THE MELANESIANS. A.C Haddon

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A.C Haddon. THE MELANESIANS.: AN ETHNOLOGICAL STUDY OF WESTERN OCEANIA.. The London County Council. Southwood, Smith AND CO.„ pp.17, 1907. ￿halshs-00751432￿

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LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL. HORNIMAN MUSEUM, FOREST HILL, S.E.

THE MELANESIANS: AN ETHNOLOGICAL STUDY OF WESTERN OCEANIA.

SYLLABUS

OF A COURSE OF TEN LECTURES

BY ALFRED C. HADDON, M.A., Sc:D., F.R.S., University Lecturer in Ethnology, Cambridge.

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I ' ' ·THE MELANESIANS.

OF .. ~· ( AN ETHNOLOGICAL STUDY WESTERN OCEANIA.

Geography.-New Guinea, the la rger islands of the Bismarck l. DATES OF LECTURES. Archipelago and the Solomon Group, and New Caledonia arc old la nd masses; but nearly all the othet· isla nds of Melanesia are of ancient origin. Of these many are volcanic, such as the Northern New H ebrides and the Fiji Group, while the remainder January 19 The Melanesian Islands and their Inhabitants. are coral islands, like Santa Cruz, or composed of raised coral beaches, as Vate a nd Erroma nga a nd the Loyalty Islands, some­ January 26 Decoration, Clothing, Food. times with deep sea deposits, which prove elevation from con­ siderable depths. Hence the natives of purely coral islands are February 2 Houses, Canoes, Industries. dependent upon shell s with which to make their implements. February 9 Birth, Adolescence, Marriage, Death. Cllmate.-Speak ing generally the S.E. trade-wind blows February 16 ... Magic, Religion. from April to November, when it is repl aced by the N.\V. mon­ soon with variable wind a nd calms. The southern cyclones do February 23 ... Social Organisation. not reach the Solomons. In the Solomons no one -season is much March 2 Property, Inheritance. wetter or hotter than another, the a nnual range of temperature is from 75deg.-95deg., a nd average daily ra nge from 7qdeg.­ March 9 Government, Secret Societies. S8deg. New Caledonia has a drier a nd cooler climate. f•iji is hea lthy, humid on the ra iny side, but with no difference in tem­ March 16 Decorative Art. perature, the daily mean being 79deg. March 23 Human Migrations and Distribution of Culture in the West Pacific. Ve~etatlon.-Nor_thern a nd Wes_tern Mela nesia with &'enerally luxunant vegetatiOn, usually wtth dense forests, whtch also occur on the mountains of New Caledonia a nd on the south-east of Fiji. The Southern New H ebrides and Loyalty Islands are comparatively sterile. .t\n almost absolute lack of useful pla nts in New Caledonia. Anlmals.- With exception of bats, rats, only indigenous n~a mm a l is the cuscus (Pha langer), which is common on Solo­ mons and to the west, but does not occur further south. Dog, pig and fowls, probably introduced by na ti ves before visits by Europeans. Cassowaries in New Guinea, New Britain, and Dulbetel is chewed, and a depostt may make the mctsors terised, as a whole, by being woolly-haired (Ulotrichi), dark­ appear enormous ; upper incisors of women l'nocked out. in places skinned, somewhat short, narrow-headed (dolichocephalic) people. in New H ebrides and New Caledonia; but amputatiOn of a The hair is uniformly black a nd long, everywhere it grows in phala nge no longer practised in latter island. Circumcision occurs small spira ls, but in many places curly, wavy, a nd even straight, in various places. The head is but rarely artificially deformed ; hair may be found; hair may be abundant or scarce on face. in \Vest T orres Straits the infants' skull often shortened by The skin is very rarely black, generally of a chocolate colour , manual pressure ; the head in South ·l\Ialekula is greatly elon­ copper-coloured individua ls in pl aces. Stature of men ranges gated by very tight bandages when child a few days old, these from I.SO-I.78m. (4ft. pin. to sft. . w in.), the predominating an~ retained for years. Deformation of infants' heads also occurs heights are from 1. 56m. (sft. 1Mn .) to 1.6m. (sft. 3in.); there in l\Iae (near to Malekula) and in interior of Fiji. is no satisfactory evidence of an existing or previous pigmy race. Cephalic index (in living) ranges from 67 to 85, eve ~y­ Personal Decoration.-Every portion of the body is decorated where dolichocephaly prevails, but broad-headed (brachycephalic) in various ways with shells, teeth, feathers, leaves, flowers, and people occur in many places, and may, locally predominate. Form other obj ects, and bands are plaited to ornament the neck, trunk, of nose variable, sometimes aquiline, sometimes fla ttened ; broad and limbs. Especially characteristic of Melanesia are. sh~ll neck­ at nostrils. Lips, variable, often somewhat ·thick, but not everted. laces which constitute a kind of currency, a nd arttfictally de­ The skull is usually dolichocephalic, hypistenocephalic, prog­ f crm~d boars' tusks. Face and body painting is common for nathic, chamceprosopic, platyrrhine, megadont; with prominent da nce occasions. Scented leaves are constantly worn. glabella a nd superciliary a rches, and flat forehead. Clothlng.- The men go nude in parts of \ Vestern British New Psychology,:__Taken as a whole the Melanesians .are a noisy, Guinea, most of the Bismarck Archipelago and Banks Islands. excitable, demonstrative, affectionate, oheery, passionate people. A wrapper is worn in the New Hebrides and in North~rn New The Jlatives of New Britain are not lazy, their innate industry Caledonia. Throughout the greater part of New Gutnea and shines forth when life and property become in any degree safe ; the Solomons the men wear a perineal band, which is sometimes nowhere else has n:toney (di7vara, shell-money) so powerful an very narrow. In Santa Cruz, Aoba, a nd Aragh the men are influence on savage life and custom; this makes them. hard­ amply clad. Almost everywhere the women wear a lo_?ger or hearted and intensely selfish (Danks}. The Solomon Islanders shorter petticoat made . of finely-shredded .leaves, but 111. S.E. had an early reputation for ferocity and treachery, but towards Solomons and Banks I slands only a band wtth tufts and fnnges. later travell ers they exhibit a sense of honour a nd affection Plaited sunshades a re worn by. men in parts of New Guinea .(G uppy); their character for ferocity a nd, treachery, etc., is un­ and the Solomons; women wear conical caps in Nowan (N. justifi ed, the fa ult being generally with the aggressive. white New Ireland), pandanus-leaf head-shades in S. New Ireland and .ma n, though, as everywhere else ill-disposed individuals covetous Nissan, and head-mats in Santa Cruz. of the goods of the white man will make attacks on him (Parkin­ scn). Not courageous (except natives of Buka and Bougain­ Collection and Preparation of Food.-Natives could not be ville) but will -at times fi ght well under cover. As workers and hunters everywhere as in most islands there is no game, seryants mainly true a nd trustworthy, not. very intelligent, aJ)d nor could they be pastors anywhere as there are no cattle, the need at first much instruction . Often very honest. A native only resources are fi shing an? agricultu.re; A few peo~les . are rarely refuses a nything that is asked. The women are generally simple collectors of food wtth the mmtmum of culttvatLOn, well t reated. Indifference often shown to sick persons and equally few are hunte rs. Almost all d epe r~ d for their sustenance inYalids and the dying may be left to die (Guppy). In Aneiteum on agriculture. In some parts of New Gumea and \V. Solomons (New Hebrides) the sin most severely punished in next worl.d the sago palm is of .great i~por ta n ce . Coc~mut palms g~ow was sting iness in g iving away food, the greatest virtue IS mainly on the shore m most 1slands. Cananum nuts are Im- generous .hospitality (lng lls a nd lVIurray). portant. The main crops. are various k i!lds of bana nas, numerous ki nds of yams, bread-fru1t, taro (Caladlltm} a.nd sweet potatoes. Deformation.-The darker coloured natives decorate their· Irrigation is conducted in Banks Isla nds, . Ma two (Aurora), New skin by cicatrices and cheloids, the skin is .abraded. or cut and an Caledonia, and Fiji. The yam t~kes h1ghest place as stap~e irritant is frequently introduced, but no ptgment IS used. T rue food, though in some places taro 1s mo!e grown. Bread-frutt tattooing is employed spora?ically 31nd is common am?ng some of is

4 5 1s universal, and in many places fi sh are shot with bows and Plaltwork.- All Melanesians are mat and basket makers, but arrows. Fishing by means of a kite occurs in the Trobriands mats made of strips of leaves fastened together in some places, (British New Guinea), the Solomons and Santa Cruz. Hand­ mats sometimes decorated with red dye in New Hebrides ; mats nets and long seines are employed sporadically, as are also small used for clothing in Nitendi a nd Aoba. At Nissan, arm-bands or large fi sh traps or weir baskets, those of New Britain being made by a kind of bow, a process intermediate. between that of especially large. ,In places fi sh are stupefied with bruised plants. plaiting and weaving. In Santa Cruz a lone I S found a loom Food is cooked in the earth-oven everywhere; stone-boiling is with which beautiful mats a re woven; but old dancing costume very widely known, boiling in clay pots is local, sometimes large in Banks Isla nds, the art of which is now lost, resembles that of shells are employed for boiling. \Vooden vessels for preparing Santa Cruz mats. \Veaving probably occurs in San Matthias and cooking food commonly distributed, and are of large si7- e (Parkinson). A loom is used in Leueneuwa , but ·these people arc in the Admiralties a nd especially in the Solomons. A wooden Polynesians with a strong Micronesia n admixture. pestle and mortar is found in some of the Solomon Islands. Pottery is made in a few places in New Guinea; Admiral­ Narcotics and Stimulants.- Tobacco was introduced into Java ties ; Buka, Bougainville, Short!and Islands, Mono; N. E·spiritu in x6o1 A.D., and thence penetrated into \V. Pacific, probably Santo, and f01·merly in Aoba, N. Malekula, Shepherd Group, a~d independently of the influence of white traders, its use has re• V a te; New Caledonia, and Fiji. The coiled method occurs 111 Gently spread to the south-east of New Guinea, it extends over Teste Island (New Guinea) and in New Caledonia. the Solomons, but only recently introduced in some islands and in the Banks Isla nds and New Hebrides anrl New Caledonia. Wenpons.- Bows and arrows occur in New Guinea (except Betel chewing, with the areca nut, leaf or flowerspikes of -tJlC S.E. end), Solomons (especially N.W., less to S.E.), Santa pepper tree (Piper betel) and lime, extends .from the Admiral~1es Cruz, Torres Islands, Banks Islands, New H ebrides, known. but to Santa Cruz and in many parts of New Gumea. Kava, chewmg not. used in New Caledonia. ,Spears in parts of New Gumea, of the 'root of Piper methysticum, is established in Fiji and the Admiralties (lances with obsidian points), Bismarck Archipelago, New Hebrides, out is a novelty in some of the Banks I slands ; Solomons, practically unknown for war in Banks Islands, New it occurs in one or two places in New Guinea. No intoxicating Hebrides, New Caledollia. Javelins or spears are thrown by liquor is made. means of a . throw-stick in \V. Torres. Straits (introduced from N. Queensland) a nd part of German New Guinea, and by a Houses.- The typical Me l anesi~n . house has a roof ?f thong or becket in Vate, Tanna, Aneiteum, New Caledonia, and bamboo bent over a ridge pole wh1ch ts s upport~d b~ two mam as a toy in Delena (British New Guinea). Wooden clubs (and posts, very low side walls, and the ends filled 111 w1th ba~~boo spears) absent only in Santa Cruz. Stone-headed clubs in .New s·crecns. The gamal, or club-house, has the same construction, Guinea a nd New Hebrides. Slings in parts of New Gumea , but is larger and hig her, with an open.ing in the. si?es as well New Britain, New Ireland, and general (but not common) in as at the ends. Pile-houses are found 111 New Bntam, some of Solomons, Banks Islands, and New Caledonia. Shields in the Solomons a nd in New Guinea, where they are sometimes in many parts of New Guinea, New Britain, Solomons (S.E. espe-, the sea. Tree-houses and forts in S.E. New Guinea, Karkar, cially). S .. New Ireland, and Ysabel. Circular houses in E. Torres Straits, Nitendi (Santa Cruz), som~ New Heb'r!des, Ne\': Cale­ Blrth.-Ceremonies at birth rare ; in Malaita and Malekula, donia and Loyalty Islands, a nd f?r villag.e dr.ums 111. San Cn stova!. a feast when a child a few days old, in Aoba father scatters toy Oval or semi-circular houses 111 Admiralties, Bismarck Archi­ bows or mats on beach a fter ten days, a nd in Aragh he gives pelago and Vanikoro. Stone-houses in Ga ua (Banks Isla nds). presents to wife's relations. One of twins is killed in New Guinea, .New Britain, Nissan, a nd Malekula. Twins a ppreciated at F lorida, Mala ita, Valua and Aoba.. Traces of couvade at Saa Canoes.- Hollow tree trunk with plank g unwale general. (Ma laita), San Cristoval, New Hebrides and Fiji. Abortion and In Siara district (New Ireland), built up of three or four infa nticide very general, thus in Ugi two-thirds of the men have cornered pieces o'f wood sewn together a nd caulked,. a nd no out­ been brought from San Cristoval. rigger. Plank-built in Solomons. .Absence of Ol~tngge r c_harac­ tcristic of Solomons. Sing le outngger float With two thwart poles in pa rts of the Bisma rck ~\rchip elago. . Single outrigger .Adolescenc!!.- Important secret initiation ceremonies fo r lads float with several thwart poles, Bismarck Archipelago (generally), in the bush or in a special house in various parts of New Guinea, Santa Cruz, New H ebrides, New Caledonia, Fiji. Douple out­ New Britain, Bougainville, Malaita, U lawa, Ma lekula ; circum­ rigger fl oats T on·es St~a i t~ , parts . of N. New Guinea, Nissan cision a t this peri od or earlier, locally in New Guinea, New and occasionally Boug-amville Stra1ts. Double canoe parts of Britain, unive rsal in New Hebrides and New Caledonia, absent British New Guinea, New Caledonia, Loyalty Islands, Fiji. in Nissan and Loyalty Islands. Girls of the better class il'l

6 7 .New.. Ir.ela nd a re confi ned for several years in cages in special Ueligion.- From the Solomons to the New Hebrides (a nd houses m the dark and not allowed to touch the ground, a modi­ perhaps elsewhere) the native mind is entirely possessed by belief fi ed • form on west side of isla nd; seclusion in the dark among in a supernatural power or influence, called almost universally Kabadi and Nara (British New Guinea) and W. Torres· Stra its. maua; this is wha t works to effect everything which is beyond the ordinary power of ma n or outside the common processes of Pe ~iod of license for g irls in Rubiana, Vella la vella to San .Cnstoval; Boys and girls scarified or tattooed at puberty in nature ; but this power, thoug h in itself impersonal, is always connected with some person who directs it; all spirits have it, ·New Gum:a, So l on~on s . Up~er incisors of g irls knocked out ghosts generally, some men (Codrington). Animism does not when marnageable 111 N. Espmtu San to a nd in south and centre of Malekula. exist, the sea or forest does not possess its own soul, but is haunted nage by purchase practically umversal. Reluctance is shown not every ghost becomes a n object of regard. The ghost who is to be worshipped is the spirit of a man who in his li fetime h ad ~y the bride in Bisma.rck Archipelago a nd New H ebrides. Fight­ mg between the parties of relations in Torrcs Straits Bism arck maua. Hero cults occur in Torres Straits. Good or evil spirits Archipelago and Aragh. Polygamy occurs if man ca'n afford it. apparently independent of ancestors a re found practically every­ Adultery always severely punished. Divorce is easy except in where. In the Solomons more attention is paid to ghosts with a greater Nissan. Levirate obtains in Solomons (except Buka and N. Bougainville) Banks, New Hebrides (except Malekula), New Cale­ development of sacrifice, offerings of food, burnt as well as eaten (associated with these is an advance in the a rts of life). I n the donia. Intermarriage with relations is forbidden but in Tanna southern groups more attention is paid to spirits, food and more children of brother and sister may ma rry. ' especially money is offered to them, but not burnt or eaten, a nd Death and Burial.- The methods of disposal of the dead generally offered at stones sacred to spirits. Various fish, reptiles vary from g roup ·to g roup and from island to island· in most, and birds are regarded in most places. Regard paid to the moon distinct forms a re used for chiefs and commoners, 'and often in Erromanga, Tanna, Aneiteum. There are no priests, but a man who knows .how to perform v~ry for sex and age. I nhumation occurs everywhere, but in Guadalca':'ar and Aneiteum it is reserved for chiefs only. magic or approach object of worship sometimes sacrifices for all. · N.. There are no idols. Everywhere is life a fter death believed· in. Bunal at sea 1s very common among a coast population of various islands in Bismarck Archipelago, Solomons, and New H ebrides. Exposure on rocks, in caves, trees or platforms very generally Sociology.-A division of the community into two exogamous distributed. Burial in canoes in Bismarck Archipelago, New groups is very w idely spread, no intermarriage being permitted H ebrides and New Caledonia. In Bougainville Straits dis­ within the g roup. Mother-right is very prevalent, descent and t ing uished men a re burned, or buried in a cairn of stones while inherita nce being counted on the mother's side, or a man 's pro­ commoners a re thrown in the sea; at Saa (Mala ita) and' Santa perty descends to his sister's children; but the mother is in no ~nna chiefs placed in effigies of fi sh. Burial in or under house way the head of the family, the house is the father's, the garden m. some parts of New Guinea, New Brita in, Tanna. JVIummifi­ may be his, t he rule and government are his, though the maternal cation E. Torres S traits and New Caledonia, and traces in Am­ uncle sometimes has more authority tha n the father. The transi­ ~ rym and l\faleku!a. Burial alive of the aged and incompetent tion to father-right has defini tely occurred in various places and I S more prevalent m the New H ebrides than in the other groups. is taking pl ace elsewhere, thus in some of the New Hebrides the Ceremonies connected with death are more common in New father has to buy off the rig hts of his wife's relations or his Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago and Solomons than further south. sister 's children. The classifi catory system of re'!ationship terms Property is frequently destroyed at dea th. probably very generally prevails. T otemism has marked socialis­ ing effects, as totemic solidarity takes precedence of all other . . Magic.-Magical practices occur everywhere for the gain­ considerations. Almost everywhere in a village is there one mg of b~nefits , plenteous crops, good fi shing , fine weather, rain, (often two, sometimes more) building of a public character where success 111 . love,, a nd the procuring of children. Harmful mag ic men eat a nd spend their time, young men sleep there, and strangers are entertained, in the Solomons these a re also canoe­ for produc1':'g s1ckness and death is universal. Contage0us and hom~path1c methods are employed as well as solitary and socia l · houses ; frequently they contain images, and women are excluded. m:ag1c. In the Banks Islands and New H ebrides there are club houses,

8 9 the members of which are of many strictly marked grades, pro­ and with them a re . frequently associa ted· aweso(lle ceremon~es motion being by payment, each rank has its insig nia, sometimes with masked performers and implements that produce we1fd human effigies, which are usually, but wrongly, spoken of as sounds. " idols." Other socialising factors are feasts, dances, markets HIJmao Mlgr!ltioos and Distribution of ~u!ture in Melan~sla.:- . and money. A code of conduct of high ethical value is taug ht The Mela nesians constitute a well characterised group read1Iy· to youths by their maternal uncles in Torres Straits, probably distinguished from Australia ns, Polynesians, Micronisians, and something similar occurs elsewhere. the inhabitants of the East Indian Archipelago. The effect of the Australians on Melanesia may. be ignored, having a!Tected Property.-Land belongs to the community, but varying only the w. Torres Straits islanders. The Melanesians are C?ast degrees of ownership accrue to those who cultivate certain por­ voyagers, and not wanderers over the high seas like thei_r nel~h­ tions. The rights of a chief rarely differ from those of other men. bours to the north and east. An examination of accidental dnft­ Property in trees is independent of ownership of land. ings in the area shows that 86 per cent. were E.~l . or \V.E., while There appears upon the whole a remarkable tendency through­ 14 per cent. were N.S. Qr S .N., most of the latter being within out these islands towards the substitution of a man's own isla nd g roups. Practically all the ocean curre~ts s~t f~om E1. children for his sister's children and others of his kin, in succes­ to W., therefore all N. and S. driftings must be due to storms.· sion to his property; a nd this appears to begin where the property The S.E . trades prevail from April to November; and t!1e N.W .. is the produce of the man's own industry, with the assistance monsoons. from December to March. Thus 'is explamed the' in most cases of his sons, as in gardens newly cleared from the preponderance of Polynesian influence in Melan.esia affecting, forest, in his money, his pigs, and his canoe. alike the physical cha racter of th~ people a nd the1r cult';lre,, ~mt' allowance must be made for the possible effects of the m!grat10n Currency.-All personal ornaments most in vogue have a of the Polynesians from the E. Indian Archipelago through Melan­ certain relative value. There are also products of industry made esia to the S. Pacific about the fourth century A.D. The·.Papuansr for the single purpose of excha nge, e.g., mat, feather, and shell represent the oldest stratum of Melanesian populatwn, th~ money. Shell currency occurs in New Guinea, Admiralties, Bis­ Melanesians are modified from without. marck Archipelago, Solomons, Banks, S. New Hebrides a nd New Caledonia. Mat money in N. New Hebrides and formerly in Torres Isla nds. Feather money in Santa Cruz and Gaua a nd 1\ferlav (Banks I slands). Fur money i11 New Caledonia and Loyalty l slands. Teeth currency in Solomons, especially N. vV. 'I Arrows and boars' tusks were currency in Torres Islands, and pigs in Ambrym.

Government.- Probably everywhere public affairs are regu­ lated by discussion among the old or important men, the more primitive the society the more important this is. Chiefs exist everywhere though with variable powers, which mainly depend upon their own character, but in many places their influence is attributed to their maua. Hereditary chieftainship in direct line rarely occurs, though it is often retained in the family. Every villa~e his its own chief who alone rules, but weaker chiefs join 111 offensive and defensive alliance, and powerful chiefs some­ times force weaker ones into vassalship. Power of secret societies tends to obscure that of chiefs. Practically no organisation for l'edressing wrong or punishing the g uilty, hence private qua rrels are personal a ffa irs and public opinion stops them only when they become acute.

Secret Societies.-The growth of the power of secret societies forms a means for the coercion and chastisement of objectionable persons, but they are often terrorising and black-mailing institu­ tions. Secret societies occur in New Guinea (except S.E. penin­ sula) and New Britain, and from Torres Isla nds to New Caledonia,

10 RoMILLY (H. H.).- The \Veste.rn Pacific and New Guinea. Loncloq Some of the Books and Papers in the Horniman I 886: . v· h Library Which relate to the Melanesians. SMITH (S. P.).-Hawaiki: The Original Hom~ or. the Mao.n. ·" tt a Sketch of Polynesian· History. Second Eclthon. Chnstchurch, ABBREVIATIONS. N.Z., etc., 1904. . G.J.-The Geographical J ournal. London (Royal Geographical WAKE (C. S.).-The Papuans and the Polynes1ans. J.A.T., 1883 , pp. Society), 1893. etc. 197-222. 1111. Arch. f. Etlm.-Internationale!> Archiv fHr Ethnographic. Leiden, WH1TMEE (S. J.).-The Ethnology of Polynesia. [Malaysia, Melan- 11!88, etc. esia, Micronesia, Polynesia.] J.A .I., I 879, pp. 261-275. and J.A.I.-The J ournal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Ethnographical Map of the Pactfic IslandR. . Britain and Ireland. London, 1872, etc. -- A Revised Nomenclature of the Inter-Oceam c Races of Men. Proc. R.G.S.-Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society. New ].A.I., 1879, pp. 360-369. Monthly Series. London , 1879-1892. r 4 vols. Nnw GuiNEA. . ETHNOGRAPHY. BEARDMORE (E.).- The Natives of Mowat, Daudai, New Gumea. [With Notes by A. C. Haddon.] J.A.T .. I890, pp. 459-473· ALLEN (F. A.).-The Original Range of the Papuan and Negritto CHALMERS (].).-Notes on the Bugilai, British New Guinea. ] .A .I., Races. j .A .I., I 879. pp. 38-50. 1903, pp. 108-116. . . · . BRENCHLEY {]. L .).- Jottings during the Cruise of H.M.S. Curafoa -- Notes on the Natives of Ktwat Island, Fly R tver, British New among the South Sea Islands in 1865. London, I 873 · Guinea. ].A.I., 1903, pp. II7-124. . BRIDGE (C. ). -Cruises in Melanesia, Micronesia and Western Poly­ CoMRIE (P.).-Anthropological Notes on New Gumea. J.A.l., 1877, nesia, in 1882, 1883 and 1884, and Visits to New Guinea and the pp. ro2-II9, PI. r. . . . Louisiades in 1884 and 1885. Proc. R . G.~ .• 1886, pp. 545-567. EARL (G. W .).-The Native Races of the Indtan Archtpela~o · Map. Papuans. London, 1853. . . _ ·. BROWN (G.).-Papuans a nd Polynesians. ].A.I., 1887, pp. 3II-327. FRANKS (A. W.).-On SignorS. M. D'Albertis' Travels ml\ew Gumea. CoDRINGTON (R. H .).-On the Languages of Melanesia. ].A.!., J.A.I., 1877, pp. 214-223. I R 1 1885, pp. 31-43. · · GILL (W. vV.).-Three Visits to New Guinea. J ourllal ·oj t 1e oya -- The Melanesiaus : Studies in their Anthropology and Folk­ Geographical S ociety, 1874, PP· 15-30. Lore. Oxford, 1891. GRAY {].)- Measurements of Papuan Skulls. J.A .l., 1901, PP· DAvrs {]. B.).-A few Notes upon the Hair and some other peculi­ 261-264. W · 1 a rities of Oceanic Races. ].A .I., I 873, pp. 95-I04. GursE (R. E.).-On t he Tribes inhabiting the mouth of the amge a GurLIEMARD (F. H. H.).-Malaysia and the Pacific Archipelagoes. River, New Guinea. J.A.I .. 1898-I&99. PP· 205-2~9· London, 1894. (Stanford's Compendium of Geography and HADDON (A. C.).- The Ethnography of the Western· Tr~be of Torres Travel, New Issue : Australasia. Vol. ll. )· Straits. J.A.I., 1890. pp. 297-440. ~ 1. 7-ro. • H ADDON (A. C.).-A P lea for t he Investigation of Biological a nd -- The Tugeri H ead-Hunters of New ·Gumea. Int. Arch./. Ethn., Anthropological Distributions in Melanesia. G.]., 1906 (2), I89I, pp. 177-18!. PI. rs. . . . PP· 155-163. -- Studies in t he Anthropogeography of Bnttsh New Gumea. J uKES {]. B.).-Narrative of the Surveying Voyage of H.M.S. Fly .. G.] ., 1900 (2), pp. 265-291 ; 414- 441. in Torres Strait, New Guinea and other Islands of the Eastern -- Head-Hunters; · Black,' White, and Brown.. London, I90l. . Archipelago, during the years 1842-1846 . . London, 1847. 2 vols. HADDON (A. C.), Editor. Reports of the Cambndge · Anthropologtca~ l{EANE (A. H.).-Ethnology. Cambrirlge, 1901. Expedition to Torres Straits. Cambndge, 1901 , etc. In pro Melanesians-Paf>uans, pp. 281-289. -- Man, Past a nd Present. Cambridge, 1900. Vogressl. . II. Phys.iology and PsychoI ogy . . (P. ar t s I · and Il.) , Papuasians, pp. 129-145· Vol. v . ·Sociology, Magic and Reltgton of the Western MACG1LLIVRAY {].).- Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake . . Islanders. G If during the years 1846-1850, including Discoveries and Surveys Houms {]. H.).-Notes on the Elema Tribes of the Papuan u · in New Guinea, the Louisiade Archipelago, etc. London, 1852. J.A .I., I ?03, pp. I 2 S-I 34· d T 2 vols . HuNT (A. E .).-Ethnographical Notes on the Murray Islan s, orres RANKEN ( W. L.).-South Sea Islanders. J.A.I., 1877, pp. 223-244. Straits. ].A.l., I898-I899,pp. S-19· . d RATZEL (F.).- The History of Mankind. Translated .. by A. J. LAWES (W. G.).-Ethnologica~ Notes on the Motu, K01tapu an Butler, with Introduction by E 13. Tylor. London, 1896- Koiari Tribes of New Gumea. J .A .I., 1879. PP·. 369-377· 189&. 3 vols. - - Notes on New Guinea a nd its Inhabitants. Proc. R .G.S., 1 88 o, The Races of Oceanea. Vol. I., pp. 145-330. PP 6o2-6I6. . . l I t o RECLUS (E.).-The Earth and its Inhabitants : the Universal Geo­ L1NDT (J. W.).-Picturesque New Guinea. vVith a n I-Ilston :a n r - graphy. [Translation.] London, I87 5-1894. duction and supplementary chapters on the Manners and Cus­ New Guinea and Adjacent Islands (Papuasia); ilfelauesia. Vol. toms of the Papuans . .. London , 1887. X I V., pp. 293-351. 13 12 SO~!ERVILLE (B. T.).- Ethnographical Notes in New Georgia, Solo·mon MoRESBY (}.).- Discoveries in Eastern New .~u i nea, by Captain Islands. ].A.l., 1897, pp. 357-412. PI. 35-37· Moresby and the Offtcers of H.l\L S. Bas~ltsk. journal of the WoooFORD (C. M.).-A Naturalist among the Head-Hunters :Three · Royal Geographical So~iety, ~875, ~P· 153--;-170 .. Map. Visits to the Solomon Islands, in 1886, 1887, and I 888. PARKINSON (R.).- Die B~rlmhafen -Secbon. E m Bettrag zur Ethno­ London, 1890. graphic cler Neu-Gumea-Kuste. Int. Arch. f. Ellm., I900, PP.· -- Exploration of the Solomon Islands. Proc. R.G.S., I888, pp. 18-54· PI. I S-22. 351-376. Map. PRATT (A. E.).- Two Years among Ne~. Guinea Cannibals. ~ -- F urther Explorations in the Solomon I slands. Proc. R.G.S., Naturalist's Sojourn among the Ab~mgmes of. Unexplored New I 890, pp. 393-418. Map. Guinea. \Vith notes and observations by Ius son, H . Pratt. -- Notes on Leueneuwa, or Lord Howc's Group. Man, I906, London, I 906. · pp. 133-135· RAY (S. H.).- The Languages of British New Guinea. J.A.l., i895, pp. I S-39· Map. NEW HEBRIDES. ScHMELTZ (J. D. E.).- Beitriige zur Ethnographic von Neu-Guinea. BusK (G.).-Notes on a Collection of Skulls from the Islands of Malli­ Int. Arch. f. Et/m., 1895, pp. 153- 169; 238-244. PI. 15-16. collo and Vanikoro, in the New Hebrides Group. ] ,A.l ., I 877, 1896, PP· 113- 129. Pl. 7-9· 1903- 1904· pp. 194-244· Pl. II-I6. pp. 200-209. PI. 9-I2. SELIGMANN (C. G.).-Notes on the T ugere Tribe, Netherlands New FLOWER (Sir \V. H.).-On a Collection of Monumental Heads and Guinea. Man, IJ06, pp. 65-67. Pl. E. artificially deformed Crania, from the Island of Mallicollo in the .,- and \V. M. STRONG. Anthropogeographical I nvestigations in New Hebrides. ].A.l., I 882, pp. 75-81. PI. 6 . . British New Guinea. G.]., I9<)6 (r), pp. 225-242; 347-369. Map. GooDENOUGH ( ). - [On the Natives of Mallicollo and Vanikoro.] THOMAS (0.).-Account of a Collection of Human Skulls from Torres j.A.l., I87J, pp. 335-338. Straits. ] .A .I., I 885, pp. 323- 343· PI. I4-I 5· GRAY (\V.).-Some Notes on the 'lannese. Int. Arch. f. Etlm., 1894, pp. 227-241. PI. 21. NEW BRITAIN (BISMARCK) AND ADMIRALTY ARCHIPELAGOES. -- Notes on the Natives of Tanua. j .A.J., 1898-1899. pp. 127- DANNEIL (C.).- Die ersten Nachrichten iiber die Inselgruppe St. 132. PI. I !. Matthias und deren Bewohner. lnt. Arch. f. Et/m., I9(1 I , pp. RAY (S. H.).-Sketch of Api Grammar (New Hebrides). J .A.l., I I I- I27, PI. 9-10. I889, pp. 295-303. DuFFIELD (A. J .).- On the Natives of New Ireland. j .A.l., I886, SOMERVILLE (B. T.).-Notes on some Islands of the New Hebrides. pp. II4- I2 1. j.A.l., I894, pp. 2-2I; 363-395. PI. 1-2. KARUTZ ( ).- Zur Ethnographic der Matty-Insel. Int. Arch. f . FIJI ISLANDS. Et/m., 1899, pp. 2Ill-223. PI. 8-9. ALLARDYCE (W. L.).-The Fijians in Peace and War. Man, 1904, -- Weitere Bemerkungen zur E thnographic der Matty-Insel. PP· 69-73- Int. Arch. f. Et/m., 1900, pp. 2I7-223. D uCK WORTII (\V. L . H.) ancl A. E. TAYLOR.-The Craniology of the LuscHAN (F. VON).- Zur Ethnographic der Matty-I nsel. llzt. Arch. Native~ of Rotuma. J.A.I., I!,)02, pp. 432-444. PI. 42-43. f. Etlm., I895, pp. 4I-56. P I. 5-7. FLOWER ( S~r W. H.).- On the Cramal Characters of the Natives of -- Neue Beitrage zur Ethnographic der 1\fatty-Insel. Int. Arch. the Fiji Islands. j.A.I., r88 I, pp. IS3-I74· PI. I2-I4. f. Etlm., 1899, pp. 121- 129. GARDINER (J. S.).-The Natives of Rotuma. ] .A.I., I898,' pp. l\loSELEY (H. N.).- On the I nhabitants of the Admiralty Islands, 396-435 ; 457-524. P I. 25 a nd 28. etc. j .A.l., 1877, pp. 379- 429. P I. 20-23. WILLIAMS (T.) a nd J. CALVERT. - Fiji and the Fijians. London, 1858. PARKINSON (R.).- Beitrage zur E thnographic derMatty- und Durour ­ 2 vols. I nseln. hzt. Arch./. Et/m. , 1896, pp. 195-203. P,. IS · ETHNOLOGY. PARTINGTON (J. EDGE-).-The Ethnography of Matty Island. j .A .I., BALFOUR (H.).--On the Evolution of a Ch3.racteristic Pattern on 1896, pp. 288-295. PI. 22-24. the Shafts of Arrows from t he Solomon I slands. j.A.I., x888, PoWELL (W.).-\Vanderings in a Wild Country; or, T hree Years pp. 328-332. PI. 7· amongst the Cannibals of New Britain. London, 1883. -- Memorial Heads in the Pitt-Rivers Museum. ll1a11, 190I, RAY (S. H.).-Note on the People a nd Languages of New .Ireland pp. 65-66. PI. E. and Admiralty Islands. (From letters of the Rev. R. H . -- A Double-headed Club from the Fijian Islands. 1l1au, 1905, R ickard.) j .A.l., I892, pp. 3-13. P· !7. PI. B. WoHLBOLD (H.).-Beitrag zur Kenntnis dcr Ethnographic dcr Matty· -- Bird and Human Designs from the Solomon Islands, illustra­ I nsel. ['Ill. Arch. f. Eth'11., 1898, pp. 41-51. PI. 5-7. ting the influence of one design over another. Man, I905, pp. 81-83. PI. F. SOLOMON ISLANDS. BucKLAND (A. W.).-On Tattooing. ].A.l., 1888, pp. 318-328. Map. ELTON (F.).- Notes on Natives of the Solomon I slands. j.A .l., CooRINGTON (R. H. ).- Religious Beliefs and Practices in Melanesia. !888, pp. 90-99· j.A.l., 188I, pp. 261-3I6,with l\1apofMelanesia. GuPPY (H. B.).-On the Physical Characters of the Solomon Islanders. --On Social Regulations in Melanesia . J.A.I., I889, pp. 306-3I3. j.A.I., 1886, pp. 266- 285. On Poisoned Arrows in Melanesia. ].A .I., I 890, pp. 215-219. The Solomon Islands and their Natives. London, 1887.

I ~ -- The Melanesians. Oxford, 1891. -- Introductory Notes to a s tudy of the Tolemism of Ll..te Elema Social Regulations. Divisions of the People. K inship and .. Tribes, Papuan Gulf. Man, I905, pp. 2-6; I7-20. jlfarriage Comtexion-Social Regulations. Chiefs-Property and HuGEL (Baron A. voN).-Decorated Shields from the Solomon Islands. b theritmtce-Secret Societies and Mysteries-Societ-ies. Clubs­ Ma~ . 1906, p . 33· PI. C. R eligi m-Sacrifices-P rayers-Spirits-Sacred Places and things ] ENN~NGS (].).-Notes on the Exhibition of an Ethnological Collec­ - Magic-Possession. I nterco 11rse with Ghosts-Birth. Childhood. h on from Santa Cruz and the New Hebrides. J.A.I., I898- Marriage-Death. B 1t rial. After Death- A rts of Life-Dances. 1899. pp. I64-I65. Music. Games-Stories. J oEST (W.).-Waffe, Signalrohr oder Tabakspfeife? [New Guinea.] CRUMP (J. A. ).- Trephining in the South Seas. [New Britain.] ].A .I., Int. Arch. f. Et/m., I 888, pp. I76-I 84. 1901, pp . 167-172, PI. 12-13. ] OSKE (A. B.). -The Nanga of Viti-Levu. lnt. Arch. f. Etlm ., I889, DANKS (E.).- On the Shell-Money of New Britain. J.A .I ., I888, ~ I pp. 254-271. P I. I7. PP· 305-317. O' F ERRALL (W.).-Native Stories from Santa Cruz and Reef Islands. -- Ma rriage Cust oms of the New Britain Group. ].A.I., I88C), ].A .I., I904, p p . 223-233. pp. 281 -294· PARKI.NSON (R.).- Ueber Tii.ttowierung der Eingebornen im District -- Buria l Customs of New Britain. J.A.I. , I 892, pp. 348-356. S1arr a uf der Ostkiiste von Neu Mecklenburg (Neu Irland). DANNEIL (C.).- Der Ueberga ng vom Flechten zum \¥ebeu, nebst einem Int. Arch. f. Et/m., I 892, pp. 76-78. PI. 6. neuen Beitrag zur Kenntnis der \¥eberei in Mela nesien. P ARTINGTON (J. EDGE-).-Native Ornaments from the Solomon Int. A rch. f. E t/m ., I90I, pp. 227-238. P I. I9. I slands, recently presented to t he British Museum by Mr. C. M. FISON (L.).- Notes on Fijia n Burial Customs. ].A .I. , 1881, pp . Woodford. Nlan, I901, pp . 100-IOJ. 137- I49· Stone-headed Clubs from t he Outer Coast of British New -- Land Tenure in Fiji. ].A .I., 1881, pp. 332-352. Guinea. Man, I9o2, pp. 58-59· -- On F ijia n Riddles. J.A .I ., 1882, pp. 406-410. F ood Trough from R ubiana, New Georgia. 1\!Jan, I903, pp. The Nanga, or Sacred S tone E nclosm e of \¥ainimala , Fiji I61- I 62. PI. L. J.A .I., 1885 . pp. 14-30. PI. 1-2. -- Note on the Food Bowl from R ubiana, New Georgia. Ma11 , GIGLIOLI (H. H.).-Note on a Singular Mask from Boissy Island ,. I906, p. 121. N.E. New Guinea, and Queries on the L izard in the F olk-Lore -- Solomon Island Basket. Man, 1906, pp. 73-74· of Australasia. I nt. Arch. f. Et/m ., I 888, pp. 184-187. -- Decorated Shields from the Solomon Islands. JI!Ja11, 1906, -- Notes on a R emarka ble a nd very beautiful Ceremonial Stone pp. I 29-I 30. PI. I- J. Adze from Kapsu, New Irela nd. I nt. A rch. f. E t/m., I89o, pp . PARTINGTON (J. EDGE-) and C. HEAPE.-An Album of the Weapons, I 8 I- I86. P I. I S (fig. I-2). T ools, Ornaments, Articles of Dress, etc., of the Natives of the H ADDON (A. C.).- The Secular a nd Ceremonial Dances of Torres Pacific Islands. First, Second a nd Third Series. Issued for St ra its. I nt. A rch f. Eth•1 ., 1893. pp. I31-162. P I. 1 I-'I4. Private CircttlatiCII, I890-I899· -- The Decorative Art of British New Guinea : A S tudy in P ap uan -- and T . A. JoYcE.-Note on Funerary Ornamen ts from Rubiana, Ethnography. Dublin (Roya l I rish Aca demy), I 894· and a Coffin from Sta. Anna, Solomon Isla nds. Man, 1904, -- Evolution in Art as illustrated by the Life-Histories of Designs. PP· I 29-I3I. P I. 1-]. L ondon, I89S· · P FEIL ( ). Graf vo11-Duk-Duk and other Customs as forms of · The Decorative A rt of British New Guinea as an E:mmple of expression of the Melanesians' I ntellectual L ife. J .A .I., I898, the M ethod of Study. pp. I I -7 3. PP· I 8I-I9I. -- A Classifica tion of the Stone Clubs of British New Guinea. PREUSS (K. T.).-Ueber einige Ornamente vom Kaiserin-Augusta­ J.A.I., 1900. pp. 22I-250. P I. I9- 23. Fluss in Deutsch Neu-Guinea. I11t. Arch. f . Etlm., I898, pp. - - A Papua n Bow-and-.1\.rrow F leam. Man, 1901, p. 145. PI. K . 145-I 53 · P I. 8. -- Drawings by Natives of British New Guinea. Man, 1904. pp. -- Kiinstlerische Darstellungen aus dem Deu tsch-Ho!Hindischen 33-36. PI. C. Grenzgebiet in Neu-Guinea. Int. Arch. f. Etlw., 1899, pp. I6I­ -- Tatuing a t H ula, British N ew Guinea. Ma11 ,. 1905, pp. 86-87. I85. PI. S-7· HADDON (A. C.). Editor. R eports of the Cambridge Anthropological RAY (S. H.).-Stories from the Southe1 n New Hebrides, with Intro­ Expedition to Torres St rait. Vol. V . Cambridge, 1904. d uction a nd Notes. ].A.I ., I90I, pp. 147-153· Folk-Tales-Genealogical Tables-Genealogies- T

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