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Umma4n-Manda and Its Significance in the First Millennium B.C

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Umma 4n-manda and its Significance in the First Millennium B.C. Selim F. Adalı Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Arts Department of Classics and Ancient History University of Sydney 2009 Dedicated to the memory of my grandparents Ferruh Adalı, Melek Adalı, Handan Özker CONTENTS TABLES………………………………………………………………………………………vi ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………………………..vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………………………………...xiv ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………..xv INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………...xvi 1 SOURCES AND WRITTEN FORM………………………………………………………...1 1.1 An Overview 1.2 The Written Forms in the Old Babylonian Omens 1.3 The Written Form in the Statue of Idrimi 2 ETYMOLOGY: PREVIOUS STUDIES…………………………………………………...20 2.1 The Proposed ma du4 Etymology 2.1.1 The Interchange of ma du4 and manda /mandu (m) 2.2 The Proposed Hurrian Origin 2.3 The Proposed Indo-European Etymologies 2.3.1 Arah ab} the ‘Man of the Land’ 2.3.2 The Semitic Names from Mari and Choga Gavaneh 2.4 The Proposed man ıde4 Etymology 2.5 The Proposed mada Etymology 3 ETYMOLOGY: MANDUM IN ‘LUGALBANDA – ENMERKAR’……………………44 3.1 Orthography and Semantics of mandum 3.1.1 Sumerian or Akkadian? 3.1.2 The Relationship between mandum, ma tum4 and mada 3.1.3 Lexical Lists 3.1.3.1 The Relationship between mandum and ki 3.1.4 An inscription of Warad-Sın= of Larsa 3.2 Lugalbanda II 342-344: Previous Interpretations and mandum 3.3 Lugalbanda II 342-344: mandum and its Locative/Terminative Suffix 4 ETYMOLOGY: PROPOSING MANDUM………………………………………………68 4.1 The Inhabited World and mandum 4.1.1 Umma n-manda4 and the Inhabited World: Cyrus Cylinder 4.1.1.1 Umma n-manda4 as Gentilic and Geographic Name 4.1.2 Umma n-manda4 and the Inhabited World: Astrology 4.2 The Mountain Terrain in the Cuthaean Legend 4.2.1 Identifying Umma n-manda4 in the Cuthaean Legend 4.2.1.1 Umma n-manda4 in the Omen Literature 4.2.1.2 Umma n-manda4 in the ‘Venus Tablet’ ii 4.3 Umma n-manda4 in the Weidner Chronicle 4.3.1 ‘On Earth the Gods Made Their City’ 4.3.2 Enmerkar and the Umma n-manda4 4.4 Umma n-manda4 in the Second Millennium Documents 4.4.1 Mandu -Troops 4.4.2 The Manda Men in Mari 4.4.3 Umma n-manda4 in the Hittite Laws 4.4.4 Umma n-manda4 in the ‘Zukras i-Text’] 4.4.5 Umma n-manda4 in the Statue of Idrimi 4.4.6 Umma n-manda4 in a Letter to the King of Ugarit 4.5 The Plausibility of the mandum Etymology 5 THE CUTHAEAN LEGEND IN THE NEO-ASSYRIAN AND NEO-BABYLONIAN INSCRIPTIONS……………………………………………………………………………..122 5.1 Creation of Tiamat 5.2 Seed of Ruin 5.3 Umma n-manda4 Evokes Parallels with the Cuthaean Legend 5.4 ‘In an Evil Manner’ 5.5 Detecting Markers and Parallels 5.5.1 A Conducive Background for Literary Allusions 5.6 Emerging Patterns 5.6.1 Cuthaean Legend: a Summary 5.6.2 Converting Humiliation into ‘Heroism’ 5.6.3 Identifying the Cimmerians and the Medes 6 NEO-ASSYRIAN SOURCES…………………………………………………………….148 6.1 The Cimmerians during the time of Sargon II 6.1.1 Location of Cimmeria 6.2 Umma n-manda4 During the Reign of Esarhaddon 6.3 Umma n-manda4 During the Reign of Assurbanipal 6.3.1 Cimmerians and Lydia 6.3.2 Akkulanu and the Umma n-manda4 6.3.3 Tugdammê Falls 7 NEO-BABYLONIAN SOURCES………………………………………………..……….175 7.1 Umma n-manda4 in the Gadd Chronicle 7.1.1 The Untouchable Medes 7.1.2 ‘Land of Ecbatana’ 7.1.3 Astyages Falls 7.2 Umma n-manda4 in the Inscriptions of Nabonidus 7.2.1 The Medes in H }arran? 7.2.2 Fifty-Four Years of the Destruction (Brought) by the Umma n-manda4 7.2.3 The Influence of Assurbanipal 7.3 Umma n-manda4 in the Cyrus Cylinder 7.3.1 Gutium in Neo-Babylonian Sources iii 8 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………220 8.1 The Distant Eastern Homeland 8.2 Destructive Military Campaigns 8.3 Downfall without Mesopotamian Interference 8.4 Implications APPENDIX 1: PRIMARY SOURCES……………………………………………………...224 1.-3. Old Babylonian Liver Omen references to the Umma n-manda4 1. YOS 10 44 53 2. VAT 602 5-9 3. VAT 4102 4 4. Administrational Document from Mari, ARM 7 221 5. - 8. Early Old Babylonian Archival Texts in Choga Gavaneh, Iran 5. ChG 5 6. ChG 18 7. ChG 31 8. ChG 34 9. Old Babylonian version of the composition tups[ inna] pite ma4 “open the tablet box” 10. Statue of Idrimi, lines 42-58 11. The Middle Babylonian version of the composition t ups[ inna] pite ma4 “open the tablet box” from H attus} as] ] (Boğazköy) 12. The Hittite version of the composition t ups[ inna] pite ma4 “open the tablet box” from Hattus} as] ] (Boğazköy) 13. Articles 54-55 in the Hittite Laws 14. Fragment of an account (from H attus} ilis] ] I?), KBo 7 14, ‘Zukras i] Text’ 15. Fragment of an account (from H attus} ilis] ] I?), KBo 12 14 16. Letter from S$au s6gamuwa the king of Amurru addressed to king Ammis tamru9 II of Ugarit, RS 17.286 17. A Middle Assyrian Astrological Omen, BM 121034 20 18. Weidner Chronicle, lines 42-47, 62-68 19. A Birth Omen, S umma$ Izbu V 79 20. The Standard Babylonian version of the composition t9ups]inna pite3ma “open the tablet box” 21. - 40. Astrological Omens (Neo-Assyrian – Late Babylonian period) 21. ACh Sın= III 7-8 22. ACh Adad XI 9 23. ACh Adad XXI 2 24. ACh Adad XIX 32 25. ACh Suppl. XLV 18 26. ACh 2 Suppl. IX 32 (K 3773) 27. EAE 17 D ii 1-2 (= ACh Sın= 25 ii 5-6) 28. ACh Is tar] XXI 95 29. ACh Is tar] XXI 96 30. K 2933 8 31. ACh Sın= IV 21-22 + LBAT 1256 r. 1-3 32. ACh 2 Suppl. XVIII 18-19 33. EAE 63 20 34. EAE 20 6 (Recension B) Lines 1-7 iv 35. EAE 21 Section 5 Line 1 36. EAE 15 E 4’ 37. EAE 15 Section 8 Line 3 38. EAE 17 10’-12’ 39. VAT 10218 106 43’-46’ 40. K 213+Rm.2,250 24 (EAE 24 3 46) 41. Esarhaddon’s Prisms 42. Akkulanu’s letter to Assurbanipal 43. Assurbanipal’s letter to the god As s6 ur,6 K 3408, r. 12-26 44. Assurbanipal’s dedication to Marduk, K 120B+, lines 20-25 45. A barrel cylinder of Assurbanipal, BM 122616+ (=BM 122616 + BM 127966) 46. Basalt-Stela of Nabonidus I-II, X 1-31 47. Sippar Cylinder of Nabonidus, I 8 – 29 48. H arran} Cylinder of Nabonidus. I’ 1’-17’ 49. The Cyrus Cylinder 1-19 50. Gadd Chronicle, BM 21901, lines 16-30, 38-52, 58-65 51. Sp. 158 + Sp. II, 962, Spartoli II, lines r. 18-23 APPENDIX 2: H TUPSINNA TEXT SCORE.......................................................................273 APPENDIX 3: SPARTOLI II.................................................................................................279 1 Be l4 or Enlil? 2 Subliminal Allusions to the Cuthaean Legend BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………...285 v TABLES 1. Orthography of the word Umma n-manda…………………………………………17-194 2. Orthography of the word Umma n-mandu(m)………………………………………...194 3. Middle and Standard Babylonian versions of Naram-Sin’s enemies…….……….79-80 vi ABBREVIATIONS Ch. Chapter GN Geographical name o. Obverse PN Personal name r. Reverse e. edge lit. literally RN Royal name s. left side ! collation !! emendation ? uncertain reading x broken or undechiphered sign < > supplied word or sign [ ] erasure […] (when in transliteration) text break […] (when in translation) untranslatable … (when in transliteration) text break … (when in translation) untranslatable var. variant ver. version AAA - University of Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology ABC – Grayson, A. K. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles . (Texts from Cuneiform Sources 5) Locust Valley, New York. Augustin. 1975 ABCD – Rochberg-Halton, F. Aspects of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enu ma4 Anu Enlil . (Archiv für Orientforschung Beiheft 22). Horn. Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Sohne Gesellschaft M. B. H. 1988 ABL – Harper, R. F. Assyrian and Babylonian Letters . London and Chicago. Chicago University Press, Luzac and Company, D. C. Heath and Company. (1892-1914) ACh – Virolleaud, C. L’Astrologie Chaldéenne. Paris. Librairie Paul Geuthner. 1908-1912 AfO – Archiv für Orientforschung AHw – von Soden, W. Akkadischen Handworterbuch . Wiesbaden. Otto Harrassowitz. 1981 AnSt – Anatolian Studies ARM 7 – Bottéro, J. Textes économiques et administratifs . (Archives Royales de Mari VII). Paris. Imprimerie Nationale. 1957; Bottéro, J. Textes administratifs . (Textes Cunéiformes Tome XXVIII - Archives Royales de Mari VII). Librairie Orientalische Paul Geuthner. Musée du Louvre-Départment des Antiquités Orientales. 1956 ArOr – Archiv Orientalni Basalt-Stela of Nabonidus – Schaudig, H. Die Inschriften Nabonids von Babylon und Kyros’ des Großen samt den in ihrem Umfeld entstandenen Tendenzschriften: Textausgabe und Grammatik . (Alter Orient und Altes Testament Band 256). Münster. Ugarit-Verlag. 2001, pp. 515-529; Langdon, S. Die neubabylonischen Königinschriften . (Vorderasiatische Bibliothek Bd 4). R. Zehnpfund, trans. Leipzig. J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung. 1912, pp. 271 – 287 BASOR – Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research vii BAVSS – Beiträge zur Assyriologie und Vergleichenden Semitischen Sprachwissenschaft BCSMS – Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies BHT – Smith, S. Babylonian Historical Texts Relating to the Capture and Downfall of Babylon . London. Methuen. 1924 BIN I – Keiser, C. E. Letters and Contracts from Erech Written in the Neo-Babylonian Period (Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collection of J. B. Nies 1). New Haven. Yale University Press. 1918 BiOr – Bibliotheca Orientalis Bisitun Inscription, DB – Bisitun Inscription: Old Persian Text in Kent, G. K. Old Persian: Grammar Texts Lexicon . (American Oriental Series 33). New Haven, Conneticut.
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