Early Etruscan Inscriptions

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0. Introduction L2/12-386

Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Revised Proposal to Encode Additional Old Italic Characters Source: UC Berkeley Script Encoding Initiative (Universal Scripts Project) Author: Christopher C. Little ([email protected]) Status: Liaison Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Replaces: N4046 (L2/11-146R) Date: 2012-11-06 0. Introduction The existing Old Italic character repertoire includes 31 letters and 4 numerals. The Unicode Standard, following the recommendations in the proposal L2/00-140, states that Old Italic is to be used for the encoding of Etruscan, Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian, North Picene, and South Picene. It also specifically states that Old Italic characters are inappropriate for encoding the languages of ancient Italy north of Etruria (Venetic, Raetic, Lepontic, and Gallic). It is true that the inscriptions of languages north of Etruria exhibit a number of common features, but those features are often exhibited by the other scripts of Italy. Only one of these northern languages, Raetic, requires the addition of any additional characters in order to be fully supported by the Old Italic block. Accordingly, following the addition of this one character, the Unicode Standard should be amended to recommend the encoding of Venetic, Raetic, Lepontic, and Gallic using Old Italic characters. In addition, one additional character is necessary to encode South Picene inscriptions. This proposal is divided into five parts: The first part (§1) identifies the two unencoded characters (Raetic Ɯ and South Picene Ũ) and demonstrates their use in inscriptions. The second part (§2) examines the use of each Old Italic character, as it appears in Etruscan, Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian, South Picene, Venetic, Raetic, Lepontic, Gallic, and archaic Latin, to demonstrate the unifiability of the northern Italic languages' scripts with Old Italic.
AVRIGA Zprávy Jednoty Klasických Filologů

AVRIGA Zprávy Jednoty klasických filologů XLVI (2004) 1-2 JEDNOTA KLASICKÝCH FILOLOGU Praha FECE QUOD POTUE FACIANT MELIORA POTENTES» Ignotus © Jednota klasických filologů, 2004 ISSN 1211-3379 ISBN 80-86791-14-9 ČLÁNKY - COMMENTATIONES ETRUSKE číslovky {status quaestionis^ Vladimír SLUNEČKO (Praha) Přejděme nyní k ne zcela jednoduché otázce etruské číslovky „10“. S. P. CoRTSEN (1932^: 59), navrhl etruský výraz jar jako číslovku „10“. Za její doklad považoval uvedené spojení v textu plátěné knihy cis saris (LL VIII. 1), které interpretoval jako další kalendářní datum.^ S tímto názorem se však nejednou polemizovalo (např. E. Goldmann 1934'**: 200 n., M. Durante 1965^: 315 n.). Neutěšený stav v otázce etruské číslovky „10“ lze ostatně dobře demonstrovat na diskusích z nedávné doby věnované tomuto tématu. Důkaz pro rovnost výrazu jar s číslovkou „10“ se pokusil mj. nabídnout H. Rix <1969®: 853 nn.), který chtěl podobu římské číslice X „10“ odvodit na základě akrofonního principu. Je totiž prokázáno,’ že na několika archaic kých nápisech jižní Etrurie bylo použito (místo zde obvyklé sigmy) západo- řecké chí - X - pro transkripci etruského sibilantu „s“. Dříve než však tato nezdařená inovace jihoetruské písařské školy ve Vejích opět vyšla z běžného užívání, tj. nejpozději v 6. stol. př. n. 1., muselo být podle Rixe toto písmeno po vzoru akrofonního principu při tvorbě řeckých číslic použito pro označe ní etruské číslovky jar „10“, takže vznikla římská číslice X. Tento výklad (a zároveň důkaz pro jar „10“) se však nezdá být příliš přesvědčivý.^ ‘ Tento článek je pokračováním článku uveřejněného pod týmž názvem v ZJKF (Auriga) 45, 2003, s. 25-34. ’ Zur etruskischen Sprachkunde, in: Symbolae Philologicae O.
Cretan Hieroglyphs Numerals: a Brief Information

Research & Reviews: Journal of Social Sciences www.rroij.com Cretan Hieroglyphs Numerals: A Brief Information Eka Ratna Acharya* Central Department of Education, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal *For Correspondence: Eka Ratna Acharya, Central Department of Education, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal, Tel: +97714331076; E-mail: [email protected] Received Date: Jan 02, 2018; Accepted Date: Feb 01, 2018; Published Date: Feb 09, 2018 Copyright: © 2018 Acharya ER et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Review Article ABSTRACT The term ‘hieroglyphs’ is mostly used in numeral notations. It is also related to languages, even though mathematics itself is a language. The Cretan Hieroglyphs script is one of the writing systems used on the Island of Crete between 2000-1650 BC. The symbols used in Cretan Hieroglyphs are found in many sources among them Phaistos disk is most popular. Cretan hieroglyphs were indigenous mathematical developments as the local writing systems. There may be the interrelationship among such notations or symbols of different civilizations. It was developed in the basis of culture, rituals, and indigenous practices distinctively. Similarly other local indigenous or antique phase’s hieroglyphs were found in different communities. We should care on such indigenous developments would be around in our surroundings too. Here the aim of this paper is to explore the development of Cretan Hieroglyphs numerals as the historical development in mathematical concern. The document analysis and historical approach is used here to conclude the theme of this paper.
Platonist V3 N6 1887

The Platonist. “Platonism is immortal because its principles are immortal in the Human Intellect and Heart.” The Esoteric doctrine of all religions and philosophies is identical. ETRUSCAN NOTES. Part III. THE DICE OF. TOSCANELLA. I. In the year 1847 a pair of ivory dice, marked not with pips but with the following words, MACH, Cl, ZAL, SA, THU, HUTH, were found in a tomb at Toscanella, the Etruscan Tuscania; and it has always been clear to every Etruscologist except Corssen (who attempted to combine the words into a sentence), that we have here the Etruscan numerals from 1 to 6. I am far from say ing that this meaning exhausts the signification of these mysterious words, and have pointed out (vide R. B. jr., The Religion and Mythology of the Aryans of Northern Europe, Appendix D. The Etruscans.) their curious ap parent connexion with the famous Ephesian Letters or Spells, which were engraven on the image of the great Hittite goddess known in common parlance as “Diana (Artemis) of the Ephesians” (cf. Acts, xix. 19; Hesychios and Souidas, in voc. Ephesia- Grammata; P l u t a r c h , Sympos. vii. 5). I would, however, here mainly consider their numeral value, and after a long and careful in vestigation, in which I have fully weighed the views of THE PLAT0N1ST. Ellis, Deecke, Pauli, and Canon Taylor, I have come to the conclusion that the theory of the last named writer is undoubtedly correct, i. e. that , Gi= 2, Zab= 3 , Sa= 4, Qu= 5 , a n d hu6=6: Pauli has proved be yond a doubt, as Sayce agrees, that these numerals are not Aryan (Indo-European), as Deecke would fain make out; Taylor has rightly connected them with the Tur anian languages of Northern Europe and Asia, and therefore we have only to go forward on the lines laid down in these Etruscan Notes, Part I (vide The Jan.
Literary Evidence for Roman Arithmetic with Fractions

Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Classical Studies: Faculty Publications and Other Works Faculty Publications 10-2001 Literary Evidence for Roman Arithmetic with Fractions David W. Maher John F. Makowski Loyola University Chicago, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/classicalstudies_facpubs Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Maher, DW, and Makowski, JF. "Literary evidence for Roman arithmetic with fractions" in Classical Philology 96(4), 2001. 376-399. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Classical Studies: Faculty Publications and Other Works by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. © University of Chicago Press, 2001. LITERARY EVIDENCE FOR ROMAN ARITHMETIC WITH FRACTIONS DAVID W. MAHER AND JOHN F. MAKOWSKI R OMAN ARITHMETIC IS A PERENNIALLY TROUBLING subject for both classicists and mathematicians.Scholars universally comment on the difficulty posed by Roman alphabetical notation both in expres- sing simple figures and in doing written calculations. For example, Lloyd Motz and Jefferson Weaver with exasperation ask, "How ... can anyone do any arithmetic with DCCCLXXXVIII, the Roman equivalent of 888?," and Florian Cajori concludes that the Romans must have resorted to the abacus in order to multiply a number like 723 (DCCXXIII) by 364 (CCCLXIV).' Yet our sources, literary and inscriptional, indicate that the Romans were capable of highly sophisticated calculations, and, of course, it is well rec- ognized that they had great facility with the abacus and with finger reck- oning.
Unique Perspectives in Etruscan Mythology — Concerning the Causes of the Trojan War

Unique perspectives in Etruscan mythology — concerning the causes of the Trojan War Updated 1.28.13 by Mel Copeland (From “Etruscan Phrases” (http://www.maravot.com/Etruscan_Phrases_a.html) The Etruscans were experts in telling their mythology through murals in their tombs, and the mirrors used by their gentry, sold throughout their known world, from the interior of France to the coasts of the Black Sea and North Africa. Etruscan mirrors were beautifully engraved, recalling details recorded in Greek mythology; however, the Etruscans had a unique view of certain stories, particularly those involving Helen of Troy, with many mirrors devoted to the Trojan War and its heroes. Murals in Etruscan tombs tended to show situations of the underworld, such as the appeal of the three- headed giant Geryon (Etr. Cervn) to the god of the underworld, Hades (Etr. AITA). Seated beside the god is the wife whom Hades abducted, Persephone (Etr. PHERSIPNEI), who is allowed to return to earth once a year, as a herald of the coming of spring. This mural from the Tomb of Orcos shows the three-headed giant Geryon (Etr. CERVN) appealing to AITA (Latin Pluto) on the complaint that Heracles (Etr. HERKLE) had stolen his cattle. The theft was the 10th Labor of Heracles. The names of the characters are important in this mural, particularly that of PHERSIPNEI. We note the suffix “EI” in her name that is also one of two suffixes used in Helen of Troy’s names (ELINAI and ELINEI). The common declension to ELINEI and PHERSIPNEI helps us understand the application of the “EI” suffix, since we can see CERVN is appealing to PHERSIPNEI.
ALPHABETUM Unicode Font for Ancient Scripts

(VERSION 14.00, March 2020) A UNICODE FONT FOR LINGUISTICS AND ANCIENT LANGUAGES: OLD ITALIC (Etruscan, Oscan, Umbrian, Picene, Messapic), OLD TURKIC, CLASSICAL & MEDIEVAL LATIN, ANCIENT GREEK, COPTIC, GOTHIC, LINEAR B, PHOENICIAN, ARAMAIC, HEBREW, SANSKRIT, RUNIC, OGHAM, MEROITIC, ANATOLIAN SCRIPTS (Lydian, Lycian, Carian, Phrygian and Sidetic), IBERIC, CELTIBERIC, OLD & MIDDLE ENGLISH, CYPRIOT, PHAISTOS DISC, ELYMAIC, CUNEIFORM SCRIPTS (Ugaritic and Old Persian), AVESTAN, PAHLAVI, PARTIAN, BRAHMI, KHAROSTHI, GLAGOLITIC, OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC, OLD PERMIC (ANBUR), HUNGARIAN RUNES and MEDIEVAL NORDIC (Old Norse and Old Icelandic). (It also includes characters for LATIN-based European languages, CYRILLIC-based languages, DEVANAGARI, BENGALI, HIRAGANA, KATAKANA, BOPOMOFO and I.P.A.) USER'S MANUAL ALPHABETUM homepage: http://guindo.pntic.mec.es/jmag0042/alphabet.html Juan-José Marcos Professor of Classics. Plasencia. Spain [email protected] 1 March 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. Intr oduc tion 3 2. Font installati on 3 3. Encod ing syst em 4 4. So ft ware req uiremen ts 5 5. Unicode co verage in ALP HAB ETUM 5 6. Prec ompo sed cha racters and co mbining diacriticals 6 7. Pri vate Use Ar ea 7 8. Classical Latin 8 9. Anc ient (po lytonic) Greek 12 10. Old & Midd le En glis h 16 11. I.P.A. Internati onal Phon etic Alph abet 17 12. Pub lishing cha racters 17 13. Mi sce llaneous ch aracters 17 14. Espe ran to 18 15. La tin-ba sed Eu ropean lan gua ges 19 16. Cyril lic-ba sed lan gua ges 21 17. Heb rew 22 18.
Margaret Mary Th6r£Se Watmough University College London Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for The

STUDIES IN THE ETRUSCAN LOANWORDS IN LATIN Margaret Mary Th6r£se Watmough University College London Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 1 ( LONI/INo) ProQuest Number: 10609130 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10609130 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT In the political and cultural relations between archaic Rome and Etruria the Etruscans were not the speakers of a 'dominant language'. Since Rome was not under Etruscan domination nor was there any prestige associated with the Etruscan language, the conditions under which large scale lexical borrowing takes place were absent. A recent survey of the whole field is reviewed and its results are found to be uncertain or ill-supported; in it the constraints of space preclude the detailed treatment of individual words which is necessary if the nature of the influence of Etruscan on the Latin lexicon is to be fully understood. This thesis deals with some specific problems in Etrusco- Latin interaction and in the Etruscan loanwords in Latin; a small number of words is treated in detail.
7.10 Old Italic Old Italic

European Alphabetic Scripts 7.10 Old Italic 7.10 Old Italic Michael Everson, John Jenkins, Dario de Judicibus, Deborah Anderson 2000-11-10 Old Italic: U+10300–U+1032F The Old Italic script unifies a number of related historical alphabets located on the Italian peninsula which were used for non-Indo-European languages (Etruscan and probably North Picene, which is likely not related to Etruscan), various Indo-European languages belonging to the Italic branch (Faliscan and members of the Sabellian group, including Oscan, Umbrian, and South Picene), and a separate Indo-European branch (Messapic). The ultimate source for the alphabets in ancient Italy is Euboean Greek used at Ischia and Cumae in the bay of Naples in the eighth century BCE. Unfortunately, no Greek abecedaries from southern Italy have survived. Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian, North Picene, and South Picene all derive from an Etruscan form of the alphabet. Strictly speaking, the Messapic alphabet was derived directly from Greek sources, not from an Etruscan prototype. But structural similarities in the Old Italic and early Greek alphabets as well as practical considerations of scholarly interest have suggested that Messapic should be unified with Old Italic, not with Greek. There are some 10,000 inscriptions in Etruscan. By the time of the earliest Etruscan inscriptions, ca. 700 BCE, local distinctions are already found in the use of the alphabet. Three major stylistic divisions are identified: the north, south, and Caere/Veii. Use of Etruscan can be divided into two stages, owing largely to the phonological changes that occurred: the “archaic Etruscan alphabet”, used from the seventh to the fifth centuries BCE, and the “neo-Etruscan alphabet”, used from the fourth to the first centuries BCE.
A Brief Introduction to Ancient Counting Systems for Non-Mathematicians

ancient counting systems * david cycleback 1 A Brief Introduction to Ancient Counting Systems for Non-Mathematicians by David Cycleback Hamerweit Books © 2014 David Rudd Cycleback ancient counting systems * david cycleback 2 Contents 1) Introduction 2) A brief history and overview of counting systems 3) Examples of historical counting systems 4) Examples of historical non 10-base systems 5) Non-written systems 6) Psychology and Numeral Systems ancient counting systems * david cycleback 3 (1) Introduction This booklet is a short introduction and beginner's guide to historical numeral systems, from the ancient Egyptians to modern computer code. This primer is intended for the non mathematician, so the reader can learn to read and understand numerals and do basic counting in several languages. The book does not go into advanced calculations. ancient counting systems * david cycleback 4 (2) A brief history and overview of counting and counting systems Number Sense: Pre-Counting Number sense is not counting, but a vague ability to identify changes in a small collection. Humans and several species of animals have number sense. If you make changes in amount to small groups, the animal with number sense can notice this. The animal can identify changes in amount even when unable to tell exactly how much has changed. It can tell that there is 'more' or 'less' than before. Many mammals and birds have small numbers of young, say three or four, and if you take away one or two of the young, the animal will notice. With larger numbers of young, a change often goes unnoticed. One reason not to take a baby or egg from a bird's nest is the mother may notice and leave the entire nest.
Aristonothos 16

ARISTONOTHOS RIVISTA DI STUDI SUL MEDITERRANEO ANTICO 16 (2020) Ledizioni ARISTONOTHOS – Rivista di studi sul Mediterraneo Antico Copyright @ 2020 Ledizioni Via Alamanni 11 - 20141 Milano Printed in Italy ISSN 2037 - 4488 https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/aristonothos Direzione Federica Cordano, Giovanna Bagnasco Gianni Comitato scientifico Teresa Alfieri Tonini, Carmine Ampolo, Pietrina Anello, Gilda Bartoloni, Maria Bonghi Jovino, Stéphane Bourdin, Maria Paola Castiglioni, Giovanni Questa rivista vuole celebrare il mare Mediterraneo e contribuire Colonna, Tim Cornell, Michele Faraguna, Elisabetta Govi, Michel Gras, a sviluppare temi, studi e immaginario che il cratere firmato dal Pier Giovanni Guzzo, Maurizio Harari, Nota Kourou, Jean-Luc Lamboley, greco Aristonothos ancora oggi evoca. Deposto nella tomba di Mario Lombardo, Annette Rathje, Cristopher Smith, Henri Tréziny un etrusco, racconta di storie e relazioni fra culture diverse che si svolgono in questo mare e sulle terre che unisce. Redazione Enrico Giovanelli, Stefano Struffolino In copertina: Il mare e il nome di Aristonothos. Le ‘o’ sono scritte come i cerchi puntati che compaiono sul cratere. Pubblicazione finanziata dal Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali dell’Università degli Studi di Milano. Finito di stampare nel giugno 2020 presso Infolio Digital Print srls - Sant'Egidio del Monte Albino (SA) ARISTONOTHOS – Rivista di studi sul Mediterraneo Antico Copyright @ 2020 Ledizioni Via Alamanni 11 - 20141 Milano Printed in Italy ISSN 2037 - 4488 https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/aristonothos
Lecture 19. Hindu-Arabic Numeral System

Lecture 19. Hindu-Arabic Numeral System The Roman numerals Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome. The Roman numeral system is a cousin of the Etruscan numerals, and the letters derive from earlier non-alphabetical symbols. The system was modiﬁed slightly during the Middle Ages to produce the system used today. The ﬁrst ten Roman numerals are I;II;III;IV;V;VI;VII;VIII;IX;X: Figure 19.1 Roman numerals In general, Roman numerals are written as combinations of the seven letters in the table below. The letters can be written as capital or lower-case letters. I = 1 C = 100 V = 5 D = 500 X = 10 M = 1000 L = 50 119 There is no zero in Roman numerals. For examples, XX = 20, CC = 200, DC = 500 + 100 = 600 If smaller numbers follow larger numbers, the numbers are added. If a smaller number precedes a larger number, the smaller number is subtracted from the larger. For example, if you want to say 1; 100 in Roman Numerals, you would say M for 1000 and then put a C after it for 100; in other words 1,100=MC in Roman Numerals. For examples: ∙ VIII = 5 + 3 = 8 ∙ IX = 10 − 1 = 9 ∙ XL = 50 − 10 = 40 ∙ XC = 100 − 10 = 90 ∙ MCMLXXXIV = 1000 + (1000 − 100) + 50 + 30 + (5 − 1) = 1984 How complicated to use Roman numerals ! Roman numerals are complicated. For examples, ∙ 327 = CCCXXVII ∙ 3888 = MMMDCCCLXXXV III If one wants to compute 4 × 235 =? ∙ Step 1. Use 4 times 200 to get 800, namely, IV multiplies CC to get CCCCCCCC. ∙ Step 2.