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EGE Ü N İ VERS İ TES İ S Osyal B Ili Ml Er E Nstit Ü S Ü ETRÜSKÇE

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EGE Ü N İ VERS İ TES İ S Osyal B Ili Ml Er E Nstit Ü S Ü ETRÜSKÇE T.C. E G E Ü N İ V E R S İ T E S İ S o s y a l B i l i ml e r E n s t i t ü s ü ETRÜSKÇE - TÜRKÇE İLİŞKİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA Emine Neslihan BEZİRCİLİOĞLU Türk Dili ve Lehçeleri Anabilim Dalı İZMİR 2020 T.C. E G E Ü N İ V E R S İ T E S İ S o s y a l B i l i ml e r E n s t i t ü s ü ETRÜSKÇE - TÜRKÇE İLİŞKİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA Yüksek Lisans Tezi Emine Neslihan BEZİRCİLİOĞLU Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Zeki KAYMAZ Türk Dili ve Lehçeleri Anabilim Dalı Türk Dili ve Lehçeleri Yüksek Lisans Programı ETİK KURALLARA UYGUNLUK BEYANI Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğüne sunduğum “Etrüskçe-Türkçe İlişkileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma” adlı yüksek lisans tezinin tarafımdan bilimsel, ahlak ve normlara uygun bir şekilde hazırlandığını, tezimde yararlandığım kaynakları bibliyografyada ve dipnotlarda gösterdiğimi onurumla doğrularım. Emine Neslihan BEZİRCİLİOĞLU ÖNSÖZ Denizyollarının filosunu yenilemek maksadıyla Almanya‟da inĢa ettirdiği ve 1938 yılında teslim aldığı üç yolcu gemimize; Etrüsk, Tırhan ve KadeĢ isimlerinin verildiğini tesadüfen öğrendim. Bu adların gemilerimize neden verilmiĢ olabileceği ile ilgili araĢtırmalarımın sonucunda, Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında Türk Tarihinin araĢtırılması çalıĢmalarında, Türklerle ilgisi olabileceği düĢünülen bazı antik kavimler arasında Etrüsk ismine de rastladım. Etrüsk isminin Roma Uygarlığının temelini oluĢturan ve Anadolu‟dan Ġtalya‟ya göç etmiĢ bir halkın ismi olduğunu ve bu halkın önderinin adı olan Tırhan (Turhan) isminin de denizlerdeki hâkimiyetlerinden dolayı, Eski Yunanlılar tarafından Ġtalya‟nın batısındaki denize (Tirhen) verilmiĢ olduğunu gördüm. Okuduğum birkaç kitaptan Etrüsklerin dilinin gramer açısından Türk dili gibi eklemeli (agglutinative) diller grubunda olduğunu, kullandıkları alfabenin bir çeĢit runik alfabe olduğunu öğrendim. Ġtalya seyahatlerimde Etrüsk müzelerini gezdim. Latin dillerinden bildiğim birkaç sözcüğün Türkçe ile çağrıĢım yapması nedeniyle kökenlerini araĢtırdım ve Etrüsk dilinden alınmıĢ olduklarını fark ettim. Etrüskçe ile Türkçe arasında nasıl bir bağ olabileceğini merak ettim. Bu iki kültür tarihte bir yerde komĢuluk etmiĢ, dil alıĢveriĢinde bulunmuĢ olabilir miydi? Aralarında ticari bir iliĢki olup bazı sözcükleri birbirlerine vermiĢ olabilirler miydi? BaĢka bir ihtimalle ortak atalara veya dile sahip olabilirler miydi? AraĢtırmalarım esnasında az sayıda araĢtırmacının hemen hemen aynı kaynaklardan aktardığı bilgilerden oluĢan bazı Türkçe kitapları okurken, ülkemizde Etrüskler ile ilgili daha ziyade tarih ve arkeoloji konularını içeren birkaç akademik çalıĢma yapılmıĢ olduğunu da fark ettim. Ancak Etrüsklerin dili ile ilgili özellikle de Etrüskçe-Türkçe arasında bir bağlantı var mı? Var ise bunun nasıl bir bağlantı olduğu sorusunun cevabını gösteren detaylı akademik bir çalıĢmaya rastlamadım. Buradan yola çıkarak, bu konuda dil ile ilgili yapılacak akademik bir çalıĢmanın Türkoloji alanına katkı sağlayabileceği düĢüncesiyle tez konumu, hocam Prof. Dr. Zeki Kaymaz‟ın da onayı ile “Etrüskçe-Türkçe ĠliĢkileri Üzerine Bir AraĢtırma” olarak belirledim. I ÇalıĢma sürecinde birçok kaynakta, Etrüskçenin diğer bazı antik diller gibi çözülememesinin bazı nedenleri olduğu belirtiliyordu. Öncelikle Etrüskçe kitaplar ve el yazmaları günümüze kadar ulaĢamamıĢtı. Dilin çözümüne yarayacak uzunlukta metin yok denecek kadar azdı. Latinceye geçen sözcükler kısmen yardımcı olmakla beraber dil hakkında bazı çözümlemeler yapılamamıĢtı. Batılı birçok Etrüskolog bu dilin Hint- Avrupa dil ailesine ait olmadığını düĢünmekte, ölü bir dil olarak kabul edilen Etrüsk dilini bir kategoriye koyamamakta idi. Bunun yanı sıra, Etrüsk alfabesini okuma konusunda yol alınmıĢ olmakla beraber bazı harflerin ses değerleri tam olarak tespit edilememiĢti. Bu durum bazı sözcüklerin farklı okunmasına ve buna bağlı olarak farklı anlamlandırılmasına sebep olmuĢtu. Etrüsk dili ile ilgili verilerin yetersiz olması sebebiyle dil konusunda yazılmıĢ yabancı kaynak sayısının da fazla olmadığı görülüyordu. Kaynaklar, daha çok Etrüsk tarihi ve arkeolojik buluntuların değerlendirilmesi suretiyle, Etrüsk sanatı, kültürü ve inanç sistemi hakkında ipuçları veriyordu. Bir diğer sorun ülkemizdeki kütüphanelerde konu hakkında yeterli kaynak bulunamaması idi. Bu nedenle, bazı araĢtırmacıların yazdığı eserlerdeki nitelikli olduğu düĢünülen bilgilerden, kullandığı kaynaklar gözetilerek yararlanıldı. Ġtalya‟da La Sapienza (Roma) ve Bologna (Bologna) üniversitelerinin kütüphanelerinde ve Roma milli kütüphanesinde konuyla ilgili yeterli miktarda Ġngilizce eser bulma konusunda sorun yaĢandı. Bu kütüphanelerde bulunan az sayıda Ġngilizce kitaptan, internet aracılığı ile elde edilen e-kitaplardan ve yurt dıĢından temin edilen bazı kaynaklardan faydalanıldı. Bahsedilen zorluklara rağmen eldeki imkânlar ölçüsünde, veriler oldukça detaylı objektif ve titiz bir Ģekilde değerlendirilmiĢtir. ÇalıĢmadaki eksiklik ve hataların hoĢgörülebilir sınırlar içinde olduğunu umuyor, ilgi ve heyecan duyduğum bu konunun araĢtırılmasında aldığım tüm destek ve yardımlardan dolayı emeği geçenlere gönülden Ģükran duyuyorum. Ġzmir, 2020 Emine Neslihan Bezircilioğlu II ÖZET Etrüskler, Ġtalya‟nın orta kesimlerinde bugünkü Toskana ve kısmen Lazio ve Umbria bölgelerini içine alan bölgede, ilk izlerine günümüzden yaklaĢık 3000 yıl önce rastlanan ve Roma kültürünün temelini atan antik bir uygarlıktır. Etrüsklerin kökeni, kültürü ve dili her zaman merak uyandırmıĢ ve araĢtırma konusu olmuĢtur. Eski Yunan ve Latin kaynaklarından elde edilen bilgiler ve yapılan son antropolojik çalıĢmalar değerlendirildiğinde, Etrüsk uygarlığının farklı tarihlerde kara ve deniz yollarıyla Anadolu üzerinden göç ederek Ġtalya‟ya yerleĢen akraba boylar tarafından kurulduğu fikri güçlenmektedir. Etrüsk Ģehir devletlerinin yayıldıkları bölgelerdeki yerli halkı yönetimlerine almalarından dolayı Etrüsklerin zamanla karıĢık bir etnos olduğu görülmektedir. Bu, Etrüsklerin dil özelliklerinde de kendisini göstermektedir. Etrüsk yazıtlarında Etruria‟nın kuzeyi ve güneyi arasında Ģive farklılıkları olduğu ve farklı yüzyıllarda yazılmıĢ yazıtlarda dilin morfolojik (özellikle ekler) ve leksik semantik yapısında diğer dillerle etkileĢimler sonucunda değiĢmeler olduğu aĢikârdır. Dilbilimciler tarafından farklı dillerle yapılan karĢılaĢtırmalı çalıĢmalarda Etrüsk dilinin Hint-Avrupa dil ailesinden olmadığı, eklemeli (agglutinative) bir dil olduğu görülmüĢtür. Birçok Latince sözcüğün kökenini de oluĢturan Etrüsk diline ait veriler, yapısı bakımından en yakın olduğu düĢünülen Türk dilleri ile karĢılaĢtırılmıĢ, bu karĢılaĢtırmada her iki uygarlığın da sahip olduğu sosyokültürel unsurlar da göz önüne alınarak, bu iki dil ve kültür arasındaki benzerlikler ortaya konmuĢtur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Etrüskler, Etrüsk dili, Etrüskçe-Türkçe iliĢkisi III ABSTRACT Etruscans were an antique civilization which had set the foundations for the Roman civilization. They had inhabited in central Italy, today‟s Tuscany, partly Lazio and Umbria areas and their first signs date back to approximately 3000 years earlier. Their roots, culture and language have always been objects of interest and research topics. When information gathered from ancient Greek and Latin sources in addition to the latest anthropological studies are assessed, the argument that the Etruscan civilization was founded by interrelated clans which had migrated to Italy through Anatolia via sea and land in grroups at different times gains strenght. As their city-states spreaded out, they mixed with the indigenous populations and therefore, through time they became a mixed ethnos. This also is the case for the Etruscan Language. It is apparent that there were dialect differences between the Nort and South of Etruria as depicted from the inscriptions. In the inscriptions dating back to different centuries, it is also apperent that as they interacted with other languages, the morphological characteristics (specifically suffixes) and lexical and semantical make-up of the language changed. Comparative studies with other languages conducted by linguists show that Etruscan is not a member of the Indo-European family of languages and that is an agglutinative language. These data about the Etruscan language which form the roots of many Latin words as well, have been compared with Turkic languages as it is thought to be the most similar in terms of structure. Similarities between these two languages and cultures have been exhibited also by taking into account the socio- cultural elements both of these cultures possess. Keywords: Etruscans, Etruscan Language, Etruscan-Turkish relationship IV ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER Sayfa ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................... ...I ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. .III ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. ...IV ĠÇĠNDEKĠLER ............................................................................................................ .....V HARĠTALARIN LĠSTESĠ ............................................................................................ VIII ġEKĠLLER LĠSTESĠ ........................................................................................................IX KISALTMALAR ......................................................................................................... ....XI GĠRĠġ ...............................................................................................................................
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