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Indikatorarter INDIKATORARTER – metodutveckling för nationell övervakning av biologisk mångfald i ängs- och betesmarker Rapport 2003:1 INDIKATORARTER – metodutveckling för nationell övervakning av biologisk mångfald i ängs- och betesmarker Miljöenheten 2003-01-01 Referens Gunnar Rosqvist, 036-15 51 63 Rapporten är framtagen av Naturcentrum AB med titeln ”Indikatorarter för övervakning av biologisk mångfald i ängs- och betesmarker”. Naturcentrum AB Svante Hultengren, 0303-694 55 Indikatorer i ängs- och betesmarker sid 3 av 88 INNEHÅLLSFÖRTECKNING SAMMANFATTNING MED TABELL.................................................................................................................................................5 INLEDNING ........................................................................................................................................................................................9 UPPDRAGET.......................................................................................................................................................................................9 UPPDRAGETS SYFTE OCH GENOMFÖRANDE..........................................................................................................................10 VIKTIGA FRÅGESTÄLLNINGAR....................................................................................................................................................11 RAPPORTENS INNEHÅLL...............................................................................................................................................................11 ARBETSDISPOSITION .....................................................................................................................................................................12 TACK.................................................................................................................................................................................................12 BETYDELSEN AV HÄVD FÖR DEN BIOLOGISKA MÅNGFALDEN..........................................................................................12 VIKTIGA LIVSMILJÖER I ÄNGS- OCH BETESMARKER ..............................................................................................................15 ABIOTISKA FÖRHÅLLANDEN I ÄNGS- OCH BETESMARKER ................................................................................................18 VAD ÄR EN INDIKATOR?..............................................................................................................................................................21 HÖGA NATURVÄRDEN ................................................................................................................................................................24 VARFÖR ANVÄNDA INDIKATORER? .........................................................................................................................................24 ANVÄNDNING AV INDIKATORER..............................................................................................................................................25 FÖR- OCH NACKDELAR MED OLIKA TYPER AV INDIKATORER .........................................................................................26 OMGIVNINGARNA OCH MÅNGFALDEN..................................................................................................................................26 FÖRSLAG PÅ PRIORITERINGSORDNING BLAND ORGANISMGRUPPERNA .......................................................................27 INVENTERINGSMODELLER FÖR ÖVERVAKNING AV BM.......................................................................................................28 SAMORDNING MED NILS............................................................................................................................................................29 DYNAMIK I ÄNGS- OCH BETESMARKER ...................................................................................................................................30 DISKUSSION.....................................................................................................................................................................................31 REFERENSER .....................................................................................................................................................................................32 Bilaga................................................................................................................ 39 BLÖTDJUR (MOLLUSKER) ............................................................................................................................................................40 DÄGGDJUR I ALLMÄNHET OCH FLADDERMÖSS I SYNNERHET..........................................................................................43 FJÄRILAR ...........................................................................................................................................................................................45 FÅGLAR.............................................................................................................................................................................................52 GROD- OCH KRÄLDJUR – ALLMÄNT .......................................................................................................................................55 GROD OCH KRÄLDJUR – SYNPUNKTER PÅ EKOLOGI OCH INVENTERINGSMETODER...............................................56 HALVVINGAR ..................................................................................................................................................................................58 HOPPRÄTVINGAR ..........................................................................................................................................................................59 KRANSALGER ..................................................................................................................................................................................60 KÄRLVÄXTER...................................................................................................................................................................................61 LAVAR ...............................................................................................................................................................................................66 MASKAR – RING-, PLATT- OCH RUNDMASKAR ....................................................................................................................69 MOSSOR ...........................................................................................................................................................................................70 SKALBAGGAR 1. JORDLÖPARE OCH SPILLNINGSLEVANDE BLADHORNINGAR.............................................................73 SKALBAGGAR 2. VEDLEVANDE SKALBAGGAR. ......................................................................................................................76 STEKLAR I ALLMÄNHET OCH VILDBIN I SYNNERHET............................................................................................................79 STORSVAMPAR................................................................................................................................................................................83 TVÅVINGAR .....................................................................................................................................................................................88 Indikatorer i ängs- och betesmarker sid 4 av 88 Indikatorer i ängs- och betesmarker sid 5 av 88 Sammanfattning med tabell Indikatorarter är arter av växter, svampar och djur som genom sin förekomst berättar om dolda fakto- rer eller kvaliteter i ett område eller i en biotop. Denna rapport behandlar olika aspekter på indikator- arter som är knutna till ängs- och betesmarker. Det huvudsakliga syftet är att resonera om och hur man kan övervaka och utvärdera utvecklingen av kvaliteterna i ängs- och betesmarker med hjälp av indikatorarter. Samhället har satsat stora resurser på att utreda, inventera, vårda och säkerställa naturvärdena i ogödslade, icke-kultiverade ängs- och be- tesmarker. Dessa marker är ett viktigt refugium för många hotade arter och de utgör också ett viktigt biologiskt kulturarv. För att undersöka om ängs- och betesmarkerna utvecklas på ett gynnsamt sätt måste ett kvalitetskontrollsystem upprättas. Svaret som ett sådant system skall ge är om kvaliteterna ökar eller minskar i ängs- och hagmarkerna. En väg kan vara att övervaka dessa kvaliteter med hjälp av olika organismer. De ekologiska orsakerna är en annan sak som får tas upp på annat sätt. Det första steget är att välja lämpliga arter och nästa steg är att välja metoder. 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