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The Physical Characters of the Races and Peoples of Borneo A.C Haddon

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The physical characters of the races and peoples of Borneo A.C Haddon To cite this version: A.C Haddon. The physical characters of the races and peoples of Borneo. The pagan tribes of Borneo; a description of their physical, moral and intellectual condition, with some discussion of their ethnic relations, Macmillan and co, pp.311-341, 1912. halshs-00751289 HAL Id: halshs-00751289 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00751289 Submitted on 13 Nov 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Don de Mft H. BREUlL 8 TA 1. APPENDIX THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERS OF THE RACES AND PEOPLES OF BORNEO A. C. HADDON bztroductio1t THE following sketch of the races and peoples of Borneo is based upon the observations of the Cambridge Expedition to Sarawak in 1899 and those of Dr. A. W. Nieuwenhuis in his expeditions to Netherlands Borneo in 1894, 1896- 1897, and 1898-1900 (Quer durcit Bomeo, Leiden, vol. i., 1904, vol. ii., 1907). It is generally acknowledged that in Borneo, as in other islands of the East Indian Archipelago, the Malays inhabit the coasts and the aborigines the interi01·, though in sorne these reach the coast while Malayised tribes have pushed inland up the rivers, a sharp distinction bctween the two being frequently obliterated where they overlap. The condition, however, is much more complicated as we can now distinguish at !east two main races among the aborigines. We have no evidence as to who were the primitive inhabitants of Borneo. One would expect to find Negritos in the interior, as these black, woolly-haired pygmies inhabit the Andamans, parts of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, the Philippines, New Guinea, and possibly Melanesia. No authoritative evidence of their occurrence in Borneo is forthcoming, and one cao confidently assert that there are no Negritos in Sarawak. Nor are there any traces of Melanesians. It is generally admitted that, assuming the Australians to be mainly of that race, a Pre-Dravidian element should occur in the Archipelago, VOL. II JII X 3 12 PAGAN T RIBES OF BORNEO APPENDIX and the cousins Sarasin have noted this strain amo ~ g the restricted to a dolichocephalic, a nd the term Proto-Malay Toalas of Celebes and Moszkowski a mong the Batm~ of to a brachycephalic race, of which the true Malays (Orang Sumatra; in this connection it is of interest that Nt~ u ­ wenhuis discovered ten Ulu Ayars and two Pu_nans wtth Malayu) are a specialised branch. straight hair and a "black or . blue-black:· skm colout · ; The next point to discuss is the presence of these two Kohlbrugge,1 who records thts observation, offers no races in Borneo. The Dutch Expedition fo und three distinct types in the interior of Netherlands Borneo, the explanation. 1 Dr. E. T. H amy in 1877 recogmsed a pnmtttve element Ulu Ayars (Ulu Ajar) or Ot Danum of the upper Kapuas, in the Malay Archipelago, for which he adopted the term the Bahau- Kenyahs (Bahau- IG!nja) of the middle or Indonesian a name previously invented by Logan fo r the upper Mahakam (or Kotei) and the upper waters of the non -Mala; population of the East I nd i ~n A rch.ipelago. rivers to the north, and the Punans, nomadic hunters De Q uatrefages and Hamy further establtshed thts .stoc.k living in the highlands about the head-waters of the great in their Crania E thtdca (1882), and de Quatrefages 111 hts rivers. T he first of these may be classed as predominantly Hùtoz're générale des races /mmaùtes ( 1889) boldly states Indonesian and the others as mainly Proto- Malay in that these high- and narrow-headed peoples are "un des origin. According to Nieuwenhuis the Bahaus and rameaux de la branche blanche allophyle" (I.e. pp. 5 r 5, Kenyahs both remember that they came from Apo Kayan at the headwaters of the Kayan river ; they were fo rmerly 521). Keane tert?s the I.n~,on esia n s "the pre- Malay known as the Pari tribes. In a li the tribes of this group Caucasie element 111 Oceama (Man Past and Present, the social organisation is in the main similar, and this 1899, p. 23 r). Various investigators 2 have studied sk~tll s obtained from this region which prove the wide extenston affini ty is borne out by their material culture, thus they of dolichocephaly. Kohlbrugge (1898), who investigated may be regarded as originally one people. Tribes calling t hemselves Bahau now live along the Mahakam above the Tenggerese, Indonesian mountaineers of J~va , says: " Les Indonésiens sont dolichocéphales, les Malats brachy­ Mujub and include one Kayan group; on the upper Rejang céphales ou hyperbrachycéphales. Le sang indonésien are Bahau tribes under the name of Kayan, and a small se décèle donc par la longueur de la tête : plus celle-ci se section has advanced into the Kapuas area and settled on rapproche du type dolichocéphale, , plus pur ~st le sang the Mendalam which again includes Kayans and kindred indonésien." Vol z confirms Hagen s observatiOns of the tribes. A l! the tribes still in Apo Kayan cali themselves Kenyah, as also those of the eastward flowing T awang, existence a mona the Battak of North Sumatra of two types, a dolichocephaltc I ndonesian and a brachycepha lic ty p ~. Berau and Kayan (or Bulungan) rivers a nd those of the The term Indonesian may now be regarded as defi mtely upper L imbang and Baram flowing northwards. The Kenyahs of Apo Kayan live along the Iwan, a tributary 1 Dr. A. W. Nieuwenhuis, "Anthropometrische Untersuchungen bei den of the Kayan river (or Bulungan); to the north -east is Dajak." Bearbeitet durch Dr. J. H. F. Kohl brugge, Jlfitt. aus de!n Nùderl. another tributary called the Bahau which seems to have Reichsmm. ft'ir Volkerk. ser. n. N.o. 5, H aarlet_TI, '903: Owmg lo the inaccessibility of this memoir, 1 have mcorporated h1s more important observa. been the original home of the Bahau people since the tribes lions in this essay. .. ... of Borneo habitually take their names from the rivers along 2 Swaving, G., Naltmrk. Tt;dschr. v. Ned. /nd., xxn1., 1861, xx1v., 1862. which they live.2 Hoeven, J. van der, Catalog w craniorum diversarum.geutittm. Virchow, R. , Z.fE. , xvi i. , 1885, p. (270), in winch he states that of 1 47 "Dayak" skulls in the museums of Paris, Amsterdam, and the Royal Nieuwenhuis usually speaks of these as Ulu Ajar Dajak. 1 have more College of Surgeons, London, 20 were dolichocephalic, 12 mesaticephalic, and than once deprecated this use of the term "Dayak" as it has sim ply come to 15 hrachycephalic. Cf. also Z.fE., xxiv., 1892, p. (435). mean a non-Malayan inhabitant of Borneo, for example, we fi nd "Kc"njah Hagen, B., Verh. d. Kon. Akad. d. Wetensclz. Natttttrktmd, xxviii., Dajak" on his ma p. In Sarawak this lerm is confined to the Sea Dayaks Amsterdam, 1890. and Land Dayaks, for the former 1 have suggested that the native turne lban Waldeyer, W., Z.fE., xxvi., 1894, p. (383). be adopted, but I have not been able to find a suitable native name for the Zuckerkandl, E., Jlfitt. d. A11throp. Gesell. Wzen, xx1v., 1894, p. 254· Land Dayaks of Sarawak who are probably allicd to the Ulu Ayars. Kohlbrugge, J. H. F., L'Authropologie, ix., 1898, p. r. :1 The foregoing statement is taken from Nieuwenhuis, but Dr. H ose sends Volz, W., Arch.f A1ztllrop., xxvi., 1900, p. 719. me the following remarks : Haddon, A. C., Arclliv. perl' A nt. el' Et110!., xxxi. , 1901, p. 341. "Pari is the word for padi in both Kayan and Kenyah language. "The Uma Ti mi and Uma Klap of the Upper Rejang are possibly Bahau PAGAN TRIEES OF BORNEO .l APPENDIX 315 Nieuwenhuis came to the conclusion that th_e three chief tribes measured by him represented three mam groups of Kohlbrugge states (1903, p. 2) that he has shown for the population of Central Borneo, physically and culturally. the interior of Sumatra, Java, and Celebes that there are Mr. E. B. Raddon drew attention (Man, 1905 ,. No. 13, mesaticephalic peoples distinct in other respects from the p. 22) to the close similarity of the _results pubhshed by coast peoples, but not dolichocephalic. He concludes that Kohlbrugge (1903) with those publtshed b>: me ( 1901). the (Uiu Ayar) Dayaks, being the only dolichocephals, are I recognised five main groups of peoples m Sarawak : the only pure Indonesia ns, and the rest (Kayans and Punan, Klemantan (or, as Dr. Hose and I then spelled it, Punans) are more or Jess mixed with Malays. The mean cephalic index of 130 Tenggerese of the interior of Java is Kalamantan) Kenyah- Kayan, !ban or Sea Dayak, and 1 Malay. Th~ Ibans are not referred to by either of the ' 79.7, but the Ulu Ayars constitute a uniform group which Dutch ethnoloaists who, like myself, merely alluded to ranges from 71 to 81.4, of which 9 are 74 or under and 9 are between 74.1 and 76 inclusive, the median of 26 adult the Malay e!t~"medt.
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