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Su Numerusm Genus E Sexus. Elementi Per Una Grammatica Dell copia autore QUADERNI DI EVTOPIA Su numerus, genus e sexus. COMMENTARII NOVI DE ANTIQVITATIBVS TOTIVS EVROPAE Elementi per una grammatica dell’etrusco Luca Rigobianco, Luca Rigobianco Su numerus , genus e sexus ISBN 978-88-7140-539-1 € 28,00 Edizioni Quasar copia autore QUADERNI DI EVTOPIA COMMENTARII NOVI DE ANTIQVITATIBVS TOTIVS EVROPAE Rivista diretta da Adriano La Regina 9 copia autore © Roma 2013 - Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon srl via Ajaccio 41-43, I-00198 Roma tel. 0685358444, fax 0685833591 www.edizioniquasar.it [email protected] ISBN 978-88-7140-539-1 copia autore Luca Rigobianco Su numerus, genus e sexus. Elementi per una grammatica dell’etrusco Edizioni Quasar copia autore copia autore SOMMARIO PREMESSA . 7 1 . PER UNA GRAMMATICA DELLA LINGUA ETRUSCA . GENERALIA . 11 1.0. Introduzione ........................................................11 1.1. Dal ‘paradigma dell’ermeneutica’ al ‘paradigma della grammatica’ .......12 1.1.1. Prima del 1984: il ‘paradigma dell’ermeneutica’ ...................12 1.1.1.1. Sui metodi ‘tradizionali’: Pallottino 1969 → 1978 e Rix 1971 → Prosdocimi 1985. 14 1.1.2. 1984: dalla ‘ermeneutica’ alla ‘grammatica’ .......................16 1.2. Riflessioni sul tema ‘grammatica della lingua etrusca’ ...............28 2 . PER UNA GRAMMATICA DELLA LINGUA ETRUSCA . EXEMPLA . IL SINTAGMA NOMINALE . 37 Parte prima. Morfologia di plurale .................................37 2.0. Premessa ......................................................37 2.1. Status quaestionis ...............................................39 2.2. I numerali e la marcatura del plurale ..............................45 2.2.1. snuiaφ/snuiuφ: un numerale? ................................54 2.3. Dalla grammatica all’ermeneutica, e ritorno (Zirkel im Verstehen). .56 2.3.1. *-(i)σva(-) .................................................56 2.3.2. tênθur ....................................................58 2.3.3. tivr-/ti(i)ur- ...............................................60 2.3.4. tlusχva-. 67 2.3.5. masnur ...................................................68 2.4. Il plurale: una proposta .........................................72 2.5. *-(K)wa(-): morfema unitario o agglutinazione di due morfemi? .......78 Parte seconda. Morfologia di femminile ............................87 2.6. Premessa ......................................................87 2.7. Una premessa storiografica: Das grammatische Geschlecht im Etruski- schen di Eva Fiesel (1922) .........................................88 5 copia autore Su numerus, genus e sexus 2.8. Forme ........................................................91 2.8.1. La morfologia di femminile nei prenomi di età arcaica ...............92 2.8.2. La morfologia di femminile nei gentilizi di età arcaica ..............129 2.8.3. Altre forme di femminile di età arcaica ..........................134 2.9. -i ............................................................139 2.10. -ia2 .........................................................146 2.10.1. tin-ia(-) .................................................147 2.10.1.0. Premessa ...........................................147 2.10.1.1. tini(i)a(-), tina(-), tin(s-) ...............................148 2.10.1.2. tinia: un’ipotesi di lavoro .............................159 2.11. -ia2 derivativo e -ia3 di genitivo arcaico ...........................166 2.12. -i/-ia1 di femminile, -ia2 derivativo < i.e. *-j(e/o)H2. Un ‘azzardo’ eti- mologico? .....................................................171 2.13. L’etrusco e l’indoeuropeo d’Italia: riflessioni angolate dalla morfo- logia (di plurale e) di femminile ..................................179 ABBREVIAZIONI BIBLIOGRAFICHE . 183 Abbreviazioni ....................................................183 Bibliografia ......................................................183 6 copia autore PREMESSA Nel corso dei miei studi ho avuto la possibilità di occuparmi di etrusco, sebbene inizialmente da una prospettiva eccentrica che mirava a una ripresa delle questioni relative al rapporto tra l’etrusco e le varietà latino-italiche; ne sono scaturiti due lavori, di dimensioni e profondità proporzionate all’occasio- ne: il primo è una rassegna della bibliografia relativa al tema dell’interferenza linguistica tra etrusco e varietà latino-italiche nell’Italia preromana; il secondo invece ha come argomento centrale un excursus di storiografia linguistica sulla teoria (sostanzialmente ottocentesca) della parentela etrusco-italica, centrato sui lavori di Wilhelm Paul Corssen e Elia Lattes; ho inteso così da una parte rilevare il contrasto tra il modo di operare del passato rispetto ai modi del presente, dall’altra vagliare l’eventualità di recuperare intuizioni valide che, sia pure tra errori di metodo e di fatto, potevano essere andate perdute nella logica delle liquidazioni sommarie. In quell’occasione è emersa qualche consi- derazione meritevole di rivisitazione ma si è reso altresì manifesto che il tema del rapporto tra l’etrusco e le varietà latino-italiche rappresenta un posterius ri- spetto alla necessità di definire con chiarezza l’etrusco di per sé per poi poterlo assumere validamente come eventuale comparandum: non che prima ciò non mi fosse chiaro come evidenza logica in astratto ma solo l’operare mi ha reso consapevole del bisogno di fatto di un ritorno a una grammatica dell’etrusco che non si poteva dare (già) per scontata. Di qui è scaturita l’idea di centrare la ricerca sulla grammatica dell’etrusco: infatti, nonostante a partire dagli anni ’80 del secolo scorso le ricerche linguistiche sull’etrusco abbiano conosciuto una svolta nel modus cogitandi e operandi e un incremento quantitativo e quali- tativo delle porzioni di grammatica note (in particolare grazie ai contributi di Rix e Agostiniani), rimangono tuttora punti oscuri o comunque meritevoli di essere riordinati. Fin da subito l’obiettivo che mi sono posto non è stato di offrire una sintesi generale della grammatica della lingua etrusca da accostare a quelle già esistenti ma di approfondirne alcuni tra gli aspetti problematici, ricercando un equilibrio dialettico tra considerazioni generali e casi specifici che le so- stanziano e viceversa. La necessità di tenere in considerazione l’intero corpus di iscrizioni etrusche nonché la vasta e (purtroppo) sparsa bibliografia, mi ha 7 copia autore Su numerus, genus e sexus costretto a una selezione: mi sono così concentrato sul sintagma nominale, in particolare sulla morfologia di numero e di genere. Nel primo caso (morfolo- gia di numero) mi proponevo di indagare la possibilità di rendere ragione – con una prospettiva (almeno inizialmente) del tutto interna all’etrusco – della fenomenologia apparentemente aberrante rispetto alla generalizzazione di Agostiniani (1992 → 1993), che ha riconosciuto per i due morfemi di plurale noti in etrusco una selezione su base semantica legata al parametro dell’ani- matezza. Nel secondo (morfologia di genere) prevedevo di ridiscutere l’ipotesi vulgata a partire dal volume della Fiesel del 1922 di un’origine indoeuropea di -i di femminile in etrusco, prendendo il via da una descrizione in votis esau- stiva della morfologia di femminile relativa al corpus di iscrizioni arcaiche. Questi due argomenti, ampliatisi in itinere ogniqualvolta si è fatta pressante la necessità di approfondimenti, costituiscono la sezione centrale del lavoro, con dimensioni che potrebbero apparire inevitabilmente sbilanciate se non addirit- tura abnormi rispetto al capitolo che precede. Occuparmi di etrusco da una prospettiva linguistica mi ha obbligato sia a una rivisitazione in chiave storiografica degli studi grammaticali sull’etru- sco, sia a una riflessione su cosa significhi, tra teoria e metodo, ‘grammatica dell’etrusco’: le considerazioni al riguardo, di ordine generale, sono state inse- rite nel primo capitolo dal carattere introduttivo. In questo capitolo ho innan- zitutto passato in rassegna gli studi di carattere linguistico sull’etrusco assu- mendo come nodo storiografico il 1984, anno della pubblicazione deLa scrittu- ra e la lingua di Rix (che può considerarsi la prima vera e propria ‘grammatica’ dell’etrusco) e del Convegno della Società Italiana di Glottologia su L’etrusco e le lingue dell’Italia antica: riprendendo un’ipotesi già avanzata da altri, ho ten- tato di mostrare come l’operare di Rix (e, a latere, di Agostiniani) rappresenti una vera e propria svolta paradigmatica; segnatamente mi sono concentra- to sul ventennio di riflessioni che precedono e, a mio avviso, preparano tale svolta. Alla luce di tutto ciò ho provato poi ad avanzare alcune considerazioni che dovrebbero costituire una base di partenza per una ‘grammatica’ nel sen- so di ‘descrizione grammaticale’ della lingua etrusca, da svolgere tra generalia validi per ogni descrizione grammaticale e specificazioni tarate in relazione all’oggetto. È da qui che ho tratto spunto per il titolo: ‘elementi per una gram- matica dell’etrusco’ e non ‘di grammatica etrusca’; e ciò perché, nonostante i notevoli progressi nell’interpretazione dei testi etruschi e nella descrizione grammaticale, credo che esistano ancora molte questioni irrisolte, di metodo e di contenuto. Quanto emerso nella trattazione della morfologia di plurale e di fem- minile mi ha riportato nuovamente dall’interno (la grammatica dell’etrusco di per sé) all’esterno (l’etrusco in relazione ad altre varietà dell’Italia antica), in quanto la porzione di morfologia nominale analizzata ha rivelato aspetti di so- vrapponibilità con la morfologia ricostruibile per
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