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Margaret Mary Th6r£Se Watmough University College London Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for The STUDIES IN THE ETRUSCAN LOANWORDS IN LATIN Margaret Mary Th6r£se Watmough University College London Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 1 ( LONI/INo) ProQuest Number: 10609130 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10609130 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT In the political and cultural relations between archaic Rome and Etruria the Etruscans were not the speakers of a 'dominant language'. Since Rome was not under Etruscan domination nor was there any prestige associated with the Etruscan language, the conditions under which large scale lexical borrowing takes place were absent. A recent survey of the whole field is reviewed and its results are found to be uncertain or ill-supported; in it the constraints of space preclude the detailed treatment of individual words which is necessary if the nature of the influence of Etruscan on the Latin lexicon is to be fully understood. This thesis deals with some specific problems in Etrusco- Latin interaction and in the Etruscan loanwords in Latin; a small number of words is treated in detail. It is established that each word is on phonological and morphological grounds unlikely to be Indo-European. Concrete reasons for suspecting Etruscan origin leads to an examination of morphological, phonological and semantic factors in the light of the Etruscan lexicon, word-formation and phonology. Emphasis is placed on explaining the structure of the Etruscan source and the way in which it is naturalized in Latin. In some cases the Etruscan source word is identified; in others it is shown that an Etruscan source is probable. Data from the literary sources and archaeology are combined with linguistic and onomastic arguments, The extent of Etrusco-Latin interaction in terms of the number of bilingual speakers was small; it is likely that the number of Etruscan loanwords in Latin is also small. Hence a proposed Etruscan etymology for a Latin word of dubious origin must be examined critically. The detailed analysis of individual words brings new results. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS page Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 Acknowledgements 6 List of Abbreviations 7 Linguistic Symbols 12 Introduction 13 1. History of research 13 2. Problems and aims 17 3. Preliminary notes on terminology 21 Note 22 Chapter I: Etrusco-Latin interaction 23 1. Borrowing 23 2 . Historical background 27 3. Transmission of the alphabet and numeral system 29 4. Onomastic evidence 40 5. Etruscan inscriptions from Rome 42 6 . Initial stress accent 46 7. Italic loanwords in Etruscan 50 8 . Etruscan literature? 75 9. Parallel expressions 77 10.Summary 82 Notes 84 Chapter II: Lat. SPURIUS 90 1. Onomastic evidence 90 2. The etymology of Lat. spurius and spurium 101 3. The Etruscan suffix -ie 107 4. Etruscan appellatives in #spur- 123 5. The etymology of Etr. spurie 125 Notes 127 3 Chapter III: Lat. SUBULO 128 1. The possibility of Indo-European origin 128 2. The Etruscan evidence 134 3. The Etruscan source of subulo 137 4. Some other Latin terms in -6 , -onis 147 Notes 149 Chapter IV: Lat. POPULUS 152 1. The original meaning of populus 153 2. The earliest attestations of populus and publicus 172 3. The possibility of Indo-Eurpean origin 178 4. The Etruscan evidence 187 Notes 204 Chapter V: Lat. SATELLES 205 1. The use of satelles in Latin texts 205 2. The Etruscan evidence 216 3. The Etruscan source of satelles 240 Notes 252 Chapter VI: Lat. LICTOR 254 1. The Etruscan institution of the lictor 254 2. The etymology of ITctor 263 3. The instrumenta and functions of the lictor 266 4. The connection of ITctor with satelles 274 Notes 275 Table 280 Chapter VII: Lat. FENESTRA 282 1. Archaeological evidence 282 2. Words for 'window' in Indo-European languages 287 3. The possibility of Indo-European origin 289 4. The Etruscan origin of fenestra 304 Notes 315 Conclusion 320 4 Index Inscriptionum 322 Bibliography 338 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was begun at University College London and completed during two years of study at the Albert-Ludwigs- Universitat, Freiburg im Breisgau. I wish to thank several people for their help in the preparation of this thesis. First of all, I would like to thank for their invaluable advice and. encouragement my supervisor, Dr. Paddy Considine, and Prof. Helmut Rix, who supervised my work in Freiburg. I am grateful also to Prof. Michael Crawford, Dr. Gerhard Meiser and Dr. Dominic Rathbone, who have read parts of the text and provided useful comments and references. This thesis was undertaken with financial support from the British Academy and the Deutsche Akademische Austauschdienst; I would like to record my gratitude to both institutions. Finally, I wish to thank my parents and my friends Jim Cohen, Angela Dodd-Crompton, Andrew Hathaway, Christel Hiesel, Marta Lehnen, Lucy Rawlinson and Christiane Schaefer for their support. 6 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Languages and grammatical terms abl . ablative acc. accusative ad j. adjective arc. archaic Arm. Armeni an Av . Avestan beg. beginning Bulg. Bulgar i an CL. Classical Latin cogn. cognomen Dan. Dan i sh dat. dat i ve du . dual EL. Early Latin Engl . Engli sh Et r . Etruscan f . feminine Fa 1 . Fali scan Fr . French gen. geni t i ve gent. gent i1i c i urn Germ. German Goth. Gothi c Gr . Greek Hitt. Hi tt i te Horn. Homer i c i.e. id est IE Indo-European Ir . I r i sh It. Ita1i an Ital . Italic Lat, Latin 7 Latv. Latvian Lith. Lithuanian LL Liber Linteus loc. locative Log. Logudorese m. masculine Marr. Marrucinian ME. Middle English med. mediaeval MHG. Middle High German Mir. Middle Irish Myc. Mycenaean n. neuter nom. nominative OBr. Old Bretonic O CS. Old Church Slavonic OE. Old English OFr. Old French OHG. Old High German Olce. Old Icelandic OInd. Old Indian OIr. 01d Ir i sh 011. 01d Ita1i an ON. Old Norse OPort. Old Portuguese OPers. Old Persian Osc. Oscan OSp. Old Spanish Pael. Paeligni an pert. pertinentive PIE Proto-Indo-European PI . Plautus pi . plural Pol. Poli sh Port. Portuguese praen. praenomen 8 rec. recent Rom. Romanian Russ . Russ i an s . s i ngu1 a r Sab. Sabel1i c Sard. Sardinian Sp. Spani sh S.Pic. South Picene subst. substant i ve Swed. Swed. Toch. Tochar i an Umb . Umbr i an Ved. Vedic vb. verb Ven . Venet i c Volsc. Volsc i an Wei . Wei sh Editions of texts and dictionaries App G.F. Gamurrini, Appendice al Corpus Inscriptionum Italicarum, Firenze 1880. Chantraine Pierre Chantraine, Dictionnaire Etymologique de la Langue Grecque, Paris 1968-1980. CIE Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum. CII A. Fabretti, Corpus Inscriptionum Italicarum, Torino 1867. CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. EM A. Ernout et A. Meillet, Dictionnaire Etymologique de la Langue Latine, Paris 19854. Frisk H. Frisk, Griechisches Etymologisches Worterbuch, 2 B d . , Heidelberg, 1960- 1970. 9 Gi acomel1i Gabriel la Giacomelli, La lingua falisca, Firenze 1963. IEW Julius Pokorny, Indogermanisches Etymologisches Worterbuch, 2 Vol., Bern 1959-1969. ILLRP A. Degrassi, Inscriptiones Latinae Liberae Rei Publicae, 2 vol., Firenze 19652, 1963. IP Iscrizioni Parlanti (see Agostiniani 1982). Liddell and Scott A Greek-English Lexicon, compiled by H.G. Liddell and R. Scott, revised by H. Stuart Jones and R. McKenzie, Oxford 19409. LIMC Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, Zurich u. Miinchen, 1981-1990 (five volumes with alphabetical entries up to Kenchrias). LSAG L.H. Jeffery, The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece, Oxford 1961. Mar inett i Anna Marinetti, Le iscrizioni sudpicene, Firenze 1985. NR IE M. Buffa, Nuova raccolta di iscrizioni etrusche, Firenze 1935. OLD Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford 1968- 1982 . Pocc . P. Poccetti, Nuovi Document! Italici a complemento del Manuale di E. Vetter, Pisa 1979. REE Rivista di epigrafia etrusca (in Studi Etruschi). SE Studi Etruschi. ThLE Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae. I. Indice Lessicale da Massimo Pallottino, a cura di Maristella Pandolfini, Roma 1978. 10 TLE Testimonia Linguae Etruscae a cura di M. Pallottino, Firenze 19682. Ve. E. Vetter, Handbuch der italischen Dialekte, Heidelberg 1953. WH A. Walde, Lateinisches Etymologisches Worterbuch, neubearbeitet von J.B. Hofmann, Heidelberg 1938. Note: Etruscan forms are cited from Etruskische Texte, Editio minor by Helmut Rix (in Zusammenarbeit mit Gerhard Meiser), 2 B d . , Tubingen 1991. The reading Vs 7.25 zaB-laB: aiQas includes the typing error zaQ- for zat (Helmut Rix: personal communication); this is of importance for the chapter on Lat. SATELLES. Per iodi cals The titles of journals are abbreviated following the practice used in Bibl iographie Lingui stique with the addition of the following: ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt, Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung 1,2, 1972 BB Beitrage zur Kunde der indogerman i schen Sprachen, Gottingen CAH The Cambridge Ancient History Dial.Arch Dialoghi di Archeologia MAAR Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome PCIA Popoli e Civilta dell' Italia Antica 6 , 1978 Lingue e Dialetti The works of Roman and Greek authors are referred to according to the practice adopted in the Oxford Latin Dictionary and in the Liddell and Scott. LINGUISTIC SYMBOLS The following improvisations have been made for 1i ngu i s t i c symbols, which the computer programme used cannot reproduce: u (consonantal u) is represented by u £ (consonantal i) is represented by h (syllabic h) is represented by 1 (syllabic 1) is represented by I r (syllabic r) is represented by f.
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