1.2. Biological Diversity of Tajikistan

Home , Alay Valley, Aspiolucius esocinus, Gunt, Panj (river), Turkestan Range

First National Report on Biodiversity Conservation tic animals andcultivated plants. ofdomes- wildrelatives diversity, plant including contain 0.66%the world of animaland 1.8% – scape biological diversity. geographicaland zonesconditioned richland- complexes andgenetically mergingbotanical subtropics and hot deserts permafrost natural nation of latitudeand vertical zonation belts with among continental deserts combi- ofEurasia, a southern aridzoneand highmountainsystems Table of medicinal plant medicinal of species. rants ( rants caught by poachers.caught ( almond raised due to the natural vegetation of pastures. and production, dyers etc. sibirica ( No. No. 11. 11. 10. Meles meles 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. They gather nuts andstone in naturally growingfruits forestswalnut– ( Game Game fishing in lakes and water reservoirs isinconsiderable (164 t). Most of andfish animals are Local people gather wild berries – sea buckthorn ( 1090.7 thousand head of2269.3 cattle, thousand sheep and and goats, 71.2 thousand horses are being products as wildnature raw inconstruction, uses traditionally utensils materials The localpopulation Fur-skins of red marmot ( The number game of mammals isestimated at 11 species, –36,birds and fish – 20. Small part of populationthe is engaged in hunting and fishing. Local people and specialized organizations store up medicinal plants. International hunting is organized for the animals:following argali (

1.1. The mountain landscapesThe ofTajikistan Geographical location ofTajikistaninthe Domestic animalsDomestic cropsAgricultural listed intheAnimals, Red Data Bookof Tajikistan animalsEndemic Fauna in listed Red the Plants, Data Book of Tajikistan plants Endemic relativesWild of cultivated plants Flora Types of vegetation Ecosystems 1.2. Ribes ), urial ( Amygdalus Main ComponentsBiodiversityof ), raspberries ( ), wolf ( wolf ), Biological Diversityof Tajikistan Ovis vignei Ovis ), wildapple), ( Canis lupus Value of Biological Resources for the Population of Tajikistan Tajikistan of Population the for Resources Biological of Value ), and Tajik markhur ( Rubus odoratus Marmota caudata ), etc. arestored), up. Malus Composition ), pear ( ), hawthorn ( hawthorn ), Capra falconeri Pyrus

), muskrat ( ), muskrat ), plum), ( 20 20 Crataegus Hippophae rhamnoides and over 13 thousand of animalspecies. tains more than9thousand species ofplants biocoenosis andecosystem levels. species,population,atthe genetic, observed and industrial raw material. ties,adornment plants, andmedicinal,aromatic, high-productive andresistant cultivated varie- species which areapotential source ofraising Ondatra zibethica Prunus ). The area ofcontemporaryThe Tajikistan con- richnessThe ofbiodiversity (table1.1)is Tajikistan has rich genetic resources of ), ), etc., aswell as mushrooms and dozens ), cherry plum ( Ovis ammon ), fox ( Juglans ), barberries), ( Prunus sogdiana Vulpes vulpes ), Siberian ibex ( ibex ), Siberian ), pistachio( 13531 species 9 771 species9 771 1132 species 1000 species 500 varieties 162 species 800 species 226 species 30 breeds 20 types 12 types Number Berberis Pistacia ), badger ) etc. Capra ), cur- ), Biological Diversity of Tajikistan

Saus- Capra Capra Oxytro- ), snow ), snow ), ), occupy occupy ), Ajania ti- ),

), wormwoods wormwoods ), Ovis ammon Nival ecosystems glacier

Stipa glareosa Astragalus nivalis ), and Siberian ibex ( , etc. Argali, etc. ( Uncia uncia Uncia ) are found at the lower boundaries of of boundaries lower the at found are )

Natural Ecosystems glacier ecosystems 1. Nival 2. Highecosystems mountain desert According to their ecosystemsuse, are , feather-grasses ( , feather-grasses eratoides Krascheninnikovia С Artemisia pamirica, A.Korshinskyi Artemisia A considerable pos- country part of the relatively are which ecosystems natural sesses undisturbedtheir isolation.due to some Though at observed are ecosystems of fragments small easily accessible places.

high-mountain landscapes and considerable considerable and landscapes high-mountain They Pamirs. of part and Western the Eastern formation climate for are of great importance andregional and ecology at the global levels. re- Central Asian of resources The main water rocky cold glacial The here. gion are formed contain 16-17 these ecosystems of landscapes ragged robin species of flowering plants: (Draba whitlow grass apetalum), (Melandrium altaica), milk ( vetch surea glacialis leopard ( sibirica these ecosystems. areas of the vast the occupy Eastern and West- in Ze- occur the they fragmentarily, Pamirs; ern are used for sum- They ravshan River Valley. mer pasturing, tourism, and international hunt- tereskens of mostly consists ing. Vegetation ( subdivided into natural and anthropogenic. The The anthropogenic. and into natural subdivided on the dependent of ecosystems interrelation in is shown population of and the number areas and 1.7. figures 1.6 betica (

21 Population (miollion) Population

2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 c l Fig. 1.6. located on on located k

j occupy the alti- the occupy mountain savannoid ecosystems i Piedmountain semi-desert and desert desert and semi-desert Piedmountain Ruderal degradated ecosystems Water-coastal ecosystems Water-coastal Agroecosystems Urban ecosystems g. Middle g. Middle h. I. I. j. k. l. ecosystems b h g f Ecological Systems e a d Ecosystem distribution by area and dwelling population population dwelling and area by distribution Ecosystem Foothill-plain ecosystems ecosystems Foothill-plain Mountain ecosystems Mountain Geographically, the ecosystems of Tajiki- of ecosystems the Geographically, Mountain ecosystems include: nival- include: ecosystems Mountain Complicated natural climatic and moun- climatic natural Complicated 1.2.1. Antropogenic (j-l) Natural (a-i) Natural Ecosystems: Author: N.Safarov (2003) Nival glacial ecosystems glacial Nival ecosystems desert mountain high Subnival High High mountain meadow steppe ecosystems Middle mountain juniper forest ecosystems Middle mountainmesophyllic forest ecosystems Middle mountain xerophylic light forest ecosystems f. f. a. b. c. the flat areas of mountain zones include: foothill foothill mountain zones include: of the flat areas agricultural, urban, wetland, semidesert-desert, ecosystems. and ruderal-degraded tudes from 600 to 7000 masl. This zone con- masl. This zone 600 to 7000 tudes from Water of communities. mountain tains over 90% mountain ecosystems; in resources are formed here. accumulated are of biodiversity over 80% stan are subdivided into mountain and foothill- plain ecosystems. glacier, high-mountain-desert, meadow-desert, meadow-desert, glacier, high-mountain-desert, most offorest, wetland, some- and, ruderal, of than 80% More urban ecosystems. times, located are the of country natural watercourses a contain foothills The areas. inmountainous situ- ecosystems, small part of meadow-steppe the Pyandj, of reaches lower ated in the and Syrdarya Zeravshan, Kafirnigan, Vakhsh, a with ecosystems, Relatively young rivers. in the arti- formed are species, of small number ficial watercourses. tain-formation processes, occurred in Tajikistan, in Tajikistan, occurred processes, tain-formation spe- and animal plant of promoted penetration geographi- and botanical neighboring from cies of and appearance hybridization, cal zones, bio- ecotopes, of Numerous types new species. in contrast combina- coenosis, and ecosystems, small area. a relatively on formed were tion, d. e. First National Report on Biodiversity Conservation Ecosystems Ecosystems Forest Light Xerophytic Mid-Mountain Mesophyllic ForestMid-Mountain Ecosystems Forest Conifer Ecosystems Mid-Mountain Mountain MeadowHigh and EcosystemsSteppe Mountain DesertHigh Ecosystems Ecosystems Glacier Nival Fig. 1.7. 13 10 14 12 11 5 4 7 2 3 6 1 8

9 Republic of Tajikistan of Republic Map-Scheme ofecosystems Fig. 1.7.Fig. UZBE Light forest, Light mesophyllicfoliage tree, shrub meadow-forest Forbs swamp meadow, Low-grass Rocks andtaluses with rare vegetation Glacierssnowfields and Forbs wormwood, almondForbs wormwood, High-grass, shrub, High-grass, pistachio Flood-plain forest small-leaf Broad-leaf forest Various-shrub steppe and light forest meadowForbs steppe, thymes Dwarf-shrub-steppe steppeWormwood-teresken, Rare vegetation

KISTAN

Legend to«Map-Scheme ofecosystems» A m

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Kaf irgni an

a Kurgan-Tube

k Z h Dushanbe

sh e

a n

n j

N u re

k r ez Khujand er vo ir Kiz Kulyab ilsu AFGHANISTAN Kayrakkum reservoir Kayrakkum 0 50 100 150 Km

Y ak hsu

S y r S d a u r r y

k a

o O b b ik h i n g

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22 Agroecosystems Agroecosystems Ecosystems Mid-Low-mountain Semisavanna (savannoide) Ruderal-degraded Ecosystems Ecosystems Ruderal-degraded Urban Ecosystems EcosystemsWetland Ecosystems andDesert Semidesert Foothill

V Khorog 18 15 19 16 17 27 24 25 20 23 22 21 28 26 a n c Y h a z g

Industrial Irrigable pastures u KYRGYZSTAN l e Weed, ruderal ruderal Weed, B Municipal Municipal pastures Rain-fed forest-plantations,Gardens, personal plots Wetland swamp Meadow, Tugai semi-woody, shrubSand, saltwort-wormwood Low-grass, semisavanna Low-grass Forbs andshrub High-grass ar m ta n P g a

G n S j h un a

k t h da ra 1-28

Sarez Lake The Legend: The reservoirs reservoirs water and lakes Yashilkul Lake rivers rivers cities cities group of ecosystems

g Karakul Lake

a b

Zorkul Lake

N A Biological Diversity of Tajikistan

, ), ), ), ), Syr- ). Acer Vipera Vipera ), ), Ovis vi- J.sibirica Ovis am- Ovis ), J.seravscha- seravschani- and ) and semicir- Capra sibirica ), urial ( urial ), ) and ( maple ), argali ( Tetrogallus tibetanus Tetrogallus Columba palumbus Columba ) are forest-forming spe- forest-forming ) are Marmota caudata Marmota Capra falconeri Capra J.turkestanica J.semiglobosa J.semiglobosa Ursus arctos , , Siberian ibex ( ibex Siberian , Uncia uncia Juglans regia Juglans are represented by maple-walnut by maple-walnut are represented Mid-mountain Mid-mountain forestconifer ecosystems J.semiglobosa , and ring( , dove 4. Mid-mountain conifer forest ecosys- forest conifer 4. Mid-mountain are rep- forests and light Juniper forests There There rare andare some endangered The most The are valuablemot- most communities forest 5. Mid-mountain mesophyllic these of communities valuable The most compose nearly 50% of the total forested 50% nearly compose ), red marmot ( red marmot ), ), Tajik markhur ( markhur Tajik ), ), Turkestan j. ( J.turkestanica , among which Zeravshan juniper ( juniper which Zeravshan among nica animal world of these ecosystems includes: includes: ecosystems of these animal world ( snow leopard mon rhaptes tibetana ( partridge snow Tibetian etc. tems in common the are They country. areas of Turke- the Kuramin, within Tajikistan, northern stan, and Juniper and ranges. Zeravshan light and conserv- forimportant regulating are forests forti- slope soils, protecting ing resources, water mudflows. and preventing banks, fying river Juniperus 4 species: resented by ca cular j. ( cular cies. Tien Sha- forests: inanimal the juniper species nian( brown bear gnei lebetina for- juniper and forbs-meadow ley-shrub-steppe ests. ecosystems with light forest forests and willow-poplar-birch a contain forests These shrubs. mesophyllic number of considerable rare endemic species of and plants. animals for- relict – mesophyllic broad-leaf ecosystems ( walnut ests:

23 , , as ), Si- Festuca ), sedge sedge ), ). Parnassius Parnassius tibetana, ), cobresia ), cobresia Stipa kirghi- ), etc. In over- ), etc. ), Pamir de- ), ), red marmot ), red marmot Uncia uncia alexanor

), apollo ( ), ), etc. ), Poa alpina Oxytropis savellanica Oxytropis ), Papilio pra sibirica ), and Syrrhaptes and ), ), feather ( grass ), feather а Acantholimon diaspensioides Acantholimon High mountain desert ecosystems High mountain C , ), snow leopard ( snow leopard ), The most valuable communities communities The valuable most occur fragmentarily, sometimes as as sometimes occur fragmentarily, . stenocarpa Papilio machaon Papilio caudata

Desideria pamirica Desideria Thymus seravschanicus As the on impact anthropogenic the The main background animals are: argali are: argali animals The main background The main coenosis-forming species of of species The main coenosis-forming 3. High-mountain meadow and steppe steppe and meadow 3. High-mountain ), meadow grass ( meadow grass ), ), and alexanor ( and alexanor ), Taraxacum badachschanicum Ovis ammon Carex melanantha, C.stenocarpa Carex melanantha, Cobresia Marmota A.pamiricum meadow-steppe. and are wormwood-teresken They rare,include and some endemic, endan- dandelion – Badakhshan gered plants ( sederia ( ( pis immerse ( ( thyme ( are strongly de- the grazing ecosystems areas, of thegraded (over 30% the total area), grass from 20-25 to 10-12 being reduced productivity the commu- Periodically, per hectare. centners including species, valuable most lose the nities The rare andendangered species. at least 150 berian ibex ( this type of ecosystem are: this type of ( fescue ecosystem F.pamirica alaica, sorum ecosystems of Tajikistan ranges in all mountain belts, wide The importance. and ecological are of great great part of the includes ecosystems habitats and insects, birds, of rare endemic mammals, valuable vegetation communities. ( well butterflies: embellishing as some nature machaon ( apollo increasing,is pas- worlds vegetation and animal tures are causing reduction of the degrading, of wildareas and populations animals. First National Report on Biodiversity Conservation ( daphanea chrysaetus ( ring dove ( ring dove tos isabellina pallida, ( ( leptocampyla Cousinia nifica apple ( apple considerablea numberof wild relatives offruits: mainly observed inCentral Tajikistan. thein Western mesophyllic Pamirs; shrubs are River Valley, withintheKarateghin Range, and ( kistan. Great forests areas small-leaf of – birch turkestanicum toris ( ungernia Victor’s are: valuable plantsmost reserves. Among Dashti-Jum and Childukhtaron, theSarikhosor, in are located ( ( wild animalsarid zones.from wild resources; they alsoare anoptimal habitat for pistachio forest’s function is to regulate water hotregions,In dry forbs wormwood, almond. northern Tajikistan. They include:pistachio, and western Tajikistan; small fragments occur in est ecosystems no restoringwhile works are carried out. ( Neophron percnopterus Neophron colchicus Phasianus Stipa jagnobica Stipa hissarica Iskandera Betula tianschanica Ovis vignei Ovis Prunus Berberis ), yellow porcupine ( porcupine ), yellow ), magnificent ostrowskia ( ostrowskia ), magnificent ), cousinia darvazica ( The forest vegetation communities have forests walnut-maple valuable The most 6. Mid-mountain xerophytic light for- Forested areas are annually reduced, ), hawthorn( М Malus ). ), snow leopard( ), snow .heptneri Mid-mountain coniferMid-mountain forestecosystems ), Tien Shan brown bear ( brown Tien Shan ), Columba palumbus Columba ) – are widespread in Central Taji- Central widespread in ) –are ), pear( ); mammals: weasel ( ); mammals: weasel occupy vast areasofsouthern ), ( lynx Turkestan ), ) – occur in the Zeravshanoccur) – inthe ), Yagnob feather grass ), Yagnob feather ), golden eagle( ), and Egyptian vulture ), and Egyptian Crataegus ). Hystrix leucura ), Hissar iskandera iskandera ), Hissar Pyrus Cousinia darwasica, Cousinia Uncia uncia Uncia Ostrowskia mag- Ostrowskia ), cherryplum Ungernia Vic- Ungernia ), barberries ), pheasant Ursus arc- Felis lynx ); birds: birds: ); Mustela ), urial Aquila 24 24 ( kokanica, F.kuhistanica ( laris ( partridge seesee here: Rare andendemic species arealso found saetus ( ( ( ( ties. The dominant species are: barley type are high-grass and communi-forbs-shrub veloped under hot climatic conditions. southern andnorthern Tajikistan. They arede- (savannoide) ecosystems cuttings. intensivedue to come secondarycommunities ( tortoise steppe are: amphibians ground Back- periods. aestivation winter and summer with ofspecies number asmall by represented steppe tortoise ( steppe tortoise reptiles: cobraCentral Asian ( charica ( relatives of barley granatum ( vetch ( vetch gnei gazelle ( gazelle Phlomis bucharica Poa bulbosa,Carex pachystyli Hordeum Falco cherrug Gazella subgutturosa Testudo horsfieldi Testudo Zizyphus jujuba Eumeces schneideri Eumeces Mid-mountain xerophytic lightMid-mountain xerophytic forest ecosystems ), white bustard( ), wolf ( ), wolf ). ). The main valuable communities of this mountain7. Mid-low semisavanna The animal world, except for insects, is is forinsects, except world, animal The Of large mammals, there are: Persian This type ofecosystems type This containswild Vicia tenuifolia ), persimmon ( Gazella subgutturosa ), grapes (

bulbosum Canis lupus Canis ), and golden eagle( Testudo horsfieldi ), etc. ), pomegranate ( ) and ) and Vitis vinifera Vitis ), almond ( ), meadow grass-sedge ), Turkestan saker falcon falcon saker Turkestan ), Hordeum spontaneum Diospyros lotus ), Persian gazelle Persian ), Ammoperdix ), fox ( ), fox ), Jerusalem sage Ophisaurus apodus Ophisaurus Otis tarda Otis arewidespreadin Naja oxiana ), urial( s), ferule ( ferule s), Vulpes ), etc. They be- ), They etc. Amygdalus bu- ). Aquila chry- Aquila

griseogu- ), skink ), skink

), jujube Ovis vi- vulpes Punica Ferula ), and ); ), .

Biological Diversity of Tajikistan

), ), ), ), ); of ); Phragmites Phragmites include tugai include tugai Elaeagnus an- Elaeagnus ), alang grass grass alang ), Tugai ecosystem Tugai ecosystem ), etc. Tamarix hispida Echis carinatus Echis Saccharum sponta- Saccharum Lycium dasystemum ), bur reed ( ), bur ecosystems ecosystems

, elaeagnus ( elaeagnus , Juncus articulatus Juncus Typha angustifolia ), sugarcane ( ), ), and sand echis and( sand echis ), ), desert thorn ( thorn ), desert In southern Tajikistan, nearly 30 thou- 30 nearly Tajikistan, In southern 9. Wetland for the preserva- important are They very the of southern land- The watercourses tugai eco- biomass, of the presence In have tugai ecosystems Theworld intact are: dominants vegetation The main ), Kashgar tamarisk ( ), Kashgar tamarisk Imperata cylindrica Imperata ( communis neum sand hectares of this ecosystem type are near- are type ecosystem this of sand hectares Re- areas of Balka the Tigrovaya protected sand-desert the of areas serve. Considerable growing. for cotton are cultivated ecosystems (the forests), tugai meadow-swamp (sometimes ecosystems. and wetland reaches), river lower particularly balance, ecological global the tion of of of waterfowls numbers for regulating the Eurasia. scapes of Tajikistan are the base of game water sustainable that provides species development and fur-bearinganimals, of fish, reproduction birds. of equal forests practically subtropical systems South Asia. Re- Tigrovaya Balka in the only been preserved are of which over 70% species, 645 plant serve. are nearly 30% and tugai, to solely assigned and sand-desert common of meadow-swamp here. defined are ecosystems, pruinosa Populus gustifolia lineolatum prevail. species xerophyllous the insects macereed ( ( black grass 25 25

Felis Felis ), jakal ), jakal Calligonum Calligonum ), wormwood ), wormwood ), halostachys ), halostachys Taphrometopon ), halocharis ), halocharis Hammada lepto- ), and steppe cat ( and steppe cat ), ), gray monitor lizard lizard monitor gray ), ), calligonum ( calligonum ), ), harmel ( harmel ), Salsola richteri Salsola ). Gazella subgutturosa Gazella ), big-eared hedgehog ), shaft-snake ( shaft-snake ), Carex physodes Low-mountain ecosystems savannoide ), saltwort( The vegetation dominants are: saxaul are: saxaul dominants The vegetation The major communities of this type are: this type of The major communities 8. Foothill semidesert-desert ecosys- semidesert-desert Foothill 8. Vast areas of these ecosystems (70%) ecosystems these of areas Vast Mammals are representedMammals mainly by: ). Of reptiles, there are: steppe agama agama are: steppe there Of reptiles, ). ), sedge ( occupy high terraces of the plains in the plains in the of the highterraces occupy tion; period. Complete absence of crop and pasture rota-Complete absence of crop and pasture technology; the haymaking of Violation spring infall and grazing cattle Unregulated Cutting trees and shrubs; andCutting shrubs; trees areas; ploughing of Intensive steep-slope fires; Frequent Canis aureus Canis Halostachys belangeriana Halostachys Artemisia tenuisecta Artemisia hispida Halocharis Haloxylon persicum Paraechinus hynomelus Agama sanguinolenta Varanus griseus clada ( litvinovii ( ( ( saxaul, black saxaul, calligonums, and peren- calligonums, black saxaul, saxaul, They play an important thickets. nial saltwort and erosion, preventing soils, protecting role in These ecosystems winter pasturing. providing ar- the total winter pasture of 30-40% include degraded and cultivated which are of eas, most for irrigablecrops. agricultural lower reaches of large rivers: Pyandj, Vakhsh, Vakhsh, Pyandj, rivers: large of lower reaches andKafirnigan, Syrdarya, Zeravshan. tems • • • • • • are strongly degraded. The main reasons of the the of main reasons The are strongly degraded. are: degradation Persian gazelle ( Persian gazelle ( ( ornald ( ( First National Report on Biodiversity Conservation songoricus C.stenocarpa ( dra, C.oliveri, C.stenocarpa, C.parva the arcto-alpian species of( sedge high-mountain water reservoirs mainly contain water sources isusually variable. Mountain and communis sedge ( geton ( ( mon horsetail voirs arecharacterized bythepresenceofcom- andetc.), thelow-mountain while plain reser- P.Kaufmanniana,lata, P.algida, P.farinose (

water flowing from irrigated lands. irrigated lands. from flowing water contaminated with agreat volumeofas theyare situation, critical most in the is land ecosystems economic development. considering its capacity, dangerousis for the pogenic impact on the environment, without needs ofthepopulation. Increasingthe anthro- anthropogenic systems meetwhich the general of the country area has been transformed into ruderal-degradedurban, and areas.Over 30% cnans cies of the tugaimammals junglecat are: ( ( gle chicus ( mud hen ( ganey teal ( Ardea cinerea ( herons nate: white andgray tugai, wherethefollowing birdspecieshiber-

country areas and of theplain low-mountain in the are others plants areas, wetland high-mountain solely are these of thetypical mountain and 145 of of Tajikistan; water reservoirs habit meus ( Cobresia pamiroalaica, C.capillifolia, C.persica, Typha angustifolia Cervus elaphus Gallinula chloropus A.crecea Circaetus ferox ), great cormorant (

), jakal( ), pygmy cormorant ( The biodiversity specific composition of These ecosystems include agricultural, foothillwet- of thebiodiversity Currently, of in- higher 330 plants species Nearly the Many the findshelter animals of in Anthropogenic Ecosystems crispus . Carex ),marsh harrier( ), and manyothers.), ), primrose species ( Anas querguedula ), meadow grass (Ranunculus

Rallus ), bittern( orbicularis), ), anagalis ( Equisetum arvense Canis aureus ), etc. ), etc. The background spe- The etc. ), ), pheasant ( ), potomogeton (

aquaticus Botaurus stellaris Ph.carbo bur reed( Circus aeruginosus Anagalis arvensis Pholacrocarax pug- ), Bukhara deer ), Europeanteal Primula capitel- ), moor hen Phasianus col- Egretta alba, ), serpentea- ), macereed Carex dian- Phragmites ), cobresia Potomo- ), gar- Felis

), ), , 26 26 Steep-sloped Steep-sloped lands areprone to landslides. sults inannual destruction ofsoilfertile layer. crop rotation re- irrigational technologiesand tats within mountainous Tajikistan. mals geneticpoolisthe extensionofyaks habi- vivacious example of conservation of the ani- are about 30 breeds of domestic animals. Most varieties.There local the cultivatedcropsare of soil andclimatic conditions. Nearly50% of adapted to localenvironment within wide range 1850 –adornment crops are raised and nous, 25 – industrial, 39 – forage, andabout vegetable andmelon, –legumi- 46–cereal, 39 4 m. ha. together withpastures, slightlyoverestimated is (genetic resources) occur here andthe area trial, vegetation andmelon, andforage plants of wildrelatives ofcereals, leguminous, indus- protected soil; considerable part of local species varietiesmain ofagricultural cropsgrowun- on of the Eastern masl). Pamirs (3000-3500 The hot foothills (300masl) to high-altitude deserts systems) are found in urbanecosystems, including cities. majority created.being The ofinvasivespecies plantations, which tois be maintained artificially, tral heating,sanitary-purifying zones, andgreen increased,ing newsystemwater of supply, cen- be- the citiesis urban zonearound prises. The settlements,sunzade, large enter- industrial and badam, Istravshan, Kulyab, Kurgan-Tybe,Tur- cities ofDushanbe, Khudjand, Isfara, Kani- larly wellobserved in cattle breedingareas. zonesofhumanactivity,cur inall particu- being 11. Urban ecosystems Violation of theregulations of agricultural 1550 varietiesoffruits andberries,463 – 10. Agroecosystems (agriculturaleco- 12. Ruderal-degraded ecosystems are locatedall in naturalzones, from comprise the comprisethe Agroecosystem oc- Biological Diversity of Tajikistan

Po- kirghi-

and and № 366 366 321 325 882 882 550 are usually usually are Saccharum Saccharum Endemics Alhagi

140 140 113 133 123 123 126

Families are formed. are formed. Rumex paulsenianus paulsenianus Rumex Imperata cylindrica Imperata Specific diversity Specific Number

) and camel’s thorn ( ) and camel’s 880 880 831 683 996 996 1022 1022 Genera A. Vegetable worldA.

In the sites of long-term pasturing in the in the pasturing of long-term sites In the rep- are alpinezone, ecosystems In the con- ecosystems ruderal the of Theflora Licorice, together with reed ( reed with together Licorice, Thea vegetable world is represented by of xerophytization, processes The people of Tajiki- of years, For thousands ), are formed after are informed the ), forest cuttings . (Vascular plants of USSR L.: Nauka, 1981, - 510 p.) - К

1.2.2. lygonum coriarum coriarum lygonum sorum zone. ecosystem the light fallow of lands formed in the deserted zone. forest sub-alpine zone, with combined species, by wormwood resented vegetation. meadow-steppe sists of 690 species and 30 communities. spontaneum great genetic and environmental diversity, and a and diversity, genetic great and environmental it includes diversity; 9771 spe- unique specific formations. cies and 20 mesophyllization, cryophytiza- ephemerization, in Tajikistan processes tion, and migration stan lived in harmony with the natural diversity natural diversity the stan lived in harmony with historical of process the In fauna. flora and of of new forms many they created development, and domestic and forage crops, food, medicine, en- thus conservation, their promoted animals, The cen- recent riching the natural biodiversity. impact human increased by an tury was marked due to thegrowth populationonbiodiversity, and land active mastering.

3663 3663 3276 2200 4511 4511 4750 27 , ), ), ), ), ), ). Species ), cere- 2 Cynodon Cynodon Labiatae , heliotrope , heliotrope Thermopsis Thermopsis Cousinia Ol- Cousinia ), St. John’s- St. ), ), ), Polygonaceae 450 450 198 488 2715 143.1 Compositae Capparis spinosa ), and camel’s thorn ), and camel’s thorn ), and some worm- ), Hordeum leporinum Salsola pestifera, pestifera, Salsola ). The main dominant The dominant main ). Area / thous. km thous. / Area , cousinia ( cousinia , .I.Ismailov (Identification of vascular plants of Tajikistan // Dep. in SPI center, edition 2, М Ruderal-degraded ecosystems ). ). Ranunculaceae ), and often labiates ( and often labiates ), Colchicum luteum Colchicum Artemisia ( buckwheats ), Trichodesma incanum Trichodesma , ComparativeCharacteristics VascularCentralof Plants Asian countries* in Prosopis farcta Prosopis , Country Country Guttiferae the are of foothills Ruderal ecosystems On the pastures and sown areas, the the areas, sown and pastures On the Ruderal communities of the low- of the Ruderal communities Gramineae Heliotropium dasicarpum Heliotropium Alhagi kirghisorum Tajikistan Tajikistan Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Turkmenistan (1186), D.: 1999.) - 4095 species. Critical inventory of flora is a priority issue in the second phase of the project *Flora of Tajik SSR (v. Kh. - L.: Nauka, 1991 - 624 p), Cherepanov S. Cherepanov - p), 1991 624 (v. Kh. - L.: Nauka, SSR Tajik of *Flora Table 1.2. Table 1.2. to according species, 4511 communities of ruderal ecosystems are rep- of ruderal ecosystems the communities ( of compositae resentatives ( als worts ( one species open by generally represented ( caper communities: plant wood species ( dolichocarpa ( ( meadow grasses most dangerous plants for people and animals for people and animals dangerous plants most ( are: colchicum fragments of wall barley ( of wall barley fragments ( saltworts annual S.turkestanica, S.forcipitata S.turkestanica, ( mountain zone are represented by mountain zone are represented dactilon C.dichromata, C.ambigens, gae, C.polycephala, C.microcarpa, C.radians,C.pseudoarctium and etc.), forbs. First National Report on Biodiversity Conservation Т communities. considerablea partof whichforms valuable (31 mln.)andunderground phytomass, (48mln) producesovernually 80 millionland tonnesof (table 1.3, 1.4). type family, genera, and highestrank – of the systematic presenceof units spectrum andthe is markedflora ofTajikistan by richgeneric 1.2). thanthatof Tajikistan (table bigger are many timescountries, which theareas of specific composition ascompared toother and forms that considerably enriched the flora caused anextensive formation offlora species tion (fig. 1.8): (fig. 1.8): tion structure. their to owing development ecosystems valley and mountain of sustainability support They range. ecological with narrow conditions treme № able 1.3. 7. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. • • • • •

angustifolia tugai forest( lans regia broad-leaf forest( J.seravschanica, J.semiglobosa juniper forest ( small-leaf forest ( Angiospermae, including: Angiospermae, Gymnospermae Pteridophyta Bryophyta Lichenes Fungi Algae

In addition tothespecificdiversity,In addition the • Dicotyledonae Dicotyledonae • Monocotyledonae • There are the following types of vegeta- types following the are There ex- in are communities valuable Many The naturalThe vegetation ofTajikistan an- (Magnoliopsida) (Liliopsida) Units (type, class) class) (type, Units B. Flora of Tajikistan ), Valuable communities ), Populus pruinosa, Elaeagnus Juniperus turkestanica, Grand total: Betula tianschanica Betula Acer turkestanicum, Jug- Total : Total:

9771 4511 3702 4454 5260 2233 2145

752 358 524 35 22 , species ), 2009 1013

Total 996 812 161 973 144 284 500 14 14 85 9 genus

380 380 123 113 257 100 28 28 95 18 52 27 78 5 5 • • • • • • • • family Amygdalus bucharica xerophyllousforest light ( Acantholimon tatarica,Onobrychis echidna thomsonii meadow ( grandis, Ferula Jaeshkiana semisavanna ( F.pamirica, Artemisiadracunculus steppe ( Cousinia pannosa, C.stephanophora Artemisia kochiiformis, Ceratoidespapposa C.calcareum, Hammada leptocloda, put-medusae,C.griceum, C.arborescens, persicum, Salsola richterii, Calligonum ca- semiwoody-semibrush vegetation ( equisitina nia ulmifolia, Exchorda Albertii, Ephedra brushwood ( 321 321 290 312

22 22 9 – – – – – –

species Introducent 112 112 100 106 Festuca alaica, F.subcata,

6 6 – – – – – – ), ), Polygomum coriarum, Ligularia genus Rosa kokanica, R.divina, Aflatu- Prangos pabularia, Inula

7 7 4 – 4 3 – – – – – – family 9450 4190 3412 4142 5260 2233 2145

730 358 524 ), 26 22 species Pistacia vera, Wild relatives ),

1897 1013 884 712 155 867 144 284 500 14 14 85 3

), genus Haloxylon , Prunus Prunus

373 116 109 257 100 91 91 18 52 27 78 2 5

. family ), Biological Diversity of Tajikistan

fig. 1.8. fig. 1.8.

C Zorkul Lake Zorkul

b a g r

u M Karakul Lake Karakul warf semishrub semishrub warf

Herbaceous communities Vegetation d communities cities cities rivers tree-shrubs communities lakes and water reservoirs Yashilkul Lake Yashilkul 1-9 The Legend: 15-24

10-14 Herbaceous vegetation vegetation Herbaceous

Sarez LakeSarez

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A ofvegetation» to «Map-scheme Legend West Pamir-like deserts with domination of domination with West deserts Pamir-like communities acantholimon-sagebrush Halophytic saltwort-ephemeroid vegetation of salt- domination with deserts Fergana-like communities wort-ephemeroid-sagebrush Xerophytic open ephemerid-sagebrush- woodlands zygophyllaceous-almond of withdomination meadow-marsh- Tugai oleaster-poplar communities vegetation ephemeroid- Psammophytic saltwort-saxaul halophytic-perennial Juniper forests in combination with shrubs, shrubs, with combination forests in Juniper steppes and meadows with forests tall- Open juniper combination in and shrubs herbs, xerophytes Xerophytic open ephemeroid-maple-pistachio woodlands Deciduous maple-shrub-walnut forests forests maple-shrub-walnut Deciduous for- buckthorn-birch Small-leaf meadow-sea ests KISTAN

UZBE 11 10 Fig. 1.8. Fig. 1.8. Map-Schemevegetation of Republic of Tajikistan Fig. 1.8. 1.8. Fig. First National Report on Biodiversity Conservation saxaul ( tyttanthum rice ( dicinal plantsarethe following formations: lico- origin.sources ofvegetable of pastures) and90%natural medicinal of re- over 70% of arablelands hectares(3.5 million woody-shrubs.– to 6 shrubs and typesto vegetation,sub-20 of thembelong of 4 composition and structure.include They 10 of resources. hayfields, andfood,medicinal,technical partofthemable are high-productive pastures, the total areaofTajikistan(fig. 1.9), consider- munities. habit thesecommunities formedbythesecom- mammalsof large in- CentralAsia.90% ties of mesophyllic-shrubcommuni-of small-leafand tugai,tachios, ofmesophyllic, 65% of 95% 20% make over 60% juniper,50% valuable of of pis- ( vera ( persicum, rhubarb( noides schanica J.turkestanica, J.sibirica pers ( Sieversii ties are:nuts( communi- valuable most themthe tions. Among munities form independent vegetation forma- Ficus carica Ficus Elaeagnus angustifolia ), common jujube( Glycyrrhyza glabra Juniperus seravschani ), populus ( The mostThe valuable communities of me- subshrub and communitiesGrass make communitiesGrass are most diversein Valuable communities occur almost on The woodyThe andshrubplants ofTajikistan More than 70 species of valuable com-ofMore than70species Haloxylon persicum ), maples ( ), maples ), sea buckthorns ( ), ), lagochilus seravschanicus ), hawthorns ( Juglans regia Populus pruinosa Rheum maximoviczii Acer turkestanicum ), birches ( ), pistachios( ),( origanum Ziziphus jujuba ). Crataegus pontica Sub-alpine meadows meadows Sub-alpine с Hippophae rham- a, J.semiglobosa, ), apples ( ), elaeganus Betula tian-Betula Origanum , bunium Pistacia Pistacia ), juni- ), inula ), figs Malus ), 30 30 and 17genera. species,by 29 belonging to familiessented 7 merous orders of mammals inTajikistan, repre- ata plants ( Cotoneaster,nicara, Fraxinus ulmifolia Acer turkestanicum, Exchorda Alberti,Aflatunia forests,phyllic deciduous forests ( phaca grandiflora, Keyscrlingia mollis rophytic light forests ( ments, communitiesbroad-leaf forests of orxe- shinskya,Paulia, Thlaspidium, Chaetolimon Cephalopodum, Spyrostegia, Kuhitangia, Kor- and endemic speciesand genera( small communities, including numerous relic tatum, A.seravschanicum, F.Suvorovii sima, F.violacea ( families and 9 genera. stan includes19 species of bats, belongingto3 era and2 families. resented byonly6species, belonging to4gen- branch ofoldest mammals inTajikistan rep- -is lates. tera, hares, rodents, carnivorous, andungu- families, and6 orders: insectivorous, cheirop- clude 84species, grouped in47genera, 22 C. ( Vertebrates tory of Tajikistan (table 1.4). tory ofTajikistan 531 speciesofanimals vertebrateon theterri- about 13thousandspecies of invertebrates and moted the conservation anddevelopment of asancientwell many-pole faunogenesespro- munities rich incomposition structure,and as conditions, ecosystem variations and plant com- Rhodiola heterodonta) Inula grandis ) still exist inTajikistan.

A considerable diversity of environmental ofA considerablediversity Order Rodentia (rodents) Cheiroptera Order(Chiroptera) Insectivorous Order (Insectivora) Mammals Buchingera, Ostrovskia, Petilium, Imper- ), numerousrelic shrubs( Of ancientMediterranean floraele- theseAll formations arepreservedas

Animal World ), ungernia tadshicorum ), onion species ( (Mammalia)

Fraxinus raibocarpa, Calo-

, ferule ( ), andherbaceous

of Tajikistan in- Ferula foetidis- is the is most nu- Juglans regia, Allium stipi- Ostrovskia, Ribes, Lo-Ribes, ). , allseed , allseed ), meso- of Tajiki- of – the ). Biological Diversity of Tajikistan

fig. 1.9.

37 Zorkul Lake Zorkul

a 3

g r

u M

37 Karakul Lake Karakul

37 Yashilkul Lake 37

Sarez Lake Sarez tree phytocenoses bush phytocenoses rivers cities cities 37 lakes and water reservoirs The Legend: 28 37 28 28

38 d

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3 27 a

un 26 h

23 j

n G S 11

37 a

3 23 26

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Hippophae rhamnoides Hippophae T.ramosissima arceuthoides, Tamarix angustifolia Elaeagnus pruinosa Populus alberti Restella Betula tianschanica Betula seravschanica Juniperus orientalis Biota alberti Exochorda regia Juglans J.semiglobosa J.sibirica, turkestanika, Juniperus P.tadshikistanica bachofenii, Populus orientalis Platanus Acerturkestanicum Fraxinus sogdiana Cotoneaster hissaricus, C.nummularius R.ovczinnikovii R.ecae, divina, Rosa persicum Haloxylon S.richteri paletzkiana, Salsola C.litvinovii microcarpum, Calligonum

33 g z 32

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33 s 39 r

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31 23 2 28 9 6

7 j 28

21 n 9 39

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38 7 20 17 29 27 20

35 33 33 10

n 7 23 a 23 11 5 11 Latin Names Latin Names

h 27 1 39 35

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v 3 29 6 13

a 29

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23 s 9

7 h 6

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10 Dushanbe a 37

3 Z 25

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27 a 6 9 K 38 27 25 35 41 34 34 17

31 a 39 32 37 37 y

5 r a 36 8 ud Am 32 27 Legend to «Map-scheme to phytocoenosis of mainLegend bush treeof vegetation» and KISTAN 16 7 10 9 30 23 Vitex agnus-castus Malus sieversii Ficus carica Pyrus regelii Pyrus bucharica lotus Diosphyros gontscharovii Zigophillum Acer regelii, A.pubescens Acer regelii, E.intermdia equisetina, Ephedra Fraxinus raibocarpa grandiflora Calophaca Rhus coriaria spina-christiPalinrus Punica granatum Punica caucasica Celtis Pistacia vera bucharica Amygdalus spinosissima Amygdalus Zizyphus jujuba griffithii Cercis C.erythrocarpa verrucosa, Cerasus 28 UZBE Fig. 1.9. Fig. 1.9. Map-Schememain of phytocenoses of tree and bush vegetation Republic of Tajikistan 1 9 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 20 21 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 No. No. Fig. 1.9. 1.9. Fig. First National Report on Biodiversity Conservation of hares –large-earedpiping hare ( and highlands. mountainous The representative mountainous forests the and deserts to valleys (300-5100range masl),occursthe river from ( (Lagomyidae ( species,3 belonging to2families: hares Tajikistan. areas ofdeserts northern in andsoutheastern ments are preserved at clay, rubble, and saline territory;within Tajikistan theirsparse settle- ( ( order also include small five-toed jerboa the early 1980sof 20 century. mot completely disappeared fromTajikistan in min Range,theisolatedpopulationofmar- Kura-per reachesandtheadjacent partsofthe to theindustrialdevelopment of theAktash up- Menzbier’s marmot ( ing. squirrelsand yellow are the vanish- on vergeof Populations of data squirrels todactulus kistan includes 5species: Table 1.4.Table Mammalia Aves Pisces Reptilia Amphibia Mollusca Insecta Arachnida Vermes Protozoa Invertebrates Lepus tolai Leporidae A.severtzovi Allactaga elater Vertebrates ),and Menzbier’s marmot ( Taxa The familyThe ofsquirrels( Order Lagomorpha The rarerepresentatives of therodents Endemic ofWestern Shan is Tien Total: C.fulvus

Specific diversity ofanimals diversity Specific , relic( )– 1species, piping hares ) has a wide geographic and vertical ), whichare narrow-area species ) – 2 species. The Tolai hare 10 000 12619 13150 Total Spermophilopsis leptodactulus 1400 346 531 204 715 300 , red marmot ( marmot red , 84 52 47 ) and Severtzov’sjerboa Citellus relictus Citellus 2 Marmota menzbieri demic 799 799 En- 800 796 Spermophilopsis lep- (hares) includes 1 – – – – 1 3 – – – Number Number Sciuridae Marmota cau- ), andyellow M.menzbieri Listed inthe Red Data Ochotona Book

162 104 ) ofTaji- 58 42 37 21 50 4 – 8 – – – ). Due ).

32 32 Persian gazellebecame the veryrare, listed in plains,hill andlowlands (400-1800 masl). The inhabits semi-desert hard-soiled areas,flat foot- ( mirs (2200-4800masl),whilered piping hare roylei Sarikhosor and Deer arepreserved in Zeravshan zakaznik, border. Introducent populations ofBukhara Red of Afghanistantugai ofrightside till Pyanjriver dwelling is Tigrovaya in Balka reserve and in hara RedDeeris really threatened. Its entirelytransformed.almost At presentBuk- toagriculturaltugai –due developmentthey are deer– BukharaRed the nativehabitatsThe of IUCN. the of Book the Red Data listed in stan is sentative of cloven-ungulate mammals of Tajiki- ( boar( der is wild representative genera. Awidespread of thisor- belongingmals inTajikistan, familiesand4 to 3 presented by of7 species cloven-hoofed ani- Ochotona rutila Cervus elaphus bactrianusCervus elaphus ) –iscommon inBadakhshan the and Pa- Order Artiodactyla Persian gazelle ( gazelle Persian in Shakhrinau nursery. nursery. Shakhrinau in ) occurs only the Pamirs.in Sus scrofa Sus Gazella subgutturosa (cloven-ungulate) ). BukharaReddeer Gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa Gazella ), the largest repre- Lepus tolai tolai Lepus in-situ

is )

Biological Diversity of Tajikistan ) is ) is ), Ti- ) was ) was partridge partridge – ) Falco cherrug ) is common in ) is Uncia uncia Uncia ), and wild cat and wild cat ), Pardus pardus Pardus Coturnix coturnix Galliformes ), Turkestan lynx (Felis lynx (Felis Turkestan ), is the most numerous (in is the most numerous (in

Ursus arctos Felis chaus ), quail ( ), quail (birds) ). become extinct. tiger Turan ). has Uncia uncia Uncia Among mammals, the narrow-endemic mammals, Among the narrow-endemic Aves Brown bear ( Earlier, the leopard ( Resident birds include 82 species, nest- species, 82 birds include Resident Alectoris kakelik Alectoris Felis libyca the mountain ranges of Northern, Central Tajiki- Central the mountain ranges of Northern, Poaching Pamirs. and the stan, Badakhshan, are mastering factors forest and mountainous the decline popu- promoting brown bear’s the of lation. 84 mam- 11 of marmot. species is: Menzbier’s species. to game are assigned mal species of class of Ta- specific composition) vertebrates 346 re- species includes jikistan. Ornithofauna are (37 species) to 16 orders. Nearly 10% lated criti- The most rare or endangered. to assigned bustards. and are falcons cal species – 80, and – 108, wintering – 150, migratory ers and waterfowl 21. Among – passage birds of and species of ducks over 20 near-water birds, reser- lakes, wetlands, at wintering sandpipers, are impor- and rivers, ponds, voirs, man-made the of The representatives species. game tant ( order of gallinaceous ( quite common, but it is not This spe- quite common, numerous. of totalzone the mountainous covers cies area at are habitats to The 2500 typical Tajikistan. 5500masl. lynx), jungle cat ( ( Taji- of southwestern mountains incommon the there years, In recent kistan. have beenvalid no Tajikistan. leopard in on the presence of data Snow leopard or irbis ( leopard ( 33 ) – ) is ) is ), snow ) was a ) was Panthera Panthera Uncia uncia ), inhabitant inhabitant ), ) is an endan- is ) Capra sibirica Capra ) of Tajikistan is of ) Ovis ammon polii Pardus pardus (carnivorous) includes includes (carnivorous) Martes foina Felidae ) in Tajikistan: striped hyena striped hyena ) in Tajikistan: ). Owing to active developing to active developing Owing ). Capra falconeri Ovis vignei bochariensis vignei Ovis ), leopard ( leopard ), Hyaenidae There is only one species of the hyenas the of one species only There is ( The cat family Order Carnivora Argali or wild ram ( wild ram Argali or Markhur ( Markhur Urial ( Siberian mountain goat ( goat Siberian mountain Hyaena hyaena tigris virgata family ( ( 20 species, belonging to 5 families and 10 gen- 5 to belonging 20 species, the of representative common era. The most ( marten family is stone forests. and juniper of broad-leaf and killing, direct the lands of its natural habitats the population of the hyenas has been shrinking rapidly over the all republic. Turan ( tiger represented by 5 species: the largest representative of wild rams of Cen- of of wild rams representative the largest tral Asia and a pride the of mountainous Pamirs hunting international fauna. The uncontrolled re- its reduced considerably and poaching 10-15 years. in recent sources very common species in the past. species in the past. very common Only 400- at the present are preserved 500 individuals time. Red Data Books of IUCN and Tajikistan. The The Tajikistan. and ofRed Data Books IUCN be- species, is an endangered Persian gazelle its degradation, habitat and poaching cause of innot exceeding the country population 80. a common representative of cloven-ungulate cloven-ungulate of representative a common at 1600-5000 occurring Tajikistan, animalsin population is its 10-15 years In recent masl. by threatened poaching. of Book gered species listed in the Red Data population markhur’s the At present the IUCN. reserve of the Dashti-Jum counts 120-130 individuals. First National Report on Biodiversity Conservation Table 1.5 Table and numerous (30species). a lesser degree) mountains, are common also deserts, semi-deserts, steppes,foothill and (to in thecountry.of thisspecies Lizards, inhabiting negativeexporting has impactthepopulation on andsteppes.poaching Inrecent illegal years, fieldi of reptiles issteppe tortoise ( tiles. Book ofTajikistancomprises 21speciesof rep- RedData tortoise. The of species snakes and1 lizardsin –30species. There are16species of genera. 1.6), includedin 2 orders, 13 families, and 23 represented diverse, being by47species (table assigned to game species. and pheasant ( snow partridge( betan ** is 8-10% range *Number Waterfowls* Pigeon ( Partridge ( Bar-headed goose( ( Pheasant ( Tibetian partridge snow Tetraogallus tibetanus tibetanus Thousands ),which occursin loessfoothilladyrs and Numerous andcommon representative richestThe specific diversity is observed Reptiles Reptiles Columba leuconota Columba

Dynamics Numbersof of Some GameBirds Alectorius keklik Alectorius Phasianus colchicus

Name Phasianus colchicus ( Reptilia Anser indicus

Tetraogallus tibetanus )* ) )* * of Tajikistan arevery

) ) ) Varanus griseus griseus Varanus Testudo hors- 3220 1990 44.2 44.2 740 585 9.2 9.2 34 34 ) – are alsoare ) – 3350 1991 44.5 44.5 730 565 9.5 9.5 35 35 3250 1992 ), 45.2 45.2 680 571 9.3 9.3 35 35 34 34 Table 1.6. Order Crotalidae Family Family Crotalidae Viper Family ( ( Asp Family ( Family Grass-snake Boa Family ( ( Blind-snake Family (Snakes) Suborder Family Skink( ( Family Lizard Anguidae Family Monitor lizard Family ( ( Family Agama Gecko Family( Suborder Order Land tortoise Family ( ( Suborder turtle Hidden-neck 3000 1993 Cryptodira 44.8 44.8 660 570 8.0 8.0 35 ( individuals Testudines Squamata 3050 1994 45.0 45.0 640 610 9.0 9.0 33 specific diversity specific Systematic structure of reptile structure Systematic О Sauria ) phidia, seu Serpentes Elapidae Boidae Viperidae Scincidae 3749 3749 1995 10.4 10.4 45.8 Lacertidae )* 630 790 Gekkonidae 37 Agamidae

(Lizards) (Scaly animals) Name (Tortoise) (Tortoise) ) Typhlopidae 4239 4239 1996 ) 10.1 10.1 40.5 Columbridae 704 565 Testudinidae Varanidae 38 ) ) ) ) ) 3988 3988 1997 20.0 20.0 47.5 783 405 69

) ) ) 9533 9533 1998 ) 30.3 30.3 37.9 805 404 69 2713 1999 25.7 25.7 44.8 134 652 321 Number Number of species 16 30 46 1 1 4 1 8 1 1 5 9 1 1 9 5 1 1 1232 2000 25.1 25.1 26.0 652 310 57 Biological Diversity of Tajikistan ) ). ). Silurus Barbus Barbus ), com- ),

A cities cities rivers P.hermanii

I lakes and water reservoirs Rangul Lake Rangul

H Aspius aspius aspius Aspius

C have become become have Shorkul Lake Shorkul P.fedtschenkoi Zorkul Lake Zorkul

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Fish population in a high-mountain lake Fishin population high-mountain a

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a V Khorog Aspiolucius esocinus Aspiolucius Carassus auratus chus kaufmannii and Syrdarya pseudosturgeon ( pseudosturgeon and Syrdarya Some valuable game fish – pike-asp fish – game Some valuable ( brachycephalus) recent years, AralBook. In asp ( taeniatus rare, andless endangered. numerous, 18 of acclimatization was enriched by courses carp crucian including: species, fish valuable ( glanis

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Pseudoscaphirhyn- u

s N

r i o T Echis carinataEchis

b j o n a n P g Numerous watercourses watercourses Numerous

Amphibia a

Dagano-Say reservoir

Y Varicorhynus capoeta her-

b n o z r

a a the populations of which populations the , V h

Katasay reservoir Katasay v ),

h s h

e k

Dushanbe

Z a Salmo trutta morfa fario Scardinius erythrophthalmus Scardinius V

Kurgan-Tube

Schizothorax intermedius Schizothorax

g i

n r

i f a (Pisces). (Pisces). K ), ), Iskanderkul Lake Iskanderkul sand snake ( sand snake

Aspius aspius taeniatus aspius Aspius a y r a d ) and green toad ( ) and green toad u m redeye ( redeye A Typhlops vermicularis KISTAN Naja oxiana , Of 16 snake species, the most critical critical the most species, 16 snake Of Fish Fish Amphibians ( UZBE Fig. 1.10. Republic of Tajikistan Esox lucius ones are: ones are: ( cultivation and watering of desert and fallow of watering cultivation and lands the caused frog area lake expansion. are being less and less numerous, because of of because numerous, less less and are being them in and illegal serpen- catching keeping venom. snake’s receiving at aimed taria, sented by 2 species: – lake frog ( sented by 2 species: ridibunda snake ( ( cobra relic and endemic species contain 3 sturgeon 3 sturgeon contain species relic and endemic pseudostur- shovel-nosed (genus of species ( – great geons): Amudarya Aral asp ( Aral asp ius erythrophthalmus atensis of Tajikistan are currently inhabited by 52 spe- inhabited of Tajikistan are currently of fish, belongingto 12 families. cies and forms of are those populations The diverse fish most lakes –20,ponds – 17, 52species, rivers – has fish of diversity whole 10. The springs – including 1.10), (fig. nearly 20 game species ( Amudariya trout First National Report on Biodiversity Conservation nobilis carp ( peled ( peled (whitebeluga sturgeon) sterlet,and Siberian new breed of carp ( ( 1.11). tic zones of Middle Asia mountain province (fig. faunis-three to ous fauna belongs Tajikistan of toTuran kistan relates province. mountain- The ( 715, insects ( ( ( inanimals Tajikistan, including: protists thousand species of invertebrate ( and industrial waste discharge. discharge. waste industrial and poaching pollution, chemical structures, power of number and sity ( mon bream Ctenopharyngodon idella Mollusca Vermes Protozoa Republic of Tajikistan of Republic zoogeographical division zoogeographical of Map-Scheme Fig. 1.11.Fig. UZBE

Hypophthalmichthus molitrix,Aristichthus ), American buffalo ( Zoogeographically, plainterritory of Taji- By are thepresentabout time, 13 there biodiver- specific to damage A significant Zoogeographic zones Invertebrates Coregonus peled

KISTAN

A ) –1400,arachnoids ( m

d 204.) –

) –300species, parasitic worms a

y a

Kaf irni gan Abramis brama Insecta

V Kurgan-Tube a Z Dushanbe

khsh e

s h

Pisces a

Cyprinus sp. n

a – 10000,mollusks)

n ), etc. j ), silver and motley is caused byhydro- iscaused Jctiobus bufalus

N u r e Khujand k

re ze K rv iz oi ilsu r carp ), grass Kayrakkum reservoir Kayrakkum Kulyab AFGHANISTAN 0 50 100 150 Km ), a hybrid of of ), ahybrid Arachnida Invertebrata Y ak hsu

S y rd a S ry u a r k

O h b o b ik

h ), a ) – i n g

)

n j 36 36 craeus kirgisorum myzus lonicerina, Ruceraphis pilosa, ( myzus alticola,F.alticola F.tschatcalica), Aphiduro- paradoxa), Ferganaphis (F.lonicericola, and species:endemic genera part considerable of Among insects thereisa lands, including 35 species of mammals, occur. mountain-forestarable and zone,rivervalleys, animalskum reservoirs. typical Here, of the Syrdarya RiverValleywith and Kairak-Farkhad and the ofthe Turkestan Range northern side demics. suben- endemics and species);it containsmany Mongolian. richzone is This intheriofauna(45 –Chinese,African, –Tibetian, 14 and 6 – 12 andTurkestanian,20 –Iranian Indian and 7– cies areEuropean, 33–of CentralAsianorigin, Palearctic,cies oftheseare common 22spe- in by 40 species. typical; Nestingare 70 birds spe- are represented by 2species,reptiles while – Western Pamirs andHindu-Kush. Amphibians the Pamirs, of the totalsystem coveringthe of southwestern bordersto thewesternand Range the Zeravshanfromthesouthern slopesof

Khorog V a n Y c a h z g

u KYRGYZSTAN B l a e r m ta n The Western TienShanzone P Tajikistan (Bukhara)zone a g

n S G

j А h a un

k t

h .rosae), Prociphilus umarovi,Rhopalo- da ra reservoirs reservoirs and water lakes rivers rivers cities cities Pamir district Pamir Tajikistan district district Tien-Shan Western The Legend: The Sarez Lake . Yashilkul Lake Yashilkul

Karakul Lake

a b Zorkul Lake

Loniceraphis (L. C

includes lands

N A covers the and Di-

Biological Diversity of Tajikistan

Fungi

– – – – Cus- 2000 2000 2000 ), etc. ),

: ), oak

), helio- ),

Weeds – – – – Picea 650 650 650 ), cypress ), cypress

Cuscuta

Portulaca

Artemisia Parasites Invasive species species Invasive – 1 – – 51 52

Robinia pseudaca- ), soapberry tree soapberry tree ),

), oriental tree of tree of oriental ), ), ( spruce Decorative Decorative – – 500 500 735 735

1030 1030 2265

Pinus ), portulaca ( portulaca ),

Aesculus Industrial Industrial – – 5 – 5 – , wormwood (

Ailanthus orientalis Ailanthus ), and many others. All are used for All for are used others. and many ), ), bastard acacia ( acacia ), bastard Oil-bearing – – 3 – 3 – Cuscuta Heliotropium During recent five years, 15 wheat and years, 15 wheat and five During recent Along with useful introducents biodiver- Along introducents with useful have developed Local species, invasive in- having been Many invasive species, The most typical species, common in Ta- common species, typical The most

), chestnut ( ), chestnut

Leguminous

– – 9 – 9 – Koelreuteria paniculata Cupressus Quercus

They occupy vast pasture They pasture occupy vast and areas arable land great harm toand decreas- make ecosystems, agri- the yield of Annually, productivity. ing their solely due to 30% to is reduced cultural crops field choking. at imported and tested were sorts 18potato in many grounds and demonstration controlling ac- were sorts Those the republic. regions of the most plants, weed companied by many of which harmful are 5 species of ( ( heaven ( planting out. sity of Tajikistan by some is invaded alien spe- to cies which pose great threat the biodiversity years risk has Tajikistan. In recent of the been and imported the numerous due to increased cultivated species of forage, medicinal, food, species. and other decorative, anthropogenic with considerable in Tajikistan, impact (table 1.7). and agricultural cluded incommunities valuable progressingwhen the climatic con- crops, start in- These species changed. ditions are slightly clude: jikistan, are: ( pine jikistan,are: trope ( ( cia

Cereals 37

– – – – 11 11 11

Phi- and melon melon and

– – – – Vegetable Vegetable 30 30 Alien (introducent) species species (introducent) Alien

Fruit-berry Fruit-berry

– 1 – 20 20 15 36

includes the eastern the eastern includes

Forage – – – – 16 16

Class in Tajikistan exceeds 200 exceeds 200 Class in Tajikistan Total: Total:

Microorganisms Alien and Invasive species and Invasive Alien Alien andinvasive species Name

E. D.

The Pamirs zone zone The Pamirs and South-Western of deserts Lowlands,

They occur in are cosmopolites. Protists Herbaceous Herbaceous Fungi Wood Wood Shrub Sub-shrub Table 1.7. tomastigophora species. all biotopes: water, allsoil, water, biotopes: air, and animal plant The protist fauna of Tajikistan organisms. is in- According to the approxi- studied. sufficiently are 300 protists in mate data, there species of Nurek of the 112 species including Tajikistan, of the composition The specific Reservoir. About 2500 species of plants are defined of areas from other nature-geographic in flora flora these are cultivated Some of Tajikistan. and parks and gardens in botanical introduced woody fast-growing as grown on the slopes plants.

Northern Tajikistan relate to Northern Tajikistan relate Middle Asian to desert is world Here animal province. Turan area of Here species of and dryadapted to hot climate. are met. deserts Pamirs and Pamirs and a part of the Alay it is Valley; char- poor conditions, by severe climatic acterized of birds are species 120 Nearly flora and fauna. them, found here; among spe- there are: settled winter- – 45-47, migratory-nesting cies – 10-12, of belongpas- birds other species ingto – 4-5; are presented Mammals 65-67 species. sage – species. by 15 First National Report on Biodiversity Conservation bonche aegyptiaca С lineata relate to invasive species. of all Almost them of insects. species 20 alien by speciesare invasive. 30 about Among them species. 50alien about spore-bearing – 2, and flowering (mass) 78. spore-bearingand flowering – – 2, species. plants of Tajikistan are by 600-650represented cultivatedtizing on and decorative plants.Weed genera – plant communities. 50Over species of only two were importedinto Tajikistan andincludedinits cum taria halepense cuta campestris on prevention of their negative impact. impact. negative of their prevention on measures of development and species invasive on works of extension predetermine environment and the on biodiversity species invasive and alien decaocto theras tristis ( name) – local (maina starling Indian rat( Norway ( ichtyofauna. local on impact negative a caused which invaders, accidental with filled are species fish valuable introduction the duced by alien species (about 20 species). Due to vertebrates the class of Pisces is mostly intro- cotton. and fruits cultivation, potato to age Among gerum ( Myocastor coypus Cyperus rotundus .approximata ), trichodesma ( ), heliotrope elliptical ( invaded in the republic cause a great dam- great a cause republic the in invaded , Of 3 alien species of mammals: nutria of mammals: species 3 alien Of The mostThe persistent weed species are: numberofGreat species quarantine At present fauna of Tajikistan consists of consists of Tajikistan fauna present At Enthomofauna of the republic is presented ispresented republic of the Enthomofauna Increase of negative impact caused from from impact caused of negative Increase Pseudococcus comstocki ). Cuscuta , Rattus norvegicus Rattus ), collared turtledove ( turtledove ), collared Eriochloa succinctaEriochloa , , С and .monogyna ), muskrat ( С ), paspalum ( , Trihodesma incanum Acroptilon repens .lehmanniana Orobonche Leptinotarsa desem- Leptinotarsa Heliotropium ellipti- ); birds – 2 species: – 2 birds species: ); , aswell Ondatra zibethica Ondatra , Paspalum digi- , Eriosoma lani- Eriosoma , nut grass – areparasi- С Streptopelia Streptopelia .bucharica

, Sorghum Acri do- Acri ). Oro- ), , 38 38 tiva pumpkin ( ( ( useful crops of onion ( useful cropsof carefully conserving and successfully growing and-berries,melons. vegetables,and plants,crops,nous industrial fruit- forageplants, many regions of Tajikistan arecereals,legumi- areas). is cotton(40%valleys crop of various plants. sortscies and360 of hybrids of and cultivars zonation,therecal are cultivated spe- over85 the flora species. In Tajikistan, at different verti- agrocoenosis, of preserved thousand have 1 country territory. main agricultural occupyareas over7%the of stan since the IImillennium B.C. present At

Cucumis melo Daucus carota ), etc.

For manycenturies,peoplebeen have The main agricultural crops cultivated in The maincrop of irrigated inthelands The cultivated landscapes, particularly Farming hadbeen developed inTajiki- 1.2.3. Cucurbita Agricultural biodiversity ), water-melon ( ), garlic ( ), garlic ), cucumber ( ), cucumber Allium sativum Allium Gossipium barbadense Gossipium Allium cepa Allium Citrullus aedulis Cucumis sa- ), carrot ), melon ), melon ),