European science review

№ 3–4 2018 March–April

PREMIER Vienna Publishing 2018 European Sciences review Scientific journal № 3–4 2018 (March–April) ISSN 2310-5577 Editor-in-chief Lucas Koenig, Austria, Doctor of Economics International editorial board Abdulkasimov Ali, Uzbekistan, Doctor of Geography Kocherbaeva Aynura Anatolevna, Kyrgyzstan, Doctor of Economics Adieva Aynura Abduzhalalovna, Kyrgyzstan, Doctor of Economics Kushaliyev Kaisar Zhalitovich, Kazakhstan, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine Arabaev Cholponkul Isaevich, Kyrgyzstan, Doctor of Law Lekerova Gulsim, Kazakhstan, Doctor of Psychology Zagir V. Atayev, Russia, Ph.D. of of Geographical Sciences Melnichuk Marina Vladimirovna, Russia, Doctor of Economics Akhmedova Raziyat Abdullayevna, Russia, Doctor of Philology Meymanov Bakyt Kattoevich, Kyrgyzstan, Doctor of Economics Balabiev Kairat Rahimovich, Kazakhstan, Doctor of Law Moldabek Kulakhmet, Kazakhstan, Doctor of Education Barlybaeva Saule Hatiyatovna, Kazakhstan, Doctor of History Morozova Natalay Ivanovna, Russia, Doctor of Economics Bestugin Alexander Roaldovich, Russia, Doctor of Engineering Sciences Moskvin Victor Anatolevich, Russia, Doctor of Psychology Boselin S.R. Prabhu, India, Doctor of Engineering Sciences Nagiyev Polad Yusif, Azerbaijan, Ph.D. of Agricultural Sciences Bondarenko Natalia Grigorievna, Russia, Doctor of Philosophy Naletova Natalia Yurevna, Russia, Doctor of Education Bogolib Tatiana Maksimovna, Ukraine, Doctor of Economics Novikov Alexei, Russia, Doctor of Education Bulatbaeva Aygul Abdimazhitovna, Kazakhstan, Doctor of Education Salaev Sanatbek Komiljanovich, Uzbekistan, Doctor of Economics Chiladze George Bidzinovich, Georgia, Doctor of Economics, Doctor of Law Shadiev Rizamat Davranovich, Uzbekistan, Doctor of Education Dalibor M. Elezović, Serbia, Doctor of History Shhahutova Zarema Zorievna, Russia, Ph.D. of Education Gurov Valeriy Nikolaevich, Russia, Doctor of Education Soltanova Nazilya Bagir, Azerbaijan, Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D. of History) Hajiyev Mahammad Shahbaz oglu, Azerbaijan, Doctor of Philosophy Spasennikov Boris Aristarkhovich, Russia, Doctor of Law Ibragimova Liliya Ahmatyanovna, Russia, Doctor of Education Spasennikov Boris Aristarkhovich, Russia, Doctor of Medicine Blahun Ivan Semenovich, Ukraine, Doctor of Economics Suleymanov Suleyman Fayzullaevich, Uzbekistan, Ph.D. of Medicine Ivannikov Ivan Andreevich, Russia, Doctor of Law Suleymanova Rima, Russia, Doctor of History Jansarayeva Rima, Kazakhstan, Doctor of Law Tereschenko-Kaidan Liliya Vladimirovna, Ukraine, Doctor of Philosophy Khubaev Georgy Nikolaevich, Russia, Doctor of Economics Tsersvadze Mzia Giglaevna, Georgia, Doctor of Philology Khurtsidze Tamila Shalvovna, Georgia, Doctor of Law Vijaykumar Muley, India, Doctor of Biological Sciences Khoutyz Zaur, Russia, Doctor of Economics Yurova Kseniya Igorevna, Russia, Ph.D. of History Khoutyz Irina, Russia, Doctor of Philology Zhaplova Tatiana Mikhaylovna, Russia, Doctor of Philology Korzh Marina Vladimirovna, Russia, Doctor of Economics Zhdanovich Alexey Igorevich, Ukraine, Doctor of Medicine

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Section 1. Biology

Aliyev Bahman Musa oglu, Ph D., in Biology, docent, Azerbaijan State Agrarian University, Qabilov Malik Yusif oglu, PhD., in Biology, docent, Azerbaijan State Agrarian University, Aliyeva İlaha Fizuli qızı, PhD., in Biology, Senior lecturer, Azerbaijan State Agrarian University, E-mail: [email protected]

FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE CASTANEA SATIVA MILL

Abstract: One of the most valuable tree species, which has the most diverse application. Very valuable fruit tree. In addition, it has valuable wood, is a good tanning, dyeing, nectar source plant and very decorative. Chestnut kernels are very nutritious and used for food in boiled, baked and raw form. Keywords: Castanea sativa, anatomical, structure, vegetative organs. The tree is up to 30–35 m in height and 1.5–2 m in ful core root system. Heat-loving breed, strongly suffers diameter, with a wide, spreading crown. The buds are from frostbite [4]. large, ovate in dark brown color. Leaves are 10–25 cm The main constituent of chestnut nuts is carbohy- long, narrowed to the base, glabrous from above, dense- drates, to a lesser extent proteins and fats. In immature ly pubescent from below. The petiole is 1.5–2.5 cm chestnut nuts, a high content of vitamin C (1500 mg% long. Staminate flowers are yellowish, fragrant, pistil in fresh fruits) and a significant amount of vitamin B are flowers 1–3, in glomeruli. Fruit is a nut. Propagates by found. Chestnut leaves contain the highest amount of nuts and gives a great shoot of stump and root offspring. vitamin K (600–800 biological units) among plants. Tan- The best results are given by autumn crops. For spring nins are found in wood, bark, leaves and nuts. From the sowing it is necessary to store the seeds in winter on bark, as well as from the leaves of young branches, black dry areas. Trees of sprouts origin bear fruit from the and brown colors are obtained. Fruit oil, bark extract and age of 12–16, in planting on the 25–40th year; full fruit- leaves are used in medicine. The wood is sound, light ing comes from age 50. In the harvest years, one adult brown, when stored, becomes reddish brown, light, hard, chestnut tree gives 50–65 kg of chestnuts. From one very strong, used in construction [3]. hectare of chestnut trees an average of one ton of nuts High decorative qualities of the tree are due to the is collected [1]. powerful growth, beautiful bark, huge spreading bark, Rapidly growing and very durable breed, reaching beautiful large foliage. In green construction is suitable the age of more than 1000 years. In the forest, chestnuts for creating avenues, deserves a wide breeding in the older than 200 years of age are rare. Develops a power- gardens.

3 Section 1. Biology

Anatomical analysis of vegetative organs of the cuticle layer. The leaf is hypostomatic, stomata are small, Castanea sativa Mill sparse, randomly oriented. On the upper epidermis sto- Theleaf has a dorsoventral structure. The adaxial side mata are not observed. Under the epidermis, the cells of of a sheet is strictly different from the abaxial. The leaf the palisade parenchyma are located in one row. Inside on both sides is covered with a single-layered epidermis. the spongy parenchyma is observed [2]. There is a strong In the transverse section, the epidermal cells are small, development of the central vein, over which there is a the cell walls are thin. Over the epidermis is located the protrusion.

Figure 1 Anatomical structure of the leaf of the Castanea sativa – 1 – epidermis, 2 – palisade parenchyma, 3 – spongy parenchyma, 4 – xylem, 5 – phloem, 6 – mechanical fibers The petiole of the leaf is covered with a single- cupied by the conducting tissue. Conductive bundles row epidermis with papillae. Under the epidermis are are of various sizes: large and small, bicollateral. The located in 3–4 rows of the cage of the angular col- bundles surround the 6–7-row of sclerenchyma. Ori- lenchyma. The mass of the stalk structure is the main entation of xylem and phloem is centripetal, xylem parenchyma. The main weight of the petiole is oc- rays are numerous.

Figure 2 Anatomical structure of the petiole of the Castanea sativa – 1 – epidermis, 2 – trichome, 3 – angular collenchyma, 4 – parenchyma, 5 – sclerenchyma, 6 – phloem, 7 – xylem, 8 – reserve nutrients

4 FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE CASTANEA SATIVA MILL

A young shoot with a 4–5-row periderm. Under the sive, occupies 1/3 of the diameter of the central cylinder, periderm in 3–4 rows is located chlorenchyme, rich in the vessels are small and large. Xylem is surrounded by chloroplasts. Chlorenchyme cells participate in the syn- phloem. Over phloem, sclerenchyma formed a circle of thesis of organic substances. The main parenchyma occu- 4–5 rows of cells. The pith consists of large isodiometric pies 45–50% of the mass of the shoot. The xylem is exten- cells. Such a structure is peculiar to a young shoot.

Figure 3. Anatomical structure of the shoot of the Castanea sativa – 1 – cork, 2 – cortical parenchyma, 3 – mechanical fibers, 4 – xylem, 5 – core, 6 – cambium, 7 – phloem The primary structure of the root is tetrarhic. Out- root hairs [5]. Primary cortex is extensive, its cells are side, the root is covered with periderm with numerous large, filled with starch.

Figure 4. Anatomical structure of the root of the Castanea sativa – 1 – epilblem, 2 – exoderm, 3 – mesoderm, 4 – endoderm, 5 – phloem, 6 – xylem, 7 – root hairs

5 Section 1. Biology

Conclusions esis and death processes underlying the selection of life Thus, the structure of vegetative organs reflects their forms. function and the formation environment. Histological Anatomical signs can be used in the characterization structures reflect the intensity of the growth, organogen- and classification of life forms. References: 1. Flora of Azerbaijan. – Baku. – 1961. 2. Gumbatov Z. I. Morphology and anatomy of plants. – 2017. – 692 p. 3. Gurbanov E. A. Systematics of higher plants. – 2009. – 420 p. 4. Mammadov T. S., İskender E., Talibov T. Rare trees and bushes of Azerbaijan. – 2014. – 380 p. 5. Tutayuk V. Kh. Anatomy and morphology of plants. – 1980. – 316 p.

6 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DISTRIBUTION OF BACILLARIOPHYTA, CYANOPHYTA, CHLOROPHYTA AND EUGLENOPHYTA...

Alimjanova Kholiskhon Alimjanovna, doctor, of biological sciences, professor, Chief specialist of the institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan E-mail: [email protected] Soatov Giyasiddin Turdiyevich, Specialist of the Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DISTRIBUTION OF BACILLARIOPHYTA, CYANOPHYTA, CHLOROPHYTA AND EUGLENOPHYTA ALONG THE STREAM OF KASHKADARYA RIVER (UZBEKISTAN) Abstract: During 2009–2017 years 150 algological samples were collected along the stream of Kashkadarya River, which are preserved in the Collection of algae and soil of Uzbekistan” of the Institute of Botany of the Academy of Science of Uzbekistan. Because of the conducted researches 54 indicator saprobic species of Bacillariophyta were found, 10 – Cyanophyta, 9 – Chlorophyta, and 1 – Euglenophyta. All divisions in total have 75 species and varieties (68 species, 6 variations, 1 form). Comparative study has been conducted on their distribution along the upper, middle and lower river stream in 8 monitoring points. It has been established that the number and variety of indicator saprobic species of all divisions decrease which is connected with the influence of anthropogenic factors. It has been also proved that along the river stream on monitoring stations xeno and oligosaprobic indicators decrease (8, 11, 7, 14, 6, 6, 5, 4), and beta- and alfa-mesosaprobic species are more in number (12, 11, 6, 12, 9, 12, 9, 6). These data shows that increased number ofbeta- and alfa- mesosaprobic indi- cators in comparisons with xeno- and oligosaprobic indicators forecasts gradual increase in the degree of organic pollution and deterioration of water quality along the Stream of Kashkadarya River. Keywoods: Kashkadarya river, stream, monitoring points, distribution Bacillariophyta, Cy- anophyta, Euglenophyta, Chlorophyta, saprobic indicator algae, xenosaprobic algae, oligosaprobic algae, beta-mesosaprobic algae, alfa-mesosaprobic algae, polysaprobic algae, comparison, forecasting of water pollution along the river stream, preservation of biodiversity. Urgency of the study. Within the recent years Algae is an integral element of biological diversity study and preservation of species diversity in general of the ecosystem of the water basins. Studying of algae were the main tasks of nature protection for many species composition and their distribution along the countries, what is proved with the Convention on Bio- stream course of Kashkadarya river is the urgent subject, logical Diversity in Rio de Janeiro (1992) and Johan- as formation and functioning of hydrobiocoenosis of the nesburg (2002). The same issues were discussed during river depends on algae groups. Moreover, the saprobic the 155th UN assembly, which took place in 1998 in indicator algae are very important for determination and Tashkent. estimate of the ecological state of the water basin. Study of the biological diversity of the continental Quality control and protection of Kashkadarya’s wa- water basins is one of the urgent directions of the up- ter is one of the acute problems for today. For the first to-date scientific studies. One of the continental water time ever, in order to resolve this problem, the scientists basins of Uzbekistan is Kashkadarya River [12, 57–466]. studied the distribution of ecological saprobic indicator

7 Section 1. Biology species of bacillariophyta, cyanophyta, euglenophyta, in some places are bluffy, with the height 1–3m. Below chlorophyte of Kashkadarya river in the monitoring the oasis, there is a moderate curly riverbed, which has points within 2009–1017 and they made the compara- the name Maimanakdarya, and which little by little dis- tive analysis, summarized the results of all algal groups appears in Kashkadarya steppe. During the especially and provided the conclusions. high water years, river’s waters penetrate to the desert About exploration maturity of saprobic indicator regions to Karaulbazar village and even to the border of algae of Kashkadarya river. The literature sources con- Bukhara oasis. After having escaped from the mountain, tain the data on the exploration maturity of the saprobic the river divides into several branches and runs in the indicator algae of some water basins of Uzbekistan and deep flood plain, which has the width up to 300–400 m other republics of Central Asia [13. 47–50; 1. 3–264; with abrupt banks, the height of which decreases in 2. 3–126;3. 23–25; 10. 73–75; 14. 72–75]. But, there are downstream direction, as a rule (in the mountain area no any data about algae, and especially saprobic indica- from 3447 to 1797 m, in the submontane area from 700– tors of Kashkadarya River per the period preceding the –500 m and in the plain area from 500 to 200 m (Schultz, period of our study. 1965) [12, 57–466]. Purposes and objectives of the research. Objects, materials and methods of the study. Objective of the study is the comparative study of Objects. The studied objects include ecological sap- the species composition of ecological saprobic indicator robic indicator algae of Kashkadarya River. species of bacillariophyta, cyanophyta, euglenophyta, Study methods: For this study, we used algological chlorophyte of Kashkadarya River. and hydrobiological methods (Identifier of the limnetic The tasks of the study include: algae of USSR [4.10–44; 5.3–619; 6.3–56; 6.3–64; 6.3– • Determination of the monitoring points on the 460; 6.3–20; 6.3–55; 6.3–67]. Identifier of the limnetic river and collection of algological materials; algae of Ukrainian SSR [7. 3–50] Identifier of proto- • Determination of the species composition of coccus algae of Central Asia, 1979; [8. 3–300; 8. 3–85] ecological saprobic indicator species of bacillari- Identifier of cyanophyta of Central Asia, 1987, 1988; ophyta, cyanophyta, euglenophyta, chlorophyte [9. 502–600; 9. 905–1016] Unified methods of water and their comparative analysis; quality control, 1977) [11, 70–170]). • Identification of trends of distribution of sapro- In order to explore distribution of ecological sapro- bic indicator algae along the stream of the river. bic indicator algae along the Stream of Kashkadarya Riv- Brief physical-geographic characteristics of Kash- er, we determined the monitoring points (MP), constant kadarya River. According to Schultz V. L. [12, 57–466], and periodic. The stations were selected in the inhabited Kashkadarya river is located in Kashkadarya valley in localities, which are crossed with Kashkadarya River and the aride zone between the westernmost tips of Zaraf- its tributaries running from the mountain area, submon- shan and Gissar ranges. According to the hydrographic tane and plain areas of Kashkadarya valley and oasis. features, it relates to the basin of Amu Darya river, but Constant MP: Ist station – the beginning of the head currently it does not reaches this river and is analyzed part of Kashkadarya river (Bashir tributary), Hazrati as an individual hydrographic body. The length of the Bashir village; IId – Kitab city, the northern part, (Hair- river is 310 km. The watershed area is 8780 km2. The abad); IIId – Chirakchi city, Raionabad, till the water res- riverhead is in the mountain area, but, when river reaches ervoir Chimkurgan; IVth – Chim village, after the water the wide valley, it adopts from the left the tributaries of reservoir Chimkurgan and the district center Kamashi; Jinnidarya, Aksu, Tankhas, Kyzyldarya, Langar, Katta Vth – Akrabot village; VIth – Karshi village (bridge); VIIth – and Kichik Uradarya (Karasu), Yakkabag, Guzardarya, Kasan city (Karabair village); VIIIth – Mubarak city. Peri- most of which are full flowing. Along the whole stream odic MP: IXth – Aksu river (Kitab city), Xth – Tanhaz river course of the river, its water is withdrawn intensively (Miraki village, Shahrisabz city, the Southwestern part), for irrigation. Below the mouth of Guzardarya, there is XIth – Guzardarya river (Tursari village and Guzar city), Karshinsk oasis with branched network of channels. The XIIth – Kyzyldarya river (Yakkabag village), XIIIth – Chim bed of Kashkadarya River is curly. The banks are abrupt, channel, XIVth – Anhor channel etc.

8 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DISTRIBUTION OF BACILLARIOPHYTA, CYANOPHYTA, CHLOROPHYTA AND EUGLENOPHYTA...

Materials. Within the exploration period, we have in the Ist, IId and IVth MP in the upper and midstream collected and analyzed more than 150 algological sam- of the river; xeno-beta-mezosaprob Achnanthes lanceolata ples, which are stored in the algological collection “Col- (Breb.) Grun. Are frequent in the IId MP; Caloneis alpes- lection of algae-vegetation of water basins and soils of tris (Grun.) Cl. Are frequent in the IId and Vth MP; xeno- Uzbekistan”. We have formed the flora classified files and oligosaprobe Cymbella ventricosa Kuetz. Is rear in the Ist, IId the classified geographical and ecological lists of algae of are very few in the IVth MP in the upper and midstream Kashkadarya river, which are included to the databases of the river (Table1). of the algological collection. Below we provide analysis Oligosaprobes include in total 18 species, among of the collected materials about distribution of saprobic them: the oligosaprobe Cyclotella bodanica Eulenst are rear algae for 8 constant monitoring points of Kashkadarya in the VIth MP in the midstream, С.comensis Grun. Are River and their comparative analysis (table 1). rear in the VIIth MP in the downstream; C.comta (Ehr.) Study results. The study and analysis of availability Kuetz. Are rear in the IVth, VIth MP in the midstream and of the ecological saprobic indicator algae of Kashkadarya the VIIIth MP in the downstream of the river (Table 1). river basin revealed 75 species and varieties of saprobic Fragilaria bicapitata A. Meyer is rare in the IVth MP in the indicators, which relate to 4 algae groups. According to midstream; Gomphonema intricatum Kuetz. – are frequent the number of species, the leading among them is Bac- in the IVth, G.intricatum var. pumilum Grun. Are rear in the illariophyta, which has 54 species and varieties or 72% Ith and IIId MP; Rhopalodia gibba (Ehr.) O. Muell. are rear from total content of saprobic indicators. It is followed in the IIId MP in the midstream of the river. Oligo-xeno- by Cyanophyta (10 species or 13.33%), Chlorophyta (10 saprobe – Diatoma anceps (Ehr.) Kuetz. Is very frequent species or 13.33%), Euglenophyta (1 species or 1.34%) in the IVth MP in the midstream; Oligo-beta-mesosaprobe- (table.). Below we provide the consequences of the dis- Melosira diskiei (Thw.) Kuetz. Is rear in the VIIIth MP in tribution of the saprobic indicators along the stream of the downstream and M. italica (Ehr.) Kuetz. – is frequent the river by algae groups. in the IVth МMP in the midstream of the river. I. The results of the study of Bacillariophyta dis- Cymbella affinis Kuetz. Is very few in the IId, IIId and tribution along the Stream of Kashkadarya River is rear in the IVth MP in the upper and midstream, and The study revealed 54 species of the saprobic in- Nitzchia dissipata (Kuetz.) Grun. Is frequent in the VIIIth dicator algae in the bacillariophyta group (Table 1), 7 MP in the downstream of the river. species of which are the xenosaprobic species: Xeno- Synedra ulna (Nitzsch.) Ehr. is frequent in the Ist, IIId, saprobe – Melosira arenaria Moore, Fragilaria virescens Vth MP, в is widely increasing in the IId, IVth MP, and from Ralfs are frequent in the IVth MP in the midstream of the VIth to VIIIth MP, their increase becomes weaker, they the river; Diatoma hiemale (Lyngb.) Heib. Are frequent become less frequent. Table 1. – Distribution of Bacillariophyta ecological saprobic indicator algae along the Stream of Kashkadarya River and frequency of their occurrence Distribution of saprobic indicator algae along the stream of the river The classified list of the algae – upper mid down saprobic indicators Monitoring points (MPs) Algae group I II III IV V VI VII VIII № v. Bacillariophyta c. Algae saprobity, S saprobity, Algae Kitab c. Kitab Chim v. Chim Kasan c. Karshi c. H. Bashir H. Bashir Chirakchi Chirakchi Akrabot c. Akrabot Mubarak c. Mubarak 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1. Melosira arenaria Moore х ч х 2. M. diskiei (Thw.) Kuetz. oβp oβ 3. M. italica (Ehr.) Kuetz. oβч oβ 4. M. varians Ag. β оч β ч β ч βч β р β

9 Section 1. Biology

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5. Cyclotella bodanica Eulenst. о р о 6. С. comensis Grun. о р o 7. C. comta (Ehr.) Kuetz. о р оp о р o 8. С. meneghiniana Kuetz. αβp αβ Stephanodiscus dubius (Fricke) 9. β p β Hust. Tabellaria fenestrata (Lyngb.) 10. oβp oβ Kuetz. 11. T. fenestrata var. intermedia Grun. oβч oβ 12. Diatoma anceps (Ehr.) Kuetz. ox оч оx 13. D. elongatum (Lyngb.) Ag. βo p βo 14. D. hiemale (Lyngb.) Heib. x ч x ч x ч x 15. D. vulgare Bory oβ p oβ ч oβр oβ 16. Fragilaria bicapitata A. Meyer o р o 17. F. capucina Desm. oβ ч oβ ч oβр oβ р oβр oβ 18. F. virescens Ralfs x р x 19. Synedra berolinensis Lemm. β ч β р β р β 20. S. pulchella (Ralfs) Kuetz. βαм βα 21. S. tabulata (Ag.) Kuetz. α ч α 22. S. ulna (Nitzsch) Ehr. o ч o м o ч o м o ч o р o р o р o 23. S. ulna var. biceps (Kuetz.) Schonf. β р β 24. Cocconeis pediculus Ehr. β ч β Achnanthes lanceolata (Breb.) 25. xβ ч xβ Grun. Rhoicosphenia curvata (Kuetz.) 26. β ч β р β Grun. Diploneis ovalis 27. β p β var.oblongella (Naeg.) Cl. 28. Navicula atomus (Naeg.) Grun. β p β ч β 29. Caloneis alpestris (Grun.) Cl. x p x p x 30. C. amphisbaena(Bory) Cl. βαp βα Gyrosigma acuminatum (Kuetz.) 31. β p βрч β р β р β Rabenh. 32. G. spenceri (W. Sm.) Cl. β ч β р β 33. Cymbella affinis Kuetz. oβ e oβe oβ р oβ 34. C. helvetica Kuetz. xo p xo ч xoр xo 35. C. lanceolata (Ehr.) V.H. β р β p β 36. C. naviculiformis Auersw. β р β 37. C. prostrata (Berkeley) Cl. β е β р β 38. C. ventricosa Kuetz. xo p xo p xo е xo 39. Gomphonema constrictum Ehr. β p β р β р β р β р β 40. G.intricatum Kuetz. o ч o 41. G.intricatum var. pumilum Grun. o p o p o G.lanceolatum var. insigne (Greg.) 42. α е α Cl. 43. G.olivaceum (Lingb.) Kuetz. β p β p β 44. Rhopalodia gibba (Ehr.) O. Muell. o p o

10 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DISTRIBUTION OF BACILLARIOPHYTA, CYANOPHYTA, CHLOROPHYTA AND EUGLENOPHYTA...

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 45. Bacillaria paradoxa Gmelin β e β 46. Nitzchia acicularis W. Sm. α ч α ч α 47. N.dissipata (Kuetz.) Grun. oβч oβ 48. N.linearis W. Sm. oβ p oβe oβ p oβ 49. N.longisima (Breb.) Ralfs β p β р β 50. N.longisima f. parva V. H. β ч β 51. N.sigmoidea (Ehr.) W. Sm. β р β р β р β ч β р β р β 52. Cymatopleura solea (Breb.)W.Sm. βα p βα 53. Surirella angustata Kuetz. βα p β 54. S.robusta var. splendida Ehr. β p β Number of algae in total and their 14 14 9 24 11 15 11 9 54 distribution in MPs: Total number of algae along the 22 40 19 stream (upper, mid, down): Notice: the value of saprobity is indicated in bold here and in other tables. Saprobity: х – xeno-saprobe, о – oligo-saprobe, β – beta-mezosaprobe, α – alfa-mezosaprobe; р –polysaprobe. Frequency of algae occurrence: е – very few, р – rare, ч – frequent, оч – very frequent, м – in great volume In Kashkadarya River there are 25 species of beta- Beta-mezo-oligosaprobe Diatoma elongatum (Lyngb.) mezosaprobes including beta-mezosaprobe – Melosira Ag. is rare in the IId MP. Beta-alfa-mezosaprobe Caloneis varians Ag., which is frequent in the Ist MP, frequent in amphisbaena(Bory) Cl. is rare in the VIth MP in the mid- the IId, IIId, IVth MP, rare in the Vth MP in the upper and stream, Cymatopleura solea (Breb.) W. Sm. and Surirella midstream. Stephanodiscus dubius (Fricke) Hust. is rare in angustata Kuetz. is rare in the Ist MP in the upper stream the Vth MP in the midstream. Synedra berolinensis Lemm. of the river. is rare in the IVth, rare in the VIth, VIIth MP in mid and In Kashkadarya River there are 4 species of alfa- lower stream of the river, as well S.ulna var. biceps (Kuetz.) mezosaprobes including Synedra tabulata (Ag.) Kuetz., Schonf. is rare in the Ist MP in upper stream. Cocconeis which is frequent in the IVth MP in the midstream, Gom- pediculus Ehr. is frequent in the VIth MP, Rhoicosphenia phonema lanceolatum var. insigne (Greg.) Cl. is very few curvata (Kuetz.) Grun. – is frequent in the IVth, rare in the in the IId MP in the upper stream, Nitzchia acicularis VIIIth MP in the upper and downstream of the river. Gyro- W. Sm. – is frequent in the VIth, VIIth MP in the mid- and sigma acuminatum (Kuetz.) Rabenh. is rare in the Ist MP downstream of the river. Alfa-beta-mezosaprobe Cyclotella in the upper stream and is frequent in the Vth, VIth, VIIth meneghiniana Kuetz. is rare in the VIIIth MP in the lower MP in the mid and lower stream of the river. G. spenceri stream of the river (Table 1). (W. Sm.) Cl. is frequent in the Ist, rare in the IIId MP in Polysaprobes were not found along the Stream of the upper and midstream of the river. Cymbella lanceolata Kashkadarya River. (Ehr.) V.H. is rare in the IVth and Vth MP, C.naviculiformis Analysis of distribution of the ecological saprobic in- Auersw. is rare in the IVth, C. prostrata (Berkeley) Cl. – is dicator bacillariophyta revealed that their amount fluctu- very few in the IVth and rare in the VIIth MP in the mid ates and decreases: in MPs – 14, 14, 9, 24, 11, 15, 11, 9 and downstream of the river. Gomphonema constrictum and along the stream – 22, 40, 19 (Table 1). It is resulted Ehr. is rare in the I–Vth MP in the upper- and midstream, with impact of ecological abiotic, biotic and anthropo- а G.olivaceum (Lingb.) Kuetz. is rare in the Vth, VIth MP genic factors of the environment. in the midstream of the river. Bacillaria paradoxa Gme- The results prove that the group of saprobic indicator lin is very few in the VIth MP in the midstream of the bacillariophyta includes 7 species and 12.97% of Xeno- river. Nitzchia sigmoidea (Ehr.) W. Sm. is spread along the saprobe; 18 species and 33.33% of oligosaprobe, 25 spe- whole stream of the river: rare in the IId, IVth, Vth, VIIth, cies and 46.30% of beta-mezosaprobes and 4 species and VIIIth and frequent in the VIth MP. 7.4% of alfa-mezosaprobes. No polysaprobes were found.

11 Section 1. Biology

The amount of contaminated water indicators – beta- and Ist monitoring point in the tributary Hazrati Bashir, as alfa-mezosaprobes exceeds the amount of pure water in- well Merismopedia elegans A. Br. is rare in the IId MP dicators xeno- and- oligosaprobe. Their ratio is 29: 25 (Kitab c.) in the upper stream and M. punctata Meyen species and 53,70: 46,30% (Table 2). in the VIth MP (Karshi c.) in the midstream of the river. Moreover, the (Table 2) indicates the regularity in Merismopedia tenuissima Lemm. is beta-alfa mezosaprobic distribution of the ecological saprobic indicator bacil- species, which is rare in the IId MP (Kitab c.) in the upper lariophyta: stream and in the VIIth MP (Kasan c.) in the downstream • Downstream the amount of xeno and oligosapro- of the river (Table 2). bic indicator bacillariophyta reduces and even tends to Four saprobic indicator algae among ten are alfa-me- zero, in comparison to them, the amount of beta- and sosaprobic indicator algae. Among all alfa-mezosaprobes, alfa-mesosaprobic indicator species increases. Oscillatoria brevis (Kuetz.) Gom. is rare in the Ist MP In view of this, we can predict quality of water: (Hazrati Bashir v.) in the upper stream and in the Vth MP • Increase of total species of beta- and alfa-mesosap- (Akrabat v.) in the midstream of the river; Oscillatoria robic indicator bacillariophyta proves moderate contam- princeps Vaucher is rare in the Ist MP (Hazrati Bashir v.); ination of water downstream of Kashkadarya River. O. tenuis Ag. is frequent in the IId MP (Kitab c.) in the up- II. The results of the study of Cyanophyta distri- per stream of the river; Phormidium foveolarum (Mont.) bution along the Stream of Kashkadarya River Gom. is rare in the IVth MP (Chim v.) in the midstream The study revealed 10 species of the saprobic indi- of the river. cator algae in the cyanophyta group including 1 xeno- Such polysaprobes as Oscillatoria chlorina (Kuetz.) saprobic species Oscillatoria nigra Vauch. (x), which Gom. are rare in the Ist MP (Hazarti Bashir v.) in the up- is rare in the IId monitoring point (MP) in the upper per stream of the river. stream of the river. Four species of saprobic indicator O