This page intentionally left blank RELIGION IN REPUBLICAN ITALY This volume explores how recent findings and research provide a richer understanding of religious activities in Republican Rome and con- temporary central Italic societies, including the Etruscans, during the period of the Middle and Late Republic. While much recent research has focused on the Romanization of areas outside Italy in later peri- ods, this volume investigates religious aspects of the Romanization of the Italian peninsula itself. The chapters strive to integrate literary evidence with archaeological and epigraphic material as they consider the nexus of religion and politics in early Italy; the impact of Roman institutions and practices on Italic society; the reciprocal impact of non-Roman practices and institutions on Roman custom; and the nature of “Roman,” as opposed to “Latin,” “Italic,” or “Etruscan,” religion in the period in question. The resulting volume illuminates many facets of religious praxis in Republican Italy, while at the same time complicating the categories we use to discuss it. celia e. schultz is Assistant Professor of Classics at Yale University and has taught at the Pennsylvania State University, Bryn Mawr College, and the Johns Hopkins University. She is the author of Women’s Religious Activity in the Roman Republic (2006). paul b. harvey, Jr is Associate Professor in the Departments of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies, History, and Reli- gious Studies at the Pennsylvania State University. He has published numerous articles on topics in classics and late antique studies and is a co-author of volumes ii and iii of The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary. YALE CLASSICAL STUDIES VOLUME XXXIII RELIGION IN REPUBLICAN ITALY Edited for the Department of Classics by CELIA E. SCHULTZ Assistant Professor of Classics, Yale University and PAUL B. HARVEY, JR Associate Professor in the Departments of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies, History, and Religious Studies, The Pennsylvania State University cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridg e.org /9780521863667 © Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2006 isbn-13 978-0-511-26019-3 eBook (EBL) isbn-10 0-511-26019-9 eBook (EBL) isbn-13 978-0-521-86366-7 hardback isbn-10 0-521-86366-X hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents List of illustrations page vii List of contributors ix Acknowledgments x List of abbreviations xii Introduction 1 Celia E. Schultz and Paul B. Harvey, Jr 1.Reconsidering “religious Romanization” 10 FayGlinister 2.Insearch of the Etruscan priestess: a re-examination of the hatrencu 34 Lesley E. Lundeen 3.Etruscan religion at the watershed: before and after the fourth century bce 62 Jean MacIntosh Turfa 4.Religious locales in the territory of Minturnae: aspects of Romanization 90 Valentina Livi 5.Religion and memory at Pisaurum 117 Paul B. Harvey, Jr 6.Inventing the sortilegus: lot divination and cultural identity in Italy, Rome, and the provinces 137 W. E. Klingshirn 7.Hot, cold, or smelly: the power of sacred water in Roman religion, 400–100 bce 162 Ingrid Edlund-Berry v vi Contents 8.Religion and politics: did the Romans scruple about the placement of their temples? 181 John Muccigrosso 9.Juno Sospita and Roman insecurity in the Social War 207 Celia E. Schultz 10.Beyond Rome and Latium: Roman religion in the age of Augustus 228 A. E. Cooley Bibliography 253 Index 292 Illustrations 2.1 A plan of the Tomb of the Inscriptions, Vulci. Reprinted from Nielsen 1999: fig. 5 courtesy of the author page 40 2.2 The urn of Larthi Paniathi. Early first century bce,Perugia (MAN 268). Reprinted from Nielsen 1999 courtesy of the author. 55 4.1 MapofItaly with the location of Minturnae. 92 4.2 The region of Minturnae. 94 4.3 Colony of Minturnae: the so-called Republican Forum. Courtesy of G. Pala, after Johnson 1935: 15, fig. 4. 96 4.4 Terracotta plaque of the Etrusco-Italic temple at Minturnae. Adapted from Johnson 1935: 32, fig. 16. 99 4.5 Head of statuette in terracotta found at Monte d’Argento. Rome, Museo Nazionale d’ Arte Orientale (inv. MA 95.16.B.246). Photograph courtesy of G. Tonsini and A. Briotti. 106 4.6 Antefix from the deposit of the sanctuary of Marica. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli (inv. 176329). Photograph courtesy of G. Tonsini and A. Briotti. 111 7.1 Engraving by M. C. Sadeler, AlaSolfataria detta da Plinio campi Flegrei,no.48.BrynMawr College Collections (The Lucy Shoe Meritt Collection). 167 7.2 MapofItaly with sulphur sites and Mefitis sanctuaries. Prepared by A. Thompson and I. Edlund-Berry. 174 8.1 Roman temples: 400–201 bce.Adapted from A. Ziolkowski, The Temples of Mid-Republican Rome (L’Erma di Bretschneider, 1988), fig. 1. 188 9.1 Republican denarii showing Juno Sospita. Denarius of L. Procilius. Courtesy of the Yale University Art Gallery (YUAG 2001.87.118). vii viii List of illustrations Denarius of L. Roscius Fabatus. Courtesy of the Yale University Art Gallery (YUAG 2001.87.384). Denarius of M. Mettius. Courtesy of the American Numismatic Society (ANS 1944.100.3638). 214 9.2 Kinnaird urn. Accepted by HM Government in lieu of tax from the estate of the thirteenth Baron Kinnaird. Edinburgh, National Gallery of Scotland (inv. NG 2734). 215 9.3a The frieze from the Tomb of Caecilia Metella. Courtesy of the Deutsches Archaeologisches Institut Rom, neg. no. 78.586 225 9.3b Drawing of the shields on the Tomb of Caecilia Metella. From Azzurri 1895: tav. 1. 226 Contributors a. e. cooley is Lecturer in Classics and Ancient History, University of Warwick. ingrid edlund-berry is Professor of Classics at the University of Texas at Austin. fay glinister is a Research Fellow, Department of History, University College London. paul b. harvey, Jr is Associate Professor of Classics and Ancient Mediterannean Studies, History, and Religious Studies at the Pennsyl- vania State University. w. e. klingshirn is Chair of the Department of Classics at the Catholic University of America. valentina livi is currently an Aylwin Cotton Foundation Fellow work- ing on the publication of the architectural terracottas of Minturnae. lesley e. lundeen is the Undergraduate Coordinator for the Depart- ment of Romance Languages at the University of Pennsylvania. john muccigrosso is Associate Professor of Classics at Drew University. celia e. schultz is Assistant Professor of Classics at Yale University. jean macintosh turfa is a Lecturer and Research Associate, Mediterranean Section, at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ix Acknowledgments Though not technically conference proceedings, the essays collected in this volume were presented at a festive weekend gathering at the Whitney Humanities Center, Yale University in March 2003. All the contributors to this project thank those in the audience for substantial critical, collegial commentary. From the inception of this project there has been extensive consultation among the authors. The reader will frequently encounter in the notes to these studies references to consultation among the contributors and several citations of contributors’ published and forthcoming studies – an index of the level of genial collaboration. All involved have deeply appre- ciated the friendly fashion in which the project proceeded. Those who have contributed to the value of this volume as a whole are legion; the following friends and colleagues deserve formal thanks for their assistance: Cecilia Beer, John L. Berry, Larissa Bonfante, M. Rosaria Borriello and Stefano De Caro of the Soprintendenza Archeologica di Napoli; Guy Bradley,Monica Castillo, Thomas Chen, Annamaria Comella, Glenys Davies, Valeria Sampaolo for permission to publish materials from the sanctuary of Marica in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli; Nancy T. De Grummond, David D. Driscoll, Gary Farney, Barbro Santillo Frizell, Margarita Gleba, Karen J. Harvey, Carlo Livi, Donatella Mazzeo and Paola Matteo of the Museo Nazionale d’Arte Orientale for permission to publish materials from Monte d’Argento; Brian E. McConnell, William E. Metcalf, Elisabeth O’Keef, Giorgio Pala, Silvio Panciera, Carlo Rescigno, S. Dominic Ruegg, Russell T. Scott, Martin Soderlind,¨ Giuseppe Tonsini and Augusto Briotti of the Soprintendenza Archeologica per il Lazio for photographs of materials from Monte d’Argento and the Templeof Marica; Stefano Tortorella, Leni Wendt, Aidan Westin-Lewis and his colleagues at the National Gallery of Scotland; Susan Walker of the British Museum; and Valerie Warrior. Finally, this project would not have developed if we had not had the support of John Matthews, Victor Bers, Susanna Morton Braund, and Kay x Acknowledgments xi Claiborn of the Department of Classics at Yale University. Special help came from Ayelet Haimson Lushkov, Pramit Chaudhuri, Ornella Rossi, and Katherine Wasdin. To them we all offer our most sincere thanks. Finally, in the time between the issuing of invitations to participate and the last stages of production for Religion in Republican Italy, contributors to this volume gave birth to six children. We wish to thank the babies for arriving safely. We also thank them for their foresight in always arriving after deadlines for the volume had been met. The translations in Chapter 7 have been reprinted by permission of the publishers and the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library from Seneca: Volume VII, Loeb Classical Library vol.