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The Impact of Migration on the Province of Papua, Indonesia

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The Impact of Migration on the Province of Papua, Indonesia The impact of migration on the people of Papua, Indonesia A historical demographic analysis Stuart Upton Department of History and Philosophy University of New South Wales January 2009 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project’s design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.’ Signed ………………………………………………. Stuart Upton 2 Acknowledgements I have received a great deal of assistance in this project from my supervisor, Associate-Professor Jean Gelman Taylor, who has been very forgiving of my many failings as a student. I very much appreciate all the detailed, rigorous academic attention she has provided to enable this thesis to be completed. I would also like to thank my second supervisor, Professor David Reeve, who inspired me to start this project, for his wealth of humour and encouragement. Thanks also to my supervisor following David’s retirement, Dr Rochayah Machali, for her language support and assistance with materials, along with her helpful knowledge of Indonesian society. This project would not have been possible without the support of my father, Graham Upton, and my step-mother, Bebe Speed. They have generously provided the grant that has enabled me to live outside poverty for the time it has taken to complete this work. There has also been a great deal of wise advice given to me (not all of it accepted gracefully) and much proof-reading help. Thanks to my mother, Jenny Joynt, for her constant encouragement and last- minute proof-reading. My children, Toby and Beatrice, have had to wait a great deal for time with their father during the time of this research and I wish them to know I appreciate their patience. And finally to Victoria Oettel, for without her this thesis would have been impossible. Thanks for always supporting me and putting up with me in the many difficult times I’ve faced during this seemingly endless process. 3 Abstract Since Papua became part of Indonesia in 1963, hundreds of thousands of people have migrated there from other parts of the nation. By 2000, over a third of the province’s residents were non-indigenous people, with the great majority of these immigrants living in the more developed urban areas along the coast. This mass movement has transformed the territory’s society, altering the social, cultural and economic position and opportunities of the indigenous inhabitants. This thesis uses statistical data from Indonesian government publications to describe the development of these changes to the province’s population from 1963 to the early part of the 21st century. While it is acknowledged that the military presence and actions in the territory have played a crucial role in creating distrust of the Indonesian government among the indigenous people, this material supports the thesis that the mass movement of people to the region has developed an identification among the indigenous peoples of the territory of being part of a single Papuan community, a Papuan nationalism. This migration has also limited the educational and employment opportunities of indigenous people, creating hostility towards the newcomers among indigenous people and resulting in an alienation from the Indonesian nation. It will be argued that the patterns of settlement, employment and perceptions of ethnic difference between indigenous and migrant groups reflect a form of internal colonialism that has resulted from this immigration. While independence is a popular aspiration among indigenous Papuans, an evaluation of the national political situation suggests that this event is unlikely in the foreseeable future. If Papuans are to be incorporated fully into the nation of Indonesia, an understanding of the impact of migration on the province’s people is vital. This material also suggests that while there have been negative consequences of the Indonesian rule of the territory, claims that the indigenous population has suffered from genocide perpetrated by Indonesian forces are not supported by the statistical data. 4 Table of contents Page Chapter number List of charts 8 List of tables 11 List of maps 13 1. Introduction 14 a. Unity in diversity? 2. Migration theory and methodology review 27 a. Theories of migration b. Methodologies of migration studies 3. The literature on ethnicity 46 a. Theories of ethnicity b. Ethnic conflict c. Ethnicity in Indonesia d. Ethnicity in the Indonesian census e. Conclusion 4. West New Guinea before 1962 73 a. Pre-history b. The Europeans c. The Pacific War d. Post-war isolation e. Conclusion 5. The history of Irian Jaya from 1962 143 a. The UNTEA period b. The 26th province c. Papuan resistance to Indonesian rule d. The Act of Free Choice e. Resumption of hostilities f. Conclusion 6. National representations – the depictions of Papua and its peoples in museums and texts 179 a. Writings on museums b. Representations within educational materials c. Conclusion 5 7. The Papuan population 222 a. Population figures b. Sex and age composition of the population c. Religion d. Education e. Employment f. Migration g. Other information h. Conclusion 8. The effects of migration on Jayapura regency 324 a. The Dutch period and before b. The Indonesian period c. Language d. Religion e. Education f. Literacy g. Employment h. Conclusion 9. The effects of migration on Jayawijaya regency 382 a. Population figures b. Language c. Religion d. Education e. Employment f. Ethnicity g. Other information h. Conclusion 10. Conclusion 434 a. Education b. Employment c. Religion d. Language e. Representations f. Ethnicity g. Genocide h. The colonial past i. Colonialism Appendix A: Names and naming 488 Bibliography 498 6 7 List of charts Chart Chart title Page number number 7.1 Population of Papua province, urban and 227 rural, 1971-2000 7.2 Population growth, 1971-2000, urban and 228 rural 7.3 Sex ratio, males per 100 females by age 232 groups, 1971 7.4 Sex ratio, Papua province, urban and rural, 235 1980 7.5 Sex ratio by age group, 1961-2000 239 7.6 Populations of 1961 and 2000 by sex and age 243 groups, male and female, as percentages 7.7 Papuan and non-Papuan populations by age 244 group as percentages, 1971 7.8 Sex ratios by age group, Urban and rural, 1990 245 7.9 Sex ratios by age group, Urban and rural, 2000 247 7.10 Muslim population by age group and 251 percentage of whole population of this age group, 1971 7.11 Religious affiliation, 1980-2000 253 7.12 Population by regency and religion, 1980 254 7.13 Population by regency and religion, 2000 254 7.14 Indigenous population by regency and 258 religion, 2000 7.15 Non-indigenous population by regency and 258 religion, 2000 7.16 Educational attainments by place of birth, 264 Papua, 1971 7.17 Population of urban and rural areas, by 266 educational attainment, 1980 7.18 Educational attainments, urban and rural, 269 1990 7.19 Indigenous and non-indigenous population by 271 age groups and educational attainment, 2000 7.20 Population by educational attainment, 272 Indigenous and non-indigenous residents, Urban and Rural, 2000 7.21 Urban population by educational attainment 276 by percentage, Papua and selected other 8 provinces, 2000 7.22 Urban population by education attainment by 276 percentage, Papua and selected other provinces, 2000 7.23 Economically active population of Papua and 281 Indonesia by industry, 1971 7.24 Employment by industry, indigenous and non- 290 indigenous residents, urban and rural, 2000 7.25 Sample population of Bandiyono & Suharto 297 survey by place of origin, Sorong, 1990, by percentage 7.26 Percentage of migrants by regency, 2000 298 7.27 Population by migration status, by regency 299 and percentage, 2000 7.28 Transmigrant family numbers to Irian Jaya, 303 1965-1984 7.29 Household items owned by percentage, urban 310 and rural, 1990 7.30 Residents by recent migration status, by area 315 of origin as percentages, selected areas, 1995 7.31 Urban residents by recent migration status, by 316 area of origin as percentages, selected areas, 1995 8.1 Population of Jayapura, 1971-2000 347 8.2 Language used at home as a percentage, 350 Jayapura and Irian Jaya, Urban and Rural, 1980 8.3 Mother tongue, Jayapura and Irian Jaya, 351 Urban and Rural, 1990 8.4 Religion by percentage, Jayapura and Irian 353 Jaya, Urban areas, 1971 8.5 Religion by percentage, Jayapura and Irian 355 Jaya, 1980 8.6 Religious affiliation by district by percentage, 356 Jayapura regency, 1980 8.7 Religion in Jayapura, indigenous and non- 358 indigenous residents, 2000 8.8 Religion in Jayapura, all residents, 2000 359 8.9 Religion in Jayapura, Indigenous residents, 360 2000 8.10 Religion in Jayapura, Non-indigenous 360 9 residents, 2000 8.11 Muslim residents of Jayapura, 1971-2000 361 8.12 Education levels by percentage, Jayapura and 362 Irian Jaya, 1971 8.13 Percentage of those people with particular
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