lu s or Kh oma sbe lus for and , 4 ye rs, , , 4 neri 5 or a sossi ye rs . Their five next successors w ere u fo r Por s 35 y ea rs . Ne khu be s for a 43 ye rs. a bi s N u for 48 years . niba llu s for 0 a O 4 ye rs . Zinze ru s for 6 e a 4 y rs.

War o f a Eta nna Be l P om a nd a a Kronu Tit n ), , r etheus, Ogy gus , g inst s Bu l d n f w o f Ba b l a nd d of ma n o d . i i g the To er e , ispersion kin A A K G I O LIST O F B BYLON I N IN S ,

HIS TORICAL P ERlO D.

Arkea nu s a a 8 d a . for Second dyna st of Me i nkings (S rgon), 5 ye rs ha d d b Z a a 5 3 or Akises 0 da . 2 a , , 3 y 2 4 y e rs, e e y oro ster H gi s dac B a la da d 6 Third dynasty of r r kings . Mero h n (restore ) Fourth dynasty of 49 Cha ldean kings months Be libu s Bel- b a for 45 8 yea rs. ( i ni), 3 y e rs f Arab a for A ronadi u s A - a d -su m 6 Fifth dyna sty o 9 i n kings p ( ssur n in ), 2 45 Yea rs y ears

R i e be lu s 1 a . Mardoke nte s a . r . , 45 ye rs g , y e r Mesesi m orda ku s a 2 a n . . nti g , 4 ye rs

is imarda os 2 8 a Bab l d d B . 68 ] 3. , ye rs [ y on estroy e C 9 m 8 a Na bius a . u 4 . , 37 ye rs Interre , y e rs - dd 1 P ara nnu s 0 a . A a a u a a 5 . , 4 ye rs ss r in s (Ess r h on), 3

6 Na bo nnabu s 2 a . a . , “5 ye rs y e rs x d a c of mi a m S a os du chinu s or S a mmii h e s Si th yn sty onsisting Se r is , g n d a t of A a a l -m c or a l -m i na Seve th yn s y 45 ssyri n kings (S u u in, S u ug ),

a 2 0 a . 668 for 5 26 ye rs . y e rs . b u- baii i- a l 2 2 P h ulu s a nd a a a . Kinila da nu s A N on ss r ( ss r p ), a 6 8 ye rs . 4 a b o la ssaru s 2 r a 62 6 a n o P olem N o p , ye rs (From the C no f t y . ) a bokolas a r b c a d a (Ne u h nezz r),

B . . a 60 C 43 y e rs . 5 Nabonasa r ab nats ir r a Ilou aro da m l da ch 2 (N u ), 4 y e rs, 747 (Evi Mero ), Na bius - 2 bo a . a 6 2 (Ne ) y e rs 733 y e rs . 5 Chinzirus and om cin m and Ne rika s so la sar or Ne ri lissor spsi , g P l a 1 a l a a - u tsu r ea 60 u ), 5 ye rs s 7 3 (Nerg s rr y ), 4 y rs 5 Ilulz u s or Y u acu s Y a ina Laborosoarcho du s m 6 , g ( g ), 5 , 3 onths 5 5 m rs 2 6 a b d or La b netus a b y 7 N oni us, y (N u Mardoke m a dus da c -Bala a d 1 a 6 p (Mero h n hi ), 7 y e rs 5 5 da n 1 2 a 2 1 a Ba b l - 8 ). ye rs 7 Cyrus t kes y on 5 39

AFT ER THE DELUG E.

Eta nna .

Ner.

B . Tamm uz C 30 00 the ba d of 1s hus n s m Il -Ba a Ic o f a ll Ba b l b a na na g s, ing y onia. Eglia ss imir w as one f hi Ba wi his f Milili and o s r . nini, th wi e , seven vice oys ] n his son ld of w m , . sons, the e est ho was Mi u gi ‘ ’ ma a b the d l b . ng , thun er o t S n-A u Izdh ubar son of Danna t g . , the , the n w ma stro g o n.

D m lla his i ir i t, son. Mul—e -nim na g . Ane -ktsa

t is ba b y pro ly to be identiﬁed with the second Ca ssite o Kos sa a n d as of I c yn ty the ns riptions . I n ca u mb of kin as ll as this se the n er gs, we the d a i on of b of B ll l l ur t their reigns given y the copyists erosus, wi ha ve to be a rge y r inc ea sed . W E R X M E D ITH TH I R AP P O I AT ATES . I I

-sa - a a —ca la ma son ofBe Me N n , khuk,

O f Eridh u . a for a S rgon, 45 ye rs . “ a a m - in n S his so . r , En N Ida du o dh . ' , f u - lla Gula a u e e n. E t , mm (Conqu ere gby Kha ura gas . i-Ann o e r hul Ad , g .

G d a f Ze r h ul o . u e , g K in B a b gs of y lo n. . I S IIm u nu Anu of Ze r h l o o o E , g u Zabﬁ bi ilt the te m ple s o f sta r and . . I ﬂfénu a t sI ara IIn m u tabIl of D Iru of a lat da e p p ) , ( er te) ’ Abil - S in . ’S in

E la m i K i : in b lonia te ng Ba y .

' Firs t Ca sszte Dy na s ty . R C . 2 280

mmikh -zir ritu U .

d la m Ge n. Che or o er ( A ' h is g so n. A a - e of S a m S hma r r p t ( ) AS! f B . so n g . . An och O f 13113 5 3 13 . - m as h 3 as u ru is son. T si g , Tur al f G i u m o . g , ut - - A u ka k m his son. g ri i,

-m u his s n Cu dur ab g, o .

' A ra bza ns of B er osus) Kha mm u ra as m a ur- mm g , cote por ry N Ri on. am - Ilun S su a. Am m —d ca a i i . Curi- ga lzu im — a S ma s sip k I . m ~ s U la burya . a -m ur uda s I N zi . i Rim:A u E ri-Acu A h sOn of g , ( r oc ), -Mab Cu dur ug.

a -rakti as S ga y .

— - B . C . 2 1 M as a 0 00 700 uriId sipk. Gamil -A a a l o f r d r ( s king o U ). a - da . Ca r in s LibitzNana a l i f r B m a - b r I I o U u as . ( so k ng ). u y a a - m u m a . C r d s ' I smizDaon a l oi r a i- b a g ( so U ). N z ug s u n nnu v hi s o n - a lz I I G u s u u . g , . C ri g - ' l a I I Me i sip k . i - Il za t. h B a l a da I Meroda c n . a -m uru das I I N zi .

B la — a a e t sun t ( queen). - S in a . 1 2 0 g sit B C. 7 A K G ETC . 1 2 LIST O F BABYLON I N IN S ,

- n Meroda ch Bala da n I I his so .

abu du a - uts ur ebucha d - - u r N en r y (N R im rhon za Cira yu ts . a 1 1 5 0 rezz r) . a a bu as 1 1 20 ' C r S ibir (inva ded South Ass yiia ) . M erod -na din I 1 0 0 da ch - a -zirra t 1 — B 830 Mero s pik Ne bOba la da n C. 1 233 Meroda ch-za cira -izcu r 8 5 3 . Merodach-ba lasu-ikhu 8 2 0 ‘ - a son Of IrbaZSin S irnIha S sip k, the ,

d 1 a . re igne 7 ye rs Na bu-na tsir 747 - - Hea m c the son of Cu tma r - u in ziri, N a bu yusa p S I 7 33 an for m . - ( usurper), 3 onths U cin ziru 7 31 - a d a so n of a a for 6 - Cassu n in khi, S pp i, l igla th P ile se r (Pom s) o f Assyria7 29 a . Va a c o f a lda 2 6 ye rs gin , hief the C i 7 his 2 1 da c h Ba la da . son Mero n I I I , . 7 Sa rgon o f Assy ria 70 9 da c h Ba a da d 0 a n Gu l l 7 4 Dy na s ty f r o m the P e rsi f . Mero n restore Be l-ibni 70 3 U lba r-surCi- d a son of Ba for 1 A - a d — m 00 i in , zi, 5 ssur n in su i 7 z y ea rs . S u u b 69 3 b h a so n o f Ba for don f A ia 68 x c ad . Essa rha d o Ne u rezz r I I , zi, ssyr 2 Sa ul m u c i nu Suka mu na son of Ba fo r A -ba n - a l , zi , 3 ssur i p - - months. Be l za cira Iscu n Af ter these a n Elamite for 6 yea rs. Na bo pa las sa r ha r zza r N e bu c d e I I I . mmn- a I- A Ri o p idina. m il M eroda c h Nergal sa rra -y u tsu r a b a d N u n hi . Meroda ch sa rra -i tsu r I I Ba IMerodi h c . Cyru s HISTORY. OF BABY LONIA.

P T E C H A R I .

INT RODU CTION .

L A was a BABY ON I bounded on the north by Assyri , on

a ana the east by El m , or Susi , on the west by the

a a and a Desert of Ar bi , on the south by Ar bia and

a the Persian Gulf. The country is w tered by the

a and and a lower courses of the Euphr tes Tigris , in f ct it m ay be considered as entirely the gift of those

Ba a a a a streams . byloni is in gener l long level tr ct

soil ' which has of alluvial , been deposited through several thousand years at the mouths of these

a a rivers . Through the ccumul tion of new ground at the points where the Tigris and Euphrates discharge

a Ba themselves into the Persi n Gulf, the bylonian

has a a a e a territory ste dily incre sed from g to ge . In early Chaldean times the sea reached to Abu-Shahrein , in the time of Sennacherib it had receded to Bab A I 4 HISTO RY O F BABYLONI .

was S alimItI ; in the days of Nebucha dnezzar the port

r on and a Ba moved out to Te ed , since the f ll of bylon

a many miles have been a dded to the l nd.

The inhabitants of Babylonia have always mainly

a a a a consisted of two cl sses, the gricultur l popul tion

and a and dwellers in towns on one side, the w ndering,

- a a n . p stor l, tent dwelli g tribes on the other The

a a was a r u gre test fe ture of the country its g icult re, which was mainly carried on through artiﬁcial irriga

n wi a al tion, the whole country bei g intersected th c n s,

av a and a a some of them n ig ble of gre t size, their b nks in a t t some pl ces being from twen y to thir y feet high .

The long deserted lines of mounds, which even now

a a exist in hundreds, m rking the lines of these rtiﬁcial

far ar rivers , form more rem kable objects than the

i i and a a ru ned cit es p l ces. Once these channels

and and teemed with life industry, were lined with cities conta ining thousands of people ; now they are an a a i rid desert w ste, support ng only a few wandering

a Ba tribes of Ar bs . bylonia is without doubt the oldest

r in As a an civilized count y i , d even outside that con tinent only Egypt can rival it in this respect but the history of Babylonia has an interest beyond tha t of

a Egypt, on ccount of its more intimate connection

wn civilizati n Ba with the origin of our o . o bylonia H O F L A I STO RY BABY ON I . 1 5 was the centre from which civilization spread into

a a and o a Assyri , from thence to Asi Minor Ph enici ,

an an from these to Greece d Rome, d from Rome to modern Europe .

Our astronomical system ca me originally from the

Ba a plains of Chaldea . The byloni ns divided the face

a a ar and a of the he vens into constell tions of st s, n med

af n these ter their supposed i ﬂuence, or from their

a a resemblance to various f nt stic forms .

a a a and a a M them tics, me sures of time c p city,

and a a and and r weights sc les, l ws government, eve y

in a thing known ncient times, received study and

a i i a n a ttent on, wh le the rts of buildi g, sculpture, p int

- a a - a and a ing, gem engr ving, met l work, we ving, m ny

n r r s others made proportio ate p og e s.

In spite of the skill i and knowledge of the Baby

a an ar and loni ns, d their wonderful progress in ts

had a and sciences, they religion of the lowest most

a a a a degr ding kind . True insight into n tur l phenomen

was and a prevented, progress beyond the surf ce of things stopped by a religion which had a multitude

a in an of gods, who were supposed to bring bout

irregular and capricious manner all the changes in , nature and all the misfortunes which happened to the

f r people 3 thus oresight and medicine we e neglected, I 6 HISTO RY OF BA BYLONIA.

' ﬁ re d and unavailing prayers and useless sa criﬁces o e to propitiate the deities who were imagined to hold the destiny of the human race in their hands .

In the hands of some of the nobler poets of the

Babylonians their mythology received a polish and

and was a ﬁnish, woven together into such gr ceful

m a m a a mythical for s, th t their works y comp re with those of Greece and Rome ; but among the bulk of

a and a was a all the people , low sensu l view t ken of

a and was these m tters, their worship nothing better than an adoration of stocks and stones .

Ba ian a a a a The bylon s were essenti lly pe ceful r ce .

War was l was seldom indu ged in by them , except it

a forced upon them, either by their politic l position or through the action of states outside their own borders . Only once in their history are they known

a a a a and a as to h ve m de gre t empire , th t w in the

ebucha zz r time of N dne a .

a The wonderful system of writing, c lled, from the

a a a - a sh pe of the ch r cters, cuneiform , or wedge sh ped, was invented by the original Turanian inhabitants of

Ba a byloni .

a a a re r [The ch r cters were origin lly hieroglyphics, p e

i a sent ng objects or combin tions of objects, or symbol

a izing ide s . The pronunciation attached to the

A A. 1 8 HISTO RY OF B BYLONI

Now represe nted by

a all al Babylon or B bel , origin y c led “ ” — a Hillah . Ca dimirra, G te of God

a a. ané a Si ara P rt of Sur Ag , ne r pp

a . Tiggaba or Kute (Cuthah) Tel Ibr him

H m ar. Kis u or Kis y

a a Sippara or Seph rv im , the city of

the sun-god Zirgulla “ i al r Dé r . Dur or D ru , liter ly The Fo tress y

u - a Ba Eridh , in the south e st of by

lonia Site unknown .

Duran or Duban Site unknown .

Karrak or Nisin Site unknown .

Amarda or Marad Site unknown .

Abnunna or Mullias or U mliyas Site unknown .

a a a as and Acc di n liter ture w very extensive, the libraries with which the country was stocked were full of treatises on all the branches of knowledge pursued

a a a by the ancient Ch lde ns . One of the most f mous

a was a at A ané a of these libr ries th t g , est blished by

Sargon . It conta ined the great Babylonian work on a t and a t in s ronomy s rology seventy books, which

” was a a i B l an c lled the Illumin t on of e , d was after

a d a a i a w r s tr nsl ted nto Greek by the histori n Berosu s . H F A A 1 ISTO RY O B BYLON I . 9

Part of the ca talogue of the library has come down to

a a a us, h ving been preserved in copy m de for the — - a al at i and library of Assur b ni p , N neveh , it includes

and trea tises on the conjunction of the sun the moon,

a and and on the movements o“f M rs Venus, on comets, which are termed stars with a t ail behind and a

” in as as a corona front, well direction to the student, who is told to write down the number of the t ablet

a and a a or book he w nts to consult, the libr ri n will thereupon hand it to him . It must be remembered that most of the literature of the Babylonians was

a a a a st mped upon the cl y so bund nt in the country,

a a a a a the cl y being fterw rds h rdened in the ﬁre, comparatively small portion of it being written upon

a and a a a a p pyrus, hence cl y t blet bec me synonymous

a . a a was at S enker h with book Another f mous libr ry e ,

a sa was a a a or L r , which rich in m them tic l works .

a a a n Some of these, one t ble of squ res a d another

are in B of cubes , now the ritish Museum . Under

ebuchadnezzar Ba a an N bylon enjoyed two libr ries, d

a a at there seems to h ve been very old one Ur. The legends rela ting to the Deluge were brought to

a and Nineveh from the libr ry of Erech, one of the

the a ﬁ om a a legends of Cre tion the libr ry of Cuth h .

a a was an a Att ched to the libr ry observ tory, and the

C 2 2 0 H IS TO RY O F BABYLONIA .

er- a as m a had astronom roy l , we y term him, to send fort

- nightly reports of his observations to the king. Some

and a a of these we possess, tr nsl tions of them will be ” — a I 1 1 . found in the Records of the P st, Vol . . , 5 5 5 9

A very curious portion of the Accadian literature is a a and a collection of ch rms formul e of exorcism , which seems to belong to the very earliest period of Baby ll a . are a a a loni n history There m gic formul e of kinds ,

a off h some to w rd sorcery, some to bewitc other

ar a u persons . Closely connected with these e v rio s

‘ treatises on divination and lists of omens by which it was believed the future might be known . Thus there are a a t bles of omens from dre ms , from births, from

a l the inspection of the h nd or the entrai s of animals, a nd from the objects a traveller meets with on the

a ro d . The following translation will give some idea of these curious tables

If a do a a a a a a w ( blue g enters p l ce, th t p l ce) ill be

burned .

(If . a o a al ) yell w dog enters p ace, exit from that

a a a p l ce will be b neful . If ( ) a d a a Spotte dog enters p lace, that palace will a give its pe ce to the enemy. i f ( ) a a a a a dog goes to p l ce nd kills some one, that a a p l ce is deprived of peace . O F BAB A 2 1 HISTORY YLONI .

a a a a and a (If) dog goes to p l ce lies down on bed, a a a a that p l ce none with his h nd will t ke . (If) a dog goes to a palace and lies down on the ”

a a a . throne, th t p l ce will be burned

ar a a Some of the omens e h rdly likely to h ppen ,

a m however desir bl“e their consequences ay be . Thus are a a a a a we told th t when sheep be rs lion, the rms

and a of the king will be powerful , the king will h ve

” no rival . Others o“f them are obvious enough in i a the r conn“ection ; to dre m of bright ﬁre, “for a a and inst nce, forebodes ﬁre in the city, the

sight of a decaying house was a sign of misfortu ne

to its occupant . Here is a specimen of the exorcisms

adopted to drive away evil spirits and the diseases

they were im agined to occa sion

The noxious god, the noxious spirit of the neck ,

he a t spirit of the desert , the Spirit of the mount ins , sea a the Spirit of the , the spirit of the mor ss, the

noxious cherub of the city, this noxious wind which

and al : seizes the body ( ) the he th of the body 0 , a ! 0 a spirit of he ven, remember , spirit of e rth , rem“ember ! The burning spirit of the neck which seizes the

man m an , the burning spirit which seizes the , the

a spirit which works evil, the cre tion of the evil spirit A 2 2 HISTORY O F B ABYLONI .

a ! 0 a O, spirit of he ven, remember , spirit of e rth , rem“ember ! a a ri Wasting, w nt of he lth, the evil spi t of the

a ulcer, spre ding quinsey of the gullet, the violent

x : 0 ri a ulcer, the no ious ulcer , Spi t of he ven, remem a ! ber ! O, spirit of e rth, remember

a a Sickness of the entr ils, sickness of the he rt , the

a a palpitation of sick he rt, sickness of bile, sickness of

a a ilatzon . ﬂatu the he d, noxious colic, the g of terror, len rai cy of the ent ls, noxious illness, lingering sickness , n a : i a ightm re O, sp rit of he ven, remember 1 O , ” a h ! spirit of e rt , remember

The most dreaded of the powers of evil were the “ ” e a l ri na s ven b lefu spi ts or winds, origi lly the storm

was a an a clouds, of whom it s id by ncient poet of Eridhu Those seven in the mountain of the sunset were begotten : those seven in themounta in of the did a sunrise grow up . In the deep pl ces of the earth have they their dwelling in the high places of

” ar h a a a the e t h ve they their n me . One of the formul e of exorcism contains the following hymn in reference to them

are are t . Seven ( ) they, seven ( ) hey

a ar In the byss of the deep seven ( e) they . a are In the brightness of he ven seven ( ) they . F BAB 2 HISTORY O YLONIA. 3

In the abyss of the dee p in a pal ace (was ) their

1 l t are a are a . M le they ( ) not, fem e hey ( ) not

Moreover the deep (is) their pathway .

a i . Wife they h ve not, ch ld is not born to them

Law (and) kindness know they not . a a Prayer and supplic tion he r they not . (Among) the thorns of the mountain (was) their w gro th .

To H ea (the god of the sea) (are) they hostile . 2 - ar ar The throne be ers of the gods ( e) they. lilies torrent ar Disturbing the in the e they set.

ar e are . Wicked ( ) they, wicked ( ) they are are v Seven ( ) they, seven ( ) they, se en twice ” a a ar g in ( e) they .

The hymns to the seven wicked spiri ts introduce us

a c i to the gre t ollection of hymns to the gods, wh ch

' was R C . 2 0 0 0 and at compil ed , formed once the

al a l L morm ant has Ch de n Bible and iturgy. M . a - ptly compared it with the Rig Veda of ancient India .

a ari a Like the l tter, it embodied hymns of v ous d tes and a and a uthorship, it seems to h ve been put

The A adia in a rda r s e a d cc n text, cco nce with the e p ct p i to

m in ad r e d wo en Acc , reve s s this or er . This ill ustrates the verse in the a ccount of“the Deluge w i des cr bes in s of rm the hrone h ch i how, the cour e the sto , t bear a n and ain ers went over mount i pl . 2 4 m sr onv o r BABYLONI A. together at the time of a great religious reform , when the Shamanistic beliefs of the early Accadians were fused into the organized polytheism of their Semitic

an a m a conquerors . As ex mple of these hymns y be

r a a a quoted one of those which a e ddressed to S m s , t“he sun-god a a a O Lord, the illumin tor of d rkness , thou th t

a openest the f ce (of sorrow), a Merciful God, the setter up of the f llen , the sup

porter of the sick,

a Unto thy light look the gre t gods,

a all a The spirits of e rth of them bow before thy f ce,

a a a The l ngu ge of pr ise like one word thou directest, The host of their heads bow before the light of the

- a mid d y sun . a submittest and Like wife thou thyself, joyfully kindly

Y ea art , thou their light in the vault of the distant a he ven,

a a a Of the bro d e rth their b nner art thou . far and n Men wide bow before thee a d rej oice .

a a a - In nother hymn, Merod ch, form of the sun god and a a benef ctor of m nkind, is thus made to a ddress the lightning, which is metaphorically called the ta i scimi r, wherew th he smote the dragon Tihamtu in the war of the gods

2 6 HISTORY o r BABYLONIA .

a a and earth, the we pon of (seven) he ds , (I

bear). da Tha t which maketh the light come forth like y, the

a a . god of the e st, my burning power, (I be r) nd a ﬁ re- The establisher of heaven a e rth, the god, who

a a . has not his riv l, (I be r) The weapon which (ﬁlls) the world (with) overwhelm

In my right hand mightily made to go (the weapon that) of gold (and) crystal a a Is wrought for dmir tion, my God who ministers to f li e, (I

a a a a a Still more rem rk ble is penitenti l ps lm, from which the following verses m ay be selected

a a a are O my Lo rd, my tr nsgression (is) gre t, m ny ( )

my sins .

a a are O my God, my tr nsgression (is) gre t, my sins ( a m ny), 0 a a my Goddess, my tr nsgression (is) gre t, my sins

(are many). 0 a a an my God, th t knowest (th t) I knew not, my tr s i ress on a are a . g (is) gre t, my sins ( m ny) 0 a a my Goddess, th t knowest (th t) I knew not, my

a a are an . tr nsgression (is) gre t, my sins ( m y) a a The tr nsgression (th t) I committed I knew not .

‘ ' a . n z The sin (th t) I sinned I k ew not.

a The forbidden thing did I e t.

did ; The forbidden thing I trample upon . B A HISTORY O F BA YLONI . 2 7

a a has My Lord in the wr th of his he rt punished me .

a has God in the strength of his he rt overpowered me . The Goddess upon me has laid afﬂiction and in pain h as set me .

a a God, who knew (th t) I knew not, h th pierced me . a a The Goddess, who knew (th t) I knew not, h th a a c used d rkness . I lay on the ground and no m an seized me by the

hand.

and a I wept, my p lms none took .

a a a a I cried loud there w s none th t would he r me.

am a k an I in d r ness d trouble I lifted not myself up . T0 my God my (distress) I referred ; my prayer I a ddressed.

a The feet of my Goddess I embr ced . 0 a T (my) God , who knew (th t) I knew not, (my a a pr yer) I ddressed .

X‘ as

are a r O my God, seven times seven ( ) my tr nsg essions, ” a r my tr nsgressions (a e) before me .

Of a very different character is the following prayer

66- 2 ad a I . . alter a b . . dre m (W A , iv , )

May my God give rest to my prayer.

May my Lord (grant) a merciful return (from trouble).

This day directs unto death the terrors (of night). a a and a 0 my Goddess, be f vour ble unto me he r my a pr yer. 28 HISTORY o r BABYLONI A.

' m a o ﬁerin May she deliver (me) from my sin y my g

be accepted . ma a May the Deity deliver, y she be gr cious to (my)

gift. a a a My transgression m ay the seven winds c rry w y.

rm m a a h . o May t e w destroy (it), y the bird be r (it)

aloft to heaven .

May the shoal of ﬁsh carry (it) away into the river. May their tail a nd back receive (it) for me m ay the waters of the river as they ﬂow dissolve (it)

for me .

a a n a Enlighten me lso like im ge of gold ,

fa Like rich fat make me t before thee .

a : a Seize the worm , bury it live bury (it bene th) thy

a a . lt r, thy multitudes seize With the worm cause (me) to p ass and let me ﬁnd

protection with thee .

and a a a a . Dismiss me, let f vour ble dre m come May the dream I dream be favourable ; m ay the a a dre m I dre m be true .

a a The dre m I dre m to prosperity turn .

Ma M khir a a a . y , the god of dre ms, rest upon my he d

a a and Bit- a a M ke me gre t, to S gg l, the temple of the

a gods, the temple of Ad r,

a Unto Merod ch, the merciful , for prosperity, to his a prospering h nds deliver me .

Ma a w m a y thy descent be m de kno n, y thy divinity

be glorious ,

Ma a y the men of my city celebr te thy mighty deeds . F AB HISTORY O B YLONIA . 2 9

’ All these hymns are translated from Accadian into

a a a a a Assyri n, the origin l Acc di n text being pl ced in a parallel column on the left-hand side of the Assyrian

a a tr nsl tion .

’ The mythological poems given in Mr. Smith s

Chal dean Account of Genesis are another proof of the extent to which poetry wa s cultivated in ancient

Ba a . ar byloni Some of these e noticed subsequently, more especially the account of the Deluge and the

a I z hu r a n gre t d ba epic of which it forms episode .

This epic is a redaction of a number of independent

a a a poems of e rlier d te, the thre d which runs through the whole and connects it together being the adve n

u Izdhu r a a t res of ba . The epic w s prob bly put together in its present form about 2 0 0 0 years B. C .

an a a it is compiled on stronomic l principle, being

' divided into a a a twelve books , e ch nswering to sign of the Zodia c and the Accadian month which was n amed after it . Thus the account of the Deluge is

la introduced into the eleventh book or y, which cor responds with the sign Aqu arius a nd the rainy

a a a month of the Acc di n c lendar .

The people of Acca d were not neglectful of law.

Probably the oldest table of l aws in existence is the one which was copied and translated for the library F BAB A . 30 HISTORY O YLONI

N and ﬁnd a and of ineveh , in which we th t the life

and status of the slave are recognized provided for, and the mother is regarded as of more importance

as l a a a than the father, is stil the c se with m ny Alt ic

a are un tribes . The ﬁrst two columns of the t ble fortunately too much broken to be read ; the la st two

l i a run as follows , beginning, it wi l be observed, w th list of legal precedents

’ A certain man s brother- in- law hired (workmen) and an a built enclosure on his found tion . From x the house (the judge) e pelled him . In every ca se let a ma rried m an put his child in pos

of a session property, provided th t he does not

make him inhabit it .

For the future (the judge m ay) allow a sanctuary to a a be erected in priv te demesne . (A man) has full possession of a sanctuary on his own

high place .

The sanctuary (a m an) has raised is conﬁrmed to the

son who inherits .

m an a his a and (A ) sh ll not (deny) f ther his mother.

a m an has a a (If ) n med town, but not la id the

a - m a a a found tion stone, he y ch nge (the n me). a This imperi l rescript must be learnt . A HISTORY O F BABYLONI . 31

a a a s Everything which m rried wom n enclo es, she

(shall) possess . a In all ca ses for the future (these rules sh ll hold good).

a a : art A decision . A son s ys to his f ther Thou not

a and a - a my f ther, ( ) conﬁrms it by (his) n il m rk (on the deed) ; (the son) gives him a pledge

and pays him silver .

a A decision . A son s ys to his mother Thou art not a off my mother ; his h ir is cut , (in) the city a and a an they exclude him from e rth w ter, d in

the house imprison him .

a a A decision . A f ther s ys to his son : Thou art not my son in house and brick building they

imprison him .

a A decision . A mother s ys to her son : Thou art not my son ; in house and property they imprison

her.

. a a an A decision A wom n is unf ithful to her husb d, and says to him : Thou art not my husband

into the river they throw her.

a a A decision . A husb nd s ys to his wife Thou ar t not my wife half a maneh of silver he weighs

out (in compensation).

. a a A decision A m ster kills (his) sl ves, cuts them to f pieces, injures their o fspring, drives them from the land and m akes them sick ; his hand every

day shall measure out a half- measure of corn (in F AB A 32 HISTORY O B YLONI .

It is hardly necessa ry to describe Babylonian litera

~ a . beast fables ture in further det il It comprised ,

a a a riddles of a somewh t element ry kind , contr ct

a a a a tablets, deeds of s le , geogr phic l lists, chronologic l

a tables, historic l documents, copies of correspondence ,

ar a a and ca talogues of the v ious nim ls , trees, stones ,

kn and other objects own to the Babylonians . M athe

a a and m ties were not disreg rded, the ﬁgures of geo metry were even ma de to serve the purposes of a

a aff superstitious divin tion . The insight thus orded us into the literary a ctivity and interests of a people whose very existence was almost forgotten but a few

a a o a a ye rs g , is one of the most rem rk ble revelations of the present century .

C D YLIN RICAL S EALS .

A 34 HISTORY OF BABYLONI .

a through this wonderful people, become the herit ge

and a of all m ankind, while its science civiliz tion ,

and a a through the medium of the Greeks Rom ns, h ve become the bases of modern research and a dvance ment . The extent of country comprehended under the

a a at iff and name of Babyloni v ried d erent times, it is impossible to ﬁx the exact boundaries of the country

a a at any period during the empire, for ltern te conquest a nd defeat caused the boundaries to ﬂuctuate con

ll al a inua . t y Gener ly spe king, it comprehended the

o a l ab a country fr m ne r the Lower to the Persi n Gulf,

0 0 and a a about 4 miles long, from El m , e st of the

a a a Tigris, to the Ar bi n Desert, west of the Euphr tes ,

a a f 0 i a n aver ge bre dth O I 5 m les .

a a a Within this sp ce, in e rly times , there were sever l

and at a a a kingdoms ; Often, l ter period , loc l chiefs

a m de themselves independent ; for, the country, being

a ri was a a peopled by sever l distinct t bes, there w nt of

a al an a n tion ity d p tri otism .

It is generally supposed that Babylonia was peopled in early times by Turanian tribes (tribes allied to th e

and a a and a Turks T t rs), th t these were conquered and a dispossessed by the Semites . This ch nge is very

u a doubtf l, lthough supported by much learned argu BA B A HISTORY OF YLONI . 35

a Ba a ment, grounded on the n ture of the byloni n 1 language and writing .

O f Ba a was The history byloni , from its own records ,

a a a a translated into Greek by Ch lde n priest, n med

in i B erosus, who lived the th rd century before the

r O f B Christian e a . The history erosus is lost, except

ing an imperfect outline of his chronology and an

a a and account of the ntediluvi ns, the Flood the time

of Nebuchadnezzar and his successors .

a B are and The fr gments of erosus so few, it is so

f a a t a aff di ﬁcult to rr nge his epochs, h t they ord little

aid in composing the history O f the country.

a Ba a and On the other h nd, the byloni n Assyri an

I have left the contradiction betwee n this pa ssage and tha t ’ x 6 b a S m a on p . , ec use it expresses Mr. ith s hesit tion on the m a W a ab ta and i tter . hether or not the e rly inh i nts civil zers of Chaldea were allied to the Turks and Ta ta rs Of the present day — — a point which is extremely doubtful at all events they spoke

an a a a u a a is a a a th gglutin tive l ng ge ; th t , l ngu ge in which e

a amm a are d d b but b rel tions of gr r enote , not y inﬂections, y the

a a m d - d d tt ch ent of in ependent or semi indepen ent wor s . Th e

cad an la ua as al m d w as a d Ac i ng ge, it is usu ly ter e , closely llie to

d a s o E am as l as a of Protom edic the i lect sp ken in l , wel to th t the

b t of r a s . Lenormant has a d ab su jec s the Pe si n king . M rgue ly

b al of a a ua in eh f the view th t this whole group of l ng ges, though

s a d b m a ba k to th t n ing y itself, yet ulti tely goes c e same source

as h Fn fam f n — t e S . i nic ily o to gues . BAB 36 HISTORY OF YLONIA . inscriptions which supply most of our historical infor

mation, give very little insight into the chronology ;

a a a a so, even with the ids from ncient uthors , the e rlier

a a part of the history is merely fr gment ry . The

B abylonian histories commenced with a description

a a of the cre tion , simil r in some respects to the one in

an d a a Ba Genesis, then went on to rel te th t the by

a a Alorus lonians were ﬁrst ruled by king n med , in whose time there ca me up out O f the Persian Gulf a

a a was a m an a being n med O nnes , who h lf , h lf ﬁsh , something like the Dagon of the Philistines . Oannes is sa id to have taught the Babylonia ns all their learn

and a a t a ing, to h ve imp r ed to them the rts of civilized life .

Ba a According to the byloni ns , there were ten kings ,

Aloru s beginning with , before the Flood ; these ten agreeing in number with the ten p atriarchs in Genesis but an extravagant length was given by the Babylo nians a a to this period , their st tement being th t the ten kings reigned for years .

B a a a a eside the cre ture O nnes, they rel ted th t several similar beings came out O f the Persian Gulf ; and they otherwi se ado rned their n arrative with marvels and legends to make up for the total want O f

a historv re l . HISTORY O F BA BYLONIA .

nrnth O f a The the kings before the Flood, ccording

Ba a was a a a- and to the byloni ns , n med Ub r tutu, he

a O f B corresponds in position to the L mech the ible , wh o was fa ther of Noah .

a a - was Adrah asis Ub r tutu succeeded by his son , or

H asisadra a , who corresponds to the No h of the

B a ible . In his time it is recorded th t the whole of

a ha and B a a m nkind d become wicked, the byloni n

a a deities resolved to destroy the e rth by deluge .

H asisadra a m an wa s a being pious , comm nded to

a n ark a and build , wherein himself, his f mily, friends , and pairs O f all animals should be preserved during the Flood . The Chaldean monarch accordingly built

a nd wa a s . this vessel , in it s ved

The Chaldean story of the Deluge is so remarkable

a a a s a th t I repe t it here it is given on the t blets ,

a as a H asisadra n mely speech put into the mouth of ,

a a a or No h . I append a Series of notes of the p r llel

a a p ss ges in Genesis for comp arison . A 38 HISTORY OF BABYLONI .

' Ex tra ct from tlze E leven”: Ta blet of llze I zaﬁ uba r ’ ’ ‘ e end s ivin llze Clza la eem a eeoum o fli e D elu e. L g , g g f g

COLUMN I . Line 1 Xisi hrus a a I zdhubar 8 . t to him lso s id even to

B e a Izdhubar a 9 . reve led to thee the conce led

story,

1 0 and a a . the or cle of the gods to thee be rel ted even

to thee . S uri ak a I I . The city pp the city which thou est b

lish d s a e e t situ ted,

I 2 a a and . th t city is ncient the gods (dwell) within it

I 3. their servant the great gods

I 4 . the god Anu

I 5 . the god Elu

1 i 6 . the god Nin p I and f . O a 7 the god the lord H des ,

1 8 . a and their will he repe ted to the midst (of it),

1 9 . I his will was hearing an d he spake to me

Xisithru s a Xisuthrus am , or r ther , is the n e given to the

Bab i a N a b B I ab . ylon n o h y erosus . t is question le whether Mr

’ S m was a d the d aa ra kﬁ asir ith right in reg r ing wor s , which occur

' in l d ab i F as the am of t m . Th e narr e the oo t lets, n e the hero of he

a al n d r ad Tam o zi of the l tter is usu ly writte with two i eog aphs, re “ ” A ad a s sun and the d in cc i n, the ﬁr t of which signiﬁes the , secon li ”— k . S . F BAB A HISTORY O YLONI . 39

Line i akite O f ara— 2 . S ur 0 pp , son Ub tutu ,

2 1 a a a a . m ke ship fter this (m nner) 1 2 an 2 . I remember the sinner d life

2 . a a f all 3 c use to scend the seed O life of it, to the

midst of the ship .

2 al a 4 . The ship which thou sh t m ke

2 6 0 0 a a O f . t 5 cubits sh ll be the me sure its leng h , (and) 2 6 6 0 a O f a and . cubits the mount its bre dth its

height .

a . 2 7 . into the deep l unch it

2 a nd a H ea 8 . I perceived s id to my lord

2 . a a 9 the ship m king which thou comm ndest thus ,

0 P al 3 . when ( ) by me it sh l be done, d l 1 a an O d . 3 . [I sh ll be derided by] young men men 2 H ea and a and a 3 . opened his mouth sp ke s id to me a his serv nt,

a sa 33. thou sh lt y unto them ,

a an 34 . he h s turned from me d

35 . ﬁxed over me a 36 . like c ves

a and 37 . bove below i 38 . close the sh p

39 . the ﬂood which I will send to you ,

an . 4 0 . into it enter d the door of the ship turn

1 tlr a an 4 . Into the midst of it, y gr in, thy furniture, d thy goods, “ r O seed. B 4 0 HISTORY O F BA YLONI A .

Line a a a a 4 2 . thy we lth , thy women serv nts , thy fem le sl ves ,

and the young men , a a O f t e ﬁ eld . a 43 the be sts of the ﬁeld , the nim ls h , , , all I will gather and

and a 4 4 . I will send to thee, they sh ll be enclosed in

thy door.

Xisithru s O a nd a and 4 5 . his mouth pened sp ke a Hea 4 6 . s id to his lord

a 47. whosoever the ship will not m ke

a 4 8 . in the e rth enclosed

m a a 4 9 . y I see lso the ship

5 0 . on the ground the ship

1 a a 5 . the ship m king which thou comm ndest (thus) in 5 2 . which

COLUMN II .

strong on the ﬁfth day it in its circuit 1 4 measures (in) its frame 1 4 measures it measures over it

a I pl ced its roof, it I enclosed it .

a I rode in it for the sixth time, I (ex mined its ex terior ) for the seventh time, its interior I examined for the eighth time a a with pl nks the w ter from within it I stopped,

saw and a a I rents the w nting parts I dded ,

B A 4 2 HISTORY O F BA YLONI .

Line all a 2 8 . I caused to go up into the ship, my m le ser

a a vants and my fem le serv nts ,

a a a 2 9 . the be st of the ﬁeld, the nim l of the ﬁeld, the

all a sons of the people , of them I c used to

go up .

0 a a a and 3 . A ﬂood Sh m s m de

1 a a P a 3 . he Sp ke s ying ( ) in the night I will c use it to

a a a r in from he ven he vily,

O f and . 32 . enter into the midst the ship shut thy door

a a 33. Th t ﬂood h ppened (of which) a a : a 34 . he sp ke s ying in the night I will c use it to

rain from heaven heavily .

. da a a 35 In the y I celebr ted his festiv l ,

6 a a a had a . 3 . during the d y w tch fe r I to w tch f and 37 . I entered into the midst O the ship shut my doon

8 T — - 3 . O close the ship to Buzur s adi rabi the boat

man

. a a r 39 the p l ce (the a k) I gave with its goods . a a 40 . A storm t d wn in the morning

1 . a a and 4 rose, from the horizon of he ven extending 1 wide. 2 2 . and 4 Vul in the midst of it thundered,

. and S am 43 Nebo went in front,

Rat a and da - her r in rkness . S . 2 R ad R m m A a Ram m a R m m d be e i on ( ssyri n n). i on shoul b i u d — su st t te for Vul wherever it occurs S . F BAB A HISTORY O YLONI . 43

Line l 44 the throne-bearers went over mountains a pl ins,

t al the des royer Nerg overturned,

Nini and a p went in front ( ) c st down, a a the spirits of e rth c rried destruction, in their glory they swept the earth

a a the ﬂood of Vul re ched to he ven .

a a The bright e rth to a w ste was turned .

COLUMN III .

a a k The surf ce of the e rth li e it swept, (it destroyed) all life (from) the face of the earth

a the strong (deluge) over the people, re ched to

(heaven). B saw a rother not his brother, it did not sp re the

people . In heaven

a and the gods fe red the ﬂood, sought refuge ; they a scended to the heaven of 2 Ann. r The gods like dogs ﬁxed in droves were prost ate . 3 a a a Sp ke Isht r like child,

T a d m - d h t is, the seven wicke spirits or stor go s . 9 h a T a . h t is, the ighest he ven “ ” 3 Rat m her other. 4 4 HISTORY OF BA BYLONI A .

Line 1 a 9 . uttered Rub t her speech

1 0 are and . All to corruption turned , had I I . when I in the presence of the gods prophesied

evil ,

1 2 . thus I prophesied in the presence of the gods evil

are all and 1 3. to evil devoted ( ) my people, I pro phesied n 1 . a a d 4 I the mother h ve begotten my people , f O sea . 1 5 . like the young the ﬁshes they ﬁll the

a I 6 . The gods concerning the Spirits of e rth were

weeping with her,

1 a a a a 7 . the gods in se ts were se ted in l ment tion , 8 1 . covered were their lips for the coming ﬂood .

a n 1 9 . Six d ys a d nights

2 0 . a n a d . p ssed the wind, deluge, storm Overwhelmed h 2 1 . On the seventh day in its course (t e ra in from) heaven (and) all the deluge

2 2 . had a a which destroyed like an e rthqu ke ,

2 . . sea a a nd 3 quieted The one c used to dry, the wind and deluge ended . 2 2 4 I perceived the sea m aking a tossing 2 an 5 . d the whole of m ankind wa s turned to cor

ruption,

2 6 . a like reeds the corpses ﬂo ted .

2 . an 7 I opened the window, d the light broke over my face , “ ” T a a I Lad ta . h t is, Gre t y, s r 2 Ra - ther noise . S . AB A HISTORY OF B YLONI . 4 5

Line a and sa t and 2 8 . it p ssed, I down wept

m a a . 2 9 . over y f ce ﬂowed my te rs nd f s a 0 . a a O e 3 I perceived the shore the bound ry the , f 1 or a a . 3 . twelve me sures the l nd rose

2 3 . To the country of Nizir went the ship

. a f a nd 33 the mount in O Nizir stopped the ship, to

a was a . p ss over it, it not ble

34 . The ﬁrst day and the second day the mounta in

of Nizir stopped it .

a 35 . The third day and the fourth d y the mountain f O Nizir stopp e d it.

6 . an d a 3 The ﬁfth sixth, the mount in of Nizir stopped

It.

a 37 . On the seventh d y in the course of it

8 . an a d . 3 I sent forth dove, it left The dove went and tu rned and

- . a a and . 39 resting pl ce it could not enter, it returned

0 a n a 4 . I sent forth a sw llow a d it left . The sw llow went and turned and

- 1 a a and . 4 . resting pl ce it could not enter, it returned

2 . n 4 I sent forth a raven a d it left.

4 3. The raven went and the corpses which were on the water it sa w and

. e at a a a a 44 it did , it sw m , it w ndered w y, it did not

return .

. a a 4 5 I sent forth (the nim ls) to the four winds, I u a a po red out lib tion,

6 . an a a a f 4 I built lt r on the pe k O the mountain , B A . 4 6 HISTORY OF BA YLONI

Line

, 4 7 . by sevens jugs of wine I took a and at , 48 . the bottom of them I pl ced reeds, pines

spices . l at 49 . The gods co lected its burning, the gods col lected at its good burning ;

0 a ﬁ a . 5 . the gods like ﬂies over the s cri ce g thered a a 5 1 . From of old lso Rub t in her course

2 a r a ! had 5 . c rried the g e t brightness which Anu

created . When the glory

a a 5 3. those gods, the ch rm of cryst l round my neck m ay I not leave

COLUMN IV .

a e a ma 1 . in those d ys I desir d th t for ever y I not

leave them . Ma m a a y the gods come to y lt r, Ma al a y Elu not come to my t r, and had a a for he did not consider m de deluge ,

- m 1 and y people he had consigned to the deep . From what time also Elu in his course

saw a b , the ship Elu took ; with nger e ﬁlled the gods even spirits of earth

8 . a m an Let not life ever come out, let not be a 2 s ved from the deep .

Nini an a a p his mouth Opened, d sp ke ; he s id to the warrior Elu

” Ra — 2 — a . h . S . ther vessel S . Rather in t e vessel BA B A HISTORY OF YLONI . 4 7

Line

I O ask H ea a has . Who then will the m tter he done,

I and H ea a all I O knowing lso things

1 2 H ea and a a . his mouth Opened sp ke, he s id to the war rior Elu

I O f a 3. Thou just prince the gods, w rrior

1 a becom est a a 4 . When thou ngry , deluge thou m kest

1 5 . the doer of sin punish his sin , the doer of evil

punish his evil, ff 1 6 . o a the j ust prince let him not be cut , the f ithful let him not be (destroyed) 1 n f m a . a O a a in 7 i ste d thee m king deluge, y lions 1 crease and men be reduced

1 8 a a a m . a a inste d of thee m king deluge , y leop rds increas e and men be reduced

f a n a m 1 . a O a a a 9 inste d thee m ki g deluge, y f mine happen and the country be destroyed

2 m i a m a 0 . n a a i i ste d of thee k ng deluge , y pest lence increase and the country be destroyed

° I a a . I did not peer into the or cle of the gre t gods .

2 2 A h i a 3 an a . dra as s a d dre m they sent, the or cle of

the gods he heard .

2 . was a 3 When his j udgment ccomplished, Elu went

up to the midst of the ship .

2 a an ra 4 . He took my h nd d ised me up, “ “ 1 — 3 — m Ra a a . S . Rather co e . S . ther hy en s “ ” 3 d im S ee the the Rather ca use to reveal to h . note on

- am Xisithrus . 8 . S . n e , p 3 48 HISTORY OF B ABYLONI A .

Line a a and wi 2 5 . he c used to r ise to bring my fe to my Si de ;

m a a n a nd a a a 2 6 . he de bo d, est blished in coven nt he blesses us

2 Hasisa dra and 7 . in the presence of the people , thus

2 8 H asisadra a nd a nd . When , his wife, the people to be like the gods are carried away

a H asisa dra a a a t 2 9 . then sh ll dwell in remote pl ce

the mouth of the rivers .

0 a nd a a at 3 . They took me in remote pl ce the mouth

of the rivers they seated me.

This extract from one O f the cuneiform tablets will serve to show the light which these documents throw B on the ible . The Chaldean legend O f the Flood was

In ex rstenc e a t least year s before the Christia n era and , the scenes O fthe series of legends to which it belongs are carved on some O f the most ancient

Ba a a byloni n se ls .

The Bible says nothing about the native country

a . a a 2 a a of No h The Ch lde n legend, line , rel tes th t

S uri ak a a a O f he belonged to pp , port ne r the entr nce the a a a a Euphr tes into the Persi n Gulf. The Ch lde n

a legend grees with Genesis vi. in a scribing the Deluge to the anger of the Deity at the wickedness O f the

A 5 0 HISTORY O F BABYLONI .

ai a a . be on the mount ns of Ar r t This , however, I

a a a a a lieve does not me n the mount in now c lled Ar r t,

a nd a but a mountainous country south of this, ne r

n the present Lake Va . From this region several

- a a a mountain ch ins run down tow rds the Persi n Gulf,

. a on the east of the Tigris In this region, to the e st

fAss ria was a ark o y , the l nd of Nizir, where the rested , according to the Chaldean a ccount (col . iii. lines

2 at 3 There must be, however, present , con

‘ siderable diﬂerence of opinion as to the exa ct locality

ark as of the descent from the , the limits of these

a a a are geogr phic l n mes not deﬁned.

a a and a The s criﬁce of No h (Gen . viii . the ple

and a a sure blessing of God, re ppe r in col . iii . lines — 46 5 0 and the resolution of the Lord not to destroy the world again by a ﬂood comp ares with the state

1 ment in the inscription (col . iv. lines 7 The

a and a 1 —1 coven nt blessing of No h (Gen . ix. 7) is — . 2 given in col iv. lines 6 2 9 but this includes a sin

a if B a gul r d ference from the iblic l text. In the book

Of 2 Genesis (v. 4) it is rel ated tha t Enoch was trans

a . a a a a l ted This rem rk ble p ss ge is illustrated by col .

- . i 2 8 0 and iv l nes 3 , other places ; but the Chaldean legend makes it Hasisadra or Noah who is transl ated

and for his piety, not Enoch . A HISTORY O F B BYLONIA . S I

The whole of the Chal dean a ccount of the Deluge

is worthy O f minute comparison with that in the book

and f i of Genesis, will be ound interest ng, both in the

' points where it agrees with and those where it diﬁ ers

a a a from the Biblical record . Until few ye rs b ck

there was no conﬁrm ation of the book of Genesis

ar a O f a a e lier th n the time Alex nder the Gre t ; now,

a w however, ﬂood of light is thro n on it by the

ri and a a cuneiform insc ptions, it is highly prob ble th t much more of the earlier part of Genesis will be

a a found in these Chaldean texts . Fr gments h ve been found of the account O f the creation and building of

Ba and a a a the tower of bel , I h ve re son to believe th t these are only parts of a series of histories giving full l accounts Of these early periods .

m ’ A full account of thes e tablets is given in Mr. S ith s

ha d Tw o C l ean Account of Genesis . versions of the history

O f a a b d d an d i the cre tion h ve een iscovere , one ol er one, wh ch

ms a r a a d ed b B and a see to g ee with th t opt y erosus, nother which m b a m a r d bab ust elong to uch l ter pe io , pro ly the seventh cen

B . C . d th e the e arth was a tury Accor ing to ﬁrst version, : origin lly a d t and was t i ab d b d a eser , hen nh ite y non escript cre tures ' — m en with the bodies of birds and the fa ces of ra vens until it w as d abod the a l b ﬁtte for the e of present r ces of iving eings . The second version O f the a ccount O f the creation a grees very

w a d d in rs a s s The closely ith th t recor e the ﬁ t ch pter of Gene i .

E 2 A 5 2 HISTORY O F BABYLONI . The history of no other country is so likely to throw

a a B as Ba a light on the e rlier p rts of the ible byloni , for here it is stated that the garden of Eden was

a a situated , the ﬁrst home of the hum n r ce (Gen . ii .

are a a 8 , Four rivers given in this p ss ge ; two ,

a and r are well the Euphr tes Tig is, known the other

r a a w two a e considered , with gre t prob bility, to be t o

a a B a other stre ms of the s me river system in bylonia .

Sir Henry Rawlinson has identiﬁed Eden with the

Gan- Kar-dunias Ba a an region of duni, or , in byloni ,

d a d to a b nm ad da th e worl is st te h ve ee e in six successive ys,

m and ta b m d th e t da and sun , oon, s rs eing for e on four h y; the a m a bab th t The a b ni ls pro ly on e six h . ccount egins in this w ay

At that time the heaven above (w as) unnam ed In the ea rth beneath a nam e (was) unrecorded

a was d a d m Ch os, too ( ), unopene roun the .

B am th y n e e m other Tiha mtu (the Deep) (w as) th e begetter of

m all the .

T a a mb m d and heir w ters in one pl ce were not e oso e , th e fruitful

b (was d th e m a a was her ) uncollecte , rsh pl nt ( ) ungrown . At t a m h h t ti e t e gods (the sta rs) were not m ade to go none of

m b a the y n me (were) recorded ; order (wa s) not am ong m the . T m d hen were a e the (great) gods ; (and these) La khm u and

' Lakha mu caused to go until they were grown (they t d m nur ure the ). The d Assu and sa e mad b a d go s r Kis r w re e ( y their h n s). A B 5 HISTORY OF B YLONIA. 3 U

a a has a identiﬁc tion which, lthough not proved, m ny

probabilities in its favour. In the inscriptions of

- l r a a a Ga n Tigla th Pi ese II . it is st ted th t the l nd of dunias was a — a w tered by four rivers the Euphr tes , the

kni an ura i U d S . Tigris, the , the pp

A t da a m a d and d Anu Be l leng h of ys, long (ti e p sse , ) the go s ( ,

a nd Hea a d d A u a nd a b a were cre te ), the go s ss r Kiss r ( eg t

Connected with these creation tablets a re others which descrroe

al m an b ab b t m a dr a the f l of rought o“ut y the e pter, the gre t gon T am a Tih am tu the as w ell a s a i t ( ) or Deep, nother series ,

war da - od Tiam a tu which recounts the of Mero ch , the sun g , with and a T w ar m d th B b a a a her llies . his re in s us of e i lic l p ss ge

R v a d a t w as w a r in a ( e . xii . 7) in which it is s i th t here he ven Michael and his a ngels fought against the dragon ; and th e ” d a and a and a d . The a r gon fought his ngels, prev ile not fr g m ents relating to the Tower O f Babel are unfortunately very

a . T m a m a d sc nty hey conﬁr the st te ents of Greek writers , ccor ing to which the Babylonia ns rel a ted tha t the gods destroyed

T - a b d . Th e a m B ab el God the ower y win s n e signiﬁes G te of , and is a S em itic tra nsl ation of the older Acca dia n n am e of the

a C a -dim irra m a b to b d pl ce, , which y possi ly refer the uil ing of

T A s A iz the ower. the cca di a n na m e O f the m onth T ri (S e p “ ” mb w a s m m d the d te er) the onth of the holy oun , while eity who w a s connected with the building of the To wer w as term ed ” i the m d bab t a th e the k ng of holy oun , it is pro le h t event in q uestion w as supposed to ha ve ta ken place a t the autumna l

- equinox . S . A 5 4 HISTORY O F BABYLONI .

The Babylonians asserted that they had records

and a Ba written before the Flood, th t the cities of bel ,

Si ara Larancha and S uri ak or Babylon , pp , , pp were 1 . a grea t cities before the Deluge Cert inly, if there was a a r o o a civilized r ce here for to , 5 ye rs

da before the Flood, we might expect one y to

‘ ﬁnd some tra ces of it ; but as yet no contempo rary monuments have been discovered which c an

a a a B C . 2 0 0 and be pl ced e rlier th n 3 , even this date m ay be too early for our oldest known monu ments .

The Babylonian traditions relate that after the Flood the people who were saved returned to Babylonia and repeopled the country ; and Greek translations have preserved a few names of monarchs supposed to be long to the subsequent epoch but nothing whatever is known of the state of the country or nature of the government.

The cuneiform inscriptions throw a little light on

O a this bscure interv l , but some O f the accounts are

a a an overlo ded with mir culous d impossible stories ,

La ranch a m be d d uri ak S uri kh u a s ust i entiﬁe with S pp (or p ,

a m m a a be ad a of the n e y lso re ), since Xisuth ru s is m ade a n tive Larancha b B i i k y erosus, wh le he is called a native of S ur ppa in

rm Tab t — the cuneifo Deluge le s . S . BAB A HISTO RY OF YLONI . 5 5 from which it is diﬂi cult to separate the historical

From these it appears that in early times this p art of the world was divided into many small principali

a a a l ties, when there rose hero whom I provision l y a I zdhubar c ll , but who corresponds in my Opinion to the Nimrod of the Bible . The Biblical account of — . 8 1 2 and Nimrod will be found in Gen x. , this real ly forms the only certain and a uthentic notice of

e a a a a the hero . There is , how ver, m ss of l ter tr dition with respect to him which m ay be partly founded on

a B a a O f the st tements of byloni n history some it,

a however, is evidently f lse.

I zdhubar i , whom I ident fy with Nimrod, is reported

a a Ba a a to have been loc l byloni n chief, celebr ted for

a and O f w his prowess mighty hunter ruler men, hen

a a some enemy, prob bly the chief of neighbouring a a a an n r ce, c me down with force of men d ships a d a tta cked the city of Erech .

was a a a a a Eu hra Erech l rge Ch lde n city, ne r the p

a 1 2 0 B a tes, bout miles south of bylon . It is men tioned as a a in Genesis one of the c pit ls of Nimrod , an d is now represented by the mounds of Warka .

i Ba a a was Accord ng to the byloni n tr dition, it then

of a and devoted to the worship of Anu, god he ven, A 5 6 HISTORY OF BABYLONI .

Anatu and was a his wife , or consort, , its ruler queen

a a a a or goddess, n med Isht r , celebr ted for her be uty 1 and for her dissolute character .

a nd a The enemy attacked the city c ptured it, hold

a ing it in subjection for three ye rs, when, by the will

was I zdhubar of the gods, it delivered by , who then

I zdhubar made it the chief city of his dominions . ,

was after gaining Erech, desirous to secure for his

' r a a a Heabani ne w c ou t a celebr ted s ge, n med , who

f m ons r a a a O a te . ppe rs to h ve been in the power ,

The monster was killed by order of Izdhubar, and He abani ca me to Erech to the court of

Izdhuban

a a Heabani a as a After the rriv l of , he cted strologer and a a I zdhubar and a a ssist nt to , ccomp nied him in his various expeditions . Izdhubar then m ade war upon a

a H umbaba a a chief n med , who ruled in mount inous

— and region clothed with pine trees , conquered him , a Ba a. nnexing his dominions to byloni Another chief,

a B elesu was an a n med , then conquered, d prob bly

a a a m ny others whose n mes h ve been lost. Accord

r ing to the legend, the dominions of I zdhuba now

a re ched from the . Persian Gulf to the Armenian

I ta was the A t B b the A a sh r shtore h of the i le, st rte of Greek writers .

5 8 HI STORY OF BABYLONIA .

and a h ad the animal cut up , dedic ted the horns in one of his temples .

a a a r I zdhubar now m de triumph l ent y into Erech ,

a a a at and feasted his chiefs in the h ll of his p l ce, the same time making proclamation of his great deeds

a a round the city . The t blets go on to describe v rious

I zdhubar and H eabani ar e other exploits of , but we told tha t misfortune ca me an d put an end to this

H a ni as l prosperity. e ba w ki led by some poisonous

a a and Izdhubar was i a . nim l, himself struck w th dise se

' a a a u O f Up to this point, lthough the n rr tive is f ll a and a h ad founda bsurdities mir cles , it possibly some tion in fact ; but the subsequent part of the history

r ca must be enti ely mythi l .

This la tter portion of the narrative relates that

a m d a H ea ani Izdub r bitterly ourned over the e th of b , and then set out from the city of Erech to seek Hasis a a as dr , the hero of the Flood , who w supposed by the Babylonians to be living with the gods somewhere

a a ne r the Persi n Gulf. It is remarkable that the

B abylonian traditions surrounded with interest the

region to the south of the country, where their own

a an a gre t rivers , the Tigris d Euphr tes , poured into

s the ea. Out of this sea they relate that there arose

a O nnes , the composite monster who , according to BAB A HISTORY OF YLONI . 5 9

a i a Ba a Berosus, t ught civ liz tion to the byloni ns . The building of the ark was pl aced here and this sea was considered p art of the great chaotic deep out O f which the world was formed ; while in this neighbourhood was the celestial region where the gods and spirits dwelt.

The description of the journey of Izdhubar is purely a rom ance . He visits the region where the giants control the rising and setting sun ; he p asses through

a a and a a a . district of d rkness, emerges into p r dise

a a sea- a a a He fterw rds visited the co st, c me into cont ct

i a m an a S iduri and a a a S abitu w th n med , wom n n med , and a a a a M ua l ter with wom n n med , to whom he

a H a ani rel tes the history of his connection with e b .

About this time he fal ls in with a boatm an named l U rham si and a a and , they get out bo t go to seek

Hasisa r d a.

The purpose of I zdhubar is to ask the s age to cure

O f his l an d a a can him il ness , to tt in himself, if he , to i the same immortal ity as that enjoyed by Has sa dra .

a I zdhubar H asisadra On the invit tion of , is supposed to rela te to him the story O f the Flood (already given

above) ; and then he instructs U rham si how to cure

ad am doubtfuL— The re ing of this n e is very S . BAB A 6 0 HISTORY OF YLONI .

I zdhubar a Izdhubar of his illness . fter this returns to

Erech, where he once more mourns over the lost

He abani.

Such is the outline of the story of I zdhubar from the

a a cuneiform inscriptions . How much historic l m tter,

an a a if y, underlies the story, I c nnot tell but cert inly

a a re w and c onﬁ ~ no monuments of his ge kno n , no dence c an be put in a ny of the details in their present

a a a form . The book of Genesis rel tes th t fter the Flood “ ” the people j ourneyed from the e a st to Shinar in

B abylonia and this statement O f the Bible shows that the writer of Genesis pointed to the s ame region a s

z the inscriptions for the descent from the ark. Ni ir

a a a and lies to the e st of the Euphr tes v lley, in j our neying from it to Shinar a western course would be

a . a u a a t ken On the other h nd , the mo nt in now c lled

Arara t lies quite to the north of the Euphrates

a v lley.

Ba a B Arrived in byloni from Nizir, the ible describes

as Ba a n the people building the city of bylon, d com m e ncin a g there the erection of tower, which work was stopped by Divine intervention . After the return

Ba a a a C a to byloni , there rose ushite n med Nimrod , who commenced a n empire in the districts of Babel

(Ba a a O f Ba bylon), Erech (modern W rk , south bylon), HISTORY OF BA BYLONI A . 6 l

1 a a S i ara Ba and a Akk d (ne r pp , north of bylon), C lneh,

a niﬁ Ni ur f which the T lmud ide t es with p or Ni fer,

a Ba a la a e st of bylon , but which more prob bly y ne r

f u r . citi s a a a the Tigris . These o e ppe r to h ve formed the centres or capitals of four sta tes or districts into which in O ld times B abylonia was divided .

I have already suggested the identity of Nimrod with the Izdhubar of the inscriptions . Although this

a and a is not proved , it is prob ble there is cert inly no other h e ro in the range of th e Babylonian inscrip tions likely to correspond with Nimrod .

The ea rly Christian writers identiﬁed Nimrod with a B a Evech ou s king in the list of erosus c lled , who is

said to have reigned over B abylonia after the return

a a a and a of the inh bit nts for ye rs , they give fter him the name of a second king Ch om osbolus for

a . B ye rs According to the history of erosus , there

a w Eve chou s reigned fter the Deluge , commencing ith ,

- a a eighty six kings , for period of or ye rs , w m do n to the ti e when the Medes conquered Babylon .

The long average of the reigns in this period proves

Accad w as rather a district distinct from S hina r (called

S m the t a nd a d m ab a the u er in inscrip ions), so c lle fro its inh it nts, ” A ccada i H a d \Vh at S m ad as A ad , or ighl n ers . Mr. ith re g e,

and d t d B b cal ad ad b a i en iﬁe with the i li Acc , is re y other schol rs

A ane - g . S . BAB A 6 2 HISTORY OF YLONI .

ar a that we e not de ling here with history, but with

a at a a mythical person ges, or best with tr dition ry

n are a a a . heroes, whose reig s gre tly ex gger ted

a a a B a It is curious th t the n rr tive of erosus , fter this

ar a a period of ye s, commences the historic l p rt

a a a w a of the work, not with n tive dyn sty, but ith

a a foreign conquest, the ﬁrst dyn sty being st ted to b e

a 1 and a Medi n, to h ve consisted of eight kings , who

2 2 a B a Izdhubar reigned for 4 ye rs . eside the n me of , the cuneiform inscriptions supply two or three other names of kings belonging to the long mythica l or tra ditiona ry period after the Flood a mong these are

Etanna a m a a , who built city which y h ve been the

a B an a s a a d . s me bel , T mmuz, Ner NO monuments

a are n a or rem ins of this period know , but it is prob ble that there existed at one time in Babylonia rude and early monuments which were a scribed to this period for we are told in the Izdhubar legends that that hero raised stone monuments in memory of his celebrated

H asi a r journey to s d a .

As the Medi an dyna sty of Berosus seem s to have derived its

am m d a of a l but fr m n e, not fro the Me“i cl ssica geography o the ” A a di a d m ada r b a d a cc n wor , count y, it is possi le th t t“he yn sty m a aft al l a b a a y, er , h ve een n tive one belongi ng to the country Bab — of yloni a S . HISTORY OF BA BYLONIA . 63

CHAPTER III .

A D A O R BAB A . CH L E , SOUTH YLONI

— — Nipur and Ur U rukh and his buildings The religion and — — — civilization of Ur Dungi Th e kings of Ka rra k The rise of

IN early times B abylonia appears to h ave con

a a in a sisted of sever l st tes, which time bec me con

a solidated into one . Of these st tes our monuments

a a ai m ke us ﬁrst cqu nted with one in the south , the f i capital O wh ch was Ur . At this time our indica

a ar wa s Ni u r tions suggest th t the p ent city of Ur p ,

ff a - Ba b now Ni er, city lying south west of bylon, e

' a an Ni tween the Euphr tes d Tigris . On the site of ﬁer

are a a v there now the ruins of consider ble city, di ided

a a a into two p rts by the dry bed of river, prob bly in a ra f ncient times a b nch o the Euphrates .

Ni ur was f B el a p devoted to the worship O , the gre t

B a a was deity of the byloni ns , who one of the three A B A 64 HISTORY OF B YLONI . supreme gods and j oined with his worship was that

B a a a nd Nini of his consort el t, or Mylitt , the god p ,

wa a n s . lord of war a d hunting , who c lled his son

Of the time when Nipu r wa s the leading city in

Ba a a this part of byloni , we h ve discovered no monu

a a ments but immedi tely fter, we ﬁnd , when the

a a was a a mon rchy of Ur ro“se , it cl imed th t the god of was B el Ur, the moon, the eldest son of , the god of

” Ni ur a a a p , the cl im c rrying with it evidently the sser

a O f a a nd tion th t he inherited the rule his f ther, his

’

a a Ni ur. city the position of his f ther s se t, p

a a a Ur, the city which thus ppe rs to h ve succeeded

Ni ur as a a p c pit l , is represented by the mounds of

a a Mugheir, bout six miles from the Euphr tes on its ° a la 1 a t. was a western b nk, bout 3 It prob bly not far O ld a from the mouth of the Euphr tes , but the

a . river, in comp ny with the Tigris , brings down so

a an a a a at m l rge mount of m teri l to deposit its outh , that the land rapidly a ccumulates a t the hea d of the

a a nd a Persi n Gulf, the present mouth of the Euphr tes

fa r a f is from the origin l outlet O the river. The

are a a ruins of Ur enclosed by w ll, something in the

a a a and a a sh pe of pe r, me suring bout two miles round . The space round the town is full of gra ves

all a of ges, showing the long period through which

BAB A 6 6 HISTORY OF YLONI .

a . a as an rea d provision lly by Sir H R wlinson Urukh , d compared with the Orchamus of Ovid a nd the Ari och

: a are O f Genesis these identiﬁc tions , however, very

n 1 a a e uncert a i . We h ve no knowledge of the g of

a a a a th e Urukh, but he c nnot well be pl ced l ter th n m B . . a a e twentieth century C , while he y h v been

a h a much e rlier. The period of Uruk m rks the age when our known contemporary monuments begin ; there must have been in many places earlier build

art and a a ings, works of , inscriptions but exc v tions in Ba a a m a a byloni h ve been so li ited, th t none h ve yet been brought to light It is evident tha t the age of Urukh cannot be the star ting-point O f Babylonian

a a a i civiliz tion, b ec use the rem ins of this per od show

a a a and the country well dv nced in rts sciences .

art was w and h a The of building well kno n, d reached a high sta te of excellence ; the material in

e a O f g ner l consisted brick, either burnt or dried in

It is probable that the true rea ding of the nam e is Lig

a a all an r h b B g s. At events insc iption as een found on a cylin der all Li -Ba a and which c s the king Dungi the son of g g s , this king Du ngi is prob ably identical with the mona rch of that nam e

be m d The a am to entione presently . ﬁrst p rt of the n e in ques

i a n be ad a o d a is t on is cert i ly to re n , lion the sec n p rt the

am th e m al dd the m n e o pri ev go ess, o her of he gods ca lled f “ t t , Zicum ata b — ea the ccad a s S . , or Zig , h ven,” y A i n B AB HISTORY OF YLONIA. . 67

the sun ; but carving in stone was known and p ra c

tised and a and a , inscribed stone t blets, cylindric l

stone seals of this age ar e in ex istence showing the

a dvance of the people in these directions . Writing

with the conventional cuneiform characters was well knovim and a and pr ctised, most of the bricks stone

Objects being inscribed with legends in these c ha

a a a rac ters . These inscriptions show th t the l ngu ge

was a of the people Semitic, lthough they were using a syllabary and style O f writing which m any schol ars 1 a have supposed to be derived from a much e rlier race .

The government of the country appears then to

a a h ve been in the h nds of kings, of whom there were

” a and a prob bly three or four under them were p tesi,

o r i e ff s . v c roys, who ruled in the di erent di tricts

Ba ia was O The religion of bylon , which ften modi

ﬁ a was a a a ed in subsequent ges , lre dy woven into poetic system, in which the gods were conceived of as a a begetting e ch other, holding r nk in reference to

a a a ul a fﬁ and a e ch other, eng ging in p rtic r o ces , f vour ing each a particular locality or city.

T t as a his is not qui e correct, sever l of the inscriptions of t a e am a n are S m his g , like the proper n es they cont i , not in e itic,

u A d a or a a a ua f b t in the cca i n, gglutin tive l ng ge O ancie nt

a d — Ch l ea . S. B B 6 8 HISTORY OF A YLONIA.

a The three great gods were Anu , lord of the he vens

l w a nd H ea B e , lord of the visible orld , lord of the

wa s sea and infernal regions . Anu originally wor

a shipped at the city of Erech , but in l ter times the goddess Ishtar took his place at this sea t ; B el h ad

a at Ni ur a nd H ea at . his chief se t p , the city of Eridu

— O f a a was a e Sin, or the moon god the new c pit l Ur, c ll d

B l a a - a eldest son of e ; S m s, the sun god ; Nerg l, god l ar Nini a a Vul of w ; p , Simil r divinity ; , god of the a a a tmosphere , with m ny Others, were in gre t repute ;

a a v Anatu while mong the fem le di inities , goddess of

and a wh o was a a nd life de th , the fem le form comple 2 Ann O f a a a ment of ; Annuit, goddess Akk d ; N n

B Bel and Davkina goddess of Erech eltis , wife of ,

H a a e . consort of , were the most celebr ted From the engravings on the seals of this period it a a a ppe rs th t long, ﬂowing, embroidered dresses were

and a a ar used, orn ment l ticles of furniture . Urukh ,

a wn a h the e rliest kno king of Ur, prob bly began is

u a a an a reign only in the district ro nd his c pit l , d fter

a w rds extended his dominion over most of Babylonia.

We are entirely ignorant of the conﬂicts and tri umphs

a O f and can which led to the est blishment his empire,

' Ra R mm — — S . ne . . ther i on . Rather Aga S BAB A HISTORY OF YLONI . 69

a e an only tr c his power by the cities he ruled over, d

a a a the splendid ediﬁces he r ised . His reign ppe rs to a and and was a a h ve been long prosperous, he gre ter builder than any other king excepting Nebu chad

z f ne zar. At the city O Ur he built the temple of the

- a nd a a - i moon god, ziggur t, or temple tower, ly ng in

a n as the northern p rt of the tow . This tower w built

a a . on mound bout twenty feet high The building,

far as has a so it been explored , consists of two st ges ,

a a a with some tr ces of third, or upper st ge the lower

a 1 8 1 a and st ge is 9 feet long by 33 feet bro d , the

ta 1 1 a middle s ge 9 feet long by 7 5 feet bro d . The form of the superstructure and height of the stages a a and a h ve not been m de out , it is quite likely th t

a there were origin lly more st ages . The body of the

- a a in building consists of sun dried bricks , with f c g ten

a feet thick , composed of burnt bricks , e ch side being further strengthened by shallow buttresses of the s ame

a a m teri l .

This temple - tower was building during the reign of

and was a t a . Urukh, left unﬁnished his de th Numerous other buildings at the city of Ur were

an a a a a a raised by Urukh , d mong them p l ce c lled the “ ” - tsiru . house of Rubu , or the supreme prince

a a O f At the city of L rs , Urukh built the temple the A 70 H ISTORY O“F BABYLONI . a a a and a t o f sun, c lled the house of P rr , the city

a ha d Erech he built the temple of the he vens, which

a was originally been dedic ted to the god Anu , but

a . now devoted to the worship of Isht r, or Venus At

a B el and a Niput he built temple to , second to the

~ a B B el. goddess Bel t or eltis, the consort of At Zer

S ar- ghul he built a temple to ili , or the king of

a a a a the gods . It is prob ble th t further exc v tions would reveal numerous other buildings raised by this m a a wa on rch, but our present inform tion is in every y scanty.

was i Urukh succeeded by his son Dung , who ruled

a as far north a s Babylon . Dungi ﬁnished the tower t

h an a e Ur, rebuilt the temple of Erec , d built templ at Babylon . A ﬁne cylindrical se al of the age of Urukh was dis

a covered by Ker Porter, but subsequently lost nother,

a a e D B very simil r, of the g of ungi, is now in the ritish

Museum .

Several successors of Dungi are known these kings have in most cases their na mes compounded with the

a - a n me of the moon god , but the pronunci tion of this 1 a U r element is uncert in the inscriptions render it ,

Ra t Hur- — her ci S . AB A 1 HISTORY O F B YLONI . 7

Ida and . Agu, Aku, , Sin The worship of the moon

became very celebrated on a ccount of this deity being

god of the ca pital city.

and a The city of Ur in time declined, nother

a a a a a a : c pit l rose, n med Nisin, or K rr k the position

a was a far of this pl ce is unknown, but it prob bly not

from Nipur . There is a difference in cha racter between the in

ri ti ns and a a sc p o of the kings of Ur those of K rr k , which suggests the idea tha t they belonged to two

different races .

Among the kings O f Karrak the two most importa nt

a — i i — a I sm i appear to h ve been Tsmi dagan and L b t ist r .

dagan repaired some of the buildings of Urukh . Some

writers have pla ced him in the nineteenth century

hi I sm i- a B . C . m a as an a , supposing to be the s me d g n

Li it- a ha s a who then ruled in Assyria. b ist r lso left

a some rem ins . There is in the British Museum a

fragm ent of a beautiful inscription rela ting his Offer

O f B el and a a ings in the temple , dre m which the king

a a ha d fterw rds .

a a and The city of K rr k, like Ur, declined, the

a a a a ruling power p ssed to the city of L rs , on the e st

a side of the Euphr tes, now represented by the ruins h S enkere . a a had at of The kings of L rs , however, O F BAB A HISTORY YLONI .

B RO ZE A E O F K DEA N IM G ING GU .

F BA A 74 HISTORY O BYLONI .

a ﬁrst a very limited kingdom, only embr cing the region of Ur and Larsa but it gradually grew in im portance until it came under the inﬂuence of the

Y am utbal a O f . rulers of , on the e st the Tigris The

ﬁrst of these known was S im ti- silhak : his son wa s

— - a a named Kudur mabuk . Kudur m buk g ined such

ﬂ t a al l at a a and a in uence h t he virtu ly ru ed L rs , pl ced

- RiIn a u R ia u . his own son, g , or g , on the throne there

Kudur- mabuk and his son then made a joint attack

a a and a a n the on K rr k, c pturing the city, put end to

a power of that ca pit l . Subsequent conquests com

leted o p their d minion, which extended over most of

Ba C al a a of bylonia. The h de ns considered the f ll

Karrak so importa nt tha t they commenced to count

as an era and a from it , used it for their comput tions until the fall of La rsa . Riagu governed well under the regency of his a and a a a a and en f ther, built temples , exc v ted c n ls,

a a a ua a g ged in v rious other v l ble works . After bout

a a R ia u thirty ye rs of pe ce, the dominions of g were 1 a a a a a and tt cked by H mmur bi, nother of these kings,

was a a n the south of the country conquered, never g i

a to be the chief se t of power .

Or Ham m u r s aga . B H ISTORY OF BA YLON IA. 75

C H A P T E R IV .

U PPER BAB YLON IA.

— - — — Cities of Upper Babylonia Agu -kak rim i S argon L Naram — — — S in Ha mm urabi Babylon made the ca pita l The successors

Ham m ab and the a d as — I t of ur i , K ssite yn ty ntercourse wi h

A a— The A a Bab s syri ssyri n conquest of yloni a.

TH E Ba a region of Upper byloni , probably the

a i n i all Akk d of the nscriptio s, ncluded the country

O f i ur iffer. i as north of the city N p , or N Th s region w

a a a a r and the cl ssic l l nd of cuneiform liter tu e, from its terra- cotta libraries ca me most of the grea t works which were copied in Assyria .

The foll owing were the principal towns

Ba a a a a bylon, city s id to h ve been built in very e rly

a O f times , but which rem ined for some centuries

a at a seconda ry importa nce . It bec me length c pital of

a a the country , position it held for more th n

a a. ye rs , until the Greek conquest of Asi

Borsi a - B a a a pp , south west of bylon , f mous city, supposed to be the site of the Tower of Confusion . F BAB HISTORY O YLONIA.

i ara S pp , which consisted of two cities , one dedi

d a a Anunit. c ate to Sh m s , the other to

TH E E P LE O F E B B IRS UD T M N O AT BO RS I P PA : NIMR .

I Akka d ar Si ara a a , ne pp , the c pit l before the rise of

Babylon ; Kisu and H arriskalam a, two twin cities n a Ba e r bylon .

C utha a a , gre t city east of Babylon .

— Ra t A ané . her g . S . BAB A HISTORY OF YLONI . 77

a B a a The e rly history of Upper byloni is unknown .

All we can do respecting it is to notice some of the names O f the monarchs and their works their dates a nd succession have not been discovered ; but it is probable tha t they were contempora ry with the kings of Lower Babylonia .

wa s -kak- who One of these kings Agu , or Agu rimi ,

at B a and ruled bylon , restored the temple of Bel a t

a a a that site . It ppe rs by his inscription th t before his

Ba a h ad war an time byloni been worsted in , d the

a a and a - a im ges of Merod ch his consort Zir t b nit, the

a B a had a a gre t gods of bylon, been c rried c ptive into

a a a the l nd of H ni, region, the position of which is

a n a la h uncert i , but which prob bly y somewhere nort f f B a . an and east o bylon Agu sent o ﬁcer, recovered the images ; but his narrative leaves the impression

a w a and a Ba had th t they ere r nsomed, th t bylon at this time only a subordinate position .

a a n n w Z bu nother of these ki gs, is only k o n as the builder of the temples of S ama s and Anunit at

S ipp ara .

Th e most celebrated line of sovereigns in Uppe r 1 a as a a an Babyloni w the r ce of the kings of Akk d, d

Ra n — a S . ther Ag é . BAB 78 HISTORY OF YLONI A.

can a 1 0 0 so far as we j udge, they reigned bout B C . 7

a to 1 5 5 0 . The gre test of these sovereigns was named

“ ” “ ” a a S rgon , which me ns the right or true king .

. a He emerged from position of obscurity, being hus

a a a a - a r and has a b ndm n to w ter c r ier, he left curious inscription in which he claims relationship with the

’ a a former royal family. He rel tes th t his father s

and a brother ruled over the country, th t his mother

a and a him an ark conce led his birth , pl cing in of reeds

a a a him d ubed over with bitumen , b ndoned on the

a a - a Euphrates . Akki, w ter c rrier, going to the river, is said to have discovered the ark and brought up the

1 are a child as his own . We ignor nt of the circum

a a ar st nces which led to the ccession of S gon, but

° another of his inscriptions rela tes a number of the prominent events of his reign .

a a B a a The El mites, on the e st of byloni , being t a an d a a roublesome, he m de expe ition g inst them, and a a a t defe ted them ; then he tt cked the Hit ites ,

a a and or Syri ns , on the Upper Euphr tes, con

a the a quered these , cl iming rule of the four r ces or regions .

Within Babylonia itself were other sta tes with which

The inscription which relates this legend can h ardly belong h — t e a e S a but m be of m a da e S . to g of rgon, ust uch l ter t A HISTORY O F BABYLONI . 79

a a and S argon now c me in cont ct , which he subdued , reducing the whole O f the country to his sway.

two a a a After this , expeditions g inst the Syri ns fol

Ba a a lowed , in both of which . the byloni n mon rch

a a a cl aims the victory . Then he st rted on long m rch

a a of conquest to the Mediterr ne n . He appears to

a O and ex e have met with consider ble pposition, the p

dition la sted for three years . During it he rea ched

a a and a a a the Mediterr ne n , pl nting his st nd rd by its

a a a shores, left there t blet to commemor te the extent

a of his conquests . The next expedition of S rgon was a a a - a K a zalla and a a g inst K stu bil of , fter defe ting him ,

he wasted the country .

a had l a nd had im S rgon hitherto been successfu ,

posed his yoke on several of his neighbours . He had

ar now to meet a formidable revolt. We e told tha t th e all a a an elders of the people revolted g inst him, d

a a Ak a 1 his people besieged him in his c pit l k d . When

a a a al his prep r tions were completed , S rgon s lied out

and a a a nd of his city, tt cked routed the revolters, i putt ng an end to this dis affection . Once more

a at a ssured home, S rgon recommenced his foreign

a and a a S ubarti 2 w rs, inv ding the neighbouring l nd of ,

r e e O Ag n .

S ubarti was a d o am a the highl n s of Mes pot i . 8 0 B HISTORY OF ABYLONIA . wa and a sted it with ﬁre sword , bringing b ck much

a spoil to his c pital .

a was a a a s as a S rgon gre t builder well warrior. 1 a a a a a He rebuilt the city of Akk d , r ised p l ce there , and either built or restored the great temple of

Anunit and a a ; he founded city, which he c lled Dur

ar ina a n a a . a S g , on the site of old Ch lde n town S rgon

—ﬁ ve a probably reigned forty ye rs , during which time 53 he had extended the power of the kingdom of Akkad from Dilmun on the Persian Gulf to the shores of the

Mediterranean but on every side lay kingdoms only

a s as e under tribute, which revolted soon the sceptr p assed into less vigorous hands .

was Naram in Sargon succeeded by S , his son, who

A irak a nd a conquered the kingdom of p l ter on, the

’7

Ma anna . a e l and of g , the ship region This n m 3 a anna a a a bu t M g is lso pplied to Egypt in l ter times , it is more probable that the Maganna of N aram -S in

a was a region on the Persi n Gulf.

- Bit- ulbar Anu N aram Sin completed , the temple of

’

was t at a a . nit, which lef unﬁnished his f ther s de th

' ' A an r r O A am . O g e . g e 3 O r a ab r ther to the peninsula of S inai . It is very question le ’ whether Mr. S mith was right in interpreting the word as ship s ” — region . S .

' BAB A 8 2 HISTORY OF YLONI .

The inﬂuence and political power of the southern

a and Ba a cities now dep rted, henceforth bylon st nds

a a a a forth as the sole c pit l of the country. H mmur bi

B a and took the titles of king of bylon , king of Sumir

k a and a and A k d, king of the four r ces, ﬁxed his court a Ba as a t the city of bylon, where he incre ed the m gni

ﬁ c nc a B el the e e or the worship of Merod ch , or ,

Belus of the Greeks ; and this deity ever afterwards held the ﬁrst position a mong the gods of the country .

Excepting a short statement of his conquest of

- a u and a and an n a Rim g his f ther, i cident l notice of his S uri ak w conquest of pp , nothing is kno n of the wars and triumphs of H ammurabi but he h as left

e a u s ver l notices of his buildings, showing the reso rces

k and the of his ingdom, the extent of his dominion, activity of his rule.

t a Ba now At the ci y of Kisu, on the e st of bylon ,

s a a repre ented by the mounds of Hymer, H mmur bi l r al - urris a to resto ed the temple c led Mite , dedic ted

od a a a and a a the the g Z m m , built ziggur t or tower,

a i top of which is s id to have rea ched to heaven . Th s

o a a a — a a a m n rch lso restored the temple c lled Silim k l m ,

Ra h e - essak the d llin er t er Mit t , we g 0) of the h o. BAB A HISTORY OF YLONI . 8 3

and a a a a- built city on the Tigris, n med K r sam as .

Zarilab a a a At the city of , in Ch lde , he built temple

a and e to the goddess of the pl ce, he rebuilt the templ

a a at a a S enkereh a of S m s L rs (now ), r ising there

a a another of those remark ble ziggur ts .

a a a was a a a Another gre t work of H mmur bi c n l , called H ammurabi- nuhus- nisi he also built a palace at Kilmad Kalwadha ar Ba a the city of (now ), ne ghd d , and n here bronze rings, belongi g to some of his

a - h a a m ce e ds , h ve been discovered . During the reign

O f a a a a a H mmur bi one of the nnu l ﬂoods, of gre ter

a a the Abnu na volume th n usu l , destroyed city of , or

mli a a a U yas. H mmurabi prob bly reigned bout ten years after he conquered the kingdom of Lars a. He was a -iluna a a succeeded by S msu , mon rch of whose

- iluna a a a a reign little is known. Samsu exc v ted f mous

a al was a r a o c n , which afterw rds eckoned m ng the

a a a u rivers of Babylonia . This can l he n med S ms iluna - a a - nuhsi a a t n g b . He lso rep ired the ci y of Dur sar ina and a a a i g , m de im ges overl id with gold, wh ch

a in a a at Ba he dedic ted the temple of S gg l, bylon, to

a and ar a at a sa Merod ch, in the temple of P r , L r , to

a - iluna Samas . After the reign of S msu complete darkness comes over B abylonia n history no records

i a and n of the succeed ng period h ve been found, o ly

G 2 BAB A 84 HI STORY OF YLONI .

an a ar a few obscure d doubtful n mes e known . Among these we m ay perhaps count the name of Saga salti as a a as y , mon rch who is only known the restorer

i a of the temples of S ppar . There were two cities of

i a Anunit S ppar , one devoted to the worship of , the other to the worship of Sam as the temples at these

a a an a a a pl ces were r ised by ncient king , n med Z bu , a nd having fallen into decay were rebuilt by S aga saltiyas.

a a During the reign of nother of these mon rchs ,

a a - a n med H rbi sip k , there were some controversies m between Assyria and B abylonia. These disputes for the ﬁrst intercourse between the two countries known

a a directly from the inscriptions . Prob bly little time 1 after the reign of Harbi- sipak connected history b e

Ba a a - a gins in byloni with the reign of K ra ind s, who

a t B lived bout the middle of the ﬁfteen h century C .

a a- a a B a K r ind s t kes the titles king of bylon, king O f

and a a an Sumir Akk d , king of K ssu, d king of Kam ” “ duniyas From this time the title king of Kar

duniyas was the general title given to B abylonian

a sovereigns by the Assyri ns in their records . During

Th e am e d bab be a ad - a n shoul pro ly r ther re Murgas S ip k .

S . BAB HISTORY OF YLONIA. 85

a a- a - - - su the reign of K r ind s, Assur bel nisi ruled over

a and a a was a Assyri , tre ty m de between the two

a - a powers respecting the bound ry line of these st tes .

a It is very likely th t some provinces were in dispute, and that the limits of each territory varied according to the power of successive kings . The line of separa

at was a a tion this time is not known , but it prob bly

th a a a t little north of the 35 p r llel of l ti ude, between the

Zab was an a Lower , which considered Assyri n river,

and Turnat on the one Side, the river (modern Adhem),

was B a a which considered to be byloni n, on the other .

After Kara- indas B urna-buriyas reigned over Baby

a 1 2 -buri as a B C . . B a loni , bout 4 5 urn y restored some

B abylonian buildings . He continued the pea ce with

a and a re c s Assyri , conﬁrmed the tre ty which his p de e

h a Ba a sor ad m ade respecting the bound ries of byloni . — a a B . 1 0 0 ubalid Shortly fter this , bout C 4 , Assur , king

a a Ba a of Assyri , to cement the pe ce between byloni a nd own a a Muballidat his country, g ve his d ughter

Serua in m arri age to the king of Babylon. It is not

was B a a r known who then on the byloni n th one , but l - h a a a B C. 1 8 0 a a ardas Shortly fterw rds , bout 3 , K r , the

Ra to be ad ara -Murdas a of od u ther re K , serv nt the g Mur ’ l — ’ das Be . S . , or A B 86 HISTORY OF B YLONIA.

a ia and a fruit of this m rr ge, , therefore, the gr ndson of

k a B a a. the ing of Assyria, beg n to reign in byloni The tribe of Kassu now appear on the scene as the lead

e ti ing people in B abylonia. They were ﬁrst m n oned — - kak and a a n in an inscription of Agu rimi, g i in the time of Kara- indas they were perhaps related to the tri be of th e same n ame living north of El a m ; but nothing is known of their previous history or their

a a dvent in Babylonia . The K ssu being dissatisﬁed

s a n at and l th e with the A syri n i ﬂuence court , dis iking

s a a a a foreign connection of the king, m de revolt g inst him and w a a m an , sle him, setting up in his pl ce

a a - a a a a n med N zi bug s , whom the Assyri ns ssert to h ve h ad and a no right to the throne , not to h ve been connected with the royal family.

It appears that this revolution was not effected

and wa a a a a without opposition, there s p rty f vour ble

- a . B el nirari n to the restor tion of the old line , ki g of

- a BC . 1 wa s ubalid an Assyri 375 , who son of Assur , d t n B a herefore uncle of the murdered ki g of bylon , resolved to avenge his dea th ; and m arching into

Ba a a and a - a byloni routed the K ssu slew N zi bug s , placing the crown on the head of a son O f Burna buri as - alzu u - alz u . y , supposed to be Kur g , or K ri g

This interference of Assyria in the a ffairs of Babylonia BAB A HISTORY OF YLONI . 8 7

as an t a an w the commencement of unfor un te policy, d

inaugurated a series of wars between the two countries

a which lasted two hundred ye rs .

—alzu a a a n Kuri g , lthough he tt i ed his throne through

a aid a a a Assyri n , does not ppe r to h ve trusted his — a and a a - alzu llies , he built strong city, c lled Dur kuri g

Akkerkuf a B a a a (now ) ne r ghd d , to form defence in

a the northern p art of his dominion . He lso restored

a a and was e s ome of the Ch lde n temples , consider d

Ba a a o ne of the most successful byloni n mon rchs.

- alzu was - a Kuri g succeeded by his son Mili sip k,

0 d - a a B C . 1 an ac a bout 35 , he by his son Merod h b l

a n I . a B . 1 2 . w ar d , bout C 3 5 In his time broke out

a and - m a i a a a with Assyri , Vul ir r , king of Assyri , r v ged

Ba a a nd a Upper byloni , defe ted the forces of the

a a K ssu . Assyri now conquered the region of the

a and a w a i a Kh bur , c me do n p st the junct on of th t

a t R a iku river with the Euphr tes to the ci y of p , which

now formed the border between the two countries .

Merodach -b al adan is known only from a ﬁne

ar - B a bound y stone in the ritish Museum , on which

grant of land is recorded .

Soon after this another war took pl ace between

a and B a a a nd Assyri byloni , the king of Assyria de fe a a - muru das O f Ba a at ted N zi , king byloni , the city B AB A 88 HISTORY OF YLONI .

— - 0 a war a of Kar istar agarsal . N other det ils of this re known ; a nd from our broken notice it appears to have been about some question of boundary. A rectiﬁcation of the frontier took place in favour of

a e a Assyri , it b ing now m rked close to the river

Turnat.

The name of the Assyrian sovereign who defeated

N azi- murudas is lost ; but this m ay have been con nected with the conquest of B abylonia by Tugulti‘

- nini a . Tu ulti nini a p , king of Assyri g p , son of Sh l man ser a a at e , ruled over Assyri prob bly the beginning

B . . and a ar of the thirteenth century C , we h ve the b e

s a record left with re pect to him, th t he conquered

Ba a and a a e byloni , nnexed it to Assyri , ruling und r

“ H “ the titles of king of Assyria conqueror of Kar

” “ ” duni as a nd a nd a y , king of Sumir Akk d This conquest of Babylonia probably forms an important era and m a a - in the history, y be the st rting point of

2 6 a a a the period of 5 ye rs of Assyri n empire, ccording

d an B a to Hero otus d erosus . The d te of the event is

o to B C . 1 2 supp sed be 73, but it must be noticed tha t all the dates in this part of the history a re ex trem el y doubtful , being rough calcula tions on which

a a a r Assyri n schol rs themselves e not agreed .

The united dominion of Assyria a nd B abylonia did

F BAB A 9 0 HISTORY O YLONI .

CHAPTER V.

TH E ELAMITES IN BABYLONIA .

— - Ela m or S usia na Invasions of Babylonia by Kudur nanhundi — —l and Chedorl a om er Kudur -M abuk Flood at B abylon Wa rs

— a nd Ma betw een B abylon and Assyria Nebuchadnezz a r I .

t d - - i— in u uk nadi n ah S even unknown k gs.

TH E difﬁ culties in the way of writing a history of

B abylonia a t present are well shown by our inability to ﬁx with precision the various Elamite inva sions of

a . a a a a th t country El m , or Susi n , embr ced the country

a . on the e st of the river Tigris , including most of the

a a a nd a a pl in south of the mount ins , consider ble

a district in the mount ins, which , on this side, bound

a a m a a the gre t Euphrates Valley. El m y be s id

a a a Ba a roughly to h ve l in to the e st of byloni , the chief seats of theSusian monarchy being on or nea r

a m a a a the river Ul i , which y be c lled the rtery from

a El m . The Elamites were of a totally different ra ce A HISTORY O F B BYLONIA . 9 1

r Ba a B a a f om the byloni ns ; for, while the byloni ns in

a historic times were Semitic , th t is, belonged to the sa as ra and a me stock the A bs , Jews , Assyri ns , the

a a a and a ff El mites were Tur ni ns, cert inly di ered in

u lang age and religion from their western neighbours .

a a a a The El mites were restless w rlike r ce, ever

a a and a a a re dy to t ke up the sword , often m king tt cks

a upo n Babylonia . The country was prob bly split up

a u and a t into v rio s kingdoms , only times subject to a a a Ma Single ruler. The gre t cities were Shush n, d aktu a nd Hidalu a , but there were m ny Others , the

a a b se ts of loc l chiefs or kings, only sometimes su ject i to the power of the k ng.

The power and inﬂuence of Elam are shown by the numerous notices in the gre at Babylonia n work o n a a a re a a strology, where llusions const ntly m de to

s the wars between B abylonia and the Elamite .

a a a a B . C . One of the Assyri n mon rchs , Assurb nip l (

6 68 a a e ﬂect a a gives curious rel tion , to the th t

a a - nanhu ndi had i ad king of El m , n med Kudur , nv ed

Ba a and a a a an a byloni , c rried w y im ge of the goddess

a a a and N n , which was worshipped in Babyloni ;

Assurb anipal appears to sta te that this event was

a ye rs before his own conquest of Elam. This

a B 2 2 8 0 would give us the d te of about C . for the 9 2 HISTORY O F BABYLONIA. raid of Kudur- nanhundi into B abylonia but some

a a doubt h ngs over the interpret tion of the inscription,

a a a a m a a r and it appe rs likely th t this e rly d te y, fte all na a a and not , refer to the origi l m king of the im ge

a a a to its captivity. Other mutil ted texts ppe r to

a a - nanhundi a mention r id of Kudur , king of El m , in

and a a the twelfth century B C . nother El mite monarch of the s ame n ame sent an army into Baby lonia during the reign of Sennacherib .

There is another detached notice of the Elamites

1 a are in the 4th ch pter of Genesis , where we informed

a an a a a a a th t El mite mon rch , n med Chedorl omer, th t

- a a a overB ab nia a is, Kudur l g m r, ruled o , h ving under

a Amar ul a him Amr phel , or p , king of Shin r, Arioch of

a a and a Tur al Ell s r, Tid l , or g , king of the Goim (th e

- a a a a to Gutium of the inscriptions). Kudur l g m r is s id

a a and a at a a h ve ruled over Syri , p rt le st of P lestine,

a and for twelve ye rs then , on the revolt of the Cities

a a a of the Pl in, he m rched into P lestine, in the four te enth a and a a a a h ye r, r v ged a consider ble p rt of t e

. are a h country We further told th t, on his return, e was a a a a a a and defe ted by Abr h m ne r D m scus, lost a e a a consid r ble portion of his booty. The ordin ry m arginal chronology of our Bibles places these events a B a no bout nineteen centuries . C . but this d te is by BA B HISTORY OF YLONIA . 9 3

a a in means cert in , schol rs being very divided opinio n

a a a s to the date of Abr h m .

There can be no doubt that the 1 4th chapter of

Genesis has preserved a most valuable fragment of

a and a and a B abyloni n history , the n mes circumst nces of the war so well correspond with what we should

a B a a a expect in e rly byloni n history, th t it must be considered a serious misfortune tha t we have not yet been able to ﬁx the exact place and epoch of these 1 events .

a a i Just before the time of H mmur bi , the nﬂuence

a a ain n oticed S imti- silhak a nd S n of El m is g , his o

— a a a in B a a Kudur m buk , who tt ined such power byloni ,

- a a belonging to the north western p rt of th t country .

The Elamite origin of these rulers h as been recog nized from the time when their names were ﬁrst

and has discovered , there even been some sus picion of a connection between Kudur- m abuk and

- a a a was a the Kudur l g m r, who contempor ry with

Abraham .

Our next notice of Elamite inﬂuence in B abylonia

a a is from the inscriptions of Es rh ddon , king of

It is possible tha t Arioch is to b e identiﬁed with Eri-Aku

as a m of Rim - a t ( the n e Agu is lso wri ten), the son of Kudur mabu — g. S . A 9 4 HISTORY O F B BYLONIA .

6 1 . a As syria and Babylonia B C . 8 He rel tes tha t

a a B C . 1 2 8 0 6 0 0 ye rs before his time, or bout , there

r Ba a and a O wa s wa in byloni , one p rty broke pen the

B el and and treasuries of the gods Nebo, sent the

as gold and silver into Elam . For this it w supposed

a Ba and the venge nce of the gods fell upon bylon, one

a a a a Arah tu a of the gre t c n ls , c lled the , or Ar xes ,

a a and broke its b nks during ﬂood, overwhelmed the

a a and city, sweeping w y both temples houses in its

a a a irruption . This dis ster is s id to h ve so ruined the

a a a a a a city, th t the inh bit nts who esc ped went w y,

r and a ca rying their gods with them , founded city on another site .

Here again comes a difﬁ culty ; such a calamity was

a at quite likely to h ppen, but present it is impossible to ﬁt the circumsta nce into any place in contem

orar B a p y abyloni n history.

The vigorous rule of the Babylonian monarch who

and Bel- - i conquered killed kudur uzur, king of Assyr a , put a stop for a time to Elamite raids into Babylonia but a fter him reigned a king named Za mama - zakir

a B . 1 2 0 0 idin C , under whom they once more com m enc a a ed. The El mite king ma de the usual for ys a an cross the border, while, on the other h d, Assur

a a a a Ba a d y n, king of Assyri , to revenge the l te byloni n BA B HISTORY O F YLONI A. 9 5

a a invasion of th t country, crossed the frontier e st of

and a Turn the Tigris , w sted the region of the river at

and . n a a with ﬁre sword Duri g the l te w rs, the terri

tory near the Lower Zab had been annexed to Baby

ia and th e a a I rri a and lon , cities here, including L b , y ,

A arsalu a a and lun g , were c ptured by the Assyri ns p

dered .

B l- a i - i Ba a was un~ e z k r uzur, the next k ng of byloni ,

i a u fortunate . In his t me the El mites were r led by

- nanhundi a a all Kudur , who is s id to h ve exceeded his

and r Ba a ancestors in his violence inju y to byloni .

a th c ountr and He inv ded e y, swept over it like a

a a ﬂood , le ving terrible memory of the misfortunes

he ca used .

a a a a : a i a a ~ Ag in ch nge h ppened k ng, n med N bu

— a a as Bab lo kudur uzur (Nebuch dnezz r), cended the y

a and ni n throne, soon revived the power of th e

had a a a country. Nebuc nezz r inv ded Assyri three

i his e a are t mes ; of ﬁrst exp dition no det ils known.

a a a In his second r id, he did not ctu lly come into con

a a a - -i i i t ct with the Assyri ns, lthough Assur ris l m, k ng

ia a a s . B a of A syr , r ised force to Oppose him The by

ia a n diﬂi culties lon n mon rch meeti g some , burned his

d a an own u . baggage, retre ted into his co ntry In the

third expedition Nebuchadnezzar met the forces of AB A 9 6 HISTORY OF B YLONI .

—riS - and a a ta a Assur ilim , the Assyri n ccount s tes th t the

Babylonians were defeated with some loss but there is some slight doubt over these deta ils .

Nebuch adnezzar invaded Elam in revenge for the continual plundering expeditions sent out from that

and a a a a country, rem rk ble circumst nce is mentioned

wa s with respect to this time . When the king on the

an a a a expedition , enormous comet ppe red , the t il of

r a a which st etched , like gre t reptile, from the north to

a the south of the he vens .

The revival of the country under Nebuchadnezzar

Maruduk- was continued under his successor, nadin

h i Maru duk- a -ahi a a . a n n din inv ded South Assyri , a d

— - a Tu ulti al a Ti lath - ile ser h ving worsted g p es r, or g p ,

a a a a king of Assyri , in b ttle , c ptured the city of Hek li , and ca rried o ff from there the images of the Assyrian

i and a a . deit es, Vul S l

Ti lath - ileser a a a g p , mon rch of gre t courage and

a a a milit ry bility, did not rest under his defe t . The war was a and a a w renewed with fury next ye r, b ttle as fought near the junction of the Subana with the

Zab Maru uk- a Lower , in South Assyria. Here d n din ahi was a a and an a tot lly defe ted , the Assyri mon rch ,

i a a a a a follow ng up his dv nt ge, r v ged the region of the

Turnat a ca river then m rching down the Tigris , p

9 8 HISTORY OF BABYLONI A .

a an a of history should be pl ced, which gives ccount k of the following seven ings .

imm as- a a - was S sip k, son of Irib Sin, the governor

a i or leader of the tribes by the L ke Nedj f. He took

a and the crown, ruled with bility success for seventeen

nd was a a a . ye rs, buried in the cemetery of S rgon

There is a tablet in the British MuseIIm dated in his twelfth year .

a H ea- m ukin— utm ar After him c me ziru , son of Q ,

as k was who set himself up ing, but not recognized,

nd a - a - ahu a only ruled three months . K ssu n din , son

a a a . of S pp i , followed he ruled for six ye rs These three kings are said to have belonged to the region of

sea Ned if ak and a the ( j L e), to h ve ruled for twenty three yea rs .

a l ar— - a B a After them c me U b surki idin , son of zi,

had a who reigned for ﬁfteen years . He been le der of

M aru uk- a - ahi the prefects during the reign of d n din , and is mentioned as a witness on several legal docu ments .

- - To him succeeded his brother, kudur uzur,

a and a for two ye rs, then nother brother

a mun , for three months : the reigns of the three a i a a and mount ng, it is s id, to twenty ye rs three

. Ba months After the rule of the sons of zi, the king R F BA HISTO Y O BYLONIA . 9 9

a a an dom fell into the h nds of the El mites, d a monarch of this race ruled for six yea rs then came

a . another revolution, the ccount of which is lost

O A AB E C NTR CT T L T.

H 2 1 0 0 O F BAB A HISTORY YLON I .

R CHAPTE VI .

THE PERIOD O F TH E ASSYRIAN

— - - — Obscure kings Nabu pal idina and Assur-n azir-p al Disputed — — — succession Conquests of S halmaneser The Chaldees Ma

- - — - — ru duk za kir izkur S em iram is The e ra of Nabonassa r The

B ab a am ai Ti la t - il r yloni n c p gns of g h p e se .

A FEW obscure notices are all that remain of the next

a r period of Babyloni n histo y .

A king named Vul - pal- idina restored the walls of

Ni ur and at . p , rebuilt the temple Kisu

Vul-zakir-uzur was engaged in controversy with

- a a and Nabud a an a . Assur n r ri y , kings of Assyri

Iriba- m aruduk is only known from an inscription on a weight .

- a a a . Merodach b l d n II , his son , restored the temple

i a a and of Erech . Sibir nv ded Assyri , burnt the city

lil a - a -iskun was a t war a of Ad . N bu z kir with Assyri , and during his reign the king of Assyria invaded

F BAB 1 0 2 HISTORY O YLONIA.

h a and Kh abur to its j unction with the Eup r tes, then

a ra a at m rching down the Euph tes, rrived Suru, where he found the S huites and B abylonians entrenched .

- a - al at a a a and a Assur n zir p once tt cked the pl ce, fter

’

a s a a aul . S adu du two d y ﬁghting, c rried it by ss t , with

t s a seven y of his men, threw him elf into the Euphr tes

a a nd a a to s ve his life, esc ped h nds of the Assy . the

t - a - al a car rians . In the ci y, Assur n zir p c ptured ﬁfty ria es and abu - al- a n g their men belonging to N p idin , ki g

Ba a Zabdan t a of byloni , with his bro her, three thous nd

- — r and B el al a a a . Be t oops, p idin , the le der of the rmy

of th e a and sides these, numbers soldiers were sl in, much treasure of all descriptions fell into th e hands

f an O the Assyri s .

This disastrous end to his a ttempt to c heck the

— - Assyrian power led Nabu p al idina to adopt in future a policy O f non-intervention and when next year the whole region of the Khabur and the land of Shua

a a n a Ba a revolted g i st Assyri , the byloni n monarch did “ not interfere .

a was ar at An greement subsequently rived , by which the frontiers of Assyria and Babylonia were deﬁnitely

and a a N u - - a settled , tre ty followed between ab pal idin and a - - a ofAssur a al ofAss ria . Sh lm neser, son n zir p , king y

These boundaries were as follows : on the Eu O F BAB A HISTORY YLONI . 1 0 3

hrates R a i u a a p , the city of p q south of Shu , bout

a latitude on the e st of the Tigris, the line pass — ing along by the cities of Tul bari the mounds

of Zabdan and Abtani to the cities of Hirim u and

Harutu these places all lying south of the Lower

Zab a al tra . These lines of bound ry were re ly the

ditional limits of the two powers ; and although they

fr i had ha d ﬂuctuated om t me to time, there been no

real a dvance on e ither side for the past ﬁve hundred

years .

- l— B . . 8 abu a a and was About C 5 3 N p idin died, suc

ce eded by his son Maru duk- zakir- izkur but another

claimant for the throne appeared in the person of

Maruduk— — a a t bel us ti, bro her of the new king, who

ra ised a revolt and seized a considerable part of the

al a a wh o had Sh m neser, king of Assyri , been on

friendly terms with the father of the two contending 8 B . C . 2 a Ba a princes, in 5 m rched into byloni to settle

a a th e Zab and a the m tter . He p ssed Lower , m rching

to Turnat a the region of the river , he c ptured Me

Lahiru Turnat and .

a ai B a . 8 1 a a B . Next ye r he went g n to byloni , C 5 , — and brought Maru duk- bel usati to bay in Gananati

a him and theBa a here he defe ted , byloni n prince ﬂed BA B A 1 0 4 HISTORY OF YLONI .

r to Halman in the mounta ins east of the Tigris . He e

a and he was followed by the Assyri ns killed, with his

a Maruduk principal adherents . After the de th of

- a a a a B a bel us ti, Sh lm neser m rched in triumph to bylon ,

B orsi a and Cutha a nd ff a pp , , o ered high s criﬁces on the altars there to the chief divinities of the country .

al a a Sh m neser then went to the home of the Ch ldees ,

a Ned if a sea the region of the l ke of j , c lled then the

a are of Marute. This is the second time the Ch ldees mentioned in the inscriptions, the ﬁrst notice being

-n z - l 8 a a a a rr a B . C . poetic l st tement of Assur p , 79 , who states that the terror of his soldiers swept over

Chaldea.

Of the origin of the Chaldees we know nothing .

Some of the early B abylonian dynasties are called

a a B and Ch lde n by erosus, we sometimes use the word to designate these early sovereigns ; but nothing is

n a a a and really k own of the Ch ldees t th t period, they are not mentioned in any known document before

8 a a B . . . a C 79 They were prob bly new r ce, which had not long appeared in Babylonia ; and their being located on the west of Babylonia and in the region of

a a a a the Persi n Gulf, m kes it prob ble th t they were

immigrants from the part of Arabia lying near the

has Shore of the Persian Gulf. A theory been pro

A 1 0 6 HISTORY OF BABYLONI .

a - w a diversion of lion hunt on the ay, re ched the

th e r ar region of iver Turn , where he besi eged the city

- and of Me Turnat. The people of this city submitted,

a and were sent a s ca ptives to Assyri ; then, crossing

Turnat a a a and the river , the Assyri n king tt cked de stroyed the city of Garsale and two hundred cities

a Yal a and i round it . Then, p ssing m n bes eging Di hibina was a a , which submitted, but h rdly tre ted, thr ee

a a hundred vill ges round were Spoiled then , m rching

Datebir two to , he destroyed hundred more places,

a a a a tr mpling down the pl nt tions , burning the vill ges,

and a a a an killing the men, c rrying w y the women d

a a Kiri i— v lu bles . Some of the fugitives ﬂed to bt alani

a and for shelter ; but the Assyri ns followed them , de stroyed the city, killing there ﬁve hundred men . The

i a O f Dur‘ a sukul fugit ves who esc ped ﬂed to the city p p ,

‘ was a O f a a an was which Situ ted in the midst stre m , d

ffi a a a a very di cult to pproach . The Assyri ns tt cked and a u and and c pt red the city, took four hundred fort ' seven a y vill ges, putting to the sword three thou

an and ar n a a a an al s d people, c ryi g w y bout equ num ber. Here the Assyria ns sacked a p al ace of the king

Ba k a an ar a . Marudu of byloni , d c ried way rich spoil baladsu- i bi n Ba a was q , ki g of bylon , in the me n time

a n a and a prep ri g to resist this inv sion, . collected mis F BAB A HI STORY O YLONI . 1 0 7

ll ous a a Ba a an ce ane rmy, p rtly of byloni ns d p artly of

a al a a an mercen ries , from Ch de , El m , Zimri, d Aram

at Ab a a a a - a sukul these he posted d b , ne r Dur p p . Here

as a a a — and he w tt cked by S msi Vul, completely de

a a a n fe ted ; ﬁve thous nd of his troops were sl in , a d

a a a tw two thous nd c ptured ; one hundred ch riots, o

a a a and a hundred c rri ges , his p vilion, couch, his c mp

a al so fell into the h nds of the victors . Nothing is known of the fruits of this war and it is uncertain if the Assyrian s reaped any beneﬁt but plunder from the expedition .

a a — i A little l ter in the reign of S msi Vul , k ng of

a 8 1 6 a war w s Ba . B . . Assyri , renewed in bylon In C ,

a a Zaratu and ar a a the Assyri ns m rched to , next ye g in to the region of the Turnat where they took the city

and a a a a of Dur, celebr ted festiv l to the gre t god

a a B 8 1 a a a of th t pl ce . In . C . 4 the Assyri ns tt cked

8 1 a an a a Ahsana and B . . , in C 3 dv ced to Ch lde , then in a ﬁnal ca mpaign marched to B abylon in

B . C. 8 1 2 .

Unfortunately no details are preserved of these wa and a rs , thus we h ve no knowledge of the condi tion of the country and the events which took pla ce .

a ar a a It is pp ent, however, th t the Assyri ns were now

and u r gaining ground ; , besides the co nt y Open to A A 1 0 8 HISTORY OF B BYLONI .

a a a a their inro ds, it is prob ble th t they now nnexed the region of the river Turnat on the east of the

an a ar Zab Tigris . At y r te, the bound y between the and Turmat is not mentioned again .

a a - a a The de th of S msi Vul took pl ce bout this time,

- ir ri 8 1 2 and n a . a h B . C . Vul III scended the t rone of

a Assyri .

The new king was engaged for several years in

a and a and was expeditions to Syri Medi , it not until

. 6 a a a a Ba a . B . C 79 th t he m rched g inst byloni In this and a was a the next ye r the town of Dur, which fron

Ba a wa s a a tier town of byloni , the point of tt ck , no a dvance being made into the interior of the country .

B s a a . C . 1 an wa A little l ter, in 79 , expedition m de by the Assyrians against a border tribe named the

ba a la a Itu ; these, prob bly, y bove Hit on the Eu

r ph ate s.

a These three slight expeditions of the Assyri ns , which m ay not have been directed against the Baby!

a a a a a . o f and a loni n mon rchy, indic te ch nge policy, period of peace between B abylonia and Assyria . After

a a a of the long w rs of the l st reign, the le dership

a had and Assyri been generally a cknowledged, the

al a Ch de n kings now gave tribute to Assyria .

-nirari a was a The wife of Vul , king of Assyri , n med

I I O F BAB A HI STORY O YLONI .

in a a ul a Accord g to the c non of Ptolemy, r er n med

Nabonassar commenced his ﬁrst year at Babylon in

and w B . C . . B . C . 74 7, reigned do n to 734 In the

Assyrian inscriptions no mention is m ade of Nabo

ar nass , but much light is thrown on the condition of

a B . 6 a a the country. In the ye r . C 74 revolt took pl ce

a a a Ti lath in C l h , which ended in the elev tion of g B ileser r a . C . and p to the Assy i n throne, 74 5 the

a a a same ye r the new king, prep ring for more vigor

a a a a B a a . ous policy, m rched his rmy g inst byloni

It appears from the notices of these ca mpaigns that there h ad been a great decline of the central

Ba a i ar al a power in byloni , wh le v ious tribes of Ch de ns ,

Ar a a and a had - a dir c me ns, Ar bs incre sed in every e

a all tion . These tribes now spre d over the country,

to B a an d a owning little subjection bylon, encro ching on every side on the settled population . Among them are a Ituha R ubuha a a a enumer ted the , , H v r n, Luhu atu H arilu Rubbu R a i u Hiranu R abili Naziru , , , p q , , , ,

a a a B a dadites Hindaru a a and N b te ns, g , , H g renes,

a a a m ny others . The Ch lde ns were now no longer divided into only two tribes beside the D akku ri and

Ya ha d a a a a a kin, there risen the tribes of Sil ni, S h l , and Amukkan and another branch had established

at r h themselves the ancient city of Larak or La anc a . O F BAB A HISTORY YLONI . I I I

The original native population of the country appear s

a a and a a a to h ve dec yed, the Ch lde ns were r pidly taking their place .

The O bject of the ﬁrst campaign of Tiglath -pileser was to check the power of the various wandering

a a tribes now overrunning the country . The c mp ign was Di aleh conducted through the region of the river j , on the east of the Tigris ; and from thence the Assyrian

a and a - mon rch crossed the Tigris, c ptured Dur kuri alzu and Si ara a a a g pp of Sh m s, together with the sm ller

ai r t P haz Kinni ur i a u bu ah and P az tu . cities K l n , Q , , p ,

Ti lath - ileser At the close of the expedition, g p pos

all as w as sessed the region of the Tigris, low do n

Ni ur iffer and a l a p (now N ), ppointed mi it ry governors to administer the districts but he does not yet appear

a a a and all to h ve tt cked the west of the country, the region of B abylon and the Euphrates rema ined inde pendent . Numbers of the people conquered in this expedition were carried away by Tiglath - pile ser to

Kar- s people the new city A sur, which he now founded in South Assyria .

The Chaldeans were but little affected by the war in l B . as a a a . C 74 5 , their princip l se ts y in the west of the

a a a . country, which this time esc ped the Assyri n inro ds

’ an a a a According to Ptolemy s C on , N bon ss r died BAB A I I 2 HISTORY O F YLONI .

B and was Nabius Nadius . C . 734, succeeded by or , who m ay be represented by the Nabu-u sabsi of the

as Assyrian inscriptions . This is, however, doubtful ,

- B . . 2 h a u sabsi Nabius probably died C 73 , w ile N bu i a B . . 1 T lath is mentioned in the next ye r, C 73 , when g pileser made his second expedition to Babylonia .

Ti l h- il s r B . . 1 at e e In this expedition, C 73 , g p directed

ff a a a a had his e orts g inst the Ch lde ns, who possession

a a a and Gambuli of the Euphr tes region, the Ar me ns on the Tigris having been subdued in B . C . 745 ,

a Ti lath- ileser ar Att cked by g p , the v ious tribes showed

and a a a no union, m de no concerted resist nce ; e ch

and kingdom stood on its own defence, consequently most of them felt the full force of the Assyria n attack .

The ﬁrst tribe met by Tiglath-pileser was that of the

a a — i . N usabs i a Sil ni bu , king of the S l ni, shut himself

a a S ara anu was a a up in his c pit l, p , where he tt cked by

r a a n the Assy i ns, who c ptured the place a d destroyed

- - . Na usabsi Ti lath ileser it bu fell into the hands of g p , andwas al and imp ed in front of his capital . His wife

and children, gods wealth, with people, were

a a at c rried c ptive. The tribe of Sahala was next

a Zakiru a and t cked ; of Sah la was c aptured, sent in

i - fetters to Assyria. T glath pileser then proceeded a a Kinziru kkan g inst , king of the tribe of Amu , whose

O F BAB A I I 4 HISTORY YLONI .

a a a B el a Here he lso m de s criﬁces to , or Merod ch,

- r i a an a a . B o s a i d his consort Zir t b nit At pp , he s cr

ﬁ ced and Tasm it and at utha to Nebo his consort C , ff to Nergal and his consort Laz. O erings were also

a in S i ara Ni u r an 1 m de the cities of Kisu, pp , p , d U .

The canon of Ptolemy gives here t he two names of

hinzirus and Kinziru an C Porus, which represent d

B . a C . 1 an Pul, their ﬁrst ye r in Ptolemy being 73 , d

a B . 2 . their l st . C 7 7

a s a a Some schol rs con ider th t the n me of Porus, or

a Ba a re re Pul , here given mong the byloni n kings, p

Ti lath- ileser a a sents g p , who, bout this time, cl imed

k Ba the title of ing of bylon . At the close of the

i lath - ileser at and Kinziru reign of T g p Nineveh, of an 2 h a d at Ba B . . t e Pul bylon , C 7 7, c non of Ptolemy

a O f Ilulaeu s Y u mu s at B a gives the n me , or g , bylon, an a a i d Sh lm neser at Nineveh . Noth ng is known of

two and a the connection between these , it is prob ble

a ha a was all th t S lm neser , during his short reign, too busily engaged in Palestine to visit B abylonia but one military report to the king of Assyria connects his name with some events at the city O f Dur and the land of

a f m et Ch ldea . It is believed that the di ﬁculties with by Shalmaneser in Syria led to a revolt on a change

Of a at i a a dyn sty N neveh , S rgon, the new Assyri n

a a B 2 2 . mon rch , scending the throne . C . 7 O F BAB A HISTORY YLONI . I I S

R CHAPTE VII .

MERODACH- BALADAN AND THE DESTRUCTION O F

BAB YLON .

da -bala da a d a c e Bab —D a d Mero ch n , the Ch l e n , onqu rs ylon efe te — — by S argon S a rgon king of Babylon for ﬁve years Hagisa — — Merodach -ba lada n retakes Babylon B attle of Kisu Bel

’ — - — ibni governor of Babylon Assur-nadin sum S enn acherib s — — naval expedition to Nagitu Revolt of S uzub Elam devas — — ta ted by the A ssyri ans Battle of Khalule Destr uction of

Bab b S a b ylon y enn cheri .

TH E circumstances which happened at Nineveh

’ at the time of Sargon s accession to the throne favoured an attempt to snatch B abylonia from the

a a and was a gr sp of Assyri , this ccomplished by

a - a a a th a a Merod ch b l d n , one of e most rem rk ble men

Ba in bylonian history.

in 1 C . He is ﬁrst heard of B . 73 sending presents

and i a a of gold s lver, v ses of gold , neckl ces of gold and and pearls, precious woods, robes, spices, oxen, I 2 BAB A 1 1 6 HISTORY OF YLONI . sheep as presents to Tiglath -pileser to ward O ff an l attack of the Assyrian a rmy .

la a a and His territory then y long the Euphr tes, he ha a a a a - a d powerful c stle ne r the river, c lled Dur y kin,

Ya or the fortress of kin, which formed his centre of

- o . a a a a g vernment He ruled people h lf tr ders , h lf

a and a pir tes, by his ctivity extended his power until the whole region of the Persian Gulf was under

a was all a ~ his sw y. His next step to unite the Ch l

a an a a a a an de n tribes, d then, t king dv nt ge of the ch ge

a at ma Ba B . . of dyn sty Nineveh, he rched to bylon , C

2 2 an r a and 7 , put end to the Assy i n dominion , pro B claimed himself king of abylonia.

a n a a S rgon, the new ki g of Assyri , fter crushing the

a ha r revolt in P lestine, which d impeded his p edeces

a B . . 2 1 a a Ba a. a sor, m rched, C 7 , g inst byloni Merod ch

a a a a a a a a a b l d n , un ble to meet S rgon lone, m de lli nce

a-ni as a an with Humb g , the king of El m d when

a a a h was S rgon descended g inst t em , he met by the

f a had Ela forces o the Susi n king, who crossed the

a . mite frontier to the city of Dur, or Dur n

a a a and a Here b ttle took pl ce, the Assyri ns drove

da -ba ada a d th n Y a ina Y a the Mero ch l n is c lle e so of g or kin, ’ Y u aeus m a — g of Ptole y s C non. S .

1 1 8 HISTORY OF BABYLONIA.

ha sea and the rising sun, d his country on the to the

and a ﬂood trusted, the worship pledges of the gre t

and as . a gods forsook, ce ed his presents Humb ni as a aid had and all g , the El mite, to his he brought,

he ha d a the Suti, the people of the desert, m de hostile

h ad a war and he prep red , the countries of Sumir and Akka d for twelve yea rs against the will of

and B a B el had os the gods , bylon, the city of , he p

” sessed and controlled .

Both pa rties in the coming struggle appealed to the

a and a t s me deities, both ccused the other of impie y; while the Babylonian priests stood ready to bless either if victorious .

a - a a a a a a a Merod ch b l d n , w re of the coming tt ck ,

was . a a and not idle He rep ired the fortiﬁc tions, col lected a a a his rmy, c lling, mong others, the tribe of

C a a - a a a la mbul to g rrison the city of Dur th r , which y

a S ura i a a 'to ne r the river pp , on the ro d of S rgon

Ba and a bylon ; he strengthened the fortiﬁc tions, in the hope that the place would stop the advance of

a S rgon . To the help of the Gambulai he threw into

6 0 0 an d an i a the city horses troops , d to ncre se

a S ura i the defence, they pierced the b nks of the pp , and ﬂooded the region round the city . These pre

a f o a a . a c utions were no v il S rgon invested the city , BAB HISTORY OF YLONIA . 1 1 9 and a ta i c ptured it in the evening, k ng pri

a a l and soners, with horses, sses , c me s , oxen , sheep .

a e A consider ble body of people, under eight chi fs , who ha d sheltered themselves in the marshes and

e - U kni a n re d beds beside the river , he ri g of the capture

t and a of the ci y, were terriﬁed, sent present of oxen

a and sheep to S rgon as a token of submission . The

a a t al - a As syri n mon rch rebuilt the ci y, c ling it Dur N bu.

a a a a and i He ppointed gener l in comm nd, d rected the payment of an annual tribute of I talent 30 manas

a a a and of silver, qu ntity of gr in, one ox, one sheep .

a a a arinani Sever l other pl ces fell, mong them Q ,

- m ulai t a a a Ga b . the ci y of N bu uz ll , chief of the Three ot Hindaru the Y atbur and P u udu her tribes , the , , the q i a . and (the Pekod of Jeremi h l ﬂed in the n ght, a i a U kni a a a t k ng to the w ter of the river , m de the c n l

i as ar in d of U ml y their refuge . S gon Shut them by buil

n an a O f . a d d ing two forts reeds mud, they were st rved

- f a . Y anu u a a a a o into surrender q of Z me, N bu uz ll

Izm asunu and H aukanu ban and a a Aburi, of Nu i, S h li

uli — Abhata of Ib , ﬁve chiefs of the Pekod, , chief of the

and B l- S amiha a a and R a iha Ruh ua e ninu , , S ph r, p ,

the Hindaru a chiefs of , were the le ders who sub mi and was a and tted , their tribute p id in oxen sheep ,

u the delivered in the city of Athara . Fo rteen of 1 2 0 O F BAB IA HISTORY YLON .

a kni a a princip l cities by the river U were now r v ged , and a a a a ba a and —sar S rgon then tt cked S m n Dur , two

—nanhundi a fortresses of Sutur , king of El m , which

t a Y atbur a were si u ted in the district of , on the e st of

Sin usi u a a n . b a the Tigris g , the El mite comm nder, d

a i of the El mite troops, people, w th

a a and horses, c mels, sses, mules, much spoil, were

a Lahiru h c ptured . Up to this time the region of ad

a a a an belonged to El m now S rgon c ptured it, d added it to the Assyrian borders ; then p assing the

a i - a B and a a El mite cit es of Tul humb , ube, H m nn, in

r Ra a a Bit- and the dist ict of si, he tt cked imbi, entered

- . a nan it During this r id into his territories , Sutur

a a hundi, king of El m , retired with his rmy to the

a a i a and - mount ins, fe r ng to meet the l rge well equipped army brought into his country by Sargon . The mo tive of the As syrian monarch was to drive back the

a and i aid a Susi ns, prevent them from giv ng to Merod ch baladan and for this purpose he garrisoned the cities

ha a Y a tbur a nd he d c ptured from the Elamites in ,

a a held them to protect his re r, while he m rched west ward a cross the Tigris to attack Merodach-bala dan

a a P ssing over the intermedi te country, he crossed to

a and a the west of the Euphr tes , took up his he d

a at - a a qu rters Dur l dini, in the district inh bited by the

F BAB 1 2 2 HISTORY O YLONIA.

a Borsi a and a c from B bylon to pp , to offer rich s criﬁ es

a a c to the gods of the country . During the dv n e of

a a a a a ata the rmy of S rgon, tribe n med the H m n , took a dvantage of the confusion to plunder. Throw

Si ara ing themselves into the city of pp , they issued from it from time to time to ravage the lands of the Babylonians .

ar a s as Ba n S gon , soon he took possession of bylo ,

a a a and d th e sent force g inst them , besiege city of

' i ara a t a a a S pp , which he c p ured, m king severe ex mple

a of the whole tribe . These oper tions concluded the

a and a a ca mp ign , S rgon prep red to drive Merodach

B . 0 a an a a . a C . bal d out of Ch lde Next ye r, 7 9 , in

a a a ar the month Iyy r, the Assyri n mon rch st ted from

- Babylon and marched towards Iqbi Bel.

an a - a lad a ha d a Me while, Merod ch b n retre ted from

I bi-B el a and q , c rrying his gods with him , entering the

- a a the a al city of Dur y kin, ne r Euphr tes, he c led toge

a an d ther the tribes who were still f ithful to him, the

a a Zarilab and people of Ur, Erech, Eridu , L rs , , Kisik,

N —a a ac imit l gud , the cities in the south, which still

a and as a a a knowledged his uthority m sing l rge rmy,

a - pl ced Dur yakin in a state of defence . With him were the remnants of the tribes which Sargon had

— Gambulai a R a conquered the , P ekod, D mun , uhu , A HISTORY O F B BYLONIA . 1 2 3 — and Hindaru and he set his people to work to dig a

2 0 0 0 and 1 » wide trench, cubits wide (34 feet) 5 gurs

0 - a (3 feet) deep , round the city of Dur y kin ; then

a a a opening ch nnel to the Euphr tes, he ﬂooded this

and a w ha ditch, bre king do n the bridges which he d

u a a a . a b ilt cross it, prep red to resist Siege S rgon

a a and a a p ssed his troops cross the ditch, tt cked the

a a a a and a Ch lde ns , who were c ught in net, defe ted

a a O f with grea t sl aughter. The roy l p vilion Meroda ch

a a an a b l d , his couch of gold, throne of gold, ch ir of

a car gold , sceptre of gold, ch riot of silver, covered ria e and all a g of gold , with his other goods, his c mp ,

a a al fell into the h nds of the Assyri ns, while the Ch

a a a ad de n mon rch, impelled by fe r, ﬂed into his cit el

a had with the remnant of his forces . This b ttle taken pl ace in the space between the ditch and the c al an ar e ity w ls d S gon now invest d the city, which

a he soon after stormed and captured . Merod ch

a a a and a r b l d n now submitted, l id down his scept e

a a a before S rgon, who c rried him into c ptivity, together

and a . with his wife, his children, his tre sures

Thus the whole of Babylonia fell into the hands of

a o S rgon, who set to work to reverse the p licy of Me

- a rodach b ala dan . He expelled the milit ry desert tribes whom the Chaldean h ad settled in the Baby B A 1 24 HISTORY OF BA YLONI .

a an a loni n cities, d everywhere m de friends with the priesthood by restoring the rites and offerings of the

a a various gods . S rgon lso for some time held his court at Babylon ; and while here there ca me two embassies from Opposite sides of the empire to ac

a knowledge the power of the Assyrian mon rch . One

as eri Nituk Dilmun a of these w from Up , king of or ,

’ a a a kas u a st te which is s id to h ave l in thirty p , or bout

2 1 0 sea a a miles, in the on the e st, being re ched

Dilmun has through the Persian Gulf. not been iden tiﬁed an d a a , if it were not for the st tement of dist nce, it would be likely to represent the region of the Indus,

was a a a a for it not the n me of sm ll, obscure pl ce, but

a and a a of region known from remote times, lw ys 1 spoken of as the eastern boundary on the sea .

a a f The second emb ssy c me rom the West, from the

Ya a a Y atnan a a a seven kings of h , district of , pl ce s id

’ a to be seven d ys sail in the Mediterranean . This emba ssy is usually supposed to have come from

Cyprus ; but this island appears too close to the

a a co st to require such voyage .

Sargon reigned at Babylon after his conquest of

- a a a a a an B . C . 0 . Merod ch b l d n for ﬁve ye rs, d died 7 5

Dilm un a Dilvun bab m d B d , or r ther , is pro ly the o ern un er D lli — c m . S .

1 2 6 HISTORY OF BABYLONI A.

a a a a were routed , the Ch lde n mon rch t king refuge in

a a Ba at was ﬂight. It is prob ble th t bylon this time

a a a and a not prep red to st nd siege, therefore Merod ch b ala dan at once hastened to the south to take refuge in the reeds and swamps which in all ages have formed

r the shelter of political refugees . Here in the dist ict

a f of Guzum an he hid himself s fely rom his foes , while the Assyrian s searched the reeds and m arshes in vain to ﬁnd him .

a a a a Immedi tely fter the b ttle of Kisu, Senn cherib

Ba and ala a entered bylon plundered the p ce, c rrying

a a all away everything . A like f te waited the other

r a . i 8 cities within e ch Accord ng to one record, 9

and 8 2 0 a an cities vill ges were destroyed, while

an 2 0 other gives 76 cities d 4 villages . Among these few na mes remain but S arrapanu and Larancha are men tioned and a a Ni ur ff H , Erech (W rk ), p (Ni er), Kisu ( y 1 a - ala a a and utha a mer), H rris k m (ne r Hymer), C (Ibr

are as a a a him) given se ts of the Ch lde ns . After the country within reach of the Assyrian army had been

and a a a conquered r v ged, Senn cherib set to work to reconstruct the government. With him he had a m an a B el- S on a B ab nian young n med “ibni, of l Rat Kharsak- a ama the m a d her k l , ount in of the worl , so

al ed m name of its rinc a m — c l fro the p ip l te ple S . Y BAB A HISTOR OF YLONI . 1 2 7

had r n a a o fﬁ cer. He g ow up in the p l ce of the king

a and was a mi o f Assyri , now r ised by S e acherib to the

B a a a a B . . 0 throne of byloni , his ppointment d ting C 7 3. It appears that a further campaign was necessary in this year to chastise the various nomad tribes wan dering over the country. It is said that at the close

a of these oper tions people, with multitudes

and a a a of ﬂocks herds, were c rried c ptive to Assyri .

Nabu— —a i H ararti wa s bel z kr , governor of , the only ruler

a i and a a who volunt r ly submitted ; he, prob bly fe ring a s a a n visit from the A syri n rmy, sent rich prese ts to

Se nnacherib . The work of spoiling being ﬁnished,

r a a Hirimmu the Assy i n mon rch rebuilt the city of ,

h ad and a a which he destroyed, ppointed tribute from

and t it of one ox, ten sheep, ten homers of wine, wenty

ﬁ rst- as an ff n a homers of fruits, o eri g to the Assyri n

a B 0 a a . . Senn cherib returned to Assyri in C 7 3, le ving the r the a B l- and a gove nment in h nds of e ibni, ppoint

- ing a force to watch for Meroda ch bala dan . The

a an a a Ch lde prince, ﬁnding the Assyri n g rrisons too

and a of a B a strong for him , desp iring reg ining his by

al a an lonian throne, c led together his dherents, d col lectin a a g the im ges of his gods, resolved to le d a

Chaldeancolony to a new distri ct on the Persian 1 2 8 HISTORY OF BABYLONIA.

a i a a a Gulf. T king ship w th his dherents, he b ndoned the country where he had struggled for thirty yea rs

a and a against the Assyri n power, c rried his people

O f Na itu down the Persian Gulf to the district g , on

a a . the Asi tic shore, within the territory of El m Here ,

a a a - a a a an exile from his n tive l nd, Merod ch b l d n

a died ; but he left sever l sons , destined to continue

’ their father s work a nd continue his Opposition to

a a - a a a Assyria. After the dep rture of Merod ch b l d n

Na itu a a a a S uzub to g , nother Ch lde n chief rose, , son

Gahul a a a t of , who collected b nd of followers the

f Bittut a a city O , in the m rsh district ne r the mouth of

a and fi O f the river Euphr tes, de ed the power the

a . a a a Assyri ns To punish him , Senn cherib org nized

a a B . . 0 0 and second expedition to Ch lde , in C 7 , de

a b a S uzu n f. fe ted , who esc ped a d hid himsel Then

i Bit- a a - a turn ng to y kin, the district of Merod ch balad n,

a a a a a a the Assyri n rmy r v ged the pl ce, c rrying captive those who had not emigrated with Merodach-bala

- dan. The rule O f Bel ibni was probably unsatisfactory

a a a ' h to Senn cherib, for the Assyri n mon rch, at t e close

O f a the expedition, g ve the government O f the country

- a - to his own eldest son, Assur n din sum , who com menced B his reign . C . 70 0 . The new Chaldean esta blishment at Na itu a g , on the Persian Gulf, w s beyond

‘ F AB A 1 30 HISTORY O B YLONI .

a been ﬁve days descending the river, until they re ched

- limi the shore O f the Persian Gulf at Bab sa ti. At

r sea a the place where the iver issued into the , Senn

a O f Hea c herib ma de a great festiv l in honour , the

a O f an presiding deity of the ocean . Im ges ﬁshes d

a a sea and vessels, m de of gold, were c rried out to dropped with great ceremony into the ocean by the

a a and a Assyri n mon rch, while victims lib tions were

ff H ea a . o ered to , the Assyri n Neptune It being sup

a a x posed th t the gods were propiti ted, the e pedition

sea and a a a sailed out to m de for the Persi n co st,

i a i u as a where the d strict of N g t w situ ted . Here they

O f a came to the mouth the river Ul i, which formed

a Na itu and O f the rtery of g , in the vicinity which the

a a a cities colonized by the Ch lde ns were situ ted . It

' is quite evident tha t since the time O f Sennacherib considerable changes have taken place in the gee graphy of this region ; the soil rapidly accumulates at a O f a an the he d the Persi n Gulf, d now the mouth

O f a s a the Ul i no longer Opens into the e , but dis

a a ch rges itself into the Euphr tes .

On the arrival of the Assyrian ﬂeet at the mouth O f

a a the Ul i, they found the Ch ldeans gathered to re ceive them . The colonists inhabited the cities O f

Na itu and Na itu - dihibin an g g , d they called to their BAB A 1 HISTORY OF YLONI . 31

Hilm u Bellatu and assistance the people of , , Hupa p anu drawing up their forces on the ﬂat fronting the

a a an Ulai . The Assyri n troops were disemb rked, d

a a and a l attacked with fury the Ch lde ns their l ies,

and r t routing them pursuing them to thei ci ies, which they captured and spoiled. The people were cap

r d a and tu e in l rge numbers, with their goods and cattle forced into the As syrian ships and sent over to

B —salimi a the city of ab ti to Senn cherib .

as a a at a While this expedition w w y the Persi n Gulf,

S uzub had a war a , who esc ped during the former , r ised a in a a and force the re r of Senn cherib , the king of

a ha l El m, who d hitherto on y given secret help to the

B a a a a Ba and byloni ns, now m rched his rmy to bylon, with them came numbers of the Chal dean emigrants

n a and a a returni g to their country. The El mite Ch lde n

a Ba and a S uzub n forces c ptured bylon, procl imed ki g ;

f a a but rein orcements being sent to the Assyri n rmy,

and a a tu S uzub they turned defe ted the rebels, c p ring , who was sent bound to Nineveh . At this time one of the parties fell upon the city of

and a r a a a Erech, plundered it, c r ying w y the im ges of

' the gods but the notice of this event is so ambigu

a was a ous, that it is uncert in if it the Assyri n or the

Elamite army which plundered the temples . The

K 2 2 BAB A 1 3 HISTORY OF YLONI . direct interference of the Elamites at Babylon during

a and a t these Oper tions, their const nt hostili y to

a a war ri Assyri , now led to between the two count es .

a a ta a a Senn cherib, in resolving to t ck the El mites, w s also inﬂuenced by a desire to recover a small portion

a an had of Assyria n territory ne r Dur , which been attacked and captured by the Elamites just before the

a a ha close of the reign of S rgon . Here the El mites d

Of Bit- a and a a and taken the two cities h iri R z , this 6 ha d . B . . loss not been recovered About C 9 7, the Assyria n monarch set out with a large army to mak e war a and a ri with El m, fter recovering the lost dist ct

a ta a ca . he went on to t ck the El mite cities, which he p

- tured and burned one after an other. Thirty four a and a a l rger cities, numerous sm ller vill ges, were

an d r a a a h destroyed, the Assy i n records rel te th t t e

conﬂa rations a an smoke of these g rose like cloud, d obscured the face of the heavens .

n -nan Duri g this destruction of his cities, Kudur

a a a hundi, the El mite king, did not d re to meet Senn cherib a af in the ﬁeld ; but fe ring for his own s ety,

a s he c used his people to retire into the other citie , and Madaktu a a and he himself left , his c pit l , ﬂed

a Hi l into the mount ins to da u. Everything now

at i seemed the mercy of the Assyrian k ng, who was

1 34 HISTORY O F BABYLONIA.

i l a Aware of his nabi ity to hold the throne lone,

S uzub broke Open the sacred treasures of B el at

at Borsi a and N a at Cutha B abylon, Nebo pp , erg l , and sent the gold and silver as a present to Umman

a i a a a a min n , k ng of El m , s ying G ther thy rmy,

a B a and collect thy c mp, to bylon come strengthen ”

a a a war art . m a our h nds, for m ster of thou U m n minan and his people were equally ready to make war w a and a a a a ith Assyri , to venge the r v ges of the Assyri n ' ’ a a i a a a rmy during Senn cher b s l te c mp ign, and call

a a all a ing to his st nd rd the tribes subj ect to El m, he

a a took the ro d to B bylon . An immense host now

a at t i a g thered this ci y, consist ng of El mites, Persians,

a Pasiru Elli i Ya a La a ri H people of Anz n, , p , z n, g p , ar

Dumm u a a a Am ukkan zunu, q, Sul i, S mun , Adini, ,

i a a a a Larancha Lahiru Gambul S l n, S h l , , , Pekod, , an a - d other tri bes . Umm n min an and S uzub m arched

Ba a 6 B . 6 t out from bylon, bout C . 9 , feeling s rong

a enough to meet Senn cherib in the Open ﬁeld . They

at a therefore posted their troops H lule, on the Tigris, to check the Assyrian monarch before he overran the

a r he rt of the count y.

Sennacherib advanced to Halule eager to meet the

and a rebels, j oined b ttle with them, utterly routing their troops. The chiefs of the Elamites and Baby BAB HISTORY OF YLONIA. 1 35

an had a a loni s gone out to the b ttle richly dorn ed ,

a ai a an with rms inl d with gold, br celets d rings of

in a a gold, riding ch riots pl ted with silver ; and most of these trappings fell into the hands of the Assy

a B a a a a ri ns . The byloni n rmy g thered at Halule

a a must h ve been very numerous, for the Assyri ns count the sla in at the incredible number of

ar a men . We e informed, however, th t the pursuit and a a u a n sl ughter l sted for fo r hours fter su set. A multitude of prisoners an d heaps of spoil remained

i i a i w th the v ctors, sever l of the chiefs, includ ng

Na - a -iskun a a - B a a a a bu z kir son of Merod ch l d n , f lling

a into the hands of Senn cherib .

The disastrous battle of Halule closed for that year

was a a operations in Babylonia . There long m rch

Ba a was a a and to bylon ; the se son prob bly l te, the

a a and . Assyri n rmy crippled, encumbered with spoil

These rea sons probably determined the close of the campaign ; but next year Sennacherib once more

a an marched out, resolved this time to m ke ex

f Ba was a B . C . 6 . S uzub ample o bylon . This bout 9 5

a - a a a a had and Umm n min n, fter the b ttle of H lule,

and escaped to their respective countries, when Sen nach erib again invaded Babylonia there was no at tempt at opposition in the open ﬁeld ; he advanced 6 BAB 1 3 HISTORY OF YLONIA. at Ba and a a once to bylon, ppe red before the city,

- fortiﬁ ca which was ill prepared to resist him . The

and a t an c t tions were stormed c p ured, d the whole i y

uzub a a given up to spoil . S , with p rt of his f mily, fell

a a who into the h nds of Senn cherib, sent them to As syria the treasures of the city were plundered by the

i a soldiers, the m ges of the gods were brought out of

and the temples broken up, the houses were pulled

w and a do n burned, the w lls were levelled, the tem

ur an ples overt ned, d the towers thrown down ; the

was l as far a s u city leve led, the f ry of the Assyrian m a u and r a a on rch co ld do it, the g eat can l, c lled

ax as Ar es, w ﬁlled up with the ruins .

1 38 HISTORY OF BABYLONIA.

a a - a a a During this time, son of Merod ch b l d n ,

a - -na isti- esir nam ed N bu zir p , took possession of his

’ father s original territory near the Persian Gulf ; and

a r after strengthening himself there, he spi ed to the dominion of the whole of B abylonia . After the

a murder of Senn cherib his sons disputed the crown, an a i a a a a a d t k ng dv nt ge of the confusion, the Ch lde n

B . 68 1 a a a prince, in C . , m rched g inst the city of Ur

n a - a was (Mugheir), then governed by Ni g l idin , who fa a a ithful to the Assyrian empire . H ving f iled to separate the governor of Ur from the interest of the

r a and ar a Assy i ns, he besieged the city, when Es h ddon,

a a a r was h ving g ined decisive victo y over his brothers ,

a a a - —na isti-e sir disre procl imed king t Nineveh , N bu zir p

a a and g rded his ccession, continued his hostilities

a a a. a a a g inst Assyri Es rh ddon , he ringof this, ordered the Assyrian generals who were stationed in Baby lonia to march against him ; and unable to meet

al a i a their forces, the Ch de n pr nce ﬂed into El m , the

ar a old refuge of his father. The reign of Es h ddon had a and had a opened with gre t promise, he ssumed the crowns of both Assyria and Babylonia. The

Elamites now appeared disinclined to quarrel with

and n of r him , did not take up the cause of the so . thei — a a - a a a Na - - na isti e sir old lly, Merod ch b l d n . bu zir p BAB I HISTORY OF YLON A. 1 39 “ a an an thus found El m insecure refuge, d soon after

a a was a his rriv l there tre cherously murdered . His

a —Maru duk had brother, N hid , who followed his for

and a a sa tunes sh red his ﬂight to El m, when he w

a a -zir~na isti-esir a the de th of N bu p , larmed for his

a t and own s fe y, ﬂed out of the country, threw himself

a a upon the mercy of Es rh ddon . The As syrian mo

ar a a a a n ch received him f vour bly, ccepting his hom ge, and appointing him to the government of the district

sea - a ha of the co st, which his brother d forfeited by rebellion .

As ha a soon as he d settled his affairs in Assyri ,

ar Ba a a Es haddon came in person to bylon (J nu ry,

B . . an C d set to work to restore the city, which

a had been ruined by the l te wars . He rebuilt the

a and ﬁ a gre t temples towers, restored the forti c tions, and brought back the captive images of the gods .

a a a Ba Under the fostering c re of Es rh ddon, bylon

a a a a a an d al n soon g in bec me gre t city, the riv of Ni e

ri Ba at veh . Du ng the depression of bylon, in the l ter

a part of the reign of Senn cherib , the chief of the

Dakkuri was Chaldean tribe of , whose home on the

Ba had a edge of the desert west of bylon, encro ched upon the grounds of the people of Babylon and B or si a a and ppa. These people Es rh ddon checked, put AB 1 4 0 HIS TORY O F B YLONIA.

- a . a a i a stop to their inro ds He seized S m s ibni, the r

and u as a and king, b rned him, punishment, set up

- llim in his pla ce a chief named Nabu usa . Soon after this the new chief sent an urgent despatch to Esar

a a a had a in h ddon, bec use the m rsh tribes g thered

Bit- amukkan and a , ende voured to renew the depre dations which had been carried on in the time of

a a - a the a S m s ibni . He pr ys king to send to S du,

kkan Amu and a . governor of , check these r ids Sub — sequently Esarhaddon was informed th at Nabu usal

had a f was a i lim, whom he r ised to o ﬁce, ende vour ng to

a and Ba purch se horses ; the governor of bylon, for

a a a a Dakku Es rh ddon, st ted th t the governor of the ri

a a a a s a a desired to r ise force to tt ck the As yri n rmy, and a a a - renew the r ids of S m s ibni, in consequence of

as V a which he, iceroy of the king of Assyri , forbade

a a a a the s les in the n me of Es rh ddon .

In the same letter the governor of Babylon informs

a a a a Bel- a a B an Es rh ddon of the rriv l of b s , son of un u, at Ba and B orsi a r bylon pp , f om which cities he went

a Dakkuri Bel- a a to the l nd of the tribe of . b s was

Gambul chief of the tribe of , which lived in the

a m rshes by the Tigris, close to the Elamite frontier.

He was induced to submit to Esa rhaddon and in

a a a consider tion of his lli nce, Esarhaddon assisted

1 4 2 HISTORY O F BABYLONIA.

— i s - a al a a mug na, the elder son, A sur b ni p , being lre dy

a 1 installed as king O f Assyri .

Peace continued in Babylonia under the rule of

a - a a S aosduchinos S ul mugin , who nswers to the of

h s Ptolemy and the Sammug e of Polyhistor.

as r af a This general quiet w , however, b oken ter bout

rtaki a . had ten years; by U , king of El m He been on

ar a and a a i good terms with Es h ddon , fterw rds w th his

a a sons but suddenly ch nging his policy, he persu ded

- B el as . Gambulai and al b a, king of the , some other loc

in t a a s - a - al chiefs, to join him hos ility g inst A sur b ni p

- ki n a a. rta a d S ul mugin U then, with these chiefs in his : a a an i B and tr in, m de irruption nto abylonia,

a a spre ding his troops over the country, g ve it up to

au - na was Ba as plunder. S l mugi , who in bylon , w a a at n a and at a sk l rmed this i ro d, sent once to the

i - — a d a al a. of his brother Assur b ni p , king of Assyri At

‘ h t a a - i a as n Ba t is ime, lthough S ul mug n w ki g of bylon,

b . a ar and e w s tribut y subj ect to his elder brother,

It was while Esarha ddon was holding hi s court at Babylon

a a a of da was b a i a d n th t M n sseh Ju h rought there c pt ve, ccor i g to

2 i I I The a a and r f E ar a dd Chronicles xxxi i . . ch r cter ule o s h on m a b m d and ea of anass m ca see to h ve een il , the rel se M eh fro p i t vity Is paralleled by other similar a cts of clem ency upon his a t — p r S . O F BAB A HISTORY YLONI . 1 43

n B abylon bei g dependent upon Nineveh . Assur bani -pal himself appointed the provincial governors in

had arri n B abylonia. He his own g sons a d com

a and a i m nders, his gener ls reported to himself nstea d

. B b a of to his brother esides this, e rep ired the Baby lonian and a ff i a temples, m de o er ngs t the var ious

a a n shrines in his own n me, thus h vi g the priesthood immediately connected with himself. The active control of affairs being thus in the hands of the king

i s - a - al a a of Assyr a, A sur b ni p responded to the ppe l of

and af n an oﬂic r his brother, ter sendi g e to report to

a i a himself on the El m te r id, he suddenly moved a

Ba a and force into byloni , , coming up with U rtaki

a a before he could retre t into El m with his spoil, inﬂicted upon him a defeat and drove him across the border.

- a a This war led to succession of contests with El m, which belong rather to the history of Assyria than to that O f Babylonia . The result of these expeditions

as a - a - al a and w , th t Assur b ni p conquered El m, set

a a - a a upon the throne of th t country Umm n ig s, son

rtaki a a a . of U , who eng ged to p y tribute to Assyri

a a a ar a The El mites, who were br ve, w like r ce, were

a a - a restless under the yoke of Assyri and S ul mugin ,

a was a a king of B bylon, lso tired of his subordin te AB 1 44 HISTORY or B YLONIA.

’ a disaﬂection a a position . Gener l spre d over Ch l

a a and al n P samm eti dea , Arabi , Syri , P esti e ; while

i had and l the chus, k ng of Egypt, revolted, , expel ing

a a ia Assyrians from th t country, in ll nce with Gyges ,

i - - a a war a a As a al. Th e king of Lydi , m de g nst sur b ni p

a a an moment seemed propitious for gener l revolt, d the

i n ar a u was As syr a mon ch, foreseeing th t tro ble coming,

a a a Ba ia a issued procl m tion to the bylon ns, d ted on

a rd da a the 3 y of the month Iyy r, in the eponymy of

- - 6 0 a B . . Assur dur uzur bout C 5 . In this document

n ha d he remi ds them of the beneﬁts he given them , and of the close brotherhood between Assyria and

Babylonia.

Saul -mugina at that time meditated a revolt but to mas k his proceedings he sent an embassy to

N a ineveh, to ssure his brother of his ﬁdelity, and to deceive the Assyrian monarch until his preparations were completed . The ﬁrst object of the Babylonian

a was a mon rch to seek llies, and his attention was

- a al t r a . a l n tur ly u ned to El m S ul mugina, fol owing the ex a a mple of sever l former rulers , broke open the

rea B el at Ba at B orsi a and t suries of bylon, Nebo pp ,

r a at Cutha an d Ne g l , sent the gold and silver as a

a - a i a in present to Umm n ig s, k ng of El m, payment for his assistance ; and the two monarchs made an agree

1 46 HISTORY OF BABYLONIA.

Ba an d the Ar abians joined the confederates at bylon . The combined forces then attacked the Assyrian gar

and oﬂi cers risons, everywhere expelled the of Assur

~ a - a a bani pal . S ul mugin chose four cities for milit ry

Si ara Ba Borsi a and utha. centres : pp , bylon, pp , C

ﬁ and a a as These he forti ed, prep red to resist siege, his brother was gathering a force to reconquer the country.

B a a efore, however, the Assyri ns re ched the scene,

a s divisions appeared among the insurgents . As soon

a - a a ha d a Umm n ig s, king of El m, sent his rmy to

Ba T maritu a a a bylon, his son am m de conspir cy a a n and a a a a g i st him, , r ising force, defe ted the roy l

. a n a a off troops C pturi g his f ther in the b ttle, he cut

- - a and r a al . ft his he d, sent it to Assu b ni p A er this,

Tamm aritu had a a , who ssumed the crown of El m , was Ba ia a an induced by the bylon ns to ssist them , d

a he m rched into their country with his army.

- an - al as an and Assur b i p w now adv cing, his forces,

a a a B l- under the le dership of a gener l n med e ibni,

a f a and defe ted the con eder tes, , overrunning the open

tr Ba coun y , shut them up in the four cities, bylon,

Borsi a C uth i h Tamm aritu a and ara. pp , , S pp W en had Ba a— gone to bylonia, Ind bigas, one of his ser

an as v ts, set up king in Elam , and, the people going O F BAB 1 HISTORY YLONIA. 47

Tamm aritu O over to his side, found himself cut ff

. Tamm aritu r an from his own country , with the Assy i

and a- a was army on one side, Ind big s on the other,

a ra and a i in a gre t st it, t k ng ﬂight with some of his f his wa sea- a riends, he found y to the co st, where he

a took Ship and tried to esc pe . The vessel in which

m ari ai as a a Tam tu s led w , however, soon fterw rds

and a a and caught in a storm driven b ck on the co st,

mm aritu was a Ta , being ill, c rried on shore, where he took refuge in the marshes but on receiving a promise

u - a - al to of protection from Ass r b ni p , he surrendered

As a the syri ns .

Meanwhile the As syrian generals were crushing the

a Babyloni n revolt ; the strongholds successively fell, and B a a was bylon, the l st hope of the rebels, closely

a and ﬁ uits O f war besieged . F mine pestilence, the ,

a l ria e were desol ting the country, whi e the Assy ns wer completing its ruin .

- a B . . 6 8 Ba and a a In the ye r C 4 bylon fell , S ul mugin ,

a was a u a a finding th t the city c pt red, set fire to his p l ce, l and a . a Ba perished in the fl mes After the f l of bylon, the Assyrians proceeded to punish the smaller chiefs who had a ided in the revolt ; but one of the most a a - - i a a ~ ctive of these, N bu bel z kri, gr ndson of Mero

ac h-Ba a a sea- a d l d n, who ruled the region of the co st,

L . 2 1 48 HISTORY OF BABYLON IA .

fﬁ As - a - al and escaped from the o cers of sur b ni p , ﬂed to

- - i a as . a a Elam , to the court of Ind big Ind big s , ﬁnd ng

h a a his the B abylonian revolt ad f iled, desired to m ke

- a - al and an a peac e with Assur b ni p , sent emb ssy to

As syria to propitiate the Ninevite monarch . Assur b ani-pal met the envoywith a demand for the surrender

Nabu- - ra a - Bal a a of bel zikri , the g ndson of Merod ch d n ,

a - a and a then a refugee t the court of Inda big s , thre t

a a and a and ened to inv de El m , w ste it with ﬁre B sword if this deman d was not complied with . efore

a a the return of the messenger with this mess ge, Ind

- a wa s a . a al a an la big s de d Umm n d s , E mite com

a had a and k an m nder, revolted ag inst him , illed him d

a in a his f mily, his turn ascending the El mite throne .

Assur-bani- pal now sent an embassy to the new

ar a al mon ch, to dem nd the surrender of the Ch dean

i and a -a as pr nce, Umm n ld received the envoys of the

Assyrian monarch .

a — - a a N bu bel zikri, now fe ring th t he should be de

i a -bani~ al a livered up by the k ng of El m to Assur p , c lled

a - ar a him an on his rmour be er to desp tch , d the two

I an a e ch other through with their swords . Umman aldas took the body of Nabu-bel-zikri and the hea d of his armour-bearer and delivered them to the messen

- a - al gers of Assur b ni p , who ca rried them to As syria.

BAB 1 5 0 HISTORY OF YLONIA.

a Na Olassar and f a an Assyri , bOp sent Of ered to m ke a a at be lli nce with him for this purpose , the tre y to

a a Am uhia Am tis cemented by the m rri ge of or y , the l a ax ares a - — u d ughter of Cy , with N bu kudur uz r or Nebu

chadnezzar NabO Olas sar. r at , son of p This t e y pro

i be a b ably included also th e k ng of Egypt, for ssisted

war a a a in the ag inst Assyri , m rching up through

a i a P lest ne to Carchemish on the Euphr tes , which he

a c ptured .

a and a and The ccount of the siege f ll of Nineveh,

It is very probable that som e m util ated tablets discovered b S mi ax r and n da th y Mr . th refer to Cy a es the closi g ys of e

A r a m a The r i m m ba d, ssy i n on rchy. w it ng upon the is extre ely and m be c a il e ed and er they see to rough opies h st y ex cut , nev care q ed a a Th e a m A a i for y copi out g in. n e of the ssyri n k ng

m i is E ar- a dd i m a be com who they were wr tten s h on, wh ch y

a ed am S aracus as ed th e la m a of p r with the n e , sign to st on rch

N e b as ar f m m ha Kazta riti inev h y cl sical writers . We le n ro the t t ” Kar- as ass a ha d king of the k si the fortress of the K i, perh ps), a d ims l t Mamitarsu c ief d the llie h e f wi h , the h of the Me es,

Kimm erians Minnians La Van and o e of , the of ke , the pe pl

S a arda S a ad Obad. B a S ea and p (the eph r of on the l ck , i ad d s ia. a s a e a and nv e A syr M ny of the A syri n citi s were t ken, the King of Nineveh ordered a fast of one hundred da ys and n ds in d a th da hi the ights to the go , or er to vert e nger with w ch m was a d. I w as at s e m e pire thre tene t this cri is, wh n the ene y w as ed to a a c N e self a ab s hourly exp ect tt k inev h it , th t the t let w r c m d — e e o pose . S . O F BAB HISTORY YLONIA. 1 5 1

s a i l the extinction of the A syri n empire, w l be found ” — a . 1 8 1 1 . in the History of Assyri , pp 9 9 No trust worthy history O f this period from any ancient source

an d f a is is known, one di ﬁ culty in the c se , to know how to choose between what is probable and wha t is unlikely in the various notices which have come down to us . 2 r BAB I 1 5 HISTORY o YLON A.

R I CHAPTE X.

THE P F B AD ZZA EM IRE O NE UCH NE R .

— — Rise of the Babyloni an Empire Egypt and Media Nebucha d

nezzar s and b d —D al m , his conquest uil ings estruction of Jerus e — — — Invasion of Egypt S iege of Tyre The kingdom of Lydia — — — Babylon adorned Character of Nebuchadnezza r Evil — da h his m d Ner alsha rezer. Mero c , ur er g

a a a at a AFTER the f ll of Assyri , n ur l division of the

a i s a territories of the dep rted emp re wa m de . The

Median provinces and the north of Assyria as far as

a ax ares a Cilici , fell to Cy of Medi ; the south of

a and a a a B a Assyri p rt of Ar bi fell to bylon, the western boundary of NabOp Olassar being the Upper

a All a and Euphr tes . west of C rchemish south O f

a was Cilici j oined to Egypt . It was evident that the division was only pro v a and a r ision l, could only l st until the th ee powers could determine in conﬂict their relative strength ; and a after a a ccordingly, bout three ye rs, the whole

A 1 54 HISTORY O F BABYLONI .

al a t a and impetus, due to individu bili y, quickly f iled, only left Babylonia a richer and more tempting prize

a al for the rising power of Persi . The f l of Nineveh and sudden extinction of the Assyrian power was fol lowed by a pause in the events then so rapidly hurry

a a was ing along. Although the h mmer of the e rth

as if was broken, it seemed for the moment there no

ar sta te able to take the mantle of the dep ted empire .

The smaller states were now independent, while on the ruins of the Assyrian monarchy stood three

a a al al a and a r powers, pp rently equ ly b nced equ lly e luctant to disturb their neighbours .

was a a a i Egyp t on the west now gre t st te. Its k ng

a and held court in Northern Syri , its soldiers eu

a a a c mped by the b nks of the river Euphr tes . All the country west of this great natural boundary a a a a t cknowledged the sw y of Ph r oh Necho, the ex ent of whose empire rivalled the dominions of Egypt in

a a a Thothm s an her most p lmy d ys, under the gre t e d

R a an a meses of the eighteenth d nineteenth dyn sties .

B a On the south, bylonia had attai ned a power which she had not possessed for several centuries the south of Assyria and the region of the Khabur

a an a an were dded to her empire, d wh tever culture d advancement Assyria had possessed had at once gra BAB HISTORY OF YLONIA. 1 5 5

a B a vitated tow rds bylon . On the north an d east

Media had risen within a few years from a condition of division and lawlessness to a compact and powerful

a and C ax ares i a mon rchy; the empire of y , k ng of Medi ,

Hal s in a extended from the river y , Asi Minor, to the a a e st of Persi . There was a mutual agreement between the three

and a a powers, the m rri ge of the son of the king of

Babylonwith the daughter ofthe king of Media assured

a a all the pe ce between these st tes ; besides which, had so recently acquired their possessions that much organization was necessa ry before any further exten

a sion O f them coul d be m de .

It seems that the ﬁrst power to recover was Baby

Na o las sar a and . b o was lon p ctive from the ﬁrst, organized his new possessions so as to be quickly

war and as all a a rea dy for ; then, gener y h ppens, pre text for hostilities was soon found by one who was

n looki g out for it . n So me discussion arose with Necho, ki g of Egypt, probably about the rights or boundaries of the Egyp

B an and B . . 6 0 war was tians and abyloni s, in C 5 de

ab Olassar was clar ed between the two powers . N Op now too O ld and inﬁrm for ac tive operations in the ﬁeld

ar and being anxious to prosecute the w with vigour, B 1 5 6 HISTORY O F BA YLONIA.

r a placed his t oops under comm nd of his eldest son,

N ad a a man r a . ebuch nezz r, young of g e t promise The

la at a Egyptian army meanwhile y idly C rchemish, on

a a i the Upper Euphr tes, Necho not h v ng the judg

a a a a a ment to prep re g inst his young nt gonist.

a a a a Nebucha dnezz r dv nced to C rchemish, and

n a a a attacked a d routed the Egyp ti n rmy there, g ining

all by this movement the control of Syria. The Egyp

a a had and a tians appe r to h ve no reserves , the B by lonians mar ched through Syria and Palestine unO p

in ll posed, receiving the submission turn of a the

r r petty princes as far as the bo de s of Egypt . Among these tributaries was Jehoiakim king of

a ha d b o Jud h , who een set on the throne by Nech , but who was now forced to submit to the Babylonian yoke . While Nebuchadnezzar was absent in Syria his fa Nabo olassar and a a ther, p , died, Nebuch dnezz r ha stened back to Babylon to assume the govern

Ba a a a n ment . The byloni n rmy now returned l de

t an a wi h the spoils of the west d the tribute of Syri , and Babylon assumed the position O f metropolis of the world .

o a a h S on fter Nebuch dnezzar ad returned to Babylon,

a B. C . 60 2 a bout , P lestine revolted, the rising being

1 5 8 HISTORY OF BABYLONIA.

- an - al a a reign of Assur b i p , but fter the defe t of the

Assyrians by the Medes and Babylonian s they had

a a . revived, and reg ined consider ble strength Of the circumstances which brought them into contact with

ar a and the Babylonians we e ignor nt, we know nothing of the history of the war ; the ﬁnal result of the

as struggle w , however, to extinguish once more the

a a independence of El m, the country being now nnexed

a to Babyloni .

af ebuchadnezzar B . C . 8 Soon ter this, N , 5 9 , moved

a an a i a - a at R a into Syri , d t k ng up his he d qu rters ibl h, in

a a a a n the land of H m th , directed his troops g i st l N bu zaradan a a Palestine . e , his gener l , l id siege to

a r Jerus lem, the cent e of the revolt, where the Jews

a within the city were divided into two p rties, one for

a a a submission to the Ch lde ns, the other for resist nce . At this time Apries or HOphra was king of Egypt he had a a a entered with spirit into the P lestini n le gue, and with his ﬂeet had occupied some parts of the

Phoenician coast on the advance of Nebuchadnezzar

a a and a a a he ssembled his rmy, m rched ag inst Jerus lem

a u a to ende vo r to r ise the siege of the city . In this

ff was a a e ort he unsuccessful , though at ﬁrst the Ch lde n

r a Nab - a-idd — I ina s d . n Assy i n u zir Nebo gave a ee . S BAB HISTORY OF YLONIA. 1 5 9

a a a an a general l rmed by the dv ce of the Egypti ns,

a retired from the siege . Whether the l tter engaged

a a a the army of Ph ro h we do not know, but cert inly b a a a e forced the Egypti ns to b ndon their enterprise,

a a and leave Jerus lem to its f te. On his return accord i ara a an ngly Nebuz d n pressed the siege with vigour, d

B . 8 a . a a in . C 5 7, Jerus lem fell The Ch lde n army ma and d rched in destroye the city, burning the

an d a i a a a and a Temple, c rry ng w y its s cred vessels tre

ia a a r . Z su es edek h ttempted to s ve himself by ﬂight,

i as ca tured and a a ar but w p , c rried before Nebuch dnezz ,

a a and who put his sons to de th before his f ce, then

put out his eyes . B esides Jerusalem several other cities O f Judah were

and and a plundered destroyed, the people c rried into

a i c pt vity . The surrounding nations of Palestine which had

an j oined in the revolt were punished in their turn, d

8 a a in . 6 Ba a B C . 5 the byloni n mon rch l id Siege to

at as a Tyre . Tyre this time w the centr l city of

a a a a Mediterr ne n commerce, and h ving possession of

u e and a sea a was powerf l ﬂe t , position on the co st, it in an exce llent condition for resisting a blockade by

a a a a a l nd. For thirteen ye rs the rmy of Nebuch dnezz r

sat a and was a round its w lls , even when the city t ken B 1 60 HIS TORY OF BA YLONIA.

a verv a (B . C . 5 73) the conqueror g ined little to rew rd 1 his toil .

Meanwhile events were happening elsewhere to call off the attention of the Babylonian monarch .

Nebuchadnezzar had wedded the daughter of the

a and a a a king of Medi , this lli nce insured the pe ce

ar a between these two nations . The w like Medi n monar ch did not interfere with the conquests of his

a - in-law t a m an gre t son , but he, a the s me ti e, sought

a ia s empire outside the circle of the B bylon n conquest .

the a a a and a On e st of Medi , in Armeni , the e stern

a a a was d p rt of Asi Minor, the Medi n empire extende , and its western border now touched the dominions of the rising Lydian kingdom . Since the time of

a ha a a d Gyges Lydi d enj oyed gre t prosperity, n its territory now embraced a considerable portion of Asia

a a and a Minor. A dispute rose between Lydi Medi

a O f on ccount some fugitives, who ﬂed from the court

C ax ares a and t of y , king of Medi , took refuge wi h

a In B . . 0 war Aly ttes, king of Lydia. C 5 9 broke out between the two powers in consequence of the Lydians

u refusing to deliver up the f gitives .

war a ar i This is s id to ha ve lasted ﬁve ye s, w th no

is b r It y no means clear that Nebuchadnezza r did ta ke Ty e . — S O d a s an as not S . ju icious hi tori Mr. Grote thinks

1 6 2 HISTORY OF BABYLONIA.

an an a rane , then in the h ds of the Tyri n ﬂeet, enabled them to remove the bulk of their wealth

i a before the fall of the city . With n the re ch of the

Ba an t ai byloni sovereign here still rem ned Egypt, which h ad fomented and encouraged every successive

B . 2 a rebell ion in Palestine . In . C 5 7 Nebuch dnezzar

a and f a m arched in person into th t country, de e ting

a HO hra a and the rmy of p , overr n Egyp t, p lundered it

f all al t h r a an O . H a d was its we h Op fell into his h nds,

a a a Ahm e s Ama sis deposed, gener l n med or being a as his a the cknowledged king of Egypt in ste d, new monarch being insta lled as a vassal of Babylonia . The conquest of Egypt prob ably closed the era of the foreign wars of Nebucha dnezzar : these contests ha d a at a rt - t r a and had l sted le st thi y h ee ye rs, extended from the conﬁnes of Persia in the east to Libya in

and a A a a the west, from Cilici in the north to r bi in the south . The boundaries of the Babylonian king dom at t far as n a his time comprised, so we k ow, El m

a a and a or Khuzist n on the e st, p rts north of this, including Zimri and the region as far as th e Zagros

a a in all ria and mount ins, t king the best part of Assy ,

a all the n u ai prob bly regio south of the Mardin mo nt ns, a a u cross to Cilici , where the bo ndary touched the

a a . a as far as d a a Mediterr ne n All Syri , the Me iterr ne n , BAB A HISTORY OF YLONI . 1 63

was nc and a i luded, Egypt , with p rt of Libya, on the

ai if west. It is uncert n Cyprus owned the sway of

a a an d t O f Nebuch dnezz r, no hing is known most of the sta tes of Asia Minor. On the south the empire was

b a a a a bordered y the Liby n desert , the c t r cts of the

n and an a a a . Nile, uncert in line runni g through Ar bi

a was B a a The Persi n Gulf under byloni n control , both

n s e ebuch adnezzar and a shores bei g ubj ct to N , con s iderable was a r commerce c r ied on from it to Indi a.

The rapidity with which this empire had been ac quired Shows the genius of NabO pOlassar and his son

h n z ebu c ad e z . o Ba a N ar Only f rty yea rs before, byloni had a and a a been subject to Assyri , within th t sp ce the Ba a had in byloni ns , conjunction with the Medes,

a r d crushed the power of Assyri , conque ed its epen dencies a a , broken the power of the mon rchy r ised by

P sa mm etichu s in a a an d a Egypt, overrun Ar bi , nnexed

a a a The f me of Nebuch dnezz r rests , however, more on his buildings than his conquests . Short outlines and th e B and a a a notes in ible , v rious ncient uthors , are all a ma a th t re in of the politic l events of his reign , and it is at present impossible to ﬁll in the detai ls of his various campaigns ; but he himself has left us in his inscriptions minute and remarkable accounts of

M 2 B B 1 64 HI STORY OF A YLONI A.

a his various architectur l works . These show precisely the spirit mentioned in the book of D aniel . All his

a and all a B a l bour his glory, were to m ke bylon the gran dest city of the world ; nothing was spared that absolute power could dictate and that wealth or genius

and ebuchadne zzar B a could supply, under N bylon

n became the glory a d wonder of the world .

a Ba a a a The gre t temple of bylon, c lled S gg l , which l wa s a a B and dedic ted to Merod ch or el, he rebuilt

a and richly dorned with gold, silver, precious stones ; and here he once more reared the hea“d of the ziggur rat a - a - irtsiti a or tower c lled Temin s mi , the found tion

” ’ a n B l of he ven (a d) earth . The sanctuary of e he roofed

a a a with ced r brought from the mount ins of Leb non , and overlaid with gold ; the temples of Birbir and

a B el and a Ziru , dedic ted to Rub t , the temple of the

od the Vul the Moon g , temple of the Sun, the temple of , a a tmospheric god, the temple of the goddess Gul , the

and be temple of Venus , other buildings , reconstructed

Bel- da w as m d Bel d Mero ch ter e the younger , to istinguish him m th e d Be ] m mb Anu fro el er , one of the e ers of the trinity, “, B el and He a The d w - e the , . ol er Bel a s called Mul or Mul g ,

d the ab A a d a a nd d d a and lor of yss in cc i n , presi e over the e rth

d d d H b Baa . B e l A a B un ergroun worl , ssyri n ilu, is the e rew l, d — lor . S .

A 1 66 HISTORY OF BABYLONI .

an a a e In the court , d mong the upper cl sses , ther was a t this time a luxury equal to the magniﬁcence of

an a its the buildings . Leb on furnished its ced rs , Tyre

and a a ri goods m nuf ctures , Helbon, the Shuite dist ct ,

a and a a i the north of Assyri Syri , furnished v rious w nes , which ﬂowed on the royal and priestly tables like

a a a all a and rivers c ttle, nim ls of sorts, str nge birds,

a a th e ﬁsh, some presents from dist nt l nds, others

n a plunder of conquered a d oppressed n tions, ﬁlled the ﬁelds and waters of B abylon ; and the noblest youths of conquered peoples serve d in the presence of

n the king a d courtiers .

The las t ten years of the reign of N ebuchadnezzar a a a a n ppe r to h ve been spent in pe ce, surrou ded by ll a and . o ao this pomp luxury During this peri d ,

' n a i suﬂe red a cordi g to the book of D niel, the k ng for

a a time under form of m dness, conceiving himself to

a a in be be st of the ﬁeld . No inscription or notice conﬁrmation of this has yet been discove red ; but it must be remembered that our knowledge of the whole

a of the reign is very sc nty .

S O far as we can trace the character of N ebuchad nezzar a a at , he ppe rs to have been a sovereign of gre a a a and o bility, good gener l , bold in design, res lute in a t c ion . The long wars he waged over most of the IST R or BA B H O Y YLO NIA . 1 67

n r a th then k own wo ld, his defe t of e Egyptians at

a s at e ar an C rchemi h the outs t of his c eer, d his long and i e a hi s determ n d block de of Tyre, Show milita ry

a a i ta ch r cter ; but , l ke most Orien l sovereigns, his a cts

a n . a uch were st i ed with cruelty As builder, Neb ad nezzar a an and was a st nds in the ﬁrst r k, he gr ea t pa tron of arts and sciences . His system of govern ment was the usual Ea stern one of draining and oppressing conquered countri es and subject provinces

the and a a to increase glory m gniﬁcence of his c pital .

i a za was i In rel gion Nebuch dnez r , l ke most rulers ,

a B l faithful to the orthodoxy of his da y . Merod ch or e and o ea and a r Neb were his gr t divinities, fte them

a a ai s a a the c me tr n of le ser gods, who e ch sh red

o ar devotion and gifts of the sovereign . His g ds e said to inspire his heart ; he a cknowledges that his life and and a at success were from them , he r ises their holy sea ts prayer and thanks giving to the m .

was ebuchadn zzar a Ba Such N e , the gre test of the by

s a lonian sovereigns . He reigned over Western A i 6 a in B . C . 0 from his ca mpaign against C rchemish, 5 ,

Nebuchad a B . C . 6 2 . a until his de th , 5 On the de th of ne zzar his crown descended to his son Amil- Mar

- a B a e uduk, the Evil Merod ch of the ible, c ll d by the l Greeks I ou aroda m . AB A 1 68 HISTORY or B YLONI .

- a a far as can Evil Merodach ppe rs, so we judge, to have been a paciﬁc sovereign ; but the ancient authors who mention him condemn his government . Nebu

ha n zzar had a a a c d e t ken c ptive Jehoi chin , king of

Ba - a and at . v Jud h, kept him in prison bylon E il Mero

a a a a d ch, however, rele sed the c ptive when he c me to

B a and a at . the throne, se ted him in honour bylon

It is probable that in other respects Evil- Merodach

a and reversed the policy of his f ther, this led to discontent a mong the proud overbearing nobles of

Ba a a was bylon . In consequence of this conspir cy

a a n own -in- law formed g i st him , led by his brother

a -sar- N r alsharezer B Nerg l uzur, the e g of the ible, a N - lissor and c lled eri g by the Greek writers, Evil

a was a a a af a a Merod ch ss ssin ted ter reign of two ye rs,

60 . B . C . 5

On the murder of Evil- Merodach the conspirators

a Ner alshar zer a . r ised to the throne g e , their le der He was Bel- a - iskun h ad at the son of z kir , who ruled

B abylon during the troublous period towards the close

a n w of the Assyri n monarchy . It is unk o n whether he was the same a s the Bel- zakir-iskun who ruled in

a a a Ner alsharezer ha d Assyri bout the s me time . g

a rubu em a Ra a B been ppointed g (the bm g of the ible), which appears to have been one of the highest titles

1 70 HISTO RY O F BA BYLONIA .

C HAPTER X.

DECLINE A ND FALL O F THE BABYLONI A N

E P M IRE .

— — Labo rosoarchod Nabonidus Babylon fo rtiﬁed As tyages and — — Cyrus Cyrus besieges Babylon B abylon taken by the Per — — si ans The Darius of D a niel Return of the Jews from ex ile — — — C ambyses an d S m e rdis D arius Hystas p e S R evolt and — ca ptu re of B abylon S econd revolt O f Babylon under Arah u

- Bab — B ab ylon taken Decline of ylon .

TH E son and successor of Nergalsharezer wa s called

Laborosoarchod a a by the Greeks , perh ps corruption

- - s of the B abylonia n name U lbar surki idina . Thi prince had only reigned nine months when a new

s a was and he was a a i at a con pir cy formed, ss ss n ed ; ma n a ab - Na - a i al n med N u imtuk, or bu n h d, c led by

Lab netus a d the the Greeks y or N boni us, son of rubu m : a a a - bala tsu - i bi ei a se g or r bm g N bu q , b ng r i d

B . was a 6 . a to the throne C . 5 5 N bonidus either de scendant a of Nebuchadnezz ar on the fem le side, or married into the family to strengthen his right to the O F BAB N HI STOR Y YLO IA. 1 7 1

c nn ction with throne. In o e him we ﬁnd mentioned

a a Nitocris in Herodotus queen n med , to wh om some

a at Ba a r a of the gre t works bylon e scribed.

During the reign of N abo nidu s the inactivity abroad

t n i ical o B con i ued, while pol t events utside abylonia

n a were ripe ing for the destruction of th t sta te .

a id and a N bon us rebuilt restored the v rious temples , and all did he could to propitiate the priesthood . e a Ba a had a S eing th t byloni , which been so long in c

w l a tive, ou d soon have to prep re to resist the Medes and ia ab ai and a Pers ns , N onidus rep red incre sed the

a de fences of the capital . Tow rds the close of his

i Na a a i i re gn , bonidus ssoci ted w th h mself on the throne

d Bel- sar- B a a his el est son uzur, the elsh zz r of the book

1 0 a a was a a B . C . an of D niel . About the ye r 5 4 tt ck

e and a made upon Babylon by the Med s Persi ns, the immedia te pretext of which is not known.

Since the pea ce between Lydia and Media in B . C .

8 a a ati o ha d t 5 5 , gener l cess on of h stilities con inued

’ B a a B - a a -utsur a d This is doubtful . elsh zz r ( ilu s rr ) is c lle the ’ eldest son of Nabonidus in one of the la tter s inscriptions ; bu t a date d tablet from Babylon m entions the third yea r of Mero

- - - - d da Sar a utsur and B el Sa a utsur . H a ch r , not rr owever, Mero ch w as a add s d as Bel and a d b a lso re se , , ccor ing to the ook of D niel , B elshazz a r was in comm and in B abylon at the time of the ca p — ture of that city by Cyru s S . [ 2 F BAB 7 HISTORY O YLO NIA.

a ax a res n of for some ye rs in those countries . Cy , ki g

a had and Ast a es Medi , died, his son y g , who succeeded

a a had a him , being p ciﬁc prince , not sought to emul te the great milita ry expeditions of his father.

A t a s h ad a a a a m s y ge d ughter, whom he m rried to C b ses a a at y , king of Persi , th t country being the time

n a a a a o e of the tribut ries of Medi . Of this m rri ge 1 was a . born Cyrus, the future m ster of the world Cyrus

’ on coming to man s estate conceived the project O f

a a and a freeing Persi from the dominion of Medi , h ving

a a persu ded the Persi ns to follow him in the enterprise,

ff a a he threw o the Medi n yoke . The d te of this event

. . and is supposed to have been about B . C 5 5 9 A long

a war a obstin te followed, which ended in the ultim te

a triumph of Persia. During this struggle Lydi on the

and Ba - a west, bylon on the south west, lthough directly

a a a - interested, m int ined policy of non intervention , and allowed the Median power to fall into the hands f o a man . Cyrus , destined to conquer them both

‘ It m ust be remembered that the descent of Cyrus from

Ast a es d b f The am y g rests on very ou t ul a uthority. very n e of

Ast a e s h as a m a a as m m y g ythic l spect, it is erely the Greek for “ ” o f the d A -da a b a and da Zen j h k , the iting sn ke of night rk n Ahi H d da and a of F d . ess, the of the in u Ve , the Zoh k ir usi — S .

I 74 H ISTOR Y OF BABY LON IA.

a B a a was in the h nds of elsh zz r, who is mentioned in an inscription of the period along with his fa ther

Nabonidus .

i an d o Bab ylon was strongly fort ﬁed, its pe ple were

and a trusting in their defences holding high festiv l ,

a a a a a a ha d ve . when the Persi ns , who m de c n l bo the

and a the a city, diverted p rt of w ters of the river, forded

ra and the Euph tes in the night, entered the city by

a has a n the river g tes, which been left ungu rded duri g

a . B a a a was the festiv l elsh zz r, son of N bonidus,

a in a a and a sl in the tt ck, the city fell into the h nds of

B . C . . Cyrus, 5 39

a a a a The book of D niel here st tes th t D rius , son

h as the i a a of A uerus, took k ngdom , while ncient uthors generally represent Cyrus as sole leader of the con quest . Much discussion has a risen as to the person a t a him As t a e s li y of this D rius some suppose to be y g , the grandfa ther O f Cyrus others m ake him the same as C ax are s Ast a i y , son of y ges ; wh le a third section

a ia un consider him to be Med n prince, otherwise

to . . B a known history One inquirer, Mr os nquet, a dheres to the unlikely theory that he is the same as

a H stas 1 D rius y pe s.

The e x i C ax a res Ast a es is m stence of y , the son of y g , ore

’ a d b fu as d ds X n th n ou t l , it epen on e ophon s rom ance of th e Gym F BA B HISTORY O YLONIA . 1 75

The inscriptions have as yet afforded no information

h i bu t ma a a on t is p o nt, we y be cert in th t the rule of

’ ar was and a this D ius short, Ptolemy s C non , our best

r a a a a ch onologic l uthority, pl ces the ﬁrst ye r of Cyrus 8 B C 5 3 .

a u Ba a m Cyrus, fter the conq est of bylon , d inistered

the government with car e and attention to the l aws

s a and religion of the country. The Per i ns were

and In d the a Monotheists, principle oppose to degr d

ing religions of Western Asia but in the time of

Cyrus they a dopted the rule of governing the subject

coun tries in accordance with their na tive traditions .

s C i Thu we ﬁnd yrus , who by rel gion believed in one

and a a his re God only, r ised no im ges for worship,

ai Ba a a a at B a p ring in byloni the temples of S gg l bylon ,

a at B orsi a and a a at a a and Sidd pp , P rr L rs , preserving

the Babylonia n worship in these temples .

The same desire to conciliate th e nations under his

sway led Cyrus to permit the Jews to retu rn to their

n and u own cou try, to reb ild the temple which

The H b A as r X . p aedi a. e rew h ue us represents the Greek erxes The dated tablets recently procured from Babylon record only the reigns of Nebuch adnezza r and his successors dow n to Na

' d Memdach - arra -a s a and e a r bonidus an s t r, th n p ss on to Cy us 1 76 HISTORY OF BABYLONI A.

B . Nebuchadnezzar had destroyed . Cyrus died . C

0 a a 5 3 , le ving his crown to his son C mbyses , under whom there was little change in the condition of

w a B abylonia. The people, however, ere diss tisﬁed

and a with the foreign dominion, secretly prep red to

a a a n revolt against Persi , only w iting for opportunity to throw O ff the yoke of their conquerors .

An opportunity soon occurred : C ambyses was absent

B . 2 in Egypt (which he conquered . C 5 7) during the

a and a a a l atter p rt of his reign , some diss tisf ction rose

a dissatis in Media and Persi in consequence . The faction among the Medes wa s increased by the feeling

a a a had a wa s th t where s Medi been the chief st te, it

a had a now subj ect to Persi , which once been tribut ry to it . Cambyses h ad secretly murdered his younger

Ba Smerdis and a a a brother rdes, or , this f ct ppe rs to

a a . a h ve been unknown mong the people A Medi n ,

a a Gum atu a a one of the M gi, n med or Gom tes, t king a dvantage of the disaffection during the absence of

a a a S m erdis C mbyses , person ted the de d prince , and a decl ring himself son of Cyrus, rose in rebellion

B . C . 2 2 and n r a a d a . 5 , Medi Pe si went over to him

a a a C mbyses, on he ring of the revolt, left Egypt in h ste

a to meet the pretender, but killed himself (perh ps by

1 78 HISTORY OF BABYLONIA .

N in part O f their forces driven into the river . ad tu

l a and u B e ﬂed with few of his soldiers, took ref ge in

a was and a b B bylon , where he followed c ptured y

a a D rius, who executed him for his rebellion bout

B 2 1 . . C . 5 For some years after this Babylon remained subj ect

a a B . C . 1 a m an a Ar ahu to Persi , but bout 5 5 n med ,

H andita a at a am u a and son of , rose town n ed D b n , ,

Nadintu—Bel a a e a like , person ted Nebuch dn zz r, son of B . a a a d N abonidus The people of bylon g in revolte ,

man a d a a . an m king this king, prep red to resist D rius

a a a a a a to The Persi n mon rch sent gener l , who dv nced

Ba and a . th e bylon , besieged Ar bu there How long

a are the a ca ~ siege l sted we not told, but Persi ns p h tured and a Ara u c ﬁe . the city, t king prisoner, cru i d him With the crushing of the second revolt against

Persia ends the monumenta l history of Babylonia ; its history after this is only the history of a pr ovince of

a the successive empires of the East . It is true th t

Ba a and the byloni n religion survived , the cuneiform writing continued to be used for some centuries ; but

al i e and at these so in t me p rished, the time of the

Christian era e verything but the Babylonia n su per stitions and a h strology ad passed away. After the Persian conquest Babylon remained one BAB HISTORY OF YLONIA. 1 79

a a and ai of the c pit ls of the empire , it ret ned this posi

a a tion until the rise of the city of Seleuci , fter which

Ba a a a i ala bylon gr du lly dec yed, unt l its p ces becam e mounds of rubbish, in which it is impossible to recog

z th and a ni e e outlines fea tures of the origin l buildings.

The fall of Babylon was brought about through the vice and corruption of the religion and moral s of the

h u r t . a s e sti coun ry The numerous deities, the sl vis p

the s t as n tions, ob cene ri es of the goddesses, the deb i g

a and ignor nce of the bulk of the people, the indolence

and a a begotten of triumph pill ge , combined with gene

n a a as ral moral a d ment l dec y, were more dis trous to the country than the arms of the Persian conquerors . EXPLANATION O F BABY LO NIAN PRO PER NAMES

' Adde b ire E dztor [ d y f . ]

THE derivation of Babyloni an proper n ames h as to be soughtj n ' diﬂer n a a The d am b to four e t l ngu ges . ol est n es elong the a t na A a d a at to the inﬂe ctional S m . gglu i tive cc i n , the l er e itic B d t t are am a a esi es hese, here other proper n es, the expl n tion of which is to be found in the allied di a lects of Elam a nd the C assi a a b am am as (Koss e ns), which elong to the s e f ily of speech the A ad an cc i .

C AD A A ES A C I N N M .

Uba ra Ta tu Th e t , glow of the se ting sun . M eroda ch The b a , rilli nce of the sun . Hea The od , g of the house . D a v-kind Th e m t a , is ress of the e rth . Na or A n u Th e ( ), sky. a na Lad N , y . ’

u muzz Ta m m uz Th e f . D ( ), o fspring, or only son S idu ri Th e , eye of youth . Li -B a a s A dd B a a g g , lion (is) the go ess g s . i Th D u n e . g , powerful R i-A u or E ri-Aku or Rim -A u The a m g ( , g ), serv nt of the oon

god . ’ - - i The m - A u ka k n m od the m a . g , oon g (is) ker of our light ' S z a r S a r a Th e ri th e p ( ipp ), sh ne of sun . ccad A cacia Th e A ( ), highl ands . r or M u m or E n Th U e . ( , ) , city E rech u ki Th e a Ur d . ( ), city of the l n E -S a a l H the ad gg , ouse of high he . ' ' S zlzm -kala m a d , Couch of the worl .

E A E NA ES L MIT M .

K udur -M a bul' S a b a . , erv nt of M uk K ud u r S a Na nk erv nt of hunta . K udu r -La a ma r g S ervant of Lagam a r . Te-u mm z m VVorshi e r mm a , pp of U n .

1 8 2 XP A A P P A E L N TION OF RO ER N MES .

A ssu r -du r -utm r A d nd , ssur, efe the fortress . ' ’ ' S n- bm - su r in d ﬂs in z tc ut S d o r . , , efen the p g ’ M a nnu -ti-ba bilz W a B ab , h t (is) like ylon - Hea m uba ra Hea a ma x . , (is) he th t kes e ist Na bo ol ra r Na bu - a l—utm r Nebo or has p r ( p ), , protect ( created) tﬁ e son . ’ - odach A m rl Th e m an d E d i Mer ( of Mero ach . r l-fa r ra -utm r N al or has a ed th e M ga , erg , protect ( cre t ) king . ’ ba r -ru rkz The od Bit-Ulbar a Ul g of g ve presents . Na bu Nebo Th Na bonidus ( is glorious . ( e Accadi an equivalent of 720 s is ’ - adzntu B el Th e Bel. N , gift of

l B ilu L d . B e ( ), or

bo Na bia Na b u Th e t . Na ( , or ), prophe ’ e are r Tarm zt, The b .

a m Th e d. S , win a B a b Ga te of pe ce . - a b lon Ba b iii a God . B y ( ), G te of m E la ma The Hi a d S m e d th E la ( ), ghl n s (the e itic r n ering of e ’ t am M a ba rtz H u bs” Nu m ma na ive n e , or ; in Acca

dia n).

M e Tu m a t The a of the Torn dotus . , w ters a - a r A ssu r F t A . [f , or of ssur - m r B el The be d B el . I gu , love of ’ ’ - Nemid -B el The nda i l a Bel . Nzm zt B e (or r ther ), fou t on of I ND E X.

ACCAD , or KKAD a di ri al amed m ih A , st “ct origin ly n fro its ab ta A ccad ai a d al ad A ané h i nts , the , highl n ers so re g ,

. . 6 1 Babe E A d n p ﬁrst four cities, l, rech, kka , and

a . 6 1 C lneh, p the country of classica l cuneifo rm litera m i all a A a C d ture, fro wh ch the gre t ssyri n works were opie , 75 Ac cadianla n ua e and rat 1 8 ib a a tA ame S enkereh g g lite ure, ; l r ries g , , Ur E e and a 1 a m or ma ic m la d i a , r ch, Cuth h , 9 ; ch r s, g for u e, iv n i n and m d ead r il t o o ens, r of the powe s of ev , hymn to the seven bal l ri t 2 0 —2 2 m to m efu spi s, hy ns the gods co piled - B . C . m a d the Ri e a 2 2 m co p re with g V d , 3, 4 ; hy ns to e dac and S am a 2 2 ia sa m 26 2 M ro h s , 4, 5 ; penitent l p l , , 7 ra 2 m a m d d a m 2 p yer, 7 ythologic l poe s foun e on strono y, 9 m a a d i A a 2 la a hy ns tr nsl te nto ssyri n , 9 ws rel ting to a a d and d 0 1 sl ves , leg l prece ents ecisions , 3 , 3 respect for m 0 a u a a na . wo en , 3 ; l ng ge ggluti tive, 35 , n h as is or H i dra m a d Adra as sa N ah . , co p re with o , 37 A u -ka k- m d m Be l a t B ab and g ri i restore the te ple of ylon , ransom ed the im ages of Meroda ch a nd Zirat-banit from the a d Ha n l n of i , 77. As d d b d b E a al r t d Ca r h o esiege y the gypti ns, who so w es e

is m the A a 1 1 1 . chem h fro ssyri ns, 49 , 5

Amar ul 2 . Amraphel, or p , 9 Arnil-Maruduk B b a E - da a m ild a nd a u , the i lic l vil Mero ch, pe cef l a d a but d ta d him ab ruler rele se Jehoi chin, e ine in honour le m d b -i -law 1 6 1 d b n 68 . ca ptivity ; ur ere y his rother , 7,

and B ab a i i a 1 2. Antiquity extent of yloni n civ l z tion, 4 , 3

An the od a Ana tu t . n, g of he ven , his consor , 5 7

A ab a Bab a d d b a 1 8 . r u, yloni n preten er cruciﬁe y D rius, 7 - - - Eri a ku Rim a u d ma bu 11. Arioch, , or g , son of Ku ur g, 93,

t at d b Bab ia 1 . Arts and sciences cul iv e y the ylon ns, 5

m d d m a da a 1 . Astrono y erive fro Ch l e , 5 - d a a I b a and Ga nana ti 1 0 . Assur d aya n sent ex pe itions g inst tu , 9 - - l d a d the S hu ite s and Bab a and sub Assur n azir pa efe te yloni ns,

d ab 1 0 1 1 02 . du e the region of the Kh ur, , ’ - m a d the Bab nia 8 . Assur ubalid s daughter rrie to king of ylo , 5 r BAB 1 84 HISTORY o YLONIA.

a a the w d and Hindaru sub Ath r , city here the chiefs of Peko

m itted and a d t b S a 1 1 . p i ri ute to rgon , 9 “ ” BAB E a God S m d Ca -Dim irra L, g te of , the e itic ren ering of ,

b the b d T n. possi ly in reference to uil ing of the ower, 53, - B ab salimiti a a 1 1 1 1 . , city on the Persi n Gulf, 3, 4, 3 Bab b ea t m s a t d b the ylon , city of, uilt in very rly i e , 75 sser e y b a to a b a a b the u Ba yloni ns h ve een gre t city efore Del ge , a m a b a m a ta 5 3 a pl ce of little i port nce till it ec e the c pi l , nd d h m t a a a hel t is position ore h n ye rs , 75 ; first ad a a b Kh am mu ra as at d m e sole c pit l y g , who gre ly enriche a nd a dd d d d a Be l it, e splen our to its worship of Mero ch or , 8 1 8 2 a d b Ti lath - ile se r b S a m a r , ; c pture y g p , 9 7 y h l nese , 1 b S a 1 2 1 1 22 b S a b 1 26 b the 04 ; y rgon , , ; y enn cheri , ; y E a m and a da a s 1 1 a a b S a b l ites Ch l e n , 3 g in y enn cheri , given di im a d m d d a nd up to in scr in te plun er, co pletely estroye , the

' a a a d the 1 1 6 b b gre t c n l fille up with ruins, 35 , 3 ; re uilt y E a - add 1 a d b u -ba - al s r h on , 39 ; c pture y Ass r ni p , when S a ul -m ugina set fire to his own p ala ce and perished in the am 1 the a m o a d r fl es , 47 ; city rose into gre ter i p rt nce un e Nab o olassa r a nd his N b a dn z a b am p , son , e uch e z r, ec e the r the o a d 1 th e a d its cent e of p litic l worl , 53 ; l tter restore al s m and a a o a s a a m a w l , te ples , p l ces n c le of gre t gnificence a ed a ad t e 1 6 whilst eng g in w rs with the joining coun ri s, 5 “ ” 6 its 1 6 b a I not t a Ba b &c . 1 5 ; o st , s his gre t ylon , , 5 ; a a nd 1 66 1 6 the a d we lth luxury, , 7 ; Persi n conquest un er r 1 1 a d b a the Cy us, 73, 74 the city c pture y D rius, who put t d Na dintu-Be l d a and a a a a pre en er, , to e th , g in, few ye rs a a d Arahu h ad a d a fterw r s, when , who person te son of Nab d w as a r and d 1 - 1 8 oni us, t ken p isoner crucifie , 77 7

a a l 1 8 1 . c uses of its f l , B ab a b da a d at diﬂe re nt yloni , oun ries of, v rie periods , 34 ; a b d b T a a thought to h ve een ﬁrst people y ur ni ns , who were d a nd d d b S m e o f conquere ispossesse y e it s , 34, 35 history the country tra nslated by Berosus from its own records

C re ek the t d B . C a into in hir century , . , now lost except a m few fr g ents , 35 . B ab a — &c . 8 1 2 yloni n kings , lists of, , . Bab a b a 1 ma m a a ab s of a s yloni n li r ries, 9 the tic l works, t le squ re a nd b B m m enkere h 1 cu es now in ritish Museu fro S , 9 ; a d d b a - ab t a ab d d of liter ture, inclu e e st f les, con r ct t lets , ee s St i a a a tab i a le, geogr phic l lists , chronologic l les, h storic l d m t o d a a a m a ocu en s , copies of corresp n ence, c t logues of ni ls ,

&c . &c. 1 2 trees , stones, , , 3 , 3 . Bab a am : A a d a E am a and yloni n proper n es cc i n , l ite, C ssite, S m 1 80 —2 e itic , . Bab a a m a m h and the yloni n religion , ixture of gr ceful yt s

HISTORY O F BABYLONIA .

Be l d d Nab d e a a u d , the preten e son of oni us his gen r l c pt re

A rahu a d and d him 1 1 8 . , nother preten er, cruciﬁe , 77, 7

D Bab b S a b 1 6 . estruction of ylon y enn cheri , 3 — is O f A a the a N 1 2 1 . Div ion ssyri on f ll of ineveh , 5 55

u a a b d m 2 . D ngi , gre t uil er of te ples , 7 8 1 1 6 1 1 08 . Dur or Diru, , ,

an ba 1 8 1 2 . Dur or Du n, , 3 ur-a a a ta b a b and its name a ed D th r ken y S rgon re uilt, ch ng to - r Nab 1 1 . D u u , 9 - - alzu Akkerkuf bui b - alzu 8 z d b Dur kuri g ( ) , lt y Kur g , 7 ; sei e y T la th - l i i ese r 6 . g p , 9 , 9 7 - D ur a sakul a d b S a 1 06 1 0 . p p c pture y rgon , , 7 - - sar a n Elam a m S a m Vul 1 22 . Dur , ite fortress , t ken fro si , ’ ’ - a ln n a oda -bala dan s m Dur y , the ﬁrst se t of Mer ch govern ent,

1 1 8 1 2 1 2 . , 3, 4 - E DE d t ﬁ d t Gan duni as 2 . N i en i e wi h y , 5 , 53 E am ed b a T a a t ruled b ev a l , peopl y w rlike ur ni ns, of en y s er l petty a Mada ktu and Hidalu 1 i s i S . pr nce ; ch ef cities, hush n , , , 9

E v d Tab t on a t 8. le enth eluge, let hrows light Genesis ccoun , 3 E a - add b Ba b d th e m a th e d s r h on re uilt ylon , restore i ges of go s 1 d Dakkuri b S am a - b i 39 ; checke the , urnt their king s i n ’ and l- bm a ed a a received Be basa s su ission ; rele s M n sseh , & 1 0 —2 c . , 4 . - - E e da S e e A MARU DU K. vil M ro ch. ( MIL ) m a d r 62 Etanna m a d Ba b Tam n Ne . , the ythic l foun er of el , uz, ,

FA A a e ra a a 1 . LL of ssyri , the of purer f ith, 5 3

Fa 1 00 da at N n 1 1 . st of ys i eveh , 5 , n F d b t a 0 2 1 0 of A a d i 1 . rontiers ssyri eﬁn tely settle y re ty , , 3 - - GA N D KAR B AS d d t Ed b S ir H . . UNI , or UNI i entiﬁe wi h en , y C R a 2 wlinson, 5 , 5 3. HA RAB KHA M M U RAGAS th e a MMU I , or , C ssite conqueror of B ab a a nd f d a d a m a d B ab yloni , oun er of new yn sty e, ylon a al a nd a dd d d the r sole c pit , e splen our to wo ship of Mero da Be l w as a b d m ala a nd ch or uil er of te ples, p ces , d d a b d a a n th e a a am d foun e sever l cities, esi es exc v ti g c n l n e Ha m m -rabinuhus - 1 - 8 . in his honour, u nisi , 3 H a - - b S a a S a 8 . r i ip k , or Murg s ip k , 4 H - - a ala m a Kha rsak a ama 6 1 26 . rris k , or k l , 7 , H ea -ba a d I an d of d ba 8 . ni , the strologer, frien z u r, 5 He a - m uba sa a a da a f 1 , Ch l e n chie , 45 . Hea -m ukin - a a daean er ziru , Ch l usurp , 98 . I ‘ LU LIEU S Y U G/EU S Ba b 1 1 . , or , king of ylon , 4 I da -b a E a m 1 1 8 n ig s, king of l , 4 7, 4 . ba -M I aruduk a m a d a 10 0 . ri , n e of king , only foun on weight, I ta b a ed E ff m a sh r, the cele r t queen of rech , 5 5 o ers to rry I d ba a nd — e a . z u r, her revenge on his r fus l , 55 7 D IN EX. 1 8 7

Ismi-da - a , and Libit I a a a g n sht r, kings of K rr k , 73. d b I , d be N m d m ad E z u ar suppose to i ro , e rech his ca pital ; i d i H e a-ba fr en sh p with ni , exploits and mythical adventu res — , 4 Hasisa dra a 5 7 journey to , who rel tes to him the story F o d 8 of the l o , 5 , 59 . ARA - ARD AS ARA -MU RDAS K H , or K , son of a da ughter of Assur uba lid 8 , 5 , 86 . ara - da , a med b him a nd his K in s titles ssu y , treaty with Assur bcl- -su 8 nisi , 4, 85 . a a -sam a a , T d d b Hamm ab 8 2 K r s city on the igris, foun e y ur i , . a a a d as a n ra K rr k , f ll of, use e , 74.

a b m d - K ssu, tri e of, ﬁrst entione in a n inscri ption of Aga kak ri ni m , d d Bab and Na -b ur ere the king of ylon, set up zi ugas , ‘gé

- - a a di ahi the s He a -mukin- K ssu n n , uccessor of ziru, 98 . H m a e H - Kisu ( y er), city wh re amm u ra bi restored the temple O f a m am a and b l a am 82 Z , ui t f ous tower, . d - a a m a HEDO R AO M E R 2 Ku ur l g r (see C L ) , 9 . d -nanh undi ad d Bab a and a a a Ku ur inv e yloni , c rried w y the image Na a 1 2 of n , 9 , 9 . - al zu d e a Chaldzean t Kuri g restore sev r l emples , and founded a stro a B da a d 8 . ng city ne r gh , 7 ’ LARS A (S enke reh ) becam e the capital of Riagu s dominions a fter a l a a 1 the f l of K rr k , 7 , 74 . - A KA o B I L I a h D akkuri 1 M NNU , c ief of the , 45 . Maruduk -bala dsu -i bi a u d b S am - w ho ca turee d q v nq ishe y si Vul, p his m - a a a a l and u 1 0 . whole c p, the roy l ch riots , p vi ion, co ch, 5 7 Maruduk - a -izkur a t d b A r a e d a re z kir , ssis e y the ssy i ns, qu lle b a d d b his o wn b was a a ellion he e y rother, who sl in fter to Ha m a 1 0 1 0 his flight l n, 3, 4. - - da bal a da I . c S a ed b Mero ch n the su cessor of Mili ip k , rout y Vul nirari a a d U Ba b ia a nd d m , who r v ge pper y lon , wreste fro him ab 8 . the region of the Kh ur, 7 - bu 00 da ba ada I I . t m E 1 . Mero ch l n re ilt the e ple of rech, da -ba ada t m a S a and S a ~ Mero ch l n , the con e por ry of rgon enn che rib d b a a t a ma a , struggle r vely for ne rly thir y ye rs to int in the independence of Babylonia ; formed a llia nces wi th the E a m and a n mba H a was l ites, sent e ssy to ezeki h twice d a d and a d and i to N but efe te c pture , sent pr soner ineveh, a a a d m d d Ha isa Akises and m d g in esc pe ur ere g or , ounte Ba b a r 1 1 —1 2 t i d b the yloni n th one, 5 5 ; h s efection rought S a b a a him a d as r ba t a t enn cheri g inst , who, fter the is t ous t le s d Bab m d d al a Ki u , entere y lon in triu ph , plun ere the p ce , and d d ar a ll b and la estroye ne ly the neigh ouring cities vil ges , and a ppointed Be l- ibni as governor ; left a force to watch da -ba a da and d A a 1 26 1 2 for Mero ch l n, returne to ssyri , , 7 in despa ir the fugiti ve king collected his adherents and the ma of d a d d r a u and i ges his go s, s ile own the Pe si n G lf, d d a a da a E am d d 1 2 foun e Ch l e n colony in l , where he i e , 6 . da - ad ahi d Tu ulti- a l a and a d a a Mero ch n in worste g p es r, c rrie w y 1m a and S a a m H a b ut w as h m f the ges of Vul l fro ek li , i sel m t the n a th e As a s co pletely over hrown ext ye r, when syri n ed Bab a nd a all th e m a t 6 seiz ylon , ne rly i port nt ci ies, 9 , 9 7. da - a -zirra t m ad a A -be l- a a Mero ch s pit e pe ce with ssur k l , 9 7. ’ Merodach s w ar with Ti am at compared with that of Mich a el a nd the a d a 2 11 gre t r gon , 5 , 53, d ax a r s 1 d a ri C e . Me i , se of, un er y , 49 Medo -Persi ans excelled the older empires in governm ent and d m ta 1 . ili ry iscipline, 53 - - - S a a lzu a oda ba ada I 8 . Mili ip k , son of Kuri g , f ther ofMer ch l n . , 7 NA B - K NAB U - A D a d d a the U IMTU , or N HI , scen e the throne fter a a a Labo roso a rchod 1 0 w as a a b d ss ssin tion of , 7 ; gre t uil er, and in the latter pa rt of his reign a llowed his son Bel-sha zza r Bel-sa r- to a him a d i 1 1 fled ( uzur) sh re with the reg l ign ty, 7 a d a b Bo rsi a a to fter his efe t, y Cyrus, to pp , le ving his son d d B ab R S 1 2— efen ylon (see CY U ), 7 4. - d - N b a d a Nab - al- Nabu ku ur uzur ( e uch nezz r), the son of u p uzur, m a d Bab a th e m d e yloni istress of the surroun ing countries , 1 - s d and ed E a a t a m 53 5 surpri e rout the gy pti ns C rche ish, a nd d w a a m s d to i of pushe his y, l o t unoppose , the front ers E 1 6 d bm a m and a gypt, 5 ; receive the su ission of Jehoi ki , a a d d a a nd few ye rs l ter epose Jehoi chin, set up his uncle, a ad as da 1 th Ze deki h , in his ste , king of Ju h, 57 crushed e E am and d S r a d a d power of l , returne to y i , fixe his he a t a t R b a b s d T and n a qu r ers i l h , e iege yre, sent his ge er l , N b a ada a a a m a d i e uz r n g inst Jerus le , who c pture the k ng a m a d ed t b a nd whilst tte pting to esc pe, plun er the ci y , urnt a d the d b d a a a m th e r ze it to groun , esi es c rrying w y ost of a b a t as 1 6—1 da a a s inh it n s prisoners, 5 59 ; left Ge li h governor, who w as m d ed b m d aff d a nd ur er y so e is ecte Jews , the coun w as a a a a d and d o a d as a m t try g in r v ge ep pul te punish en , 1 6 1 a d a a nd d d E he then went forw r , overr n plun ere gypt, d ed H o hra a nd Ahm es as a a a 1 62 epos p , set up v ss l king, t 1 62 1 6 m a m as a b d a a his conques s , , 3 ore f ous uil er th n b a nd ad d all a t m but conqueror, re uilt orne the gre t e ples , a i d al m Bab m a the and l v she his we th ost on ylon , king it gr est th e d 1 6 - 6 the and s d i s city in worl , 3 ; chief le ser iv nitie a ed a d and t 1 6 sh r like his evotion gif s , 7. Nab - al- d a d S hu ite s a a th e an but u p i in joine the g inst Assyri s, b - -PA L a d a AS S R AZ R 1 0 1 . sust ine terri le reverse (see U N I ), Nab - al- d m d Bab a a n u p uzur ra pi ly i proved the efences of yloni , d bega n the ca reer of conquest so a bly car ried on by hi s N b d t a a 1 6 . illus rious son , e uch nezz r, 53 Nabu- a i -iskun w as ab A s r a ad r who z k r un le to repel the s y i n inv e s,

HISTORY O F BA BYLONIA .

b Ak d E am S a and Kazalla 8 y ki , conquere the l ites , yri ns, , 7 , b d a a u a and 79 esiege in his own c pit l, s ccessful s lly rout b a a d S uba rti and d 80 of the re els , r v ge with ﬁre swor , 79 , a r ea bu d m e and a a and d g t il er of te pl s p l ces, foun er of the Dur-S ar i na a all u d r city g , left ne rly the surro n ing count ies

b a 80 . tri ut ry to his successor, S a I L a a u e d a rgon , soon fter his ccession cr sh the revolt in P les and t m a d a a da -b a a da and tine, hen rche g inst Mero ch l n his E am a d a r t i i a nd l ite llies , rove the l tte into he r own terr tory , a t d a a Bab a 1 1 6 I I a d a th e w s e p rt of yloni , , 7 eng ge in w rs ten a S a d a and A m a 1 1 6 1 1 next ye rs with yri , Me i , r eni , , 7 da ba a da d and a d a Mero ch l n rule well, prep re for the renew l ’ l and t d at a a to S a 5 ad of hosti ities , for ifie Dur h r stop rgon vance ; but the city w as cap tured with i mm ense booty a nd t n th e a b Ukni prisoners , four ee of princip l cities y the river a and nd d and E a m t and S were t ken plu ere , two l ite for s, utur nanh undi com pell ed to retrea t with his ar my to his m oun a 1 1 8- 20 ad a d a d Bab and t in territories, ; next v nce tow r s ylon , da -ba ada a d to I bi-Bel 1 2 1 d Mero ch l n retre te q , he entere B ab t m a nd ff d a d ylon in riu ph , o ere costly s crifices to the go s, 1 2 1 1 22 r da -ba ada d all , Me o ch l n next retire with his forces - a w as d at d r a a to Dur y kin , where he efe e with g e t sl ughter, and all a s a d t u bm d S a his tre sure c pture he hen s itte to rgon , a nd w a s a d a a nd d c rrie into c ptivity with his wife chil ren , 1 23 the conqueror secured th e fri endship of the priesthood b t the a nd f a ds a nd y res oring rites of erings of the v rious go , d at Bab a he d two reigne ylon five ye rs , where receive m ba m d ta 1 2 1 2 e ssies fro is nt countries, 3, 4 . S a b a d the e d d a t N a nd enn cheri , on scen ing throne , r si e ineveh, a n ed b B ab b u t da ppoi t his rother governor of ylon , Mero ch ba a da a d m a i m rd d h im and s m d l n esc pe fro c ptiv ty , u ere , re u e Bab ia 1 2 b d the ylon n crown , 5 urning with the esire of n S a b a d to t d reve ge enn cheri h stene Kisu , u terly route the B ab n a and da - ba a da fle d a to ylo i ns, Mero ch l n for s fety the . m a 1 2 1 26 Bab and b n i rshes, 5 , ; ylon the neigh ouri g cit es d d and d d i a d d 1 26 were plun ere , hun re s of v ll ges estroye , B el- b a o a u was a d the i ni , c urt f vo rite, pl ce on throne, the N m ad r b s d and o t i es were everely punishe , prisoners , a t a d a a A a a was a with their c t le , c rrie w y to ssy ri force lso f at da -ba ada ed le t to w ch for Mero ch l n, who collect his adherents and aba ndoned his country ; founded a Cha ldaea n ’ i n E am 1 2 1 28 uzu b x t de d na r b colony l , 7 , ; S ne fie S en che i s o but was d a t d a nd fled a t am p wer, efe e , for s fe y to the sw ps ; Bel bn d d and A - ad -m a as in i i epose , ssur n in , set up k g in t a d 1 28 a d b sea a ai his s e , , powerful expe ition sent y g nst the a d d d at d m and e i a l s and new colony, l n e , efe e the th r l ie , D X IN E . 1 9 1

- — o d m Ba b salimiti 1 28 1 Bab c nveye the to , 3 ylon ca ptured m b Cha ldm and E am in the interi y the l ites, and S uzub a a a m d but d a d b g in procl i e king, efe te y the Assyrian rein . m a nd a a b d force ents t ken c ptive, sent oun to Nineveh ; a ar a m a a d E am and d l ge r y r v ge l with fire swor , a nd destroyed m ost of the l arge cities S uzub esca ped from confinement , d a nd a t a m a revolte , first sought s fety in the rshes, and after a d in E am a w r s l , where he r ised a considera ble a rmy re , d Bab m d and turne to ylon , ounte the throne, exp elled the As a m 1 1 — sy ri ns fro the country, 3 3 ; the assistance of the E a m w as b a d b S uzub a B l ites o t ine y with the tre sures of el, Ne bo - , a nd N a as a Um ma m a 1 erg l , sent present to n in n, 34 ; S n a b a m e t the b at Ha l e n cheri e gerly re els lu e, where he a d a d e r a a n g ine ecisiv victo y , t king incredible number of r a nd a but d p isoners, he ps of spoil , retire on the a pproa ch

of 1 , 1 the a Bab was m d winter, 34 35 next ye r ylon stor e , v u d m a od b k gi en up to pl n er, the i ges of the g s ro en up , the cit b t and l d r d and S uzub y urn , level e with the g oun , , with a t ami a d 1 p r of his f ly, c pture , 35 ,

S a ma III . ed I tuha 1 0 h l neser , sent three exp itions to , 9 . imt i-silha k a d -ma b S , f ther of Ku ur uk , 74 . in- tabni - N a - d a 1 S uzur, son of ing l i in , 45 . ’ a t a t S a r b — S uzub ar &c . 1 28 6 , see l t er p r of enn che i s w s , , 3 . TAB E S a A a m a 1 0 1 1 L T rel ting to theclose ofthe ssyri n on rchy, 5 , 5 , n . Tamm aritu an E a m a d d d to As -ba , l ite p rrici e, surren ere sur ni d 1 6 1 al a m a . p on pro ise of p r on, 4 , 47

f r d u a a 1 . e e o , port on the Persi n Gulf, 4 Ti lath - ile se r bd d a Bab a b a oi d g p su ue sever l yloni n tri es, pp nte m a b Ka r-A and d w ilit ry governors , uilt ssur, people it ith ca a d Na bu -usabsi a nd m a d him ptives ; c pture , i p le in front of a a a off i d and ds and a his c pit l , c rrying his wife , ch l ren, go , a m b 1 1 1 1 1 2 t a nd Zakhiru v st nu er of prisoners, , ook sent A a but was d the a i a ca ptive to ssyri , foile in siege of S p y , a d d c n 1 1 2 1 1 a m d and ra v ge the surroun ing ou try, , 3 procl i e Bab a nd u d a a d king of ylon, instit te festiv ls to the gre t go s a 1 1 1 1 in the princip l cities, 3, 4

Ba b . Tower of el , notices of, 53, n nlti-Nini S a m a a d Bab a and Tag p , son of h l neser, nnexe yloni , ” A a Ka r took the titles of King of ssyri , Conqueror of ” duni as and S m a nd A a d but y , King of u ir kk , the Babylonia ns regained their independence shortly a fter his

88 8 . dea th , , 9 - - K D A d d b two b 8 . U LBAR S A R I I IN succee e y his rothers, 9 , 99 - da E am m d d b b U rtaki Umm an Al s, king of l , ur ere y his rothers , - n m a wa r E a - add and Te umm an , for refusi g to ke on s r h on , a s m d but did when the form er s u e the crown , not follow his 1 1 own previous policy, 4 . 1 2 BAB 9 HISTORY O F YLONIA.

Umma -A da a n E am m ma d d I da -b a a nd n l s , l ite co n er, kille n ig s, m ounted the throne ga ve up th e dead body of Nabu -be l ’ — - - zikri and the head of his arm our bea rer to Assur ba ni pa l s 8 1 . envoys, 4 U mm a - a b b d b S a -m a d a n ig s, ri e y ul ugin to join the confe er cy a a the A a a m Bab g inst ssyri ns, sent his r y to ylon , when his Ta mm aritu b ed d a d a t a nd son , , re ell , efe te the roy l roops, ad as a to A -ba - a l and a m d sent his he present ssur ni p , ssu e m E a 1 1 6 . the crown of l , 45 , 4 U r d d Ni ur as a a S Chaldma (Mugheir) succee e p the c pit l of outh , 6 6 d a d t a a ll a 3, 4 ; outsi e the w lls ﬁlle wi h gr ves of ges ; probably the birth - pl a ce of Abraham ; devoted to th e m - od 6 t a Li worship of the oon g , 5 ; ﬁrs ruler, perh ps , g

Ba a 66 . ta of a a and za g s, , n high s te its rts, le rning, civili a d a a la a tion ; c rving, cylin ric l se ls , inscriptions ngu ge a S m but A a d a t d gener lly e itic , cc i n s ill use religion highly a d a nd a a a poetic with respect to r nk, escent, loc l ch r cter of d 6 68 a d Anu Be l a nd H ea 68 eities, 7, the gre t go s , , , . - U r am u I d ba 6 1 . h si c res z u r, U rtaki E a m d Bel-ba a a nd m , king of l , joine s , so e petty chiefs in a d d Bab a a a m d plun ering expe ition into yloni , which l r e S a -m a 1 2 1 the E am d ul ugin , 4 , 43 ; l ites were pursue whilst t at t d a nd d a the re re ing with the spoil , rou e riven cross fron t b A -ba - a l a wa d d iers y ssur ni p , who soon fter r s conquere the t a nd a d U mma - a a s a coun ry, pl ce n ig s on the throne

b tar 1 . tri u y, 43 V L- III a d a a a r a U KAR . S NI I , eng ge sever l ye rs in w rs with y i ,

d a a nd I ba 1 0 8 . Me i , Dur, tu , - al- d a d a Ni ur and b th e m e Vul p i in restore the w lls of p , re uilt te pl a t 1 00 Kisu, . Vul -zakir-uzur h ad some disputes with his A ssyria n contem

o rarie s 1 00 . p ,

W ED a b I d ba a nd He abani . ING Monster sl in y z u r , 5 7 X IS II' ‘ H RUS Xi sur u nus H AS S -A DRA Bab a N a , , I , the yloni n o h ,

8 d . 3 , n . resi ence, 53 AB the b ld the m S am a a nd A a t Z U , ui er of te ples of s nnuit

i ara . S pp , 75 Z am am a -zikir-idina unable to repress the raids of the Elam ites a n A a d ssyri ns, 94, 95 .

E R C E N T P U B LI CAT I O NS .

A V D B R W AFRIC UN EILE . y the Rev. H . O LEY.

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B B A TH E P G A P TH E I LE PL CES ; OR , TO O R H Y OF O LY ND A cc c Acc o f a ll the Pla e a nd H LA Su in t ount c s, Rivers, o a o f the a d o f a l m d in the B bl so fa r M unt ins L n Isr e entione i e, a s y a b d ﬁ w d m the h ve een i enti ed. Together ith their Mo e m f Na e s a nd ca l c . B the R e v. a RISTR M Histori Re eren es y C non T A .

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ISRA EL : THE LA ND OF. A Journal of Travels

in Pa l d ak n w itli e c ia l . f c to its P a l estine . un ert e Re eren e hysic r B v a RI R M a ac e rd E d ‘ lsip the R e . ST A . Ch r t r. Thi ition, re y C non T With numerous Ill ustrations 1 0 6

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B LM E . . E R s a l m to P Da . . P the E r iest Ti es the resent y y E H A , q , ' ' M f a n d Alm S t. h . A. ll o ll , Fe ow Jo n s Co ege, Lor oner s P fes o o f A a b in the i of amb d A o f ro s r r ic Univers ty C ri ge, uthor ° ” M a Th D ese rt o f od . & 8vo . e & c c . the Ex us, With p and numerous Illustrations Clot/z B oa rds 5 o

S G the i LE SER LI HTS ; or, Some of M nor a c d w a V w to u i and tr e , ith ie Instr ct on

R BO URD I LLO N . A. B ev. . y the F , M , R I: C E NT P U B L I I - ’ C A T O NS (coxa ixzzza l

A U A THE B B N T R L HISTORY OF I LE, THE : being a w o f the Ph sm l G a G ol l Revie y eogr phy , e 0 and Meteoro o f the ol y a d wi a d c H L n , th es ription o f 5v Anima l slid a n Pl m n i d in l Sc n ture B the t e t one Ho y p . y Rev. C anon I M . T d d R STR E . wn 8 W u T A hir ition Cro vo . ith n me rous

NARRATI VE o r A MODERN PI LGRIMAGE T HRO LG H P LEST I NE O N O RSE B C K N D “T H RN I T TS . B A H A , A y the Re v A . LFRED H RLES M IT H h hurc h C A S , C rist C“, O f d ; c o o f l a te sbu r l s A o of The x or Re t r y , Wi t , uth r ” A a c o f the l & c . & c . o w 8v t m r s ttr tions Ni e , Cr n 0 . Wi h nu e ou I llustra tions and Four Coloured Pla tes

S IN THE A SCENE E ST. Containing Twelve o l u d Ph o a c V e w o f Pl m e l C o re ot gr phi i s ac es ntion“ed In the Bib e. P t he y Re \ . a T RLS TRA M A of Th e a d of C non , uthor L n

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SCRI PTURE M ANNERS AND CUSTOMS ; being an Ac co o f the D o m e s ﬁc b A of n s a &c . a te a n unt H its, rts , , E s r N tio m d in o l c h d o . ca . 8 vo entione H y S ripture. Sixteent E iti n F p . With numerous Wood -ca ts Clot/z B oa rds 4 o

A A ND A B SIN I JERUS LEM or, Scenes from ible a nds co nsistin of l r d P hobo ra hic V w of Plac L , Co ou e g p ie s es me i ed in B bl cl d a Pan am c V w o f nt on t e i e , in u ing or i ie

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ASSYRIA, FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE FALL OF

B th e a e EO E S H Es . the D a m of y l t G RG MIT , q , of ep rt ent

O a u B m . rient l Antiq ities, ritish Museu

BABYLONIA, THE HISTORY OF.

B a EO E S H Es . Ed ed b the Rev. y the l te G RG MIT , q it y

A . H S A E s a f O f m a a . YC , A sist nt Pro essor Co p r tive Philo

O x f d. logy, or M EGY T RO THE EA E ME T B. . P , F RLI ST TI S O C 300.

B S . B R LL D &c. y I CH, . . ,

GREEK CITIES AND ISLANDS or ASIA MINOR. w w B . s A M S X A . . . . F y V U , . , . R

A RO T E PERSI , F M H EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE ARAB

CONQUEST.

B W . S W VAux R F. . S . y . . , M . A

- NONCHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS SYST EMS .

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O A S D L &c . B E R . . W C. y M NI ILLI M , M A , .

ISLAM AND ITS POUNDER.

\V H S TO BART B a La Martimer B . . . A e y J , . . , Princip l , L College , ucknow.

D EPOSITORIES ' - GRE T UEEN T REET LI NCO LN s INN I ELDS W. C 7 7, A Q S , F ,

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